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MAN: One of the last jobs
I had in Yellowstone was
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delivering the
mail on snowmobile.
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There I was in the world's
first national park, and I
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00:00:25,425 --> 00:00:29,737
remember going down
into Hayden Valley.
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00:00:29,829 --> 00:00:33,504
There were bison crossing over
the road--2,000-pound mammals
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00:00:33,600 --> 00:00:36,171
crossing over the road,
and it was so cold.
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It was about 60 below zero.
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And the bison, as they
breathed, their exhalation
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would seem to crystallize in
the air around them, and there
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00:00:45,378 --> 00:00:48,791
were these sheets, these
ropey stands of crystals kind
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00:00:48,882 --> 00:00:51,385
of flowing down
from their breath.
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00:00:51,484 --> 00:00:54,260
And I saw them, and they just
moved their heads and were
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00:00:54,354 --> 00:00:57,267
looking at me, and I remember
thinking that if I had not
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00:00:57,357 --> 00:01:00,270
been on that machine, I would
have thought I had been thrust
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fully back into the
Pleistocene, back into
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the Ice Age.
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And I remember just
stopping and turning it off
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because the only way you could
hear was to turn that thing
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off, and I would turn it off,
and I would listen, and I felt
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like this was the first day...
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and this morning was the first
time the sun had ever come up
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and the shadows that are being
cast right now is the first
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time those shadows have
ever been cast on the earth.
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And I was all alone, but I
felt I was in the presence
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of everything around me
and I was never alone.
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It was one of those moments
when you get pulled outside
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of yourself into the
environment around you,
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and I felt like I was just
with the breath of the bison
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as they were exhaling and
I was exhaling and they
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were inhaling.
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It was all kind of flowing
together, and I forgot
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completely about the mail.
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All I was thinking of
was that a single moment
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in a place as wild as
Yellowstone, and most
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of the national parks,
can last forever.
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00:02:11,731 --> 00:02:15,713
PETER COYOTE: In 1883, a young
politician, the second son
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of a prominent New York
City family, became alarmed
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about reports that the vast
herds of buffalo that had once
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blanketed the Great Plains
were quickly disappearing.
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So he hurried west on the
Northern Pacific Railroad
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and got off when he reached
the heart of the badlands
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in the Dakota territory.
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[Train whistle blows]
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His name was Theodore
Roosevelt.
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He was 24 years old, and he
was afraid the buffalo would
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become extinct before he
got the chance to shoot one.
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He hired a local guide and
endured days of rough travel
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by horseback until he finally
came across a solitary buffalo
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bull, killed it, and then
removed its head for shipment
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back to New York to be
mounted on his wall.
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MAN: Roosevelt loved to kill.
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He liked to shoot quadrupeds.
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At times he basically said
he didn't trust Americans who
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wouldn't hunt, and he hinted
that he didn't believe that
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Americans should have
citizenship who weren't
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willing to kill a quadruped.
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COYOTE: That first trip to the
west, Roosevelt said later,
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was an important
turning point for him.
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Over the next several years,
he would return again
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00:03:32,545 --> 00:03:36,550
and again to take more hunting
trips into the mountains,
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to ranch on the open plains,
to build up his health
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and character by pursuing what
he called "the strenuous life,"
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to become, in his own words,
"at heart as much a Westerner
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as I am an Easterner."
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Roosevelt would never lose his
love of hunting, but in time
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he would learn that there were
much bigger and more important
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trophies to pursue.
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[Roaring]
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WOMAN: Our national parks
are an idea, an idea based
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on generosity--not just for
our own species, but
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for all species.
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I think that is profoundly
original in terms of a people
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that say, we value
wild nature in place.
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We are of this place.
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And I think it's our
own declaration of both
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independence and
interdependence.
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MAN: The great wilds of our
country, once held to be
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boundless and inexhaustible,
are being rapidly invaded
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and overrun in every
direction, and everything
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00:06:00,593 --> 00:06:05,838
destructible in them
is being destroyed.
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00:06:05,932 --> 00:06:10,108
How far destruction may go
is not easy to guess.
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Every landscape, low and high,
seems doomed to be trampled
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and harried.
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00:06:17,377 --> 00:06:19,448
John Muir.
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COYOTE: As the 19th century
entered its final decade,
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Americans began to take
stock of what they had made
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of the continent they had
been so busily subduing.
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00:06:33,126 --> 00:06:36,471
Only 50 years earlier,
the nation's western border
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had been the spine of
the Rocky Mountains.
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Buffalo numbering in the
tens of millions teemed
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on the Great Plains.
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Vast forests had never
heard the ring of an ax.
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Indian peoples stilled
controlled most of the west.
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[Train whistle blowing]
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Now the nation stretched
all the way to the Pacific.
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Railroads had pushed into
every corner of the country.
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00:07:02,188 --> 00:07:05,101
Indians had been
systematically dispossessed
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from their homelands and
forced onto reservations.
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00:07:10,496 --> 00:07:14,034
White settlements had sprung
up in so many places that the
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00:07:14,133 --> 00:07:18,206
director of the census of 1890
announced he could no longer
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00:07:18,304 --> 00:07:23,253
find an American frontier.
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The bountiful land Thomas
Jefferson considered nature's
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nation had seemingly
been conquered.
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MAN: The moment that Americans
start setting aside these
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national parks is also the
moment of sort of the most
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00:07:37,290 --> 00:07:40,032
explosive exploitation of
so many elements
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of the national landscape.
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It's the cutting down of
the north woods
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at an extraordinary rate.
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It's the destruction of the
bison herds, the elimination
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of the passenger pigeons.
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There is so much being
destroyed in the name
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of progress in the United
States in the late 19th
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century that the parks are a
kind of reaction against that.
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They are saying, if we keep
going the way we're going,
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we're going to use it all up,
and some of this is
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00:08:05,485 --> 00:08:08,830
so beautiful, so essential to
who we are as a people that
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00:08:08,921 --> 00:08:12,528
we've got to put walls around
these parts and protect them
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00:08:12,592 --> 00:08:15,004
from ourselves.
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00:08:17,930 --> 00:08:21,241
COYOTE: By 1890, the United
States has established 4
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00:08:21,334 --> 00:08:26,215
national parks: Yellowstone,
the world's first; the high
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00:08:26,305 --> 00:08:30,412
country of Yosemite; and
two groves of big trees
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00:08:30,510 --> 00:08:34,617
in California--General
Grant and Sequoia.
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The army had recently
been placed in charge
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of protecting them all.
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00:08:39,385 --> 00:08:40,625
[Gunshot]
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00:08:40,653 --> 00:08:45,068
Nonetheless, park wildlife
were still routinely killed.
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00:08:45,157 --> 00:08:49,503
Cows and sheep still
overgrazed park meadows.
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00:08:49,595 --> 00:08:53,099
Ancient forests were
still endangered.
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00:08:53,199 --> 00:08:56,840
And tourists seemed intent
on squandering the treasures
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a previous generation
had bequeathed them.
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00:09:01,340 --> 00:09:04,810
The park idea, not yet
a quarter century old,
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00:09:04,911 --> 00:09:08,120
still seemed an
uncertain experiment.
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00:09:08,214 --> 00:09:10,660
The issues of what was
permissible and proper
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00:09:10,750 --> 00:09:15,756
for people who visited the
parks were still unresolved.
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00:09:18,090 --> 00:09:21,367
But as a new century was
about to dawn, a handful
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00:09:21,460 --> 00:09:25,033
of Americans began to question
the headlong rush that had
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00:09:25,131 --> 00:09:29,807
caused so much devastation
and saw in the national parks
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00:09:29,902 --> 00:09:33,281
a seed of hope that at least
some pristine places could be
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00:09:33,372 --> 00:09:37,411
saved before it was too late.
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00:09:37,510 --> 00:09:41,356
Among them would be the young
assemblyman from New York City
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00:09:41,447 --> 00:09:45,190
who had gone west on a boyish
impulse but who would mature
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00:09:45,284 --> 00:09:49,494
into a president whose most
lasting legacy was rescuing
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large portions of
America from destruction.
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00:09:56,462 --> 00:10:00,933
MAN: Surely our people do not
understand even yet the rich
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heritage that is theirs.
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00:10:05,404 --> 00:10:08,112
There can be nothing in the
world more beautiful than
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00:10:08,207 --> 00:10:14,021
the Yosemite, the groves of
giant sequoias and redwoods,
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00:10:14,113 --> 00:10:21,224
the canyon of the Yellowstone,
the canyon of the Colorado,
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00:10:21,320 --> 00:10:24,563
the Three Tetons.
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00:10:24,657 --> 00:10:28,002
And our people should see to
it that they are preserved
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for their children and their
children's children forever
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00:10:33,733 --> 00:10:38,045
with their majestic
beauty all unmarred.
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DIFFERENT MAN: Dear reader,
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today I'm in the Yellowstone
Park, and I wish I were dead.
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The park is just a howling
wilderness of 3,000 square
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miles, full of all imaginable
freaks of a fiery nature.
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00:11:12,371 --> 00:11:16,183
I have been through the park
in a buggy in the company of
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00:11:16,275 --> 00:11:20,223
an adventurous old lady from
Chicago and her husband,
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00:11:20,312 --> 00:11:25,921
who disapproved of the
scenery as being ungodly.
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00:11:26,018 --> 00:11:28,999
I fancy it scared them.
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00:11:29,088 --> 00:11:31,159
Rudyard Kipling.
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00:11:32,525 --> 00:11:36,302
COYOTE: In 1889, Rudyard
Kipling, a young Englishman
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and aspiring writer,
was making his first tour
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00:11:39,465 --> 00:11:42,207
of the United States,
financing the trip by
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00:11:42,301 --> 00:11:46,909
writing dispatches for
newspapers overseas.
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00:11:47,006 --> 00:11:49,919
Like many foreigners, Kipling
could not resist stopping
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at Yellowstone, a place
already known around the world
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00:11:53,979 --> 00:11:56,789
as the wonderland.
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Most visitors in those days
were well-to-do, able to pay
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the $120 train fare across
the continent to the remote
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00:12:05,458 --> 00:12:09,838
northwestern corner of
Wyoming and then $40 more
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00:12:09,929 --> 00:12:13,741
for the 5-day stagecoach trip
through the park known as
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00:12:13,833 --> 00:12:16,404
the grand tour.
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00:12:16,502 --> 00:12:19,881
The first stop was the hotel
at Mammoth Hot Springs,
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00:12:19,972 --> 00:12:23,078
where everyone unpacked
quickly and then rushed to buy
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00:12:23,175 --> 00:12:27,715
souvenirs and post cards
made by the park's resident
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00:12:27,813 --> 00:12:31,283
photographer, Frank J. Haynes.
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00:12:31,383 --> 00:12:34,193
Many guests were perfectly
content to view the Mammoth
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00:12:34,286 --> 00:12:38,962
Springs from the comfort of
the hotel veranda, but some
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00:12:39,058 --> 00:12:42,437
bought guide books and
hiked up to the terraces
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for a closer look.
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00:12:45,564 --> 00:12:47,043
MAN AS RUDYARD KIPLING:
I found a basin which some
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00:12:47,133 --> 00:12:51,946
learned hotel keeper has
christened Cleopatra's Pitcher
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00:12:52,037 --> 00:12:57,715
or Mark Antony's Whiskey Jug
or something equally poetical.
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00:12:57,810 --> 00:13:00,814
I do not know the
depth of that wonder.
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00:13:00,913 --> 00:13:03,951
The eye looked down into
an abyss that communicated
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00:13:04,049 --> 00:13:08,555
directly with the central
fires of the earth.
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00:13:08,654 --> 00:13:13,831
The ground rings hollow as a
kerosene tin, and someday the
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00:13:13,926 --> 00:13:18,238
Mammoth Hotel, guests and all,
will sink into the caverns
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00:13:18,330 --> 00:13:23,109
below and be turned
into a stalactite.
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00:13:25,971 --> 00:13:28,110
COYOTE: In the morning,
the passengers loaded back
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00:13:28,207 --> 00:13:31,984
into their assigned carriages
and one by one set off toward
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00:13:32,077 --> 00:13:36,583
the park's interior, spaced
about every 500 yards to
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00:13:36,682 --> 00:13:39,993
lessen the effects of dust
that clung in the air, Kipling
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00:13:40,085 --> 00:13:44,329
wrote, as dense as a fog.
197
00:13:44,423 --> 00:13:47,836
He was bemused by his fellow
tourists, especially the older
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00:13:47,927 --> 00:13:51,807
woman from Chicago sitting
next to him, who chewed gum
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00:13:51,897 --> 00:13:55,435
and talked constantly,
pontificating with her husband
200
00:13:55,534 --> 00:13:58,447
on everything they
encountered, especially once
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00:13:58,537 --> 00:14:02,485
they reached the
first geyser area.
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00:14:02,575 --> 00:14:04,145
MAN AS RUDYARD KIPLING:
The old lady, regarding the
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00:14:04,243 --> 00:14:08,521
horrors of the fire holes,
could only say "Good Lord!"
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00:14:08,614 --> 00:14:12,221
at 30-second intervals.
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00:14:12,318 --> 00:14:17,859
Her husband talked about the
dreadful waste of steam power.
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00:14:17,957 --> 00:14:21,837
"And if," continued the old
lady," if we find a thing
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00:14:21,927 --> 00:14:25,033
"so dreadful as all that steam
and sulfur allowed on the face
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00:14:25,130 --> 00:14:28,202
"on the earth, mustn't we
believe there is something
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00:14:28,300 --> 00:14:31,611
"10,000 times
more terrible below,
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00:14:31,704 --> 00:14:36,881
"prepared for our destruction?"
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00:14:36,976 --> 00:14:40,116
COYOTE: At noon, they stopped
at a tent hotel, a place
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00:14:40,212 --> 00:14:44,251
called Larry's, run by
Larry Matthews, a friendly
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00:14:44,350 --> 00:14:47,661
and loquacious Irishman
known for lavishing special
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00:14:47,753 --> 00:14:52,259
attention on his
gentille guests.
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00:14:52,358 --> 00:14:54,531
MAN AS RUDYARD KIPLING: Larry
enveloped us all in the golden
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00:14:54,627 --> 00:14:59,701
glamour of his speech,
'ere we had descended.
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00:14:59,798 --> 00:15:04,440
And the tent with the rude
trestle table became a palace,
218
00:15:04,536 --> 00:15:06,846
the rough fare
became delicacies
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00:15:06,939 --> 00:15:10,944
of Delmonico's, and we,
the abashed recipients
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00:15:11,043 --> 00:15:14,354
of Larry's imperial bounty.
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00:15:14,446 --> 00:15:17,893
It was only later that I
discovered that I had paid 8
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00:15:17,983 --> 00:15:23,433
shillings for tinned beef,
biscuits, and beer.
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00:15:27,393 --> 00:15:28,929
COYOTE: Like the other
establishments within
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00:15:29,028 --> 00:15:32,942
the park, Larry's encouraged
tourists to believe that all
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00:15:33,032 --> 00:15:36,468
the water in Yellowstone
was impregnated with sulfur
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00:15:36,568 --> 00:15:39,777
and therefore unfit
for drinking.
227
00:15:39,872 --> 00:15:43,445
It was untrue, but it
boosted sales of mineral water
228
00:15:43,542 --> 00:15:47,615
and beer at the inflated
price of 50 cents a bottle
229
00:15:47,713 --> 00:15:52,526
and created roadsides
littered with empties.
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00:15:52,618 --> 00:15:54,928
When the parade of
stagecoaches reached the lower
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00:15:55,020 --> 00:15:58,524
geyser basin, the tourists
encamped for two nights
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00:15:58,624 --> 00:16:02,538
at the Fire Hole Hotel,
or later, the more luxurious
233
00:16:02,628 --> 00:16:07,577
Fountain Hotel, built at a
cost of $100,000 and capable
234
00:16:07,666 --> 00:16:12,775
of handling 350 guests,
complete with electric lights,
235
00:16:12,871 --> 00:16:18,878
steam heat, and hot baths fed
by one of the thermal springs.
236
00:16:18,978 --> 00:16:22,653
The next two days of the grand
tour were devoted exclusively
237
00:16:22,748 --> 00:16:26,025
to visiting the spectacular
array of geysers and thermal
238
00:16:26,118 --> 00:16:30,100
pools and fumaroles,
the largest concentration
239
00:16:30,189 --> 00:16:33,227
of them in the world.
240
00:16:33,325 --> 00:16:36,033
Tourists would peer down
the throat of gaping holes
241
00:16:36,128 --> 00:16:39,769
in the ground, taking their
chances that a geyser was not
242
00:16:39,865 --> 00:16:43,142
about to erupt in their face.
243
00:16:43,235 --> 00:16:46,478
They marveled at the beauty of
translucent pools of turquoise
244
00:16:46,572 --> 00:16:51,453
water, washed pieces of linen
in Handkerchief Pool, which
245
00:16:51,543 --> 00:16:56,083
turned the cloth
white as snow.
246
00:16:56,181 --> 00:16:57,626
MAN AS RUDYARD KIPLING: They
are guarded by soldiers who
247
00:16:57,716 --> 00:17:00,822
patrol with loaded six-shooters
in order that the
248
00:17:00,919 --> 00:17:03,627
tourists may not bring up
fence-rails and sink them
249
00:17:03,722 --> 00:17:08,796
in a pool or chip the fretted
tracery of the formations
250
00:17:08,894 --> 00:17:13,104
with a geological hammer or,
walking where the crust is too
251
00:17:13,198 --> 00:17:16,907
thin, foolishly cook himself.
252
00:17:19,705 --> 00:17:21,810
COYOTE: No visit to
Yellowstone was considered
253
00:17:21,907 --> 00:17:27,846
complete without seeing Old
Faithful go off on schedule.
254
00:17:27,946 --> 00:17:29,789
MAN AS RUDYARD KIPLING: All
the young ladies remarked that
255
00:17:29,882 --> 00:17:32,556
it was elegant and betook
themselves to writing their
256
00:17:32,651 --> 00:17:36,394
names in the bottoms
of shallow pools.
257
00:17:36,488 --> 00:17:40,800
Nature fixes the insult
indelibly, and the after-years
258
00:17:40,893 --> 00:17:47,105
will learn that Hattie, Sadie,
Mamie, Sophie, and so forth
259
00:17:47,199 --> 00:17:50,510
have taken out their hairpins
and scrawled in the face
260
00:17:50,569 --> 00:17:54,312
of Old Faithful.
261
00:17:54,406 --> 00:17:57,546
COYOTE: The last night in the
park was spent at a hotel near
262
00:17:57,643 --> 00:18:02,319
the majestic Grand Canyon
of the Yellowstone.
263
00:18:02,414 --> 00:18:05,554
The view from its edge was
considered the inspirational
264
00:18:05,617 --> 00:18:07,528
grand finale.
265
00:18:07,619 --> 00:18:12,068
Even the cynical Rudyard
Kipling was impressed.
266
00:18:14,860 --> 00:18:16,464
MAN AS RUDYARD KIPLING: All
I can say is that without
267
00:18:16,562 --> 00:18:21,739
warning or preparation,
I looked into a gulf 1,700
268
00:18:21,834 --> 00:18:26,476
feet deep with eagles
and fish hawks circling far
269
00:18:26,572 --> 00:18:31,214
below, and the sides of that
gulf were one wild welter
270
00:18:31,310 --> 00:18:37,886
of color--crimson, emerald,
cobalt, ocher, amber, honey
271
00:18:37,983 --> 00:18:43,057
splashed with port wine,
snow white, vermillion, lemon,
272
00:18:43,155 --> 00:18:47,729
and silver-gray
in wide washes.
273
00:18:47,826 --> 00:18:52,536
So far below that no sound
of its strife could reach us,
274
00:18:52,631 --> 00:18:56,773
the Yellowstone River ran,
a finger-wide strip
275
00:18:56,869 --> 00:18:59,941
of jade green.
276
00:19:00,038 --> 00:19:05,147
Now I know what it is to sit
enthroned amid the clouds
277
00:19:05,210 --> 00:19:07,486
of sunset.
278
00:19:14,353 --> 00:19:17,323
COYOTE: The final day
consisted of a stagecoach ride
279
00:19:17,422 --> 00:19:21,837
back to the start of the tour,
lunch once more at Larry's,
280
00:19:21,927 --> 00:19:24,134
shouting out the names
of their home states
281
00:19:24,229 --> 00:19:27,767
and countries to passing
wagons filled with fresh loads
282
00:19:27,866 --> 00:19:31,712
of tourists heading into the
park, dinner at the hotel
283
00:19:31,803 --> 00:19:35,580
at Mammoth Hot Springs,
then on to the train waiting
284
00:19:35,674 --> 00:19:41,454
at the station to carry them
and their memories away.
285
00:19:43,148 --> 00:19:44,957
MAN AS RUDYARD KIPLING: "And
to think," said the old lady
286
00:19:45,050 --> 00:19:48,862
from Chicago, "that this
showplace has been going
287
00:19:48,954 --> 00:19:55,564
"on all these days, and
none of we ever saw it."
288
00:19:55,661 --> 00:19:57,937
Rudyard Kipling.
289
00:20:01,099 --> 00:20:04,137
MAN: Those first few
years--and maybe this was OK
290
00:20:04,236 --> 00:20:06,682
because there were so few
visitors--but it was
291
00:20:06,772 --> 00:20:09,776
just wide open.
292
00:20:09,875 --> 00:20:13,618
Those early visitors trying to
figure out how best to enjoy
293
00:20:13,712 --> 00:20:17,785
Yellowstone were very quickly
teaching the managers what
294
00:20:17,883 --> 00:20:19,988
wasn't gonna work.
295
00:20:20,085 --> 00:20:22,326
Nobody knew how to act in
a national park.
296
00:20:22,421 --> 00:20:26,460
It hadn't been decided yet.
297
00:20:26,558 --> 00:20:29,300
COYOTE: Having created the
national parks, Congress had
298
00:20:29,394 --> 00:20:33,171
not seen fit to provide some
kind of authority to oversee
299
00:20:33,265 --> 00:20:37,611
them, and in 1886, it even
refused to appropriate any
300
00:20:37,703 --> 00:20:40,343
money whatsoever.
301
00:20:42,207 --> 00:20:44,881
General Phillip Sheridan had
been forced to send the U.S.
302
00:20:44,977 --> 00:20:47,924
Cavalry into Yellowstone
simply to maintain some
303
00:20:48,013 --> 00:20:50,186
semblance of order.
304
00:20:50,282 --> 00:20:52,990
By the 1890s, this
temporary arrangement had
305
00:20:53,085 --> 00:20:55,759
become permanent.
306
00:20:55,854 --> 00:20:58,892
Up to 4 troops of cavalry
were stationed at the newly
307
00:20:58,991 --> 00:21:04,703
constructed Fort Yellowstone
near the Mammoth Hot Springs.
308
00:21:04,796 --> 00:21:07,242
SCHULLERY: I think the odds
are really good that if
309
00:21:07,332 --> 00:21:11,075
the army hadn't been sent in,
Yellowstone wouldn't
310
00:21:11,136 --> 00:21:12,740
have made it.
311
00:21:12,838 --> 00:21:16,411
Writing your name on things
was such a proud tradition
312
00:21:16,508 --> 00:21:20,251
that people would put their
address, too, and the soldiers
313
00:21:20,345 --> 00:21:22,825
could just very simply go
out and write them all down,
314
00:21:22,914 --> 00:21:25,360
head back to the hotel,
and look through the hotel
315
00:21:25,450 --> 00:21:29,398
registers and find these
people and drag them by the
316
00:21:29,488 --> 00:21:32,162
collar back out so they could
spend some time scrubbing
317
00:21:32,224 --> 00:21:34,602
their name off.
318
00:21:39,331 --> 00:21:42,073
COYOTE: The army was expected
to patrol 2 million acres
319
00:21:42,167 --> 00:21:46,047
on horseback, doing their best
to stop poachers and vandals
320
00:21:46,138 --> 00:21:49,813
and campers careless
with their fires.
321
00:21:49,908 --> 00:21:52,115
But the troopers were hampered
by the fact that the federal
322
00:21:52,210 --> 00:21:56,022
park existed in a
legal no man's land.
323
00:21:56,114 --> 00:21:59,288
Usually their only recourse
was a warning, or in the most
324
00:21:59,384 --> 00:22:03,662
serious cases,
expulsion from the park.
325
00:22:03,755 --> 00:22:06,964
Army engineers built and
improved the roads and bridges
326
00:22:07,059 --> 00:22:10,097
that guided travel within the
park to the places tourists
327
00:22:10,195 --> 00:22:13,802
wanted to see, while leaving
major portions of Yellowstone
328
00:22:13,899 --> 00:22:18,348
a roadless and
totally wild expanse.
329
00:22:20,572 --> 00:22:22,882
With the tourists gone,
the cavalrymen found
330
00:22:22,974 --> 00:22:25,614
themselves holed up in
small cabins scattered
331
00:22:25,711 --> 00:22:30,057
around the park, patrolling
for poachers on skis in frigid
332
00:22:30,148 --> 00:22:33,425
temperatures and
lethal snowstorms.
333
00:22:33,518 --> 00:22:36,294
Frederick Remington, when he
visited and traveled with
334
00:22:36,388 --> 00:22:38,800
the soldiers in Yellowstone,
said that they were very fond
335
00:22:38,890 --> 00:22:42,599
of saying that Yellowstone
had 3 seasons: July, August,
336
00:22:42,694 --> 00:22:45,903
and winter, and they hated it.
337
00:22:45,997 --> 00:22:48,375
COYOTE: Men were lost
transporting mail from one
338
00:22:48,467 --> 00:22:51,311
isolated outpost to another.
339
00:22:51,403 --> 00:22:53,349
They died in avalanches.
340
00:22:53,438 --> 00:22:56,146
Some may have been killed
by poachers, who were often
341
00:22:56,241 --> 00:22:59,120
better equipped and more
experienced at maneuvering
342
00:22:59,211 --> 00:23:03,591
through the back
country in deep snow.
343
00:23:03,682 --> 00:23:06,356
MAN: In my last report,
I noted the death of Private
344
00:23:06,451 --> 00:23:10,297
Matthews of Troop B,
6th Cavalry, while on detached
345
00:23:10,389 --> 00:23:12,892
service for the mail.
346
00:23:12,991 --> 00:23:15,471
A most thorough search for
his remains was continued
347
00:23:15,560 --> 00:23:18,837
for almost 6 months
after his disappearance.
348
00:23:21,066 --> 00:23:23,569
His body was found
early in June.
349
00:23:23,668 --> 00:23:26,512
It was evident that he
became lost and while in that
350
00:23:26,605 --> 00:23:32,681
condition became crazed
and perished from the cold.
351
00:23:32,778 --> 00:23:35,452
Captain George Anderson.
352
00:23:39,918 --> 00:23:42,762
COYOTE: The cavalry was also
in charge of the nation's 3
353
00:23:42,854 --> 00:23:47,064
other national parks--General
Grant, Sequoia, and the high
354
00:23:47,159 --> 00:23:50,538
country surrounding Yosemite.
355
00:23:50,629 --> 00:23:53,576
Each spring, troops stationed
at the Presidio in San
356
00:23:53,665 --> 00:23:57,477
Francisco would make the
2-week, 250-mile ride to the
357
00:23:57,569 --> 00:24:02,541
Sierras and patrol the 3 parks
during the summer season.
358
00:24:02,641 --> 00:24:06,282
Some of them were African
Americans, the celebrated
359
00:24:06,378 --> 00:24:10,292
buffalo soldiers of the 9th
and 10th Cavalry who had made
360
00:24:10,382 --> 00:24:14,524
a name for themselves
in the Indian wars.
361
00:24:17,122 --> 00:24:20,126
Their commander was Captain
Charles Young, born into
362
00:24:20,225 --> 00:24:23,638
slavery in Kentucky, whose
father had escaped bondage
363
00:24:23,728 --> 00:24:28,234
during the Civil War to
enlist in the Union Army.
364
00:24:28,333 --> 00:24:31,712
Young followed his father's
example of military service,
365
00:24:31,803 --> 00:24:35,785
becoming the third black man
to graduate from West Point
366
00:24:35,874 --> 00:24:41,085
and the first to be put in
charge of a national park.
367
00:24:41,179 --> 00:24:43,716
JOHNSON: If you're an enlisted
man and then you see
368
00:24:43,815 --> 00:24:48,230
an African American
officer--an officer--
369
00:24:48,320 --> 00:24:49,628
that stays in your mind,
370
00:24:49,721 --> 00:24:53,931
and it also sparks a fire in
your own sense of self-worth,
371
00:24:54,025 --> 00:24:56,198
your own sense of what is
possible in this world,
372
00:24:56,294 --> 00:24:57,967
because you might say to
yourself, "if he could do
373
00:24:58,063 --> 00:25:01,476
"that, maybe I could
do that as well."
374
00:25:01,566 --> 00:25:05,673
So he was a walking
inspiration to the enlisted
375
00:25:05,770 --> 00:25:08,614
men in the 9th
and 10th Cavalry.
376
00:25:10,308 --> 00:25:13,221
COYOTE: As superintendent of
Sequoia, Young directed his
377
00:25:13,311 --> 00:25:16,053
men to complete the
first wagon road into
378
00:25:16,147 --> 00:25:18,218
the Giant Forest.
379
00:25:18,316 --> 00:25:21,354
They accomplished more in
one summer than had been done
380
00:25:21,453 --> 00:25:24,957
in the 3 previous
years combined.
381
00:25:25,056 --> 00:25:27,332
They built the
first trail to Mt. Whitney,
382
00:25:27,425 --> 00:25:31,305
the highest peak in
the west, and erected fences
383
00:25:31,396 --> 00:25:37,142
around the big trees to
prevent vandalism by visitors.
384
00:25:37,235 --> 00:25:39,442
JOHNSON: So the early
parks--Yellowstone, Sequoia,
385
00:25:39,538 --> 00:25:42,314
and Yosemite--you had
to have park protectors
386
00:25:42,407 --> 00:25:44,444
because otherwise, people
would be going into those
387
00:25:44,543 --> 00:25:47,888
areas doing what they've
always done--cutting trees
388
00:25:47,979 --> 00:25:51,324
down, you know, for firewood,
or shooting the game, shooting
389
00:25:51,416 --> 00:25:52,690
the deer to feed their family.
390
00:25:52,784 --> 00:25:54,764
How do you tell someone who's
just trying to keep their
391
00:25:54,853 --> 00:25:58,926
children fed, not hungry,
that it's illegal now to
392
00:25:59,024 --> 00:26:03,905
shoot the game in Yosemite
or in Sequoia National Park?
393
00:26:03,995 --> 00:26:06,635
And that would be a difficult
proposition if you were
394
00:26:06,731 --> 00:26:11,646
a white soldier, but when you
add that overlay of race,
395
00:26:11,736 --> 00:26:15,206
which is no overlay at all,
and you have an African
396
00:26:15,307 --> 00:26:19,346
American, a colored man,
giving orders to people who
397
00:26:19,444 --> 00:26:24,416
are not used to taking orders
from anyone who looks like me,
398
00:26:24,516 --> 00:26:28,896
then you have the beginning
of a very interesting day.
399
00:26:28,987 --> 00:26:31,160
COYOTE: Like their
counterparts at Yellowstone,
400
00:26:31,256 --> 00:26:34,965
the troops in California had
to operate without clear legal
401
00:26:35,060 --> 00:26:38,530
authority and therefore
invented techniques to protect
402
00:26:38,597 --> 00:26:40,804
their parks.
403
00:26:40,899 --> 00:26:44,244
When they collected travelers'
rifles upon entry and only
404
00:26:44,336 --> 00:26:47,510
returned them when the
visitors left, the wildlife
405
00:26:47,606 --> 00:26:50,382
began to come back.
406
00:26:50,475 --> 00:26:53,513
Sheep herders defiantly
bringing their flocks into the
407
00:26:53,612 --> 00:26:57,617
park's alpine meadows had been
openly scornful of the troops,
408
00:26:57,716 --> 00:27:01,391
once they realized that the
army had no power of criminal
409
00:27:01,486 --> 00:27:04,433
arrest and prosecution.
410
00:27:04,522 --> 00:27:08,834
The soldiers then came up
with a creative solution.
411
00:27:08,927 --> 00:27:10,668
JOHNSON: It was
a standard rule.
412
00:27:10,762 --> 00:27:14,005
You find the sheep that are
grazing illegally in the park,
413
00:27:14,099 --> 00:27:16,340
and you move the sheep out
to the eastern boundary
414
00:27:16,434 --> 00:27:17,674
of the park.
415
00:27:17,702 --> 00:27:18,976
You find the sheepherders,
and you move them out the
416
00:27:19,070 --> 00:27:21,983
western boundary of the park.
417
00:27:22,073 --> 00:27:24,019
Now, the park in
those days was 1,500
418
00:27:24,109 --> 00:27:26,783
square miles, so
by the time the sheep
419
00:27:26,878 --> 00:27:29,552
and the sheep herders were
reunited, well, let's just say
420
00:27:29,648 --> 00:27:33,596
the season was done, and if
you have a business and your
421
00:27:33,685 --> 00:27:36,222
business is herding sheep and
that happens to you more than
422
00:27:36,321 --> 00:27:39,097
once or twice, you don't come
back, and I think that was
423
00:27:39,190 --> 00:27:42,069
a pretty effective way of
dealing with illegal grazing
424
00:27:42,127 --> 00:27:43,936
in the park.
425
00:27:46,431 --> 00:27:48,536
MAN AS JOHN MUIR: For many
years, the military have guarded
426
00:27:48,633 --> 00:27:52,046
the great Yellowstone Park,
and now they are guarding
427
00:27:52,103 --> 00:27:55,084
the Yosemite.
428
00:27:55,173 --> 00:27:58,382
They found it a desert as
far as underbrush, grass,
429
00:27:58,476 --> 00:28:02,049
and flowers were concerned,
but in two years, the skin
430
00:28:02,147 --> 00:28:05,560
of the mountains
is healthy again.
431
00:28:06,785 --> 00:28:09,994
Blessings on Uncle
Sam's soldiers.
432
00:28:10,088 --> 00:28:14,503
They have done their job well
and every pine tree is waving
433
00:28:14,592 --> 00:28:17,368
its arm for joy.
434
00:28:19,330 --> 00:28:21,173
COYOTE: No one was more
thankful for the army's
435
00:28:21,266 --> 00:28:25,476
presence than John Muir,
for whom the Sierra Nevada was
436
00:28:25,570 --> 00:28:29,916
the range of light--mountains,
he wrote, "that were throbbing
437
00:28:30,008 --> 00:28:33,854
"and pulsing with the
heartbeats of God."
438
00:28:33,945 --> 00:28:37,085
WOMAN: I think John Muir
understood, as perhaps no one
439
00:28:37,182 --> 00:28:44,100
else has, how essential beauty
is--natural beauty is to us.
440
00:28:44,189 --> 00:28:47,625
Without beauty, we have no,
kind of, lubrication
441
00:28:47,726 --> 00:28:49,467
of the human spirit.
442
00:28:49,561 --> 00:28:54,943
We would just be dead, and
that's really what drove him.
443
00:28:55,033 --> 00:28:57,741
That's what fueled him.
444
00:28:57,836 --> 00:28:59,338
COYOTE: Clambering
ecstatically over
445
00:28:59,437 --> 00:29:03,078
the mountainsides, Muir had
become a self-taught expert
446
00:29:03,174 --> 00:29:06,849
in glaciers, a keen observer
and lover of everything he
447
00:29:06,945 --> 00:29:10,916
encountered, from the tiniest
specks of lichen on a rock to
448
00:29:11,015 --> 00:29:14,292
the mighty sequoias.
449
00:29:14,385 --> 00:29:16,888
And through his magazine
articles, he had emerged as
450
00:29:16,988 --> 00:29:20,060
a wilderness prophet,
a nationally known voice
451
00:29:20,158 --> 00:29:22,695
for preserving the last
remaining vestiges
452
00:29:22,794 --> 00:29:27,709
of America's virgin
forests and unspoiled lands.
453
00:29:30,201 --> 00:29:34,047
MAN AS JOHN MUIR: Mere
destroyers--tree killers,
454
00:29:34,139 --> 00:29:38,019
wool and mutton men,
spreading death and confusion
455
00:29:38,109 --> 00:29:41,921
in the fairest groves and
gardens ever planted.
456
00:29:42,013 --> 00:29:45,551
Let the government hasten
to cast them out and make
457
00:29:45,617 --> 00:29:49,030
an end of them.
458
00:29:49,120 --> 00:29:52,431
Any fool can destroy trees.
459
00:29:52,524 --> 00:29:54,526
They cannot run away.
460
00:29:54,626 --> 00:29:59,006
And if they could, they would
still be destroyed--chased
461
00:29:59,097 --> 00:30:02,874
and hunted down as long as fun
or a dollar could be got out
462
00:30:02,967 --> 00:30:06,471
of their bark hides.
463
00:30:06,571 --> 00:30:09,711
Through all the wonderful,
eventful centuries since
464
00:30:09,808 --> 00:30:14,757
Christ's time and long before
that, God has cared for these
465
00:30:14,846 --> 00:30:20,819
trees, saved them from
drought, disease, avalanches,
466
00:30:20,919 --> 00:30:25,800
and a thousand straining,
leveling tempests and floods,
467
00:30:25,890 --> 00:30:29,599
but he cannot save
them from fools.
468
00:30:29,694 --> 00:30:33,437
Only Uncle Sam can do that.
469
00:30:36,601 --> 00:30:38,979
COYOTE: Yosemite's high
country had been designated
470
00:30:39,070 --> 00:30:43,576
a national park in 1890,
but the valley itself remained
471
00:30:43,675 --> 00:30:47,145
under the control of a
California state commission
472
00:30:47,245 --> 00:30:49,782
and their political
appointees, a group
473
00:30:49,881 --> 00:30:52,828
of "blundering, plundering,
moneymaking vote sellers,"
474
00:30:52,884 --> 00:30:54,886
Muir said.
475
00:30:54,986 --> 00:30:57,091
He wanted it all
transferred back to
476
00:30:57,188 --> 00:30:58,963
the federal government.
477
00:30:59,057 --> 00:31:04,268
Only then, he believed,
would it be safe from ruin.
478
00:31:04,362 --> 00:31:08,037
In 1892, to help promote
Yosemite's protection,
479
00:31:08,132 --> 00:31:11,909
Muir and a small group of
prominent Californians formed
480
00:31:12,003 --> 00:31:14,005
a new organization.
481
00:31:14,105 --> 00:31:17,814
They called it
the Sierra Club.
482
00:31:17,909 --> 00:31:21,721
Muir enthusiastically agreed
to serve as its president,
483
00:31:21,813 --> 00:31:25,056
hoping, he said, that "we
will be able to do something
484
00:31:25,149 --> 00:31:28,961
"for wildness and make
the mountains glad."
485
00:31:33,458 --> 00:31:35,563
[Scattered applause]
486
00:31:39,230 --> 00:31:41,437
MAN: In the 19th century,
when the census bureau would
487
00:31:41,532 --> 00:31:46,208
do its census, it would draw a
line that's the frontier line,
488
00:31:46,304 --> 00:31:51,777
and proudly say it marches
westward, and their definition
489
00:31:51,876 --> 00:31:53,583
of it had this
wonderful phrase.
490
00:31:53,678 --> 00:31:58,320
It would say, in the last
10 years, this many million
491
00:31:58,416 --> 00:32:01,795
of acres have been "redeemed
from wilderness by
492
00:32:01,886 --> 00:32:05,698
"the hand of man."
493
00:32:05,790 --> 00:32:11,240
"Redeemed from wilderness
by the hand of man."
494
00:32:11,329 --> 00:32:17,575
In other words, a virgin forest
is redeemed when it's cut down.
495
00:32:17,669 --> 00:32:21,549
A beautiful mountain stream is
redeemed when the miners are
496
00:32:21,639 --> 00:32:24,381
turned loose in it.
497
00:32:24,475 --> 00:32:29,823
That symbolized what our
view of nature was as we were
498
00:32:29,914 --> 00:32:33,919
rushing across the continent.
499
00:32:34,018 --> 00:32:38,899
That's totally the opposite
of what John Muir would say.
500
00:32:38,990 --> 00:32:41,527
Wilderness isn't
redeemed by man.
501
00:32:41,626 --> 00:32:44,698
Man is redeemed by wilderness.
502
00:32:59,677 --> 00:33:02,521
MAN: To know you are the first
to set foot in homes that have
503
00:33:02,613 --> 00:33:08,757
been deserted for centuries
is a strange feeling.
504
00:33:08,853 --> 00:33:13,302
It is as though unseen eyes
watched, wondering what aliens
505
00:33:13,391 --> 00:33:18,602
were invading their
sanctuaries and why.
506
00:33:20,798 --> 00:33:25,269
The dust of centuries filled
the rooms and rose in thick
507
00:33:25,370 --> 00:33:29,318
clouds at every movement.
508
00:33:29,374 --> 00:33:31,320
AI Wetherill.
509
00:33:34,846 --> 00:33:37,190
COYOTE: A few months before
Rudyard Kipling visited
510
00:33:37,281 --> 00:33:40,956
Yellowstone, cowboys
searching for stray cattle
511
00:33:41,052 --> 00:33:43,999
in southwestern Colorado,
along the edge of a high
512
00:33:44,088 --> 00:33:47,661
plateau known as Mesa Verde,
came upon the ruins
513
00:33:47,759 --> 00:33:52,970
of an ancient city tucked
into the side of a cliff.
514
00:33:53,064 --> 00:33:56,341
Using a tree trunk and their
lariats, they improvised
515
00:33:56,434 --> 00:34:00,280
a ladder and descended
for a closer look.
516
00:34:02,840 --> 00:34:05,252
MAN AS AL WETHERILL: It was
like treading holy ground to
517
00:34:05,343 --> 00:34:10,452
go into those peaceful-looking
homes of a vanished people.
518
00:34:10,548 --> 00:34:13,722
Things were arranged in the
rooms as if people might just
519
00:34:13,818 --> 00:34:16,799
have been out
visiting somewhere.
520
00:34:19,857 --> 00:34:22,633
COYOTE: In quick succession,
they soon came across even
521
00:34:22,727 --> 00:34:26,368
more ruins nestled into the
remote canyon walls of Mesa
522
00:34:26,464 --> 00:34:30,105
Verde and gave
names to them all.
523
00:34:30,168 --> 00:34:32,136
Cliff Palace.
524
00:34:32,236 --> 00:34:34,682
Spruce Tree House.
525
00:34:34,772 --> 00:34:38,515
Balcony House.
526
00:34:38,609 --> 00:34:41,055
It was the largest
concentration ever found
527
00:34:41,145 --> 00:34:44,718
of the cliff dwellings--built,
occupied, and then
528
00:34:44,816 --> 00:34:48,821
mysteriously deserted nearly a
thousand years earlier by
529
00:34:48,920 --> 00:34:51,924
the ancestors of some of the
modern Pueblo Indians
530
00:34:52,023 --> 00:34:54,060
of the southwest.
531
00:34:56,127 --> 00:34:58,073
MAN AS AL WETHERILL: We knew
that if we did not break into
532
00:34:58,162 --> 00:35:03,043
that charmed world, someone
else would sometime--someone
533
00:35:03,134 --> 00:35:07,310
who might not love and respect
those emblems of antiquity
534
00:35:07,371 --> 00:35:09,908
as we did.
535
00:35:10,007 --> 00:35:12,248
COYOTE: The cowboys who
discovered the ruins were the
536
00:35:12,343 --> 00:35:15,881
Wetherills--5 brothers from
a family of Quakers who had
537
00:35:15,980 --> 00:35:20,395
moved to Colorado from
Kansas 8 years earlier.
538
00:35:20,485 --> 00:35:23,364
The oldest was Richard,
who encouraged them all to
539
00:35:23,454 --> 00:35:26,697
spend every free moment
digging among the ruins,
540
00:35:26,791 --> 00:35:29,499
hoping to sell their
discoveries to museums
541
00:35:29,560 --> 00:35:33,702
in big cities.
542
00:35:33,798 --> 00:35:35,505
MAN AS AL WETHERILL: We had
started in as just ordinary
543
00:35:35,566 --> 00:35:38,103
pothunters,
544
00:35:38,202 --> 00:35:41,183
but as work progressed along
that sort of questionable
545
00:35:41,272 --> 00:35:45,914
business, we developed quite a
bit of scientific knowledge by
546
00:35:46,010 --> 00:35:50,425
careful work and comparisons.
547
00:35:50,515 --> 00:35:53,928
COYOTE: One day a stranger
showed up, a young Swedish
548
00:35:54,018 --> 00:35:57,022
nobleman with an interest
in archaeology--
549
00:35:57,121 --> 00:36:00,500
Gustaf Nordenskiold.
550
00:36:00,591 --> 00:36:03,800
When the Wetherills showed
him the ruins, his enthusiasm,
551
00:36:03,895 --> 00:36:06,774
one of the brothers
remembered, increased almost
552
00:36:06,864 --> 00:36:09,037
beyond his control.
553
00:36:10,735 --> 00:36:14,376
For two months, from sunup to
sundown, he kept the Wetherill
554
00:36:14,472 --> 00:36:19,353
brothers busy, teaching them
more scientific methods.
555
00:36:19,443 --> 00:36:22,151
He showed them how to use
a mason's trowel instead
556
00:36:22,246 --> 00:36:26,786
of a spade, digging slowly and
carefully to reveal a relic
557
00:36:26,884 --> 00:36:29,228
without damaging it.
558
00:36:29,320 --> 00:36:32,790
He insisted on labeling and
photographing everything
559
00:36:32,890 --> 00:36:35,803
and often saved items that
no other archaeologist
560
00:36:35,893 --> 00:36:40,273
of the time would have kept--
wood ash from fire pits,
561
00:36:40,364 --> 00:36:44,107
dust and trash from the
floors, even dried pieces
562
00:36:44,202 --> 00:36:47,809
of human excrement that one
day might help determine what
563
00:36:47,905 --> 00:36:52,615
the ancient Puebloans had
been eating so long ago.
564
00:36:52,710 --> 00:36:55,156
In all,
he amassed hundreds of items
565
00:36:55,246 --> 00:37:00,059
which he intended to
ship home to Sweden.
566
00:37:00,151 --> 00:37:03,155
But when his pack animals,
loaded down with artifacts,
567
00:37:03,254 --> 00:37:07,293
reached the railway station
in Durango, Nordenskiold was
568
00:37:07,391 --> 00:37:10,065
immediately arrested.
569
00:37:10,161 --> 00:37:11,504
MAN: The basic problem was,
570
00:37:11,596 --> 00:37:13,598
this foreigner is stealing our
571
00:37:13,698 --> 00:37:16,736
relics, our bowls, our pots,
572
00:37:16,834 --> 00:37:18,973
and we're not gonna allow that.
573
00:37:19,070 --> 00:37:21,516
It's all right for we
Americans to steal them,
574
00:37:21,606 --> 00:37:24,849
but it's not all right for
those foreigners to do it.
575
00:37:24,942 --> 00:37:27,855
Gustaf's lawyer asked the
judge, under what law are we
576
00:37:27,945 --> 00:37:29,288
arresting him?
577
00:37:29,380 --> 00:37:30,654
And there was no law.
578
00:37:30,681 --> 00:37:34,629
There was no law at all,
so they couldn't stop him.
579
00:37:34,719 --> 00:37:39,031
They couldn't stop anybody,
and that probably sparked some
580
00:37:39,123 --> 00:37:41,569
interest--why
isn't there a law?
581
00:37:41,659 --> 00:37:44,367
COYOTE: Nordenskiold was
released and got to take his
582
00:37:44,462 --> 00:37:47,671
huge shipment home to
Scandinavia, where he
583
00:37:47,765 --> 00:37:52,544
published the first scientific
study of the cliff dwellers.
584
00:37:52,637 --> 00:37:55,345
But the controversy had
brought worldwide attention to
585
00:37:55,439 --> 00:37:59,285
Mesa Verde and to the fact
that its treasures were
586
00:37:59,377 --> 00:38:01,687
completely unprotected.
587
00:38:15,126 --> 00:38:17,834
MAN: We have seen the Indian
and the game retreat before
588
00:38:17,928 --> 00:38:22,570
the white man and the
cattle and beheld the tide
589
00:38:22,667 --> 00:38:26,308
of immigration move forward
which threatens before long to
590
00:38:26,404 --> 00:38:29,783
leave no portion of our vast
territory unbroken by the
591
00:38:29,874 --> 00:38:34,619
farmer's plow or untrodden
by his flocks.
592
00:38:36,314 --> 00:38:40,956
There is one spot left--a
single rock about which this
593
00:38:41,052 --> 00:38:45,364
tide will break and past which
it will sweep, leaving it
594
00:38:45,456 --> 00:38:50,303
undefiled by the unsightly
traces of civilization.
595
00:38:50,394 --> 00:38:55,400
Here in this Yellowstone Park,
the large game of the west may
596
00:38:55,499 --> 00:39:00,039
be preserved from
extermination in this,
597
00:39:00,137 --> 00:39:03,311
their last refuge.
598
00:39:03,407 --> 00:39:05,580
George Bird Grinnell.
599
00:39:08,546 --> 00:39:11,789
COYOTE: By the 1890s,
few Americans understood as
600
00:39:11,882 --> 00:39:15,864
keenly as George Bird
Grinnell, the editor and owner
601
00:39:15,953 --> 00:39:19,127
of "Forest and Stream"
magazine, how fearful
602
00:39:19,223 --> 00:39:22,466
the price had been for the
nation's relentless expansion
603
00:39:22,560 --> 00:39:25,598
across the continent.
604
00:39:25,696 --> 00:39:28,973
Raised on the estate of the
famous painter and naturalist
605
00:39:29,066 --> 00:39:32,639
John James Audubon at the
north end of Manhattan,
606
00:39:32,737 --> 00:39:35,274
Grinnell could remember
spotting a bald eagle from his
607
00:39:35,373 --> 00:39:39,150
bedroom window and watching
immense flocks of passenger
608
00:39:39,243 --> 00:39:43,521
pigeons darkening the sky from
horizon to horizon as they
609
00:39:43,614 --> 00:39:45,457
passed overhead.
610
00:39:47,752 --> 00:39:50,323
Traveling across Kansas,
he had once encountered
611
00:39:50,421 --> 00:39:54,699
a buffalo herd so vast that
his train was forced to stop
612
00:39:54,792 --> 00:39:59,002
for 3 hours while the
beasts crossed the tracks.
613
00:39:59,096 --> 00:40:02,543
He had hunted elk in Nebraska
when elk could still be found
614
00:40:02,633 --> 00:40:06,046
on the plains, ridden with
the Pawnees in a great buffalo
615
00:40:06,137 --> 00:40:09,812
chase as the Indians brought
down their prey with bows
616
00:40:09,874 --> 00:40:11,512
and arrows.
617
00:40:13,444 --> 00:40:18,587
Now all that and so much
more suddenly seemed gone or
618
00:40:18,682 --> 00:40:21,891
on the verge of disappearing.
619
00:40:21,986 --> 00:40:25,365
Passenger pigeons had been
so systematically killed that
620
00:40:25,456 --> 00:40:29,063
a bird once numbering in the
hundreds of millions had been
621
00:40:29,160 --> 00:40:33,905
reduced to a handful, and soon
the death of a solitary bird
622
00:40:33,998 --> 00:40:37,002
in a Cincinnati zoo would
bring an end to
623
00:40:37,101 --> 00:40:40,139
the species' existence.
624
00:40:40,237 --> 00:40:42,513
The hide-hunters had been
equally effective
625
00:40:42,573 --> 00:40:44,177
with the buffalo.
626
00:40:44,275 --> 00:40:47,779
By the mid-1880s, the last of
the great free-roaming herds
627
00:40:47,878 --> 00:40:50,324
had been slaughtered.
628
00:40:50,414 --> 00:40:54,260
Now the only wild herd left in
the country was in Yellowstone
629
00:40:54,351 --> 00:41:01,200
National Park, estimated at
only a few hundred animals.
630
00:41:01,292 --> 00:41:03,431
MAN AS GEORGE BIRD GRINNELL:
For 4 centuries, we have been
631
00:41:03,527 --> 00:41:08,033
killing and marketing game,
destroying it as rapidly
632
00:41:08,132 --> 00:41:12,342
and as thoroughly as we knew
how, and making no provision
633
00:41:12,436 --> 00:41:15,610
toward replacing the supply.
634
00:41:15,706 --> 00:41:17,913
We are just beginning to
ask one another how we may
635
00:41:18,008 --> 00:41:21,649
preserve the little that
remains for ourselves
636
00:41:21,745 --> 00:41:23,816
and our children.
637
00:41:27,318 --> 00:41:30,288
COYOTE: Grinnell regularly
used the pages of "Forest
638
00:41:30,387 --> 00:41:35,336
and Stream" to try to point
Americans in a new direction.
639
00:41:35,426 --> 00:41:37,599
It wasn't that he
was against hunting.
640
00:41:37,695 --> 00:41:39,800
In fact, he loved to hunt.
641
00:41:39,897 --> 00:41:42,969
Grinnell just feared that
without wise management,
642
00:41:43,067 --> 00:41:47,675
there would be nothing
left for hunters to shoot.
643
00:41:47,771 --> 00:41:50,877
He proposed the creation of
a new organization aimed
644
00:41:50,975 --> 00:41:54,946
at stopping the heedless
killing of wild birds,
645
00:41:55,045 --> 00:41:57,958
"in honor," Grinnell wrote,
"of the man who did more to
646
00:41:58,048 --> 00:42:01,586
"teach Americans about birds of
their own land than any other
647
00:42:01,685 --> 00:42:03,221
"who ever lived."
648
00:42:03,320 --> 00:42:08,394
He named the group
The Audubon Society.
649
00:42:08,492 --> 00:42:11,496
And when Grinnell published
a mildly critical review
650
00:42:11,595 --> 00:42:14,735
of Theodore Roosevelt's book
chronicling his own western
651
00:42:14,832 --> 00:42:18,575
adventures, the young author
burst into Grinnell's office
652
00:42:18,636 --> 00:42:20,343
to confront him.
653
00:42:20,437 --> 00:42:23,509
The two men turned the awkward
moment into the beginning
654
00:42:23,607 --> 00:42:28,488
of a lasting friendship and
together formed the Boone
655
00:42:28,579 --> 00:42:32,083
and Crockett Club to promote
what they called "the manly
656
00:42:32,182 --> 00:42:35,322
"sport of hunting."
657
00:42:35,419 --> 00:42:38,832
DUNCAN: But Grinnell had
other, larger issues in mind
658
00:42:38,923 --> 00:42:42,132
that he wanted to steer Teddy
Roosevelt toward, and I think
659
00:42:42,226 --> 00:42:45,435
over time he became something
of a mentor to Roosevelt,
660
00:42:45,529 --> 00:42:49,636
of taking this energetic guy,
this guy who was a political
661
00:42:49,733 --> 00:42:54,079
star, a rising political star,
and gradually pointing him
662
00:42:54,171 --> 00:42:58,586
in directions that were
clearly in Roosevelt's heart
663
00:42:58,676 --> 00:43:02,180
but needed that little tilt
from George Bird Grinnell to
664
00:43:02,279 --> 00:43:04,987
bring them to fruition.
665
00:43:05,082 --> 00:43:07,995
COYOTE: As president of the
new club, Theodore Roosevelt
666
00:43:08,085 --> 00:43:11,692
was increasingly drawn into
Grinnell's battles, including
667
00:43:11,789 --> 00:43:15,601
the longstanding crusade to
keep Yellowstone as pristine
668
00:43:15,659 --> 00:43:18,003
as possible.
669
00:43:18,095 --> 00:43:20,166
It was a constant fight.
670
00:43:20,264 --> 00:43:22,505
There were repeated attempts
in Congress to reduce
671
00:43:22,600 --> 00:43:25,479
the park's size or open it up
to greater
672
00:43:25,569 --> 00:43:27,879
commercial exploitation.
673
00:43:27,972 --> 00:43:31,977
Roosevelt helped
defeat them all.
674
00:43:32,076 --> 00:43:35,990
But despite those successes,
there was still no federal law
675
00:43:36,080 --> 00:43:39,425
giving Yellowstone's
caretakers clear authority to
676
00:43:39,516 --> 00:43:43,965
protect its wildlife,
including its dwindling herd
677
00:43:44,021 --> 00:43:45,967
of wild buffalo.
678
00:43:49,627 --> 00:43:53,234
On March 13, 1894,
two troopers out
679
00:43:53,330 --> 00:43:56,971
on patrol in Yellowstone
heard shots in the distance
680
00:43:57,067 --> 00:43:58,774
and hurried in that direction.
681
00:43:58,836 --> 00:44:00,406
[Gunshot]
682
00:44:00,504 --> 00:44:03,485
Soon they came across
several buffalo carcasses.
683
00:44:03,574 --> 00:44:07,351
A man was hunched over one of
them, so busily skinning it
684
00:44:07,444 --> 00:44:10,391
that he didn't realize the
troopers were there until one
685
00:44:10,481 --> 00:44:14,258
of them was beside him
with a drawn gun.
686
00:44:14,351 --> 00:44:17,855
The poacher was Edgar Howell,
and he had been methodically
687
00:44:17,955 --> 00:44:21,630
killing as many buffalos as
he could, planning to haul out
688
00:44:21,725 --> 00:44:26,640
their heads for sale to
a Montana taxidermist.
689
00:44:26,730 --> 00:44:30,507
As luck would have it,
a reporter named Emerson Hough
690
00:44:30,601 --> 00:44:34,515
on assignment for "Forest and
Stream," was also in the park
691
00:44:34,605 --> 00:44:37,984
with a photographer to do an
article about Yellowstone
692
00:44:38,042 --> 00:44:40,386
in the winter.
693
00:44:40,477 --> 00:44:43,185
When the poacher bragged that
the worst punishment he could
694
00:44:43,280 --> 00:44:47,057
receive for his crime was
expulsion from the park
695
00:44:47,151 --> 00:44:50,655
and the loss of only 26
dollars' worth of equipment,
696
00:44:50,754 --> 00:44:54,827
Hough realized he had stumbled
onto a great story and quickly
697
00:44:54,925 --> 00:44:58,668
telegraphed it to Grinnell
in New York City.
698
00:44:58,762 --> 00:45:02,710
Grinnell knew just what
to do with it.
699
00:45:02,800 --> 00:45:05,508
SCHULLERY: Grinnell just
pulled out all the stops.
700
00:45:05,602 --> 00:45:08,549
He ran the story in
"Forest and Stream."
701
00:45:08,639 --> 00:45:12,610
He was in contact with
everybody he knew who might be
702
00:45:12,710 --> 00:45:16,522
able to wake up, you know,
the sleeping giant,
703
00:45:16,613 --> 00:45:20,220
the American public, and
make them care about this,
704
00:45:20,317 --> 00:45:22,194
and he succeeded.
705
00:45:22,286 --> 00:45:24,425
COYOTE: Within a week,
legislation was working its
706
00:45:24,521 --> 00:45:27,900
way through Congress,
authorizing regulations that
707
00:45:27,991 --> 00:45:31,370
would finally protect the
park, its geysers,
708
00:45:31,428 --> 00:45:34,432
and its wildlife.
709
00:45:34,531 --> 00:45:39,674
On May 7, 1894, less than two
months after Howell's capture,
710
00:45:39,770 --> 00:45:45,311
President Grover Cleveland
signed the bill into law.
711
00:45:45,409 --> 00:45:47,514
[Birds chirping]
712
00:45:49,613 --> 00:45:51,490
SCHULLERY: George Bird
Grinnell and Theodore Roosevelt
713
00:45:51,582 --> 00:45:55,155
and the other defenders of
Yellowstone were thinking
714
00:45:55,252 --> 00:46:00,463
in ecosystem terms before
anybody was using the term.
715
00:46:00,557 --> 00:46:05,199
They saw places like
Yellowstone as reservoirs.
716
00:46:05,295 --> 00:46:07,571
They used the
term "reservoir."
717
00:46:07,664 --> 00:46:10,508
It was a reservoir
for wildlife.
718
00:46:13,303 --> 00:46:17,479
I think if the opportunity
presented by the capture
719
00:46:17,574 --> 00:46:22,080
of Howell had been missed,
we would have lost the bison.
720
00:46:22,179 --> 00:46:24,750
They were so close to gone.
721
00:46:39,463 --> 00:46:44,208
MAN: Gentlemen, why in
heaven's name this haste?
722
00:46:44,301 --> 00:46:46,747
You have time enough.
723
00:46:46,837 --> 00:46:50,683
Why sacrifice the present to
the future, fancying that you
724
00:46:50,774 --> 00:46:54,347
will be happier when your
fields teem with wealth
725
00:46:54,444 --> 00:46:57,118
and your cities with people?
726
00:46:59,116 --> 00:47:02,359
In Europe, we have cities
wealthier and more populous
727
00:47:02,452 --> 00:47:07,595
than yours, and we
are not happy.
728
00:47:07,691 --> 00:47:12,470
You dream of your posterity,
but your posterity will look
729
00:47:12,563 --> 00:47:17,205
back to yours as the golden
age and envy those who first
730
00:47:17,301 --> 00:47:21,272
burst into this silent,
splendid nature, who first
731
00:47:21,371 --> 00:47:26,184
lifted up their axes upon
these tall trees and lined
732
00:47:26,276 --> 00:47:31,123
these waters with
busy wharves.
733
00:47:31,215 --> 00:47:34,958
Why, then, seek to complete,
in a few decades, what took
734
00:47:35,052 --> 00:47:40,627
the other nations of the
world thousands of years?
735
00:47:40,724 --> 00:47:45,833
Why, in your hurry to subdue
and utilize nature, squander
736
00:47:45,929 --> 00:47:48,535
her splendid gifts?
737
00:47:50,968 --> 00:47:56,543
You have opportunity such as
mankind has never had before
738
00:47:56,640 --> 00:47:59,553
and may never have again.
739
00:48:01,078 --> 00:48:03,388
Lord James Bryce.
740
00:48:07,551 --> 00:48:10,998
MAN: The first duty of the
human race is to control
741
00:48:11,088 --> 00:48:14,831
the earth it lives upon.
742
00:48:14,925 --> 00:48:18,873
The first principle of
conservation is development,
743
00:48:18,962 --> 00:48:22,967
the use of natural resources
now existing on this continent
744
00:48:23,066 --> 00:48:27,481
for the benefit of the
people who live here now.
745
00:48:27,537 --> 00:48:29,710
Gifford Pinchot.
746
00:48:33,644 --> 00:48:36,284
COYOTE: Gifford Pinchot was
a graduate of Yale who had
747
00:48:36,380 --> 00:48:40,021
studied forestry in Germany
and France and returned as
748
00:48:40,117 --> 00:48:42,654
the first American to
declare himself
749
00:48:42,753 --> 00:48:45,529
a professional forester.
750
00:48:45,622 --> 00:48:49,764
He and John Muir had met in
1896 and in the beginning
751
00:48:49,860 --> 00:48:53,239
enjoyed each other's company,
camping together on the rim
752
00:48:53,330 --> 00:48:56,504
of the Grand Canyon.
753
00:48:56,600 --> 00:48:59,672
But while the two men agreed
that America's forests were
754
00:48:59,770 --> 00:49:03,411
being rapaciously destroyed,
they ultimately parted company
755
00:49:03,473 --> 00:49:06,454
on the solution.
756
00:49:06,543 --> 00:49:09,251
Muir considered
forests sacred.
757
00:49:09,346 --> 00:49:12,816
He wanted them treated as
parks with logging, grazing,
758
00:49:12,916 --> 00:49:15,658
and hunting prohibited.
759
00:49:15,752 --> 00:49:17,732
Pinchot didn't agree.
760
00:49:17,821 --> 00:49:21,291
He wanted forests protected,
too, but he believed the best
761
00:49:21,391 --> 00:49:26,773
way to do it was to manage
their use, not leave them alone.
762
00:49:26,863 --> 00:49:29,673
His favorite saying was
"the greatest good
763
00:49:29,766 --> 00:49:32,542
"for the greatest number."
764
00:49:32,636 --> 00:49:35,549
MAN AS JOHN MUIR: Much is
said on questions of this kind
765
00:49:35,639 --> 00:49:39,348
about the greatest good
for the greatest number,
766
00:49:39,443 --> 00:49:45,587
but the greatest number is too
often found to be number one.
767
00:49:45,682 --> 00:49:48,288
It is never the greatest
number in the common meaning
768
00:49:48,385 --> 00:49:51,594
of the term that makes the
greatest noise and stir
769
00:49:51,688 --> 00:49:55,329
on questions mixed with money.
770
00:49:55,425 --> 00:49:57,735
Complaints are made in
the name of poor settlers
771
00:49:57,828 --> 00:50:01,071
and miners, while the wealthy
corporations are kept
772
00:50:01,164 --> 00:50:05,306
carefully hidden
in the background.
773
00:50:05,402 --> 00:50:09,680
Let right, commendable
industry be fostered, but as
774
00:50:09,773 --> 00:50:13,243
to these Goths and Vandals
of the wilderness who are
775
00:50:13,343 --> 00:50:17,485
spreading black death in the
fairest woods God ever made,
776
00:50:17,581 --> 00:50:20,494
let the government
up and at 'em.
777
00:50:23,887 --> 00:50:26,265
CRONON: We often tell
stories about the origins
778
00:50:26,356 --> 00:50:28,962
of the American conservation
movement by setting John Muir
779
00:50:29,059 --> 00:50:31,972
and Gifford Pinchot in
counterpoint with each other.
780
00:50:32,062 --> 00:50:34,008
Often in those stories,
John Muir is the hero
781
00:50:34,097 --> 00:50:35,770
and Gifford Pinchot
is the villain.
782
00:50:35,866 --> 00:50:39,780
In fact, they represent,
I think, two sides of one coin.
783
00:50:39,870 --> 00:50:42,908
Muir is the figure who
celebrates the sacred
784
00:50:43,006 --> 00:50:46,852
in nature--the wildness,
the otherness of nature,
785
00:50:46,943 --> 00:50:50,481
that which we need to protect
if we are not to contaminate
786
00:50:50,580 --> 00:50:54,153
things that are nonhuman
with our own human agendas.
787
00:50:54,251 --> 00:50:57,027
Pinchot, on the other hand,
is about a conservation that
788
00:50:57,120 --> 00:50:59,930
celebrates sustainability.
789
00:51:00,023 --> 00:51:02,663
It's about keeping the
roots of our material lives
790
00:51:02,759 --> 00:51:05,535
in the natural world in such
a way that we don't destroy
791
00:51:05,629 --> 00:51:10,510
nature as we use nature
for our own livelihood.
792
00:51:10,600 --> 00:51:12,671
COYOTE: Congress and the
administration of President
793
00:51:12,769 --> 00:51:16,376
Grover Cleveland sided with
Pinchot, who was appointed
794
00:51:16,473 --> 00:51:20,455
the nation's chief forester.
795
00:51:20,544 --> 00:51:23,787
National forests would
become part of the Department
796
00:51:23,880 --> 00:51:27,623
of Agriculture, used and
managed like a crop,
797
00:51:27,717 --> 00:51:31,756
not preserved like a temple.
798
00:51:31,855 --> 00:51:35,098
But if Muir could not prevail
on the future of all national
799
00:51:35,192 --> 00:51:39,504
forests, he tried to salvage
at least a partial victory by
800
00:51:39,596 --> 00:51:44,238
protecting one forest as
a national park.
801
00:51:44,334 --> 00:51:47,247
It was in western
Washington state within sight
802
00:51:47,337 --> 00:51:51,217
of the cities of Seattle and
Tacoma, the ancient homeland
803
00:51:51,308 --> 00:51:55,154
of nearly a dozen Indian
tribes, including the Cowlitz,
804
00:51:55,245 --> 00:51:59,352
Nisqually, Puyallup,
and Yakima, who called it
805
00:51:59,449 --> 00:52:04,558
Tahoma, the big mountain
where the waters begin.
806
00:52:04,654 --> 00:52:09,728
White settlers called
it Mount Rainier.
807
00:52:09,826 --> 00:52:12,670
MAN AS JOHN MUIR: Altogether,
this is the richest subalpine
808
00:52:12,762 --> 00:52:20,305
garden I ever found,
a perfect floral elysium.
809
00:52:20,403 --> 00:52:24,579
The icy dome needs not a man's
care, but unless the reserve
810
00:52:24,674 --> 00:52:28,884
is guarded, the flower
bloom will soon be killed,
811
00:52:28,979 --> 00:52:31,858
and nothing of the forest
will be left but black
812
00:52:31,948 --> 00:52:35,259
stump monuments.
813
00:52:35,352 --> 00:52:38,788
COYOTE: A broad coalition,
including the Sierra Club,
814
00:52:38,889 --> 00:52:41,597
the National Geographic
Society, and the Northern
815
00:52:41,691 --> 00:52:45,639
Pacific Railroad, worked hard
with Muir for more than 5
816
00:52:45,729 --> 00:52:51,577
years, and on March 2, 1899,
Mount Rainier became the
817
00:52:51,668 --> 00:52:55,081
nation's fifth national park.
818
00:53:02,812 --> 00:53:05,691
MAN: When on the streets I
meet young girls and matrons
819
00:53:05,782 --> 00:53:09,662
with their kindly faces
and see the egrets in their
820
00:53:09,753 --> 00:53:13,462
bonnets and hats, I cannot
help feeling that these
821
00:53:13,557 --> 00:53:16,436
daughters of Eve do not
know how these feathers
822
00:53:16,493 --> 00:53:18,973
were obtained.
823
00:53:19,062 --> 00:53:23,772
These plumes only grow while
the bird is rearing its young,
824
00:53:23,867 --> 00:53:27,178
and I believe that if most of
the women who wear them knew
825
00:53:27,270 --> 00:53:31,218
they were obtained by shooting
the mother on her nest,
826
00:53:31,308 --> 00:53:35,279
they would be ashamed to
keep them, even in secret,
827
00:53:35,378 --> 00:53:39,793
much less to display them
on the public streets.
828
00:53:39,883 --> 00:53:42,727
John F. Lacey.
829
00:53:42,819 --> 00:53:45,129
COYOTE: For centuries,
the nation's greatest breeding
830
00:53:45,222 --> 00:53:48,863
ground for its most beautiful
plumed birds was southern
831
00:53:48,959 --> 00:53:52,236
Florida, where the fresh
waters of Lake Okeechobee
832
00:53:52,329 --> 00:53:55,902
drained slowly toward the Gulf
of Mexico, through cypress
833
00:53:55,999 --> 00:54:00,641
swamps and mangrove forests
and the biggest saw grass marsh
834
00:54:00,737 --> 00:54:04,207
in the world, the Everglades.
835
00:54:04,307 --> 00:54:08,414
But by 1900, the long plumes
of the great white and snowy
836
00:54:08,511 --> 00:54:12,926
egrets had become more
valuable per ounce than gold,
837
00:54:13,016 --> 00:54:17,431
and nearly 95% of Florida's
shorebirds had been killed by
838
00:54:17,520 --> 00:54:19,796
plume hunters.
839
00:54:19,889 --> 00:54:23,371
More than 5 million birds a
year were perishing to satisfy
840
00:54:23,460 --> 00:54:26,930
the demand of the latest
fashion trend--using bird
841
00:54:27,030 --> 00:54:31,069
feathers to
decorate women's hats.
842
00:54:31,167 --> 00:54:34,842
Strolling the streets of New
York for part of an afternoon,
843
00:54:34,938 --> 00:54:41,082
one ornithologist counted 542
feathered hats, representing
844
00:54:41,177 --> 00:54:44,954
40 different species.
845
00:54:45,048 --> 00:54:49,758
Some hats included an
entire stuffed bird.
846
00:54:52,455 --> 00:54:55,265
MAN AS GEORGE BIRD GRINNELL:
Fashion decrees feathers,
847
00:54:55,358 --> 00:54:58,168
and feathers it is.
848
00:54:58,261 --> 00:55:00,901
This condition of affairs must
be something of a shock to
849
00:55:00,997 --> 00:55:04,740
the leaders of the Audubon
Society, who were sanguine
850
00:55:04,834 --> 00:55:07,610
enough to believe that the
moral idea represented by
851
00:55:07,704 --> 00:55:13,052
their movement would be enough
to influence society at large.
852
00:55:13,143 --> 00:55:15,919
George Bird Grinnell.
853
00:55:16,012 --> 00:55:18,891
COYOTE: The Audubon Society
had done its best to try to
854
00:55:18,982 --> 00:55:23,453
persuade women not to buy such
hats, even promoted the sale
855
00:55:23,553 --> 00:55:26,966
of featherless hats called
Audubonetts decorated
856
00:55:27,023 --> 00:55:29,060
with ribbons.
857
00:55:29,159 --> 00:55:32,333
It didn't work, and the
millenary industry, based
858
00:55:32,429 --> 00:55:36,707
principally in New York City,
used its influence in Congress
859
00:55:36,800 --> 00:55:40,646
to defeat a series of national
laws aimed at stopping
860
00:55:40,737 --> 00:55:42,648
the slaughter.
861
00:55:42,739 --> 00:55:46,778
Then an unlikely
champion stepped forward.
862
00:55:46,876 --> 00:55:49,356
MAN AS JOHN F. LACEY:
We have a wireless telegraph,
863
00:55:49,446 --> 00:55:51,517
a thornless cactus,
864
00:55:51,614 --> 00:55:55,790
a seedless orange, and
a core less apple.
865
00:55:55,885 --> 00:55:59,526
Let us now have
a bird less hat.
866
00:55:59,622 --> 00:56:01,602
John F. Lacey.
867
00:56:04,694 --> 00:56:07,174
COYOTE: As the Republican
party began fracturing
868
00:56:07,263 --> 00:56:10,005
at the start of the 20th
century into a progressive
869
00:56:10,100 --> 00:56:13,775
wing and a group of die-hard
conservatives known as
870
00:56:13,870 --> 00:56:18,376
Stand-Pat Republicans,
Representative John F. Lacey
871
00:56:18,475 --> 00:56:21,684
of Oskaloosa, Iowa,
counted himself with those
872
00:56:21,778 --> 00:56:24,054
opposed to change.
873
00:56:24,147 --> 00:56:27,685
But when it came to defending
wildlife or saving America's
874
00:56:27,784 --> 00:56:31,459
remaining unspoiled lands,
Lacey's definition
875
00:56:31,554 --> 00:56:35,127
of conservative placed him not
only outside his fellow
876
00:56:35,225 --> 00:56:38,138
Stand-Patters but
in the vanguard of even
877
00:56:38,228 --> 00:56:43,405
the most progressive
politicians of the day.
878
00:56:43,500 --> 00:56:45,411
MAN AS JOHN F. LACEY: The first
settlers found this continent
879
00:56:45,502 --> 00:56:49,006
a storehouse of energy and
national wealth, but we have
880
00:56:49,105 --> 00:56:52,814
not been content with
using these resources.
881
00:56:52,909 --> 00:56:57,085
We have wasted them
as reckless prodigals.
882
00:56:57,180 --> 00:56:59,990
For more than 300 years,
destruction was
883
00:57:00,083 --> 00:57:03,496
called improvement.
884
00:57:03,586 --> 00:57:07,295
Mankind must conserve the
resources of nature, or the
885
00:57:07,390 --> 00:57:11,634
world will, at no distant day,
become as barren as
886
00:57:11,728 --> 00:57:15,005
a sucked orange.
887
00:57:15,098 --> 00:57:17,578
COYOTE: It had been Lacey,
working with George Bird
888
00:57:17,667 --> 00:57:20,546
Grinnell and Theodore
Roosevelt, who pushed through
889
00:57:20,637 --> 00:57:23,675
the bill that finally gave
government officials the tools
890
00:57:23,773 --> 00:57:27,516
they needed to protect
America's last wild buffalo
891
00:57:27,610 --> 00:57:30,090
herd in Yellowstone.
892
00:57:30,180 --> 00:57:33,957
Now, after years of ceaseless
effort, he won passage
893
00:57:34,050 --> 00:57:39,864
of another landmark, the Lacey
Bird and Game Act of 1900.
894
00:57:39,956 --> 00:57:43,961
Soon, government agents were
confiscating huge shipments
895
00:57:44,060 --> 00:57:48,668
of bird skins and feathers.
896
00:57:48,765 --> 00:57:51,439
But the Lacey Act did not
put an end to plume hunting
897
00:57:51,534 --> 00:57:57,485
entirely, especially in
the lawless Everglades.
898
00:57:57,574 --> 00:58:00,817
5 years after the bill's
passage, a game warden was
899
00:58:00,910 --> 00:58:03,220
murdered by poachers.
900
00:58:03,313 --> 00:58:08,092
3 years after that,
another one was gunned down.
901
00:58:08,184 --> 00:58:11,358
Some people began thinking
that the uniquely abundant
902
00:58:11,454 --> 00:58:15,766
array of wildlife in southern
Florida would never be safe
903
00:58:15,859 --> 00:58:19,432
unless the Everglades
itself was set aside, like
904
00:58:19,529 --> 00:58:23,102
Yellowstone, as
a national park.
905
00:58:25,368 --> 00:58:27,370
MAN AS JOHN F. LACEY: The
attempt to preserve and restore
906
00:58:27,470 --> 00:58:29,711
some of the wildlife of America
907
00:58:29,806 --> 00:58:34,755
is no longer looked upon
as a fad or idle sentiment.
908
00:58:34,844 --> 00:58:37,984
We have given an awful
exhibition of slaughter
909
00:58:38,081 --> 00:58:40,687
and destruction which may
serve as a warning to
910
00:58:40,750 --> 00:58:43,128
all mankind.
911
00:58:43,219 --> 00:58:46,860
Let us now give an example
of wise conservation of what
912
00:58:46,956 --> 00:58:51,701
remains of the
gifts of nature.
913
00:58:51,694 --> 00:58:51,899
Remains of the
gifts of nature.
914
00:58:51,995 --> 00:58:55,966
COYOTE: As America moved into
a new century, a new word--
915
00:58:56,065 --> 00:59:00,445
conservation--had crept into
the nation's vocabulary.
916
00:59:00,537 --> 00:59:06,010
Now a new president would
turn the word into a movement.
917
00:59:08,678 --> 00:59:12,717
MAN: Like all Americans,
I like big things--big
918
00:59:12,815 --> 00:59:17,059
prairies, big forests and
mountains, big wheat fields,
919
00:59:17,153 --> 00:59:19,929
rail roads, and herds
of cattle, too.
920
00:59:20,023 --> 00:59:24,904
Big factories, steamboats,
and everything else.
921
00:59:24,994 --> 00:59:27,440
CRONON: I think it's hard to
exaggerate the significance
922
00:59:27,530 --> 00:59:29,305
of Theodore Roosevelt
in the history
923
00:59:29,399 --> 00:59:31,436
of American conservation.
924
00:59:31,534 --> 00:59:34,174
He creates a presidency when
he arrives in the White House
925
00:59:34,270 --> 00:59:37,342
that sets in motion most of
the conservation agendas that
926
00:59:37,440 --> 00:59:40,944
will define the first half
of the 20th century.
927
00:59:41,044 --> 00:59:45,993
MAN: The key to Teddy
Roosevelt's leadership was his
928
00:59:46,082 --> 00:59:50,394
passion, his audacity,
the fact that he was
929
00:59:50,486 --> 00:59:56,164
an inspiring public speaker
and enjoyed leading the country.
930
00:59:56,259 --> 00:59:59,832
He was a person who turned
the country in a different
931
00:59:59,929 --> 01:00:03,433
direction where conservation
was concerned.
932
01:00:03,533 --> 01:00:07,481
COYOTE: In the spring of 1903,
Theodore Roosevelt once again
933
01:00:07,570 --> 01:00:12,417
boarded a train headed west,
and on April 8, he stepped off
934
01:00:12,508 --> 01:00:15,648
at the Northern Pacific
rail road terminal just outside
935
01:00:15,745 --> 01:00:18,954
of Yellowstone National Park.
936
01:00:19,048 --> 01:00:23,155
He was no longer the scrawny
and inexperienced Easterner
937
01:00:23,252 --> 01:00:26,324
cowboys had laughed at
and called "four-eyes"
938
01:00:26,422 --> 01:00:27,730
20 years earlier.
939
01:00:28,725 --> 01:00:30,693
He was a national hero,
940
01:00:30,793 --> 01:00:33,899
the leader of the Rough Riders
in the war with Spain,
941
01:00:33,997 --> 01:00:36,443
a former governor
of New York state,
942
01:00:36,532 --> 01:00:40,275
President William McKinley's
running mate in 1900,
943
01:00:40,370 --> 01:00:44,750
and now, following McKinley's
assassination in 1901,
944
01:00:44,841 --> 01:00:48,186
the youngest president
in United States history.
945
01:00:50,113 --> 01:00:52,081
MAN: The president
unites in himself
946
01:00:52,181 --> 01:00:55,560
powers and qualities
that rarely go together...
947
01:00:56,886 --> 01:00:59,127
the qualities of a man of action
948
01:00:59,222 --> 01:01:01,361
with those of a scholar
and writer...
949
01:01:02,358 --> 01:01:03,928
the instincts
and accomplishments
950
01:01:04,027 --> 01:01:06,337
of the best breeding and culture
951
01:01:06,429 --> 01:01:08,841
with the broadest
democratic sympathies.
952
01:01:10,199 --> 01:01:12,907
He is doubtless the most
vital man on the continent,
953
01:01:13,002 --> 01:01:15,243
if not on the planet, today.
954
01:01:16,606 --> 01:01:17,812
John Burroughs.
955
01:01:20,410 --> 01:01:23,357
COYOTE: Not since Thomas
Jefferson a century earlier
956
01:01:23,446 --> 01:01:25,619
had there been
an American president
957
01:01:25,715 --> 01:01:29,322
with greater interest
in the natural world.
958
01:01:29,419 --> 01:01:32,662
JENKINSON: Roosevelt began
his life as a naturalist.
959
01:01:32,755 --> 01:01:35,361
He formed Theodore Roosevelt's
Natural History Museum
960
01:01:35,458 --> 01:01:38,234
as a child, and he was
a taxidermist.
961
01:01:38,327 --> 01:01:41,171
He would find snakes and mice
and other creatures
962
01:01:41,264 --> 01:01:44,108
and sometimes store them
in the refrigerator,
963
01:01:44,200 --> 01:01:45,645
the icebox of his family.
964
01:01:45,735 --> 01:01:48,045
Several maids quit over this.
965
01:01:48,137 --> 01:01:51,846
The house smelled of taxidermy.
He had formaldehyde everywhere.
966
01:01:51,941 --> 01:01:54,547
This was a young boy
who was fascinated by
967
01:01:54,644 --> 01:01:57,318
the idea of the museum
and nature,
968
01:01:57,413 --> 01:02:00,257
but all of this is preliminary.
969
01:02:01,484 --> 01:02:05,159
It wasn't until he went
out to Dakota in 1883
970
01:02:05,254 --> 01:02:08,428
that Roosevelt really
started to understand
971
01:02:08,524 --> 01:02:10,470
what was at stake in the debate
972
01:02:10,560 --> 01:02:12,437
about the future of nature
in this country.
973
01:02:14,063 --> 01:02:16,771
COYOTE: "When I hear about
the destruction of a species,"
974
01:02:16,866 --> 01:02:20,245
he said, "I feel
just as if the works
975
01:02:20,336 --> 01:02:24,045
"of some great writer
had perished."
976
01:02:24,140 --> 01:02:26,211
JENKINSON: I think it can
be said that Roosevelt invented
977
01:02:26,309 --> 01:02:28,482
the national wildlife
refuge system.
978
01:02:28,578 --> 01:02:30,319
This was done
by executive order alone.
979
01:02:30,413 --> 01:02:32,415
A national park
needs to be voted on
980
01:02:32,515 --> 01:02:35,155
by a majority
in two houses of Congress.
981
01:02:35,251 --> 01:02:38,460
Roosevelt said to his
attorney general Philander Knox,
982
01:02:38,554 --> 01:02:39,862
"ls there anything
that would prevent me
983
01:02:39,889 --> 01:02:42,927
"from naming Pelican Island
on the Indian River in Florida
984
01:02:43,025 --> 01:02:45,266
"a national bird sanctuary?"
985
01:02:45,361 --> 01:02:47,170
and Knox, the Attorney General,
said, "No, nothing."
986
01:02:47,263 --> 01:02:48,901
And so Roosevelt said,
"I do declare it."
987
01:02:51,400 --> 01:02:53,778
COYOTE: When Roosevelt
arrived in Yellowstone,
988
01:02:53,870 --> 01:02:55,975
he was in the middle
of a national tour
989
01:02:56,072 --> 01:02:58,450
unprecedented in its ambition.
990
01:02:58,541 --> 01:03:01,351
14,000 grueling miles.
991
01:03:01,444 --> 01:03:05,893
25 states.
150 towns and cities.
992
01:03:05,982 --> 01:03:10,328
More than 200 speeches
in the space of 8 weeks.
993
01:03:11,487 --> 01:03:13,057
From the day he left Washington,
994
01:03:13,156 --> 01:03:16,467
he had been looking forward
to some time off in Yellowstone,
995
01:03:16,559 --> 01:03:18,436
and immediately
upon his arrival,
996
01:03:18,528 --> 01:03:20,633
he set off on horseback
with the Army's
997
01:03:20,730 --> 01:03:23,836
acting park superintendent
as his host,
998
01:03:23,933 --> 01:03:25,537
leaving the rest
of the presidential
999
01:03:25,635 --> 01:03:27,046
entourage behind,
1000
01:03:27,136 --> 01:03:30,709
including his staff,
his Secret Service men,
1001
01:03:30,807 --> 01:03:35,222
his physician, and all
the reporters covering the trip.
1002
01:03:35,311 --> 01:03:37,689
"As far as the world at large
is concerned,"
1003
01:03:37,780 --> 01:03:40,158
his private secretary
told the press,
1004
01:03:40,249 --> 01:03:42,525
"The president will be lost."
1005
01:03:42,618 --> 01:03:45,690
Only John Burroughs,
the popular nature writer,
1006
01:03:45,788 --> 01:03:47,392
was allowed to come along.
1007
01:03:48,791 --> 01:03:52,136
The summer tourist season
was still two months away,
1008
01:03:52,228 --> 01:03:56,108
so Roosevelt had Yellowstone
essentially to himself.
1009
01:03:57,266 --> 01:03:59,576
He loved every minute of it.
1010
01:04:02,538 --> 01:04:05,781
He delighted in seeing
so many animals--
1011
01:04:05,875 --> 01:04:08,355
herds of mule deer
and whitetails
1012
01:04:08,444 --> 01:04:12,187
and pronghorn antelope,
flocks of bighorn sheep.
1013
01:04:13,316 --> 01:04:15,284
He watched an eagle swoop down
1014
01:04:15,384 --> 01:04:17,625
to try to capture
a yearling elk,
1015
01:04:17,720 --> 01:04:21,361
saw cougars feasting
on the carcasses of their prey,
1016
01:04:21,457 --> 01:04:23,835
spent 4 hours one afternoon
1017
01:04:23,926 --> 01:04:25,906
looking through
his field glasses,
1018
01:04:25,995 --> 01:04:28,999
trying to count all the elk
within sight,
1019
01:04:29,098 --> 01:04:32,807
ultimately estimating them
to number 3,000.
1020
01:04:36,038 --> 01:04:39,576
On Easter morning, the President
of the United States
1021
01:04:39,675 --> 01:04:43,350
insisted on leaving the campsite
entirely on his own.
1022
01:04:45,414 --> 01:04:48,418
He tramped 18 miles
over rough ground
1023
01:04:48,517 --> 01:04:51,157
in order to sneak up
to within 50 yards
1024
01:04:51,254 --> 01:04:52,665
of another elk herd,
1025
01:04:52,755 --> 01:04:56,635
sat down on a rock, and gazed
rapturously upon them
1026
01:04:56,726 --> 01:05:01,038
while he ate his lunch
of hardtack and sardines.
1027
01:05:01,130 --> 01:05:04,907
One morning,
President Roosevelt was shaving,
1028
01:05:05,001 --> 01:05:07,413
and he had lathered up his face
with shaving cream,
1029
01:05:07,503 --> 01:05:09,244
and he was shaving himself
in the wilderness
1030
01:05:09,338 --> 01:05:10,544
with a little mirror,
1031
01:05:10,573 --> 01:05:11,813
when somebody came in and said,
1032
01:05:11,841 --> 01:05:13,479
"There are bighorn sheep
out there
1033
01:05:13,576 --> 01:05:15,613
"and they're
coming down this cliff."
1034
01:05:15,711 --> 01:05:18,317
So, Roosevelt said, "By Godfrey,
I have to see that,"
1035
01:05:18,414 --> 01:05:20,985
and he jumps up with
half of his face clean-shaven
1036
01:05:21,083 --> 01:05:22,756
and the other half
full of lather
1037
01:05:22,852 --> 01:05:24,854
and runs out into nature to see
1038
01:05:24,954 --> 01:05:29,596
the bighorn sheep coming down
this nearly sheer cliff.
1039
01:05:29,692 --> 01:05:32,866
And Burroughs said, "What kind
of president is this?"
1040
01:05:34,597 --> 01:05:38,306
He's just an overgrown boy who's
so enthusiastic about nature
1041
01:05:38,401 --> 01:05:40,074
that it infects
everyone around him
1042
01:05:40,169 --> 01:05:43,207
with a new enthusiasm
for the natural world.
1043
01:05:45,374 --> 01:05:47,752
COYOTE: Roosevelt
was witnessing firsthand
1044
01:05:47,843 --> 01:05:50,517
the results of the wildlife
protection bill
1045
01:05:50,613 --> 01:05:54,652
he and George Bird Grinnell
and Congressman John Lacey
1046
01:05:54,750 --> 01:05:56,696
had worked so hard to pass.
1047
01:05:58,020 --> 01:06:00,432
The game animals were now
much more numerous,
1048
01:06:00,523 --> 01:06:01,831
he assured Burroughs,
1049
01:06:01,924 --> 01:06:06,464
than when he had last visited
the park 12 years earlier.
1050
01:06:06,562 --> 01:06:10,544
Still, the president was itching
to shoot something.
1051
01:06:12,568 --> 01:06:16,948
SCHULLERY: Roosevelt will always
baffle people who don't hunt
1052
01:06:17,039 --> 01:06:20,816
because he both loved animals
and loved hunting them,
1053
01:06:20,910 --> 01:06:23,686
and in Yellowstone,
what he really wanted to do
1054
01:06:23,779 --> 01:06:25,417
was shoot a mountain lion.
1055
01:06:26,849 --> 01:06:31,298
At the time, park managers
were killing predators.
1056
01:06:31,387 --> 01:06:33,833
It was something
that was going on anyway.
1057
01:06:33,923 --> 01:06:38,565
And so to Roosevelt's mind,
"Well, why not me?"
1058
01:06:40,262 --> 01:06:42,242
COYOTE: The president's
advisers thought
1059
01:06:42,331 --> 01:06:44,868
killing any animal
in a national park
1060
01:06:44,967 --> 01:06:46,446
would be bad politics
1061
01:06:46,535 --> 01:06:48,742
and quietly dissuaded him.
1062
01:06:52,708 --> 01:06:56,053
In all, Roosevelt spent
two weeks in Yellowstone,
1063
01:06:56,145 --> 01:06:59,991
including several days traveling
in a horse-drawn sleigh
1064
01:07:00,082 --> 01:07:01,652
to the park's interior,
1065
01:07:01,751 --> 01:07:05,665
still covered in some places
by up to 6 feet of snow.
1066
01:07:06,889 --> 01:07:10,098
He saw the Norris geyser basin
and Old Faithful
1067
01:07:10,192 --> 01:07:12,536
and skied to the rim
of the Grand Canyon
1068
01:07:12,628 --> 01:07:13,902
of the Yellowstone.
1069
01:07:15,131 --> 01:07:18,510
But these wonders held
only passing interest to him
1070
01:07:18,601 --> 01:07:21,047
compared to the park's wildlife.
1071
01:07:22,271 --> 01:07:24,217
In addition
to the larger animals,
1072
01:07:24,306 --> 01:07:26,877
he recorded sightings
of pine squirrels
1073
01:07:26,976 --> 01:07:28,421
and snowshoe hares
1074
01:07:28,511 --> 01:07:30,684
and scores of different birds,
1075
01:07:30,780 --> 01:07:34,626
including a pygmy owl,
the first he had ever seen.
1076
01:07:35,918 --> 01:07:39,297
"He responded with boyish glee,"
Burroughs wrote.
1077
01:07:39,388 --> 01:07:41,698
"I think the president
was as pleased
1078
01:07:41,791 --> 01:07:44,431
"as if we had bagged
some big game."
1079
01:07:45,995 --> 01:07:47,906
At one point,
Roosevelt sees a mouse
1080
01:07:47,997 --> 01:07:49,271
that he thinks
is new to science,
1081
01:07:49,365 --> 01:07:51,868
so he jumps off the sleigh
and grabs it with his hand
1082
01:07:51,967 --> 01:07:54,504
and kills it and then stuffs it.
1083
01:07:55,838 --> 01:07:57,010
MAN AS JOHN BURROUGHS:
While we all went fishing
1084
01:07:57,039 --> 01:08:00,987
in the afternoon,
the president skinned his mouse
1085
01:08:01,077 --> 01:08:03,990
and prepared the pelt
for Washington.
1086
01:08:04,080 --> 01:08:06,822
It was done as neatly
as a professed taxidermist
1087
01:08:06,916 --> 01:08:08,827
would have done it.
1088
01:08:08,918 --> 01:08:12,024
This was the only game
the president killed
1089
01:08:12,088 --> 01:08:14,034
in the park.
1090
01:08:14,123 --> 01:08:15,329
John Burroughs.
1091
01:08:23,732 --> 01:08:27,976
COYOTE: On April 24, at the end
of Roosevelt's visit,
1092
01:08:28,070 --> 01:08:31,916
the entire population of
the town of Gardiner, Montana,
1093
01:08:32,007 --> 01:08:34,419
gathered at the park's
north entrance
1094
01:08:34,510 --> 01:08:36,080
for a special ceremony.
1095
01:08:38,214 --> 01:08:40,751
A new arch to welcome visitors
to Yellowstone
1096
01:08:40,850 --> 01:08:42,352
was under construction,
1097
01:08:42,451 --> 01:08:44,431
and the president
had agreed to speak
1098
01:08:44,520 --> 01:08:46,932
at the laying
of the arch's cornerstone.
1099
01:08:48,624 --> 01:08:51,161
For the occasion,
Roosevelt reluctantly
1100
01:08:51,260 --> 01:08:53,501
changed out of his
camping clothes,
1101
01:08:53,596 --> 01:08:55,007
put on a business suit,
1102
01:08:55,097 --> 01:08:57,839
and rode through town
to the awaiting crowd.
1103
01:08:59,902 --> 01:09:03,907
He watched as the cornerstone
was carefully put into place,
1104
01:09:04,006 --> 01:09:06,145
then climbed to a rough platform
1105
01:09:06,242 --> 01:09:09,246
on the stonework
of the incomplete pillar
1106
01:09:09,345 --> 01:09:10,881
and began to speak.
1107
01:09:15,684 --> 01:09:17,027
MAN AS THEODORE ROOSEVELT:
The Yellowstone Park
1108
01:09:17,119 --> 01:09:19,929
is something absolutely unique
in the world,
1109
01:09:20,022 --> 01:09:22,195
so far as I know.
1110
01:09:22,291 --> 01:09:25,932
This park was created
and is now administered
1111
01:09:26,028 --> 01:09:29,840
for the benefit and enjoyment
of the people.
1112
01:09:29,932 --> 01:09:31,536
The scheme of its preservation
1113
01:09:31,634 --> 01:09:35,172
is noteworthy in its
essential democracy.
1114
01:09:37,239 --> 01:09:39,651
The only way that
the people as a whole
1115
01:09:39,742 --> 01:09:42,712
can secure to themselves
and their children
1116
01:09:42,811 --> 01:09:44,848
the enjoyment in perpetuity
1117
01:09:44,947 --> 01:09:47,518
of what the Yellowstone park
has to give
1118
01:09:47,616 --> 01:09:51,496
is by assuming ownership
in the name of the nation
1119
01:09:51,587 --> 01:09:54,693
and jealously safeguarding
and preserving
1120
01:09:54,790 --> 01:09:59,034
the scenery, the forests,
and the wild creatures.
1121
01:10:02,498 --> 01:10:04,978
JENKINSON: Roosevelt argued
that the parks
1122
01:10:05,067 --> 01:10:07,411
are a democratic experience.
1123
01:10:07,503 --> 01:10:11,974
That was his essential argument
about the national parks,
1124
01:10:12,074 --> 01:10:15,112
that the rich people
always have their playgrounds,
1125
01:10:15,211 --> 01:10:17,248
they know how
to amuse themselves,
1126
01:10:17,346 --> 01:10:19,724
and that America
as a classless society
1127
01:10:19,815 --> 01:10:23,194
or at least a society
that would like to be classless
1128
01:10:23,285 --> 01:10:27,267
needs to have places where
regular human beings can go
1129
01:10:27,356 --> 01:10:29,734
and stand side by side
with the rich and privileged
1130
01:10:29,825 --> 01:10:31,236
and enjoy the same experience
1131
01:10:31,327 --> 01:10:34,934
and not be made to feel
that they are somehow less.
1132
01:10:35,030 --> 01:10:38,341
And so his primary argument
was that the national parks
1133
01:10:38,434 --> 01:10:41,574
are a democratic experiment
in nature.
1134
01:10:43,672 --> 01:10:45,413
COYOTE: Before he got
back on the train
1135
01:10:45,507 --> 01:10:47,043
to resume his trip,
1136
01:10:47,142 --> 01:10:49,588
Roosevelt also
deliberately quoted
1137
01:10:49,678 --> 01:10:52,852
from the act of Congress
that had made Yellowstone
1138
01:10:52,948 --> 01:10:55,622
the world's first
national park--
1139
01:10:55,718 --> 01:10:59,063
"for the benefit and enjoyment
of the people."
1140
01:11:01,657 --> 01:11:05,104
Later, when the arch
was finally completed,
1141
01:11:05,194 --> 01:11:09,142
that phrase would be permanently
carved into its mantle
1142
01:11:09,231 --> 01:11:11,973
so that everyone
who entered Yellowstone
1143
01:11:12,067 --> 01:11:15,810
would be reminded of why
the park was there
1144
01:11:15,871 --> 01:11:17,077
and for whom.
1145
01:11:21,977 --> 01:11:25,186
JOHNSON: I remember the first
time I arrived in Yellowstone,
1146
01:11:25,281 --> 01:11:27,522
I got off the bus right outside
the north entrance,
1147
01:11:27,616 --> 01:11:30,893
where there's that wonderful
stone arch that says
1148
01:11:30,986 --> 01:11:34,126
"For the benefit and enjoyment
of the people."
1149
01:11:34,223 --> 01:11:36,464
It doesn't say,
"For the benefit and enjoyment
1150
01:11:36,558 --> 01:11:38,834
"of some of the people,
or a few of the people."
1151
01:11:38,927 --> 01:11:40,235
It says, "All of the people,"
1152
01:11:40,329 --> 01:11:42,172
and for me,
that meant democracy,
1153
01:11:42,264 --> 01:11:43,800
and for me,
that meant I was welcome,
1154
01:11:43,899 --> 01:11:45,572
and I stepped outside,
and as I was
1155
01:11:45,668 --> 01:11:47,238
stepping down onto the ground,
1156
01:11:47,336 --> 01:11:51,341
there was bison, a 2,000-pound
animal walking by,
1157
01:11:51,440 --> 01:11:52,817
and there was
no one else around.
1158
01:11:52,908 --> 01:11:54,683
The bison was just strolling by.
1159
01:11:54,777 --> 01:11:56,518
And I looked up at the driver
and I said,
1160
01:11:56,612 --> 01:11:57,955
"Does this happen all the time?"
1161
01:11:58,047 --> 01:12:00,493
and he looked at me and said,
"All the time."
1162
01:12:00,582 --> 01:12:02,858
And I said to myself,
"I've arrived,"
1163
01:12:02,951 --> 01:12:05,090
and I can't imagine being
in any other place,
1164
01:12:05,187 --> 01:12:07,963
and to be honest with you,
once I stepped off that bus,
1165
01:12:08,057 --> 01:12:09,297
I never got back on.
1166
01:12:09,325 --> 01:12:11,168
[Whistle blows]
1167
01:12:11,160 --> 01:12:11,331
[Whistle blows]
1168
01:12:27,876 --> 01:12:30,117
COYOTE: Two weeks
after leaving Yellowstone,
1169
01:12:30,212 --> 01:12:32,385
Roosevelt's whirlwind tour
brought him
1170
01:12:32,481 --> 01:12:34,518
to Arizona's Grand Canyon
1171
01:12:34,616 --> 01:12:36,129
for a brief stop on the way
1172
01:12:36,218 --> 01:12:38,994
from New Mexico
to southern California.
1173
01:12:40,456 --> 01:12:43,460
Roosevelt had never before seen
the Grand Canyon,
1174
01:12:43,559 --> 01:12:47,234
and he was overwhelmed by
the vista from the south rim.
1175
01:12:47,329 --> 01:12:49,707
He longed to spend
more time there,
1176
01:12:49,798 --> 01:12:52,870
but his schedule permitted
only this quick visit
1177
01:12:52,968 --> 01:12:56,347
and a few remarks to the crowd
that had gathered to greet him.
1178
01:12:58,474 --> 01:13:00,784
MAN AS THEODORE ROOSEVELT: I
want to ask you to do one thing
1179
01:13:00,876 --> 01:13:02,253
in connection with it
1180
01:13:02,344 --> 01:13:05,621
in your own interest and in
the interest of the country.
1181
01:13:08,484 --> 01:13:12,921
Keep this great wonder of nature
as it now is.
1182
01:13:14,490 --> 01:13:20,133
Leave it as it is.
You cannot improve it.
1183
01:13:20,229 --> 01:13:25,110
The ages have been at work on it
and man can only mar it.
1184
01:13:26,268 --> 01:13:30,011
What you can do is to keep it
for your children,
1185
01:13:30,105 --> 01:13:34,144
your children's children,
and for all who come after you
1186
01:13:34,243 --> 01:13:37,986
as one of the great sights
which every American,
1187
01:13:38,080 --> 01:13:41,152
if he can travel at all,
should see.
1188
01:13:44,620 --> 01:13:46,725
JENKINSON: The great statement
in this speech is
1189
01:13:46,822 --> 01:13:48,927
"Leave it as it is.
1190
01:13:50,058 --> 01:13:52,561
"The ages have been
at work on it
1191
01:13:52,661 --> 01:13:54,732
"and man can only mar it."
1192
01:13:55,931 --> 01:13:58,537
Nothing has ever been said
about the national parks
1193
01:13:58,600 --> 01:13:59,874
as fine as that.
1194
01:14:01,737 --> 01:14:05,048
The idea for Roosevelt
was that humans have an itch
1195
01:14:05,140 --> 01:14:06,585
to change things...
1196
01:14:07,576 --> 01:14:09,317
but the beauty
of the Grand Canyon
1197
01:14:09,411 --> 01:14:11,618
is when you look at it
and you see nothing
1198
01:14:11,713 --> 01:14:13,750
that humans have constructed.
1199
01:14:15,250 --> 01:14:17,423
It's a magnificent thing
that he said,
1200
01:14:17,519 --> 01:14:20,864
and if that were the one
wilderness statement
1201
01:14:20,956 --> 01:14:22,958
of American life,
1202
01:14:23,058 --> 01:14:25,766
I believe
it's greater than Thoreau.
1203
01:14:25,861 --> 01:14:27,807
I believe that it's
greater than John Muir.
1204
01:14:29,731 --> 01:14:32,541
"Leave it as it is.
The ages have been at work on it
1205
01:14:32,634 --> 01:14:35,012
"and man can only mar it"
1206
01:14:35,103 --> 01:14:37,242
should be the motto in front
of every national park
1207
01:14:37,339 --> 01:14:38,909
in the country.
1208
01:14:39,007 --> 01:14:40,384
And if you think
that this was said
1209
01:14:40,476 --> 01:14:45,357
by a man on a 14,000-mile trip
in which he gave 262 speeches
1210
01:14:45,447 --> 01:14:46,926
more or less
off the top of his head
1211
01:14:47,015 --> 01:14:49,757
on seeing the Grand Canyon
for the first time,
1212
01:14:49,852 --> 01:14:52,458
you realize what
presidential greatness can be.
1213
01:14:57,726 --> 01:15:00,070
COYOTE: Then Roosevelt
was gone...
1214
01:15:01,063 --> 01:15:02,474
and by the next day, he was
1215
01:15:02,564 --> 01:15:05,067
whistle-stopping his way
through California,
1216
01:15:05,167 --> 01:15:07,477
giving 2 to 3 speeches a day,
1217
01:15:07,569 --> 01:15:10,448
attending banquets and dinners
in his honor,
1218
01:15:10,539 --> 01:15:13,952
presiding at dedications
and groundbreakings,
1219
01:15:14,042 --> 01:15:18,184
setting the frenetic pace
that had become his hallmark.
1220
01:15:19,681 --> 01:15:23,493
[Bird cawing]
1221
01:15:23,585 --> 01:15:25,496
MAN AS JOHN MUIR:
Nothing can be done well
1222
01:15:25,587 --> 01:15:28,295
at a speed of 40 miles a day.
1223
01:15:28,390 --> 01:15:30,597
Far more time should be taken.
1224
01:15:31,593 --> 01:15:34,540
Walk away quietly
in any direction
1225
01:15:34,630 --> 01:15:37,372
and taste the freedom
of the mountaineer.
1226
01:15:38,767 --> 01:15:43,182
Climb the mountains
and get their good tidings.
1227
01:15:43,272 --> 01:15:46,082
Nature's peace
will flow into you
1228
01:15:46,174 --> 01:15:49,815
as sunshine flows into trees.
1229
01:15:49,912 --> 01:15:52,791
The winds will blow their own
freshness into you
1230
01:15:52,881 --> 01:15:55,452
and the storms their energy
1231
01:15:55,551 --> 01:15:59,966
while cares will drop off
like autumn leaves.
1232
01:16:04,059 --> 01:16:08,007
COYOTE: By 1903,
John Muir was 65
1233
01:16:08,096 --> 01:16:10,633
and more famous than ever.
1234
01:16:10,732 --> 01:16:14,475
Mountain peaks and canyons,
campsites and glaciers
1235
01:16:14,570 --> 01:16:17,141
now bore his name.
1236
01:16:17,239 --> 01:16:22,313
Magazine editors besieged him
with requests for articles.
1237
01:16:22,411 --> 01:16:25,881
The Sierra Club he had founded
was growing steadily,
1238
01:16:25,981 --> 01:16:28,723
and the hikes he personally led
into the mountains
1239
01:16:28,817 --> 01:16:31,798
were always the club's
most heavily attended.
1240
01:16:33,055 --> 01:16:37,003
People loved to hear him preach
his deeply held gospel
1241
01:16:37,092 --> 01:16:39,971
that salvation could be found
through immersion
1242
01:16:40,062 --> 01:16:41,541
in the natural world.
1243
01:16:43,231 --> 01:16:45,268
WOMAN: John Muir was there,
1244
01:16:45,367 --> 01:16:48,177
mounted on the horse
which he rode now and then,
1245
01:16:48,270 --> 01:16:50,580
when no woman would accept
the loan of it.
1246
01:16:52,040 --> 01:16:55,146
He was rapt, entranced.
1247
01:16:55,243 --> 01:16:57,814
He threw up his arms
in a grand gesture.
1248
01:16:57,913 --> 01:17:00,985
"This is the morning
of creation," he cried.
1249
01:17:01,984 --> 01:17:03,930
"The whole thing
is beginning now."
1250
01:17:04,920 --> 01:17:07,093
"The mountains
are singing together."
1251
01:17:08,423 --> 01:17:09,697
Harriet Monroe.
1252
01:17:13,362 --> 01:17:14,864
COYOTE: For nearly a decade now,
1253
01:17:14,963 --> 01:17:17,842
he had been struggling to have
the Yosemite Valley
1254
01:17:17,933 --> 01:17:20,345
given back to
the federal government
1255
01:17:20,435 --> 01:17:24,178
and made part of the larger
Yosemite National Park.
1256
01:17:24,272 --> 01:17:26,912
But nothing he seemed
to say or do
1257
01:17:27,009 --> 01:17:28,682
had proven successful.
1258
01:17:30,178 --> 01:17:33,716
Things remained at a standstill
in the spring of 1903,
1259
01:17:33,815 --> 01:17:37,627
as Muir prepared to leave his
home in Martinez, California,
1260
01:17:37,719 --> 01:17:41,895
and embark on a trip to Europe
and Asia with some friends.
1261
01:17:42,891 --> 01:17:45,667
Suddenly, his plans changed.
1262
01:17:46,895 --> 01:17:49,603
MAN AS JOHN MUIR: An influential
man from Washington
1263
01:17:49,698 --> 01:17:52,474
wants to make a trip
into the Sierra with me,
1264
01:17:52,567 --> 01:17:55,275
and I might be able to do some
forest good,
1265
01:17:55,370 --> 01:17:58,010
in freely talking
around the campfire.
1266
01:18:01,643 --> 01:18:02,951
COYOTE: It was the president,
1267
01:18:02,978 --> 01:18:06,187
still working his way up
through California,
1268
01:18:06,281 --> 01:18:10,024
asking Muir to accompany him
during a visit to Yosemite.
1269
01:18:11,486 --> 01:18:13,659
"I do not want
anyone with me but you,"
1270
01:18:13,755 --> 01:18:15,029
Roosevelt had written.
1271
01:18:15,123 --> 01:18:17,865
"I want to drop
politics absolutely
1272
01:18:17,959 --> 01:18:20,838
"and just be out in the open
with you."
1273
01:18:23,031 --> 01:18:27,241
Muir realized this was
the opportunity of a lifetime.
1274
01:18:27,335 --> 01:18:30,544
He purchased a brand-new
woolen suit for the occasion
1275
01:18:30,639 --> 01:18:33,552
and hurried to join
the presidential entourage.
1276
01:18:35,777 --> 01:18:39,919
On May 15, they set off for
the Mariposa Grove of big trees
1277
01:18:40,015 --> 01:18:42,052
in a flurry of activity.
1278
01:18:42,150 --> 01:18:46,621
A long caravan of wagons filled
with staff and dignitaries,
1279
01:18:46,722 --> 01:18:49,362
a detachment
of 30 buffalo soldiers
1280
01:18:49,458 --> 01:18:51,529
riding along as escorts.
1281
01:18:52,861 --> 01:18:56,399
Muir soon found himself seated
in the president's coach
1282
01:18:56,498 --> 01:18:58,842
along with the governor
of California,
1283
01:18:58,934 --> 01:19:02,347
the Secretary of the Navy,
the Surgeon General,
1284
01:19:02,437 --> 01:19:04,110
two college presidents,
1285
01:19:04,206 --> 01:19:06,743
and Roosevelt's
personal secretary.
1286
01:19:08,543 --> 01:19:11,080
It was hardly the trip
he had been promised,
1287
01:19:11,179 --> 01:19:14,217
but Muir tried his best
to squeeze in words
1288
01:19:14,316 --> 01:19:16,023
to the president and governor
1289
01:19:16,118 --> 01:19:20,692
about the issue of making
all of Yosemite a national park.
1290
01:19:24,126 --> 01:19:26,128
In the grove of mighty sequoias,
1291
01:19:26,228 --> 01:19:29,835
the president's group paused,
as all tourists did,
1292
01:19:29,931 --> 01:19:34,073
for a snapshot at the famous
Wawona tunnel tree,
1293
01:19:34,169 --> 01:19:37,207
and later, they posed
for an official photograph,
1294
01:19:37,305 --> 01:19:40,184
lined up along the base
of the Grizzly Giant,
1295
01:19:40,275 --> 01:19:43,745
the oldest and most famous
sequoia in Yosemite,
1296
01:19:43,845 --> 01:19:47,725
estimated to be 2,700 years old
1297
01:19:47,816 --> 01:19:53,926
and boasting a single branch
that was 6 1/2 feet in diameter.
1298
01:19:54,022 --> 01:19:58,129
Then the troops, the phalanx
of reporters and photographers,
1299
01:19:58,226 --> 01:20:00,467
and virtually all
of the official party
1300
01:20:00,562 --> 01:20:02,735
headed back to the Wawona Hotel,
1301
01:20:02,831 --> 01:20:05,835
where a series of receptions
and a grand dinner
1302
01:20:05,934 --> 01:20:07,936
were scheduled
in the president's honor
1303
01:20:08,003 --> 01:20:09,414
that evening.
1304
01:20:10,872 --> 01:20:15,787
None of them knew that Roosevelt
had no intention of attending.
1305
01:20:15,877 --> 01:20:20,326
Instead, he remained behind
with only John Muir
1306
01:20:20,415 --> 01:20:22,361
and a few park employees,
1307
01:20:22,450 --> 01:20:24,327
who started preparing a camp
1308
01:20:24,419 --> 01:20:26,865
at the base
of one of the sequoias,
1309
01:20:26,955 --> 01:20:30,027
part of a secret plan
Roosevelt had hatched
1310
01:20:30,125 --> 01:20:32,901
to allow him time
alone with the trees
1311
01:20:32,994 --> 01:20:35,702
and the man who
considered them sacred.
1312
01:20:37,399 --> 01:20:39,936
They built a fire
and sat around it,
1313
01:20:40,035 --> 01:20:44,950
eating a simple supper, talking
as twilight enveloped them,
1314
01:20:45,040 --> 01:20:48,852
getting to know one another
in the glow of the blaze.
1315
01:20:50,879 --> 01:20:52,756
MAN AS THEODORE ROOSEVELT:
The night was clear,
1316
01:20:52,848 --> 01:20:56,796
and in the darkening aisles
of the great sequoia grove,
1317
01:20:56,885 --> 01:21:00,833
the majestic trunks,
beautiful in color and symmetry,
1318
01:21:00,922 --> 01:21:04,904
rose around us like the pillars
of a mightier cathedral
1319
01:21:04,993 --> 01:21:09,567
than ever was conceived even by
the fervor of the Middle Ages.
1320
01:21:10,999 --> 01:21:14,173
Hermit thrushes sang beautifully
in the evening.
1321
01:21:16,171 --> 01:21:17,582
JENKINSON I And Muir said,
1322
01:21:17,672 --> 01:21:19,709
"I fell in love with this
Theodore Roosevelt."
1323
01:21:19,808 --> 01:21:21,481
I mean, he actually
used those words.
1324
01:21:21,576 --> 01:21:24,853
"You can't resist this man.
I fell in love with him."
1325
01:21:24,946 --> 01:21:27,051
Roosevelt, interestingly enough,
1326
01:21:27,148 --> 01:21:28,957
came back and complained
a little bit about Muir
1327
01:21:29,050 --> 01:21:31,326
and said, "He doesn't know
his bird songs."
1328
01:21:31,419 --> 01:21:32,727
Roosevelt's an ornithologist.
1329
01:21:32,754 --> 01:21:34,859
He knows everything there is
to know about birds.
1330
01:21:34,956 --> 01:21:37,835
But Muir also got one off
on Roosevelt.
1331
01:21:37,926 --> 01:21:40,065
He said to him, "Mr. President,
1332
01:21:40,161 --> 01:21:42,801
"when are you going to get over
this infantile need you have
1333
01:21:42,898 --> 01:21:45,310
"to kill animals?"
1334
01:21:45,400 --> 01:21:48,040
Roosevelt would not have taken
that from any other human being.
1335
01:21:50,005 --> 01:21:52,212
MAN AS JOHN MUIR: I had a
perfectly glorious time
1336
01:21:52,307 --> 01:21:54,753
with the president
and the mountains.
1337
01:21:54,843 --> 01:21:56,948
I never before
had a more interesting,
1338
01:21:57,045 --> 01:22:00,117
hearty, and manly companion.
1339
01:22:00,215 --> 01:22:04,254
I stuffed him pretty well
regarding the timber thieves
1340
01:22:04,352 --> 01:22:06,457
and other spoilers
of the forest.
1341
01:22:09,024 --> 01:22:10,594
COYOTE: Long after sundown,
1342
01:22:10,692 --> 01:22:14,196
with no tent and only
a pile of army blankets,
1343
01:22:14,296 --> 01:22:16,435
the two men finally
went to sleep.
1344
01:22:16,498 --> 01:22:19,035
[Owl hooting]
1345
01:22:19,134 --> 01:22:20,670
[Horse whinnying]
1346
01:22:21,803 --> 01:22:23,373
COYOTE: The next morning
at 6:30,
1347
01:22:23,471 --> 01:22:26,714
they saddled up for the long
ride to Yosemite Valley,
1348
01:22:26,808 --> 01:22:29,584
with the guide under
strict orders from the president
1349
01:22:29,678 --> 01:22:33,216
to avoid at all costs
the Wawona Hotel
1350
01:22:33,315 --> 01:22:37,354
and the delegation of officials
he had jilted the night before.
1351
01:22:40,255 --> 01:22:42,826
In the high country
near Glacier Point,
1352
01:22:42,924 --> 01:22:45,632
with its spectacular panorama
of the valley
1353
01:22:45,727 --> 01:22:48,537
and its waterfalls
arrayed at their feet,
1354
01:22:48,630 --> 01:22:51,110
they stopped and once more
made camp
1355
01:22:51,199 --> 01:22:55,079
at a spot their guide--
Charlie Leidig--had picked out.
1356
01:22:57,739 --> 01:23:00,447
MAN AS CHARLIE LEIDIG: Around
the campfire, Roosevelt and Muir
1357
01:23:00,542 --> 01:23:03,921
talked far into the night
regarding Muir's glacial theory
1358
01:23:04,012 --> 01:23:07,016
of the formation
of Yosemite Valley.
1359
01:23:07,115 --> 01:23:08,594
They also talked a great deal
1360
01:23:08,683 --> 01:23:11,459
about the protection
of forests in general
1361
01:23:11,553 --> 01:23:13,624
and Yosemite in particular.
1362
01:23:15,523 --> 01:23:17,628
I heard them discussing
the setting aside
1363
01:23:17,726 --> 01:23:22,641
of other areas in the United
States for park purposes.
1364
01:23:22,731 --> 01:23:26,474
There was some difficulty
in their campfire conversation
1365
01:23:26,568 --> 01:23:29,515
because both men wanted
to do the talking.
1366
01:23:33,942 --> 01:23:35,683
COYOTE: They awoke
the next morning,
1367
01:23:35,777 --> 01:23:39,190
covered by a light snow that
had fallen in the high country
1368
01:23:39,280 --> 01:23:40,554
during the night.
1369
01:23:40,582 --> 01:23:42,858
Rather than
feeling inconvenienced,
1370
01:23:42,951 --> 01:23:45,522
the president couldn't
have been more delighted.
1371
01:23:46,821 --> 01:23:48,994
"We slept in a snowstorm
last night,"
1372
01:23:49,090 --> 01:23:50,763
he exclaimed to the crowds
1373
01:23:50,859 --> 01:23:54,170
that had been patiently waiting
for him on the valley floor.
1374
01:23:54,262 --> 01:23:58,608
"This," he said, "has been
the grandest day of my life."
1375
01:24:00,502 --> 01:24:03,381
After camping one more night
alone with Muir,
1376
01:24:03,471 --> 01:24:06,008
the president was
picked up and escorted
1377
01:24:06,107 --> 01:24:08,417
back to the train station
for the resumption
1378
01:24:08,510 --> 01:24:10,387
of his cross-country tour.
1379
01:24:12,781 --> 01:24:15,455
And when he spoke at
the state capital in Sacramento
1380
01:24:15,550 --> 01:24:16,790
a day later,
1381
01:24:16,818 --> 01:24:20,197
Roosevelt's words sounded
as if they could have come
1382
01:24:20,288 --> 01:24:23,428
from the lips of John Muir.
1383
01:24:23,525 --> 01:24:25,334
MAN AS THEODORE ROOSEVELT:
Lying out at night under those
1384
01:24:25,427 --> 01:24:30,900
sequoias was lying in a temple
built by no hand of man.
1385
01:24:32,000 --> 01:24:35,072
A temple grander than
any human architect
1386
01:24:35,170 --> 01:24:38,117
could by any possibility build,
1387
01:24:38,206 --> 01:24:42,154
and I hope for the preservation
of the groves of giant trees
1388
01:24:42,243 --> 01:24:45,781
simply because it would be
a shame to our civilization
1389
01:24:45,880 --> 01:24:47,553
to let them disappear.
1390
01:24:50,718 --> 01:24:53,392
They are monuments
in themselves.
1391
01:24:53,488 --> 01:24:55,365
I want them preserved.
1392
01:24:56,724 --> 01:25:00,729
We are not building
this country of ours for a day.
1393
01:25:00,829 --> 01:25:03,173
It is to last through the ages.
1394
01:25:05,600 --> 01:25:08,513
COYOTE: Within 3 years,
the California legislature
1395
01:25:08,603 --> 01:25:10,549
and United States Congress
1396
01:25:10,638 --> 01:25:13,585
approved the transfer
of the Yosemite Valley
1397
01:25:13,675 --> 01:25:15,814
and Mariposa big trees
1398
01:25:15,910 --> 01:25:17,981
back to the federal government.
1399
01:25:22,350 --> 01:25:25,695
MAN AS JOHN MUIR: I am now
an experienced lobbyist.
1400
01:25:25,787 --> 01:25:28,427
My political education
is complete.
1401
01:25:30,125 --> 01:25:31,968
Have attended the legislature,
1402
01:25:32,060 --> 01:25:35,906
made speeches,
explained, exhorted,
1403
01:25:35,997 --> 01:25:39,069
persuaded every mother's son
of the legislators,
1404
01:25:39,167 --> 01:25:41,773
newspaper reporters,
and everybody else
1405
01:25:41,870 --> 01:25:43,838
who would listen to me.
1406
01:25:43,938 --> 01:25:45,918
And now that
the fight is finished
1407
01:25:46,007 --> 01:25:50,547
and my education as a politician
and lobbyist is finished,
1408
01:25:50,645 --> 01:25:53,091
I am almost finished myself.
1409
01:25:54,983 --> 01:25:57,122
COYOTE: Yosemite National Park
1410
01:25:57,218 --> 01:25:59,425
now encompassed
almost everything
1411
01:25:59,521 --> 01:26:01,899
Muir had been fighting for.
1412
01:26:01,990 --> 01:26:04,470
"Sound the timbrel,"
he wrote a friend,
1413
01:26:04,559 --> 01:26:09,338
"and let every Yosemite
tree and stream rejoice."
1414
01:26:12,267 --> 01:26:13,837
JOHNSON: I remember one
day I was walking
1415
01:26:13,935 --> 01:26:15,278
in the Cook's Meadow,
1416
01:26:15,370 --> 01:26:17,976
which is the meadow in the
central part of Yosemite Valley,
1417
01:26:18,072 --> 01:26:20,018
and there was a woman there,
1418
01:26:20,108 --> 01:26:22,076
and she was just looking
up and around her
1419
01:26:22,177 --> 01:26:26,751
and she just kept saying,
"Oh. Oh, my.
1420
01:26:26,814 --> 01:26:28,157
"Oh, my."
1421
01:26:28,249 --> 01:26:29,853
I looked at her, I said,
"Ma'am, are you all right?"
1422
01:26:29,951 --> 01:26:34,400
She said, "Yes, I'm just fine.
I just--oh."
1423
01:26:35,390 --> 01:26:36,698
I didn't have to talk
to her about
1424
01:26:36,791 --> 01:26:38,327
the transcendent experience.
1425
01:26:38,426 --> 01:26:41,236
She was having one, and it
wasn't a transcendent experience
1426
01:26:41,329 --> 01:26:43,036
because it was a national park.
1427
01:26:43,131 --> 01:26:45,304
It was transcendent because
it was Yosemite Valley.
1428
01:26:45,400 --> 01:26:47,573
But because it had become
a national park,
1429
01:26:47,669 --> 01:26:50,309
she could have
that transcendent experience.
1430
01:26:51,439 --> 01:26:54,443
And that's commonplace
in Yosemite.
1431
01:26:54,542 --> 01:26:56,749
And where else can you get
an experience like that?
1432
01:27:08,323 --> 01:27:12,294
[Bird cawing]
1433
01:27:14,462 --> 01:27:16,874
WOMAN: In other parts
of the world,
1434
01:27:16,965 --> 01:27:19,138
there are certain areas
that are preserved
1435
01:27:19,234 --> 01:27:23,307
because some rich nobleman
out of the goodness of his heart
1436
01:27:23,404 --> 01:27:25,645
decided to decree it.
1437
01:27:27,709 --> 01:27:30,679
But in the United States,
you don't have to be
1438
01:27:30,778 --> 01:27:35,056
dependent on some rich guy
being generous to you.
1439
01:27:36,251 --> 01:27:38,060
To me that's what
national parks mean.
1440
01:27:38,152 --> 01:27:42,999
It's a symbol of democracy,
democracy when it works well.
1441
01:27:44,359 --> 01:27:45,702
At its best.
1442
01:27:48,863 --> 01:27:50,570
COYOTE: Back in 1870,
1443
01:27:50,665 --> 01:27:55,011
a 15-year-old boy in Kansas
was idly reading the newspaper
1444
01:27:55,103 --> 01:27:57,845
that had been used
to wrap his lunch.
1445
01:27:57,939 --> 01:27:59,384
He came across an article
1446
01:27:59,474 --> 01:28:02,318
about a mysterious sunken lake
in Oregon
1447
01:28:02,410 --> 01:28:04,651
and he vowed to visit it
one day.
1448
01:28:07,148 --> 01:28:09,492
It would take
William Gladstone Steel
1449
01:28:09,584 --> 01:28:11,860
15 years to get there.
1450
01:28:13,721 --> 01:28:16,133
MAN AS WILLIAM STEEL:
Imagine a vast mountain,
1451
01:28:16,224 --> 01:28:18,329
6 by 7 miles through,
1452
01:28:18,426 --> 01:28:22,897
at an elevation of 8,000 feet
with the top removed
1453
01:28:22,997 --> 01:28:25,136
and the inside hollowed out,
1454
01:28:25,233 --> 01:28:28,908
then filled with the clearest
water in the world,
1455
01:28:29,003 --> 01:28:31,506
and you have
a perfect representation
1456
01:28:31,572 --> 01:28:32,846
of Crater Lake.
1457
01:28:34,876 --> 01:28:36,719
COYOTE: When a volcanic eruption
1458
01:28:36,811 --> 01:28:39,917
witnessed by the ancestors
of the Klamath Indians
1459
01:28:40,014 --> 01:28:46,158
blew the top off a mountain peak
in the Cascades 7,700 years ago,
1460
01:28:46,254 --> 01:28:49,064
the hole that was left
began slowly filling
1461
01:28:49,157 --> 01:28:52,127
with each year's rainfall
and snowmelt.
1462
01:28:53,628 --> 01:28:55,733
The result was Crater Lake--
1463
01:28:55,830 --> 01:29:01,872
at 1,942 feet, the deepest lake
in America.
1464
01:29:01,969 --> 01:29:05,212
Because it is filled
almost entirely by snowfall,
1465
01:29:05,306 --> 01:29:08,082
the lake is also
the world's clearest.
1466
01:29:08,176 --> 01:29:12,022
An 8-inch disc lowered
into its sky-blue waters
1467
01:29:12,113 --> 01:29:16,653
is still visible 142 feet
below the surface.
1468
01:29:18,319 --> 01:29:22,301
William Steel resolved that
it should be protected forever,
1469
01:29:22,390 --> 01:29:25,496
just like Yellowstone
and the other parks.
1470
01:29:27,061 --> 01:29:30,099
That quest took him
another 17 years
1471
01:29:30,198 --> 01:29:32,769
of tireless promotion
and lobbying
1472
01:29:32,867 --> 01:29:36,144
before he finally succeeded
in 1902,
1473
01:29:36,237 --> 01:29:38,581
when Crater Lake
became the nation's
1474
01:29:38,673 --> 01:29:40,778
sixth national park.
1475
01:29:42,710 --> 01:29:44,087
And it had all happened
1476
01:29:44,178 --> 01:29:47,216
because of this accidental
lunchtime reading
1477
01:29:47,315 --> 01:29:50,558
32 years earlier.
1478
01:29:50,651 --> 01:29:54,098
DUNCAN: The parks, they're
the greatest spots on earth,
1479
01:29:54,188 --> 01:29:56,361
wonderful natural places,
1480
01:29:56,457 --> 01:29:58,300
but the story of national parks
1481
01:29:58,393 --> 01:30:00,771
really isn't a story
about the place.
1482
01:30:00,862 --> 01:30:03,934
It's--it's the story of people
1483
01:30:04,031 --> 01:30:06,910
who fell in love
with those places,
1484
01:30:07,001 --> 01:30:10,005
people who became
so devoted to them
1485
01:30:10,104 --> 01:30:13,517
that they wanted to do anything
they could to save them.
1486
01:30:20,848 --> 01:30:22,122
SMITH: Richard Wetherill.
1487
01:30:22,216 --> 01:30:24,389
He's broadening out
from Mesa Verde.
1488
01:30:24,485 --> 01:30:25,964
He wants to make people aware
1489
01:30:26,053 --> 01:30:28,294
that we have such a treasure,
such a heritage here,
1490
01:30:28,389 --> 01:30:30,835
and yet here's this cowboy.
1491
01:30:30,925 --> 01:30:32,734
A cowboy, and we all know
what cowboys are.
1492
01:30:32,827 --> 01:30:34,306
We read in our dime novels.
1493
01:30:34,395 --> 01:30:36,375
They can't be doing
anything scholarly.
1494
01:30:38,366 --> 01:30:40,937
COYOTE: Despite his lack
of formal education,
1495
01:30:41,035 --> 01:30:43,572
Richard Wetherill wanted to be
taken seriously
1496
01:30:43,671 --> 01:30:45,582
as an archaeologist.
1497
01:30:45,673 --> 01:30:49,450
He had left Mesa Verde
and began scouring the Southwest
1498
01:30:49,544 --> 01:30:51,353
in search of other ruins.
1499
01:30:54,048 --> 01:30:58,087
His journey took him from
Colorado to Utah and Arizona
1500
01:30:58,186 --> 01:31:02,931
and finally to New Mexico,
to a place called Chaco Canyon.
1501
01:31:03,024 --> 01:31:05,595
Another eerily silent
set of ruins
1502
01:31:05,693 --> 01:31:08,697
left behind
by the ancient Puebloans.
1503
01:31:11,466 --> 01:31:14,003
With walls
of remarkable workmanship,
1504
01:31:14,101 --> 01:31:16,274
some rising 5 stories,
1505
01:31:16,370 --> 01:31:18,907
Pueblo Bonito, the biggest ruin,
1506
01:31:19,006 --> 01:31:21,987
contained remnants
of an enclosed plaza,
1507
01:31:22,076 --> 01:31:24,920
35 circular kivas,
1508
01:31:25,012 --> 01:31:29,518
more than 2 acres
honeycombed by 650 rooms,
1509
01:31:29,617 --> 01:31:33,656
connected by small
passageways and doors.
1510
01:31:33,754 --> 01:31:37,065
The religious and cultural hub
of the civilization
1511
01:31:37,158 --> 01:31:39,536
that had dominated
the surrounding region
1512
01:31:39,627 --> 01:31:42,836
between 850 A.D. and 1200 A.D.
1513
01:31:45,299 --> 01:31:48,371
By itself, Pueblo Bonito
was several times larger
1514
01:31:48,469 --> 01:31:50,278
than anything at Mesa Verde
1515
01:31:50,371 --> 01:31:52,544
and it sat in the midst
of an array
1516
01:31:52,640 --> 01:31:55,519
of nearly a dozen other
significant ruins.
1517
01:31:56,777 --> 01:31:59,553
Wetherill moved there
with his wife Marietta,
1518
01:31:59,647 --> 01:32:01,217
filed a homestead claim,
1519
01:32:01,315 --> 01:32:05,786
and hired nearly 100 Navajos
to help with the excavations.
1520
01:32:09,390 --> 01:32:11,836
Though Wetherill tried
to carry on his work
1521
01:32:11,926 --> 01:32:15,032
as carefully and scientifically
as possible,
1522
01:32:15,129 --> 01:32:18,133
professional archaeologists
still dismissed him
1523
01:32:18,232 --> 01:32:19,472
as a pothunter.
1524
01:32:20,701 --> 01:32:22,544
And as the relics
he was unearthing
1525
01:32:22,637 --> 01:32:24,548
reached eastern museums,
1526
01:32:24,639 --> 01:32:29,486
50,000 pieces of turquoise,
10,000 pieces of pottery,
1527
01:32:29,577 --> 01:32:32,581
5,000 stone implements,
and much more,
1528
01:32:32,680 --> 01:32:36,685
they clamored for the government
to do something to stop him.
1529
01:32:37,985 --> 01:32:39,692
SMITH: Richard Wetherill
was very careful
1530
01:32:39,787 --> 01:32:41,858
identifying everything he found.
1531
01:32:41,956 --> 01:32:45,369
He was ahead of
the professional archaeologists,
1532
01:32:45,459 --> 01:32:47,632
which is an oxymoron
at that time,
1533
01:32:47,728 --> 01:32:49,002
but he was ahead of them,
1534
01:32:49,096 --> 01:32:50,837
and I think they were
jealous of him.
1535
01:32:51,999 --> 01:32:53,672
There's a snobbishness.
1536
01:32:53,768 --> 01:32:55,577
Educated Easterners
can't believe
1537
01:32:55,670 --> 01:32:58,776
that a western cowboy could
possibly be doing these things.
1538
01:33:00,374 --> 01:33:02,251
COYOTE: For his part,
Wetherill said,
1539
01:33:02,343 --> 01:33:06,257
he would gladly turn over
any portions of Chaco Canyon
1540
01:33:06,347 --> 01:33:09,851
if the federal government
would simply do something
1541
01:33:09,951 --> 01:33:11,191
to protect them.
1542
01:33:12,420 --> 01:33:14,525
But the criticism
of Wetherill's work
1543
01:33:14,622 --> 01:33:16,329
would not go away.
1544
01:33:18,092 --> 01:33:20,072
[Bird cawing]
1545
01:33:20,161 --> 01:33:22,505
COYOTE: Meanwhile,
back at Mesa Verde,
1546
01:33:22,597 --> 01:33:27,137
the ruins Wetherill had first
discovered were in danger.
1547
01:33:27,234 --> 01:33:29,874
Thieves, pot hunters,
and tourists
1548
01:33:29,971 --> 01:33:31,609
were flocking to the site,
1549
01:33:31,706 --> 01:33:35,654
looting the artifacts,
damaging the ancient structures,
1550
01:33:35,743 --> 01:33:39,020
sometimes even setting off
sticks of dynamite
1551
01:33:39,113 --> 01:33:41,787
simply to frighten away
the rattlesnakes.
1552
01:33:43,884 --> 01:33:47,024
Now a new group
had taken up the cause
1553
01:33:47,121 --> 01:33:49,192
of protecting its treasures.
1554
01:33:52,326 --> 01:33:55,068
WOMAN: Mesa Verde
seems to be set apart
1555
01:33:55,129 --> 01:33:56,403
for a park,
1556
01:33:56,497 --> 01:33:59,103
and to make and keep it as such
1557
01:33:59,200 --> 01:34:03,615
is the aim of the Colorado
Cliff Dwellings Association
1558
01:34:03,704 --> 01:34:05,809
of Women.
1559
01:34:05,906 --> 01:34:07,317
Virginia McClurg.
1560
01:34:10,344 --> 01:34:13,120
COYOTE: Virginia McClurg
was a well-known lecturer
1561
01:34:13,214 --> 01:34:15,592
with a seemingly
boundless determination
1562
01:34:15,683 --> 01:34:17,560
to leave her mark on the world.
1563
01:34:18,819 --> 01:34:20,355
She gathered a group of women
1564
01:34:20,454 --> 01:34:23,833
into the Colorado
Cliff Dwellings Association,
1565
01:34:23,924 --> 01:34:25,562
organized petitions,
1566
01:34:25,660 --> 01:34:27,901
wrote personal letters
to the president,
1567
01:34:27,995 --> 01:34:30,305
held rummage sales,
and solicited
1568
01:34:30,398 --> 01:34:33,242
10-cent contributions
from other women's groups
1569
01:34:33,334 --> 01:34:35,473
across the country.
1570
01:34:35,569 --> 01:34:36,980
And it was working.
1571
01:34:37,071 --> 01:34:39,073
Support for protecting
Mesa Verde
1572
01:34:39,206 --> 01:34:42,050
had become a national cause.
1573
01:34:42,143 --> 01:34:45,056
But just when Congress
seemed ready to act,
1574
01:34:45,146 --> 01:34:47,387
it became clear
to those around her
1575
01:34:47,481 --> 01:34:50,018
that Virginia McClurg
had a different vision
1576
01:34:50,117 --> 01:34:53,155
of how Mesa Verde
should be preserved.
1577
01:34:54,989 --> 01:34:56,161
WOMAN AS VIRGINIA MCCLURG
I do not see why
1578
01:34:56,190 --> 01:34:59,899
this small and compact tract
in the proposed park
1579
01:34:59,994 --> 01:35:02,235
should not be under
the protective care
1580
01:35:02,329 --> 01:35:07,142
of a body of 125 women
with hereditary membership
1581
01:35:07,234 --> 01:35:10,977
who know more about the matter
and care about the matter
1582
01:35:11,072 --> 01:35:12,881
than anyone else.
1583
01:35:14,108 --> 01:35:17,920
Virginia became
so engrossed in it
1584
01:35:18,012 --> 01:35:21,721
that it suddenly was not
our park as a nation,
1585
01:35:21,816 --> 01:35:23,989
it was her park.
1586
01:35:24,085 --> 01:35:26,929
COYOTE: Twice McClurg
even negotiated leases
1587
01:35:27,021 --> 01:35:29,763
between her group
and the Ute Indians
1588
01:35:29,857 --> 01:35:32,463
only to have the federal
government remind her
1589
01:35:32,560 --> 01:35:36,633
that private citizens
cannot make treaties.
1590
01:35:36,731 --> 01:35:38,574
The uproar she created
1591
01:35:38,666 --> 01:35:40,873
threatened to derail
the bill in Congress
1592
01:35:40,968 --> 01:35:44,506
at the very moment it seemed
headed for passage.
1593
01:35:44,605 --> 01:35:46,778
Even some of her closest allies
1594
01:35:46,874 --> 01:35:49,480
now suspected
that Virginia McClurg
1595
01:35:49,577 --> 01:35:51,784
had lost sight of the real goal.
1596
01:35:54,281 --> 01:35:57,660
Lucy Peabody, the association's
vice regent,
1597
01:35:57,752 --> 01:36:01,996
had preferred to get results
rather than grab headlines.
1598
01:36:02,089 --> 01:36:05,070
She believed that
only as a national park
1599
01:36:05,159 --> 01:36:09,369
could Mesa Verde be properly
saved for future generations,
1600
01:36:09,463 --> 01:36:13,502
and now felt compelled to resign
from the association.
1601
01:36:14,702 --> 01:36:16,545
With her went
many other members,
1602
01:36:16,637 --> 01:36:20,312
including some of the group's
most nationally prominent women.
1603
01:36:22,777 --> 01:36:25,781
McClurg, once the darling
of the press,
1604
01:36:25,913 --> 01:36:29,656
found herself disparaged
in newspaper editorials.
1605
01:36:30,751 --> 01:36:33,027
SMITH: There was a sadness
in all this.
1606
01:36:33,120 --> 01:36:36,499
At the moment of your greatest
achievement, you lose it.
1607
01:36:36,590 --> 01:36:39,036
I--I think it's
a normal reaction.
1608
01:36:39,126 --> 01:36:42,073
This becomes
so possessive with her
1609
01:36:42,163 --> 01:36:45,133
that to have it within
your grasp, right there,
1610
01:36:45,232 --> 01:36:46,404
and it's gone.
1611
01:36:47,802 --> 01:36:51,079
COYOTE: On June 29, 1906,
1612
01:36:51,172 --> 01:36:53,140
President Roosevelt
signed the law
1613
01:36:53,240 --> 01:36:56,119
creating Mesa Verde
National Park,
1614
01:36:56,210 --> 01:36:57,951
the first of its kind,
1615
01:36:58,045 --> 01:37:01,720
meant to celebrate
not majestic natural scenery
1616
01:37:01,816 --> 01:37:05,229
but a prehistoric culture
and its people.
1617
01:37:12,193 --> 01:37:14,070
With Mesa Verde protected,
1618
01:37:14,161 --> 01:37:16,767
anger over
Richard Wetherill's excavations
1619
01:37:16,864 --> 01:37:20,368
at Chaco Canyon in New Mexico
boiled over
1620
01:37:20,467 --> 01:37:23,778
and set in motion events
that would change the course
1621
01:37:23,871 --> 01:37:25,179
of park history.
1622
01:37:26,640 --> 01:37:28,847
SMITH: The bill for Mesa Verde
was just for Mesa Verde,
1623
01:37:28,943 --> 01:37:31,219
but what about the other ruins?
1624
01:37:31,312 --> 01:37:33,121
There's sites all over
the Southwest,
1625
01:37:33,214 --> 01:37:34,693
and the same thing's
happening there.
1626
01:37:36,283 --> 01:37:39,389
COYOTE: Once more,
Representative John F. Lacey
1627
01:37:39,486 --> 01:37:43,866
came to the rescue of places
nowhere near and nothing like
1628
01:37:43,924 --> 01:37:45,267
his native Iowa.
1629
01:37:46,460 --> 01:37:48,701
He sponsored a new bill to make
1630
01:37:48,796 --> 01:37:53,006
any unauthorized disturbance
of any prehistoric ruin
1631
01:37:53,067 --> 01:37:54,512
a federal crime.
1632
01:37:55,870 --> 01:37:59,181
The act for the preservation
of American antiquities
1633
01:37:59,273 --> 01:38:02,152
also granted the president
of the United States
1634
01:38:02,243 --> 01:38:05,247
an extraordinary power:
1635
01:38:05,346 --> 01:38:09,294
the exclusive authority without
any Congressional approval
1636
01:38:09,383 --> 01:38:12,057
to set aside places
that would be called
1637
01:38:12,152 --> 01:38:15,793
not national parks
but national monuments.
1638
01:38:17,524 --> 01:38:19,629
MAN: John F. Lacey
gave the president
1639
01:38:19,727 --> 01:38:22,105
the greatest power a president
could ever have
1640
01:38:22,196 --> 01:38:24,107
for the preservation of nature,
1641
01:38:24,198 --> 01:38:26,303
which allowed the president
to do
1642
01:38:26,400 --> 01:38:29,210
something as simple
as pick up a pen
1643
01:38:29,303 --> 01:38:31,408
and declare an area
of the public domain
1644
01:38:31,505 --> 01:38:33,712
a national monument,
1645
01:38:33,807 --> 01:38:36,447
and since Teddy Roosevelt
happened to be
1646
01:38:36,543 --> 01:38:38,216
the president at the time,
1647
01:38:38,312 --> 01:38:40,383
was that a gift or what?
1648
01:38:40,481 --> 01:38:42,427
Bully. Delighted.
1649
01:38:43,550 --> 01:38:45,461
Teddy Roosevelt
picked up that pen
1650
01:38:45,552 --> 01:38:47,759
and started creating
national monuments
1651
01:38:47,855 --> 01:38:50,301
and the country would
never be the same again.
1652
01:38:53,527 --> 01:38:56,804
COYOTE: Roosevelt quickly
put his new powers to use.
1653
01:38:58,132 --> 01:39:00,772
He proclaimed the first
national monument,
1654
01:39:00,868 --> 01:39:05,942
a unique mass of grooved rock
sacred to several Indian tribes
1655
01:39:06,040 --> 01:39:10,546
rising nearly 900 feet above
the plains of eastern Wyoming.
1656
01:39:10,644 --> 01:39:13,147
It was called Devil's Tower.
1657
01:39:14,448 --> 01:39:18,453
Then he named El Morro
National Monument in New Mexico,
1658
01:39:18,552 --> 01:39:22,557
a rock abutment bearing
prehistoric Indian petroglyphs
1659
01:39:22,656 --> 01:39:26,604
as well as the inscriptions
of early Spanish expeditions
1660
01:39:26,694 --> 01:39:30,574
that had come north from Mexico
300 years earlier
1661
01:39:30,664 --> 01:39:34,271
and founded a colony 15 years
before the Pilgrims
1662
01:39:34,368 --> 01:39:36,279
landed at Plymouth Rock.
1663
01:39:38,839 --> 01:39:41,649
And on March 11, 1907,
1664
01:39:41,742 --> 01:39:44,814
he did exactly what
Richard Wetherill had wanted
1665
01:39:44,912 --> 01:39:48,587
and created Chaco Canyon
National Monument.
1666
01:39:50,451 --> 01:39:53,295
Roosevelt would also
use the antiquities act
1667
01:39:53,387 --> 01:39:56,800
to protect an endangered grove
of coastal redwoods
1668
01:39:56,890 --> 01:39:58,836
north of San Francisco
1669
01:39:58,926 --> 01:40:02,874
named in honor of the man who
had first introduced Roosevelt
1670
01:40:02,963 --> 01:40:05,170
to the giant trees--
1671
01:40:05,232 --> 01:40:06,540
Muir Woods.
1672
01:40:09,470 --> 01:40:12,679
MAN AS JOHN MUIR: The man of
science, the naturalist,
1673
01:40:12,773 --> 01:40:16,084
too often loses sight
of the essential oneness
1674
01:40:16,176 --> 01:40:17,450
of all living beings
1675
01:40:17,478 --> 01:40:20,448
in seeking to classify
them in kingdoms,
1676
01:40:20,547 --> 01:40:22,857
orders, species, etc.
1677
01:40:24,985 --> 01:40:28,091
While the eye of the poet,
the seer,
1678
01:40:28,188 --> 01:40:32,034
never closes on the kinship
of all God's creatures.
1679
01:40:32,126 --> 01:40:34,572
And his heart
ever beats in sympathy
1680
01:40:34,661 --> 01:40:36,937
with great and small alike
1681
01:40:37,064 --> 01:40:40,637
as Earth-borne companions
and fellow mortals
1682
01:40:40,734 --> 01:40:44,409
equally dependent on Heaven's
eternal love.
1683
01:40:49,109 --> 01:40:53,990
COYOTE: In 1905, John Muir's
life had been beset by sorrow.
1684
01:40:54,081 --> 01:40:57,551
His devoted life Louie
died of lung cancer
1685
01:40:57,651 --> 01:40:59,858
and he buried her
next to her parents
1686
01:40:59,953 --> 01:41:01,990
near an orchard on their farm.
1687
01:41:03,924 --> 01:41:07,030
President Roosevelt,
who had lost his first wife
1688
01:41:07,127 --> 01:41:08,333
as a young man,
1689
01:41:08,362 --> 01:41:12,105
and then found solace
in the open spaces of the west,
1690
01:41:12,199 --> 01:41:15,408
sent his personal condolences.
1691
01:41:15,502 --> 01:41:19,177
"Get out among the mountains
and trees, friend," he wrote.
1692
01:41:19,273 --> 01:41:23,153
"They will do more for you than
either man or woman could."
1693
01:41:24,845 --> 01:41:27,223
But the aging mountaineer
went instead
1694
01:41:27,314 --> 01:41:29,157
to the deserts of Arizona,
1695
01:41:29,249 --> 01:41:31,525
where it was hoped
his daughter Helen
1696
01:41:31,618 --> 01:41:33,564
might recover from pneumonia.
1697
01:41:35,089 --> 01:41:38,935
In his grief, he began exploring
the surrounding area
1698
01:41:39,026 --> 01:41:42,530
and discovered that in fact
he was, once again,
1699
01:41:42,629 --> 01:41:44,609
in a majestic forest,
1700
01:41:44,698 --> 01:41:48,612
only this one was
200 million years old
1701
01:41:48,702 --> 01:41:52,275
and all of the trees
had long ago fossilized
1702
01:41:52,372 --> 01:41:54,648
into solid rock.
1703
01:41:54,741 --> 01:41:56,982
It was the petrified forest.
1704
01:42:00,247 --> 01:42:05,560
EHRLICH: I think parks represent
the wildness inside us.
1705
01:42:07,488 --> 01:42:10,492
They're the place
where we can be lonely,
1706
01:42:10,591 --> 01:42:13,367
where we can
experience solitude.
1707
01:42:14,895 --> 01:42:20,834
They're a place we go to
as refuge, as sanctuary.
1708
01:42:22,803 --> 01:42:26,444
It's a place we go out to
to come back in.
1709
01:42:26,540 --> 01:42:30,454
It's the only place perhaps left
in many people's lives
1710
01:42:30,544 --> 01:42:32,023
where that's possible.
1711
01:42:35,415 --> 01:42:38,157
COYOTE: Soon, Muir was
himself again,
1712
01:42:38,252 --> 01:42:42,029
sometimes taking total strangers
on long walks
1713
01:42:42,122 --> 01:42:45,069
through the tumbled and broken
stone trees.
1714
01:42:46,593 --> 01:42:48,072
In what he now called
1715
01:42:48,162 --> 01:42:51,075
"these enchanted
carboniferous forests,"
1716
01:42:51,165 --> 01:42:52,940
he loved nothing more
than to sit
1717
01:42:53,033 --> 01:42:55,536
near the trunk
of a petrified tree
1718
01:42:55,636 --> 01:42:58,981
and inspect it minutely
with a magnifying glass.
1719
01:43:00,607 --> 01:43:03,679
But even this forest
was endangered.
1720
01:43:03,777 --> 01:43:07,190
Scavengers used dynamite
to blow up large logs
1721
01:43:07,281 --> 01:43:10,990
in hopes of finding
amethyst crystals inside them.
1722
01:43:11,084 --> 01:43:14,896
Boxcar loads of petrified wood
were being shipped east
1723
01:43:14,988 --> 01:43:18,629
to be made into tabletops
and mantelpieces.
1724
01:43:18,725 --> 01:43:21,501
An enormous stone crusher
was being constructed
1725
01:43:21,595 --> 01:43:26,010
to pulverize the logs for use
as industrial abrasives.
1726
01:43:28,135 --> 01:43:32,277
For years, John F. Lacey had
been trying to protect the area
1727
01:43:32,372 --> 01:43:34,852
by making it a national park.
1728
01:43:34,942 --> 01:43:37,718
Congress would not go along.
1729
01:43:37,811 --> 01:43:40,018
But John Muir knew somebody
1730
01:43:40,113 --> 01:43:42,787
who now could save
his enchanted forest
1731
01:43:42,883 --> 01:43:44,658
with a stroke of his pen.
1732
01:43:46,720 --> 01:43:50,395
President Roosevelt invoked
the antiquities act again,
1733
01:43:50,490 --> 01:43:54,768
and Petrified Forest
National Monument was created.
1734
01:43:58,265 --> 01:44:00,142
MAN AS THEODORE ROOSEVELT:
There is nothing more practical
1735
01:44:00,234 --> 01:44:03,238
than the preservation
of beauty,
1736
01:44:03,403 --> 01:44:05,542
than the preservation
of anything
1737
01:44:05,639 --> 01:44:09,109
that appeals to the higher
emotions of mankind.
1738
01:44:11,178 --> 01:44:14,990
I believe we are past
the stage of national existence
1739
01:44:15,082 --> 01:44:17,688
when we could
look on complacently
1740
01:44:17,784 --> 01:44:21,493
at the individual
who skinned the land
1741
01:44:21,588 --> 01:44:26,196
and was content for the sake
of 3 years' profit for himself
1742
01:44:26,293 --> 01:44:28,864
to leave a desert
for the children of those
1743
01:44:28,962 --> 01:44:31,033
who were to inherit the soil.
1744
01:44:33,500 --> 01:44:35,275
JENKINSON: If government
doesn't protect
1745
01:44:35,369 --> 01:44:37,474
the weakest elements of humanity
1746
01:44:37,571 --> 01:44:39,642
and the weakest elements
of nature...
1747
01:44:40,641 --> 01:44:42,177
the whole game is lost.
1748
01:44:44,978 --> 01:44:47,015
That was
an incredible breakthrough
1749
01:44:47,114 --> 01:44:48,354
for a man who grew up
1750
01:44:48,382 --> 01:44:50,658
in a profoundly
Republican household
1751
01:44:50,751 --> 01:44:53,630
in an age of J.P. Morgan
and John Rockefeller.
1752
01:44:55,389 --> 01:44:58,233
There's a paradox at the very
center of American life.
1753
01:44:58,325 --> 01:45:02,273
We are meant to be
the most materially happy,
1754
01:45:02,362 --> 01:45:05,275
wealthiest, most privileged
people who ever lived on Earth.
1755
01:45:05,365 --> 01:45:08,505
That's one version
of the American dream.
1756
01:45:10,437 --> 01:45:13,975
We are also Thoreau's Americans
and Jefferson's Americans,
1757
01:45:14,074 --> 01:45:17,715
and Roosevelt's
Grand Canyon Americans.
1758
01:45:17,811 --> 01:45:20,451
We want that, and somehow
we've gotten it into our heads
1759
01:45:20,547 --> 01:45:22,220
that we can have both,
1760
01:45:22,316 --> 01:45:23,761
and maybe we can.
1761
01:45:26,887 --> 01:45:29,731
But Roosevelt understood
that we can only have both
1762
01:45:29,823 --> 01:45:33,032
if we severely restrain
our acquisitive energies
1763
01:45:33,126 --> 01:45:34,901
for some parts
of this continent.
1764
01:45:35,896 --> 01:45:37,204
That's the key.
1765
01:45:39,132 --> 01:45:40,873
UDALL: We used to talk
about Teddy Roosevelt
1766
01:45:40,967 --> 01:45:43,277
having distance in his eyes...
1767
01:45:44,504 --> 01:45:48,213
and that's what's important,
is to have this
1768
01:45:48,308 --> 01:45:53,451
strong, powerful
part of our heritage vivid
1769
01:45:53,547 --> 01:45:57,359
so that people can understand it
and appreciate it.
1770
01:45:57,451 --> 01:45:59,362
COYOTE: Before his presidency
was over,
1771
01:45:59,453 --> 01:46:02,400
he would create
5 new national parks,
1772
01:46:02,489 --> 01:46:07,871
51 federal bird sanctuaries,
4 national game refuges,
1773
01:46:07,961 --> 01:46:10,237
18 national monuments,
1774
01:46:10,330 --> 01:46:14,779
and more than 100 million acres
worth of national forests.
1775
01:46:19,172 --> 01:46:24,178
Now Roosevelt wanted one more
national park added to his list,
1776
01:46:24,277 --> 01:46:27,087
the place he had urged
the citizens of Arizona
1777
01:46:27,180 --> 01:46:31,720
to leave as it is--
the grandest canyon on Earth.
1778
01:46:33,687 --> 01:46:36,827
Developers were already
erecting buildings,
1779
01:46:36,923 --> 01:46:39,199
miners were filing claims,
1780
01:46:39,292 --> 01:46:43,399
and ranchers were grazing cattle
all along the south rim.
1781
01:46:45,232 --> 01:46:48,770
But even Theodore Roosevelt
could not persuade Congress
1782
01:46:48,869 --> 01:46:50,007
to act.
1783
01:46:50,036 --> 01:46:52,516
Local sentiment
and vested interests
1784
01:46:52,606 --> 01:46:54,483
were just too powerful.
1785
01:46:54,574 --> 01:46:57,646
The president looked
for some way, any way
1786
01:46:57,744 --> 01:46:59,815
to prevent the canyon
from becoming
1787
01:46:59,913 --> 01:47:03,520
another commercialized
Niagara Falls.
1788
01:47:03,617 --> 01:47:07,326
He found his solution
in the antiquities act.
1789
01:47:09,322 --> 01:47:11,893
CRONON: It was written
basically to try to prevent
1790
01:47:11,992 --> 01:47:15,064
the destruction of Indian
archaeological sites
1791
01:47:15,162 --> 01:47:16,539
in the American southwest,
1792
01:47:16,630 --> 01:47:18,337
the idea being that
there were people going in
1793
01:47:18,432 --> 01:47:20,002
and robbing these graves,
1794
01:47:20,100 --> 01:47:21,909
and that that
needed to be stopped.
1795
01:47:23,503 --> 01:47:25,505
And so a law is written
that says the president
1796
01:47:25,605 --> 01:47:28,108
can very quickly set aside
a tract of land
1797
01:47:28,208 --> 01:47:30,552
as a national monument,
1798
01:47:30,644 --> 01:47:32,885
and that's a fairly
narrow purpose.
1799
01:47:33,914 --> 01:47:35,882
But there were no
restrictions in the law,
1800
01:47:35,982 --> 01:47:38,292
and Teddy Roosevelt
quite quickly realized
1801
01:47:38,385 --> 01:47:39,523
that you could set aside land
1802
01:47:39,553 --> 01:47:41,624
for reasons
other than archaeology,
1803
01:47:41,721 --> 01:47:43,598
and the great beneficiary
of that law would be
1804
01:47:43,690 --> 01:47:44,896
the Grand Canyon.
1805
01:47:46,359 --> 01:47:48,464
COYOTE: The wording
of the antiquities act
1806
01:47:48,562 --> 01:47:51,133
referred to protection
of so-called
1807
01:47:51,231 --> 01:47:54,940
"objects of historic
and scientific interest,"
1808
01:47:55,035 --> 01:47:58,642
and though it had contemplated
only small-sized parcels,
1809
01:47:58,738 --> 01:48:01,776
up to then, no more than
5,000 acres,
1810
01:48:01,875 --> 01:48:03,786
it did not absolutely restrict
1811
01:48:03,877 --> 01:48:07,051
the number of acres a president
could set aside.
1812
01:48:10,784 --> 01:48:15,597
On January 11, 1908,
declaring the Grand Canyon
1813
01:48:15,689 --> 01:48:19,262
"an object of unusual
scientific interest,
1814
01:48:19,359 --> 01:48:21,566
"being the greatest
eroded canyon
1815
01:48:21,661 --> 01:48:23,504
"within the United States,"
1816
01:48:23,597 --> 01:48:29,206
Roosevelt set aside
806,400 acres
1817
01:48:29,302 --> 01:48:31,043
as a national monument.
1818
01:48:32,739 --> 01:48:34,878
It would not enjoy
the same protections
1819
01:48:34,975 --> 01:48:36,784
as a national park,
1820
01:48:36,877 --> 01:48:40,051
but it was a step
in the right direction.
1821
01:48:40,146 --> 01:48:42,649
Politicians in Arizona
were outraged
1822
01:48:42,749 --> 01:48:45,992
and threatened to challenge
Roosevelt in court.
1823
01:48:46,086 --> 01:48:47,963
Members of Congress complained
1824
01:48:48,054 --> 01:48:51,831
that the president
had overstepped his authority.
1825
01:48:51,925 --> 01:48:53,370
He ignored them all.
1826
01:48:54,494 --> 01:48:57,065
UDALL: A lot of Westerners,
powerful Westerners,
1827
01:48:57,163 --> 01:49:00,406
Congressmen, senators,
were opposed and critical...
1828
01:49:01,568 --> 01:49:06,142
and that was part
of Teddy Roosevelt's power,
1829
01:49:06,239 --> 01:49:10,278
that he could overwhelm
the wishes of local people
1830
01:49:10,377 --> 01:49:11,788
and dared to do it.
1831
01:49:13,480 --> 01:49:15,289
JENKINSON: Well,
there was furor.
1832
01:49:15,382 --> 01:49:18,261
There is always furor
when these things happen.
1833
01:49:18,385 --> 01:49:19,557
Short-term.
1834
01:49:21,288 --> 01:49:23,234
But Roosevelt understood
1835
01:49:23,323 --> 01:49:25,826
that short-term
controversy over nature
1836
01:49:25,926 --> 01:49:28,532
leads to long-term benefit.
1837
01:49:28,628 --> 01:49:32,667
Roosevelt's view was that
an intact environment
1838
01:49:32,766 --> 01:49:36,908
is infinitely more valuable
spiritually and economically
1839
01:49:37,003 --> 01:49:38,710
than an extracted one.
1840
01:49:40,073 --> 01:49:43,077
UDALL: But history
always vindicates,
1841
01:49:43,176 --> 01:49:45,156
always vindicates what they did.
1842
01:49:46,880 --> 01:49:50,657
There's not a single person
in Arizona today
1843
01:49:50,750 --> 01:49:54,197
who would say the Grand Canyon
was a mistake.
1844
01:49:59,159 --> 01:50:08,739
MAN AS JOHN MUIR:
The very first reservation
1845
01:50:08,835 --> 01:50:11,076
that ever was made
in this world,
1846
01:50:11,171 --> 01:50:15,620
the garden of Eden,
contained only one tree.
1847
01:50:15,709 --> 01:50:18,383
The smallest reservation
that ever was made.
1848
01:50:20,780 --> 01:50:23,522
Yet no sooner was it made
1849
01:50:23,617 --> 01:50:27,565
than it was attacked
by everybody in the world--
1850
01:50:27,654 --> 01:50:30,533
the devil, one woman,
and one man.
1851
01:50:32,425 --> 01:50:34,837
This has been the history
of every reservation
1852
01:50:34,928 --> 01:50:37,772
that has been made
since that time,
1853
01:50:37,864 --> 01:50:41,175
that is, as soon as
a reservation is once created,
1854
01:50:41,267 --> 01:50:44,908
then the thieves and the devil
and his relations
1855
01:50:45,005 --> 01:50:46,712
come forward to attack it.
1856
01:50:51,177 --> 01:50:54,488
DUNCAN: He said,
"Nothing dollarable is safe"...
1857
01:50:55,849 --> 01:50:59,194
and it's like this insight
into human beings,
1858
01:50:59,285 --> 01:51:00,457
but particularly Americans.
1859
01:51:00,487 --> 01:51:03,991
He understood
this relentless grasp
1860
01:51:04,090 --> 01:51:05,660
of American commerce.
1861
01:51:05,759 --> 01:51:07,705
It wants to reach
into everything.
1862
01:51:09,062 --> 01:51:11,201
And he realized
that if a dollar value
1863
01:51:11,297 --> 01:51:15,507
could be attached to,
in his mind, a sacred place,
1864
01:51:15,602 --> 01:51:17,081
it was vulnerable.
1865
01:51:18,738 --> 01:51:21,082
COYOTE: Since the start
of the 20th century,
1866
01:51:21,174 --> 01:51:23,552
the city of San Francisco
had been looking
1867
01:51:23,643 --> 01:51:27,785
for a better supply of water
to fuel its growth,
1868
01:51:27,881 --> 01:51:30,657
and it had set its sights
on the Tuolumne River
1869
01:51:30,750 --> 01:51:32,161
and the Hetch Hetchy Valley
1870
01:51:32,252 --> 01:51:36,098
as the perfect place for a dam
and reservoir,
1871
01:51:36,189 --> 01:51:39,102
a narrow valley
remote enough to assure
1872
01:51:39,192 --> 01:51:42,605
that the waters trapped
from the yearly Sierra runoff
1873
01:51:42,696 --> 01:51:44,266
would stay pure.
1874
01:51:45,298 --> 01:51:47,107
The fact that it was
within the boundaries
1875
01:51:47,200 --> 01:51:49,077
of Yosemite National Park
1876
01:51:49,169 --> 01:51:52,582
only added to its
attractiveness to city planners.
1877
01:51:52,672 --> 01:51:55,881
No competing claims
to water rights existed.
1878
01:51:55,975 --> 01:51:59,650
The only land owner to deal with
was the federal government.
1879
01:52:00,914 --> 01:52:02,951
Damming and flooding
Hetch Hetchy
1880
01:52:03,049 --> 01:52:07,191
would be cheaper and easier
than finding alternative sites.
1881
01:52:09,255 --> 01:52:11,701
MAN AS JOHN MUIR: That
anyone would try to destroy
1882
01:52:11,791 --> 01:52:14,635
such a place seems incredible,
1883
01:52:14,728 --> 01:52:17,470
but sad experience shows
that there are people
1884
01:52:17,564 --> 01:52:21,569
good enough and bad enough
for anything.
1885
01:52:26,339 --> 01:52:28,649
COYOTE: To John Muir,
allowing a dam
1886
01:52:28,742 --> 01:52:30,744
in any national park
1887
01:52:30,844 --> 01:52:33,620
would betray the very purpose
of parks,
1888
01:52:33,713 --> 01:52:35,659
and even worse in his eyes,
1889
01:52:35,749 --> 01:52:38,491
set a dangerous precedent
for the future.
1890
01:52:39,753 --> 01:52:43,667
Hetch Hetchy was among his
favorite places in Yosemite.
1891
01:52:43,757 --> 01:52:46,431
He called it
"one of nature's rarest
1892
01:52:46,526 --> 01:52:49,063
"and most precious
mountain temples."
1893
01:52:50,463 --> 01:52:54,843
With its own majestic waterfalls
and massive granite faces,
1894
01:52:54,934 --> 01:52:58,313
it had all the beauty of
the more famous Yosemite Valley
1895
01:52:58,404 --> 01:53:00,611
20 miles to the south, he said,
1896
01:53:00,707 --> 01:53:03,483
without the clutter
of tourist hotels.
1897
01:53:04,611 --> 01:53:06,716
When he had helped
draw the boundary lines
1898
01:53:06,813 --> 01:53:09,293
for the national park
back in 1890,
1899
01:53:09,382 --> 01:53:12,192
he had deliberately included
Hetch Hetchy.
1900
01:53:14,854 --> 01:53:16,925
MAN AS JOHN MUIR:
These temple destroyers,
1901
01:53:17,023 --> 01:53:20,334
devotees of
ravaging commercialism,
1902
01:53:20,426 --> 01:53:24,203
seem to have a perfect contempt
for nature,
1903
01:53:24,297 --> 01:53:25,970
and instead of
lifting their eyes
1904
01:53:26,065 --> 01:53:27,840
to the god of the mountains,
1905
01:53:27,934 --> 01:53:30,505
lift them
to the almighty dollar.
1906
01:53:31,538 --> 01:53:33,211
Dam Hetch Hetchy.
1907
01:53:33,306 --> 01:53:35,217
As well, dam for water-tanks
1908
01:53:35,308 --> 01:53:38,187
the people's cathedrals
and churches,
1909
01:53:38,278 --> 01:53:41,521
for no holier temple
has ever been consecrated
1910
01:53:41,614 --> 01:53:43,218
by the heart of man.
1911
01:53:46,286 --> 01:53:49,529
COYOTE: At first,
Muir's view had prevailed.
1912
01:53:49,622 --> 01:53:52,501
Theodore Roosevelt's
interior secretary
1913
01:53:52,592 --> 01:53:56,972
turned down San Francisco's
application 3 different times.
1914
01:53:58,865 --> 01:54:03,314
Then on April 18, 1906,
a tremendous earthquake
1915
01:54:03,403 --> 01:54:05,405
had shaken San Francisco,
1916
01:54:05,505 --> 01:54:07,507
bringing down
hundreds of buildings
1917
01:54:07,607 --> 01:54:10,850
and igniting fires
that consumed most of the city,
1918
01:54:10,944 --> 01:54:12,389
killing thousands.
1919
01:54:16,182 --> 01:54:18,856
With San Francisco
reduced to ashes,
1920
01:54:18,952 --> 01:54:20,954
politicians redoubled
their efforts
1921
01:54:21,054 --> 01:54:23,022
for a reservoir at Hetch Hetchy,
1922
01:54:23,122 --> 01:54:26,001
claiming falsely
that its water supply
1923
01:54:26,092 --> 01:54:28,129
could have prevented
the destruction.
1924
01:54:30,096 --> 01:54:33,703
In a referendum,
San Franciscans voted 7-1
1925
01:54:33,800 --> 01:54:35,643
in favor of the dam.
1926
01:54:36,903 --> 01:54:39,076
The city's mayor
launched a campaign
1927
01:54:39,172 --> 01:54:41,049
attacking Muir's character
1928
01:54:41,140 --> 01:54:43,279
for trying to obstruct
the project.
1929
01:54:44,577 --> 01:54:48,719
Even Muir's own Sierra Club
split over the issue,
1930
01:54:48,815 --> 01:54:52,285
with some prominent members
advocating the dam.
1931
01:54:53,820 --> 01:54:55,527
MAN: They loved Yosemite,
1932
01:54:55,622 --> 01:55:00,696
but they loved Yosemite
in a kind of additive way.
1933
01:55:00,793 --> 01:55:04,070
It wasn't at the core of their
understanding of America.
1934
01:55:04,163 --> 01:55:08,543
And for them in San Francisco,
the city came first.
1935
01:55:08,635 --> 01:55:11,241
COYOTE: Meanwhile, an old
adversary of Muir's
1936
01:55:11,337 --> 01:55:13,874
stepped forward
on the city's behalf--
1937
01:55:13,940 --> 01:55:15,317
Gifford Pinchot.
1938
01:55:16,609 --> 01:55:18,452
As the nation's top forester
1939
01:55:18,544 --> 01:55:21,218
and President Roosevelt's
trusted adviser,
1940
01:55:21,314 --> 01:55:23,590
Pinchot had become
one of the most powerful
1941
01:55:23,683 --> 01:55:25,060
men in Washington.
1942
01:55:25,151 --> 01:55:27,757
At his urging,
Roosevelt had reserved
1943
01:55:27,854 --> 01:55:30,425
millions of acres
of western land
1944
01:55:30,523 --> 01:55:31,866
as national forests
1945
01:55:31,958 --> 01:55:34,632
in the face
of Congressional opposition.
1946
01:55:35,662 --> 01:55:37,699
Pinchot steadfastly believed
1947
01:55:37,797 --> 01:55:41,370
that conservation meant
wise use of nature,
1948
01:55:41,467 --> 01:55:44,038
not preserving it
for its own sake,
1949
01:55:44,137 --> 01:55:46,447
and he had never been
a wholehearted supporter
1950
01:55:46,539 --> 01:55:47,950
of national parks,
1951
01:55:48,041 --> 01:55:50,988
let alone John Muir's
unbending vision
1952
01:55:51,077 --> 01:55:53,523
of protecting
and expanding them.
1953
01:55:54,814 --> 01:55:58,193
When a new interior secretary
joined the administration,
1954
01:55:58,284 --> 01:56:01,731
Pinchot began lobbying him
in support of the dam.
1955
01:56:03,056 --> 01:56:06,560
In response, Muir once again
took his case
1956
01:56:06,659 --> 01:56:08,696
to the man with whom
he had shared
1957
01:56:08,795 --> 01:56:13,005
3 magical nights in the park
back in 1903--
1958
01:56:13,099 --> 01:56:17,479
the outdoorsman he considered
a friend and kindred spirit.
1959
01:56:19,672 --> 01:56:25,782
MAN AS JOHN MUIR: April 21,
1908. Dear Mr. President,
1960
01:56:25,878 --> 01:56:28,358
a few promoters
of the present scheme
1961
01:56:28,448 --> 01:56:30,894
all show forth
a proud set of confidence
1962
01:56:30,984 --> 01:56:33,396
that comes from
a good, sound, substantial
1963
01:56:33,486 --> 01:56:35,659
irrefragable ignorance.
1964
01:56:37,690 --> 01:56:41,160
Hetch Hetchy is one of the most
sublime and beautiful
1965
01:56:41,260 --> 01:56:43,536
and important features
of the park,
1966
01:56:43,629 --> 01:56:45,905
and to dam and submerge it
1967
01:56:45,999 --> 01:56:49,378
would be hardly
less destructive and deplorable
1968
01:56:49,469 --> 01:56:52,643
than would be the damming
of Yosemite itself.
1969
01:56:54,073 --> 01:56:57,919
Faithfully and devotedly yours,
John Muir.
1970
01:57:00,380 --> 01:57:02,724
MAN AS THEODORE ROOSEVELT:
My dear Mr. Muir,
1971
01:57:02,815 --> 01:57:07,355
Pinchot is rather favorable
to the Hetch Hetchy plan.
1972
01:57:07,453 --> 01:57:08,761
I have sent him your letter
1973
01:57:08,788 --> 01:57:11,394
with a request
for a report on it.
1974
01:57:11,491 --> 01:57:13,562
I will do everything in my power
1975
01:57:13,659 --> 01:57:16,196
to protect not only
the Yosemite,
1976
01:57:16,295 --> 01:57:18,070
which we have already protected,
1977
01:57:18,164 --> 01:57:21,737
but other similar great natural
beauties of this country.
1978
01:57:23,603 --> 01:57:27,244
But you must remember
that it is out of the question
1979
01:57:27,340 --> 01:57:29,115
permanently to protect them,
1980
01:57:29,208 --> 01:57:32,815
unless we have a certain degree
of friendliness toward them
1981
01:57:32,912 --> 01:57:34,858
on the part of the people
of the state
1982
01:57:34,947 --> 01:57:36,620
in which they are situated.
1983
01:57:40,586 --> 01:57:43,465
CRONON: What makes the conflict
between Muir and Pinchot
1984
01:57:43,556 --> 01:57:45,433
so bitter, so personal
1985
01:57:45,525 --> 01:57:51,271
is that 2 really wonderful
visions of the human good,
1986
01:57:51,364 --> 01:57:53,674
both of which
are worth celebrating,
1987
01:57:53,766 --> 01:57:55,712
are on a collision course,
1988
01:57:55,802 --> 01:57:57,713
and that collision course meets
1989
01:57:57,804 --> 01:58:00,876
in Hetch Hetchy Valley
in Yosemite National Park.
1990
01:58:00,973 --> 01:58:03,613
For one man, Muir,
that valley and that park
1991
01:58:03,709 --> 01:58:04,983
are a cathedral,
1992
01:58:05,078 --> 01:58:07,615
and anything that might
desecrate that cathedral
1993
01:58:07,713 --> 01:58:08,953
is blasphemy.
1994
01:58:08,981 --> 01:58:12,087
It is a--it is a sacrilege
against God.
1995
01:58:12,185 --> 01:58:13,789
For the other man, Pinchot,
1996
01:58:13,886 --> 01:58:16,628
these are resources that serve
the common good.
1997
01:58:16,722 --> 01:58:18,861
These are resources
for a democracy.
1998
01:58:21,661 --> 01:58:23,937
COYOTE: But Pinchot
was in Washington
1999
01:58:24,030 --> 01:58:27,034
and Muir was in California.
2000
01:58:27,133 --> 01:58:28,942
Pinchot's view prevailed.
2001
01:58:30,503 --> 01:58:32,483
Pending Congressional approval,
2002
01:58:32,572 --> 01:58:36,543
the interior secretary granted
San Francisco's application,
2003
01:58:36,642 --> 01:58:38,883
calling it "the greatest benefit
2004
01:58:38,978 --> 01:58:41,322
"to the greatest
number of people."
2005
01:58:43,816 --> 01:58:46,990
President Roosevelt did nothing
to stop it.
2006
01:58:48,721 --> 01:58:51,031
Muir was devastated.
2007
01:58:52,458 --> 01:58:54,131
But the fight was not over.
2008
01:58:56,095 --> 01:58:58,939
A year later, with Roosevelt
out of the White House,
2009
01:58:59,031 --> 01:59:01,807
the new president,
William Howard Taft,
2010
01:59:01,901 --> 01:59:05,371
came to California on his own
tour of Yosemite,
2011
01:59:05,471 --> 01:59:08,577
and to the dismay of
San Francisco's politicians,
2012
01:59:08,674 --> 01:59:11,678
chose Muir as his guide.
2013
01:59:11,777 --> 01:59:16,226
Before the visit was over,
Taft decided to oppose the dam.
2014
01:59:17,783 --> 01:59:19,729
By 1913, however,
2015
01:59:19,819 --> 01:59:22,197
yet another president
had taken office--
2016
01:59:22,288 --> 01:59:26,668
Woodrow Wilson, who chose
as his secretary of the interior
2017
01:59:26,759 --> 01:59:32,471
Franklin K. Lane, the former
city attorney for San Francisco.
2018
01:59:32,565 --> 01:59:36,843
Lane wasted no time getting
the project back on track.
2019
01:59:42,074 --> 01:59:46,784
Muir was now 75, and the long
battle over Hetch Hetchy
2020
01:59:46,879 --> 01:59:48,392
had taken its toll.
2021
01:59:49,448 --> 01:59:51,724
Ten years earlier,
he had anticipated
2022
01:59:51,817 --> 01:59:55,162
completing 20 books
in his old age.
2023
01:59:55,254 --> 01:59:57,860
Because of what he called
"this everlasting
2024
01:59:57,957 --> 01:59:59,459
"Hetch Hetchy business,"
2025
01:59:59,559 --> 02:00:02,403
he had managed to finish only 2.
2026
02:00:02,495 --> 02:00:04,668
"I wonder,"
he wrote his daughter,
2027
02:00:04,764 --> 02:00:09,008
"if leaves feel lonely when they
see their neighbors falling."
2028
02:00:10,870 --> 02:00:15,410
Still, he soldiered on,
speaking, writing,
2029
02:00:15,508 --> 02:00:17,476
urging anyone who would listen
2030
02:00:17,577 --> 02:00:20,353
not to flood
the exquisite valley.
2031
02:00:21,581 --> 02:00:24,027
"I still think we can win,"
Muir said
2032
02:00:24,116 --> 02:00:26,995
in November of 1913, adding,
2033
02:00:27,086 --> 02:00:30,329
"anyhow, I'll be relieved
when it's settled,
2034
02:00:30,423 --> 02:00:31,902
"for it's killing me."
2035
02:00:34,927 --> 02:00:38,101
3 weeks later, the bill
approving the dam
2036
02:00:38,197 --> 02:00:41,076
cleared its final hurdle
in Congress.
2037
02:00:41,167 --> 02:00:44,808
President Wilson
quickly signed it into law.
2038
02:00:47,740 --> 02:00:49,720
MAN: It was sorrowful indeed
2039
02:00:49,809 --> 02:00:52,187
to see him sitting
in his cobwebbed study
2040
02:00:52,278 --> 02:00:54,315
in his lonely house
2041
02:00:54,413 --> 02:00:57,121
with the full force
of his defeat upon him
2042
02:00:57,216 --> 02:01:01,221
after the struggle of a lifetime
in the service of Hetch Hetchy.
2043
02:01:03,055 --> 02:01:06,798
I could not but think that
if Congress, the president,
2044
02:01:06,892 --> 02:01:11,136
and even the San Francisco
contingent could have seen him,
2045
02:01:11,230 --> 02:01:12,903
they would certainly
have been willing
2046
02:01:12,999 --> 02:01:17,004
to have delayed any action
until the old man had gone away.
2047
02:01:18,304 --> 02:01:20,545
And I fear that is
going to be very soon...
2048
02:01:21,741 --> 02:01:25,279
as he appeared to me
to be breaking very fast.
2049
02:01:27,146 --> 02:01:28,420
Robert Marshall.
2050
02:01:33,519 --> 02:01:35,658
COYOTE: Exhausted and frail,
2051
02:01:35,755 --> 02:01:38,258
Muir forced himself
to finish a book
2052
02:01:38,357 --> 02:01:40,359
on his travels in Alaska.
2053
02:01:40,459 --> 02:01:44,032
He built new bookcases
in the big, empty house
2054
02:01:44,130 --> 02:01:46,610
he had once shared
with his wife Louie
2055
02:01:46,699 --> 02:01:48,007
and their 2 children.
2056
02:01:51,437 --> 02:01:53,144
MAN AS JOHN MUIR:
The battle for conservation
2057
02:01:53,239 --> 02:01:55,879
will go on endlessly.
2058
02:01:55,975 --> 02:01:58,114
It is part
of the universal warfare
2059
02:01:58,210 --> 02:02:00,121
between right and wrong.
2060
02:02:01,947 --> 02:02:05,326
Fortunately, wrong cannot last.
2061
02:02:06,419 --> 02:02:10,060
Soon or late, it must
fall back home to Hades,
2062
02:02:10,156 --> 02:02:13,569
while some compensating good
must surely follow.
2063
02:02:16,162 --> 02:02:18,369
They will see
what I meant in time.
2064
02:02:19,632 --> 02:02:22,010
There must be places
for human beings
2065
02:02:22,101 --> 02:02:24,980
to satisfy their souls--
2066
02:02:25,071 --> 02:02:27,449
food and drink is not all.
2067
02:02:28,441 --> 02:02:30,978
There is the spiritual.
2068
02:02:31,077 --> 02:02:34,183
In some, it is only
a germ, of course.
2069
02:02:35,581 --> 02:02:37,322
But the germ will grow.
2070
02:02:40,753 --> 02:02:45,293
COYOTE: In December of 1914,
he came down with pneumonia.
2071
02:02:46,525 --> 02:02:49,506
On Christmas Eve, John Muir,
2072
02:02:49,595 --> 02:02:52,974
the wilderness prophet
who had struggled so hard
2073
02:02:53,065 --> 02:02:55,773
to get his adopted country
to experience
2074
02:02:55,868 --> 02:02:58,747
the blessings of nature, died.
2075
02:03:02,341 --> 02:03:05,686
POPE: I think when John Muir
walked into Yosemite,
2076
02:03:05,778 --> 02:03:09,191
a century-long
conversation began...
2077
02:03:10,850 --> 02:03:14,263
and it was a conversation about
the nature of America
2078
02:03:14,353 --> 02:03:17,232
and about whether
we were going to remain
2079
02:03:17,323 --> 02:03:19,826
what Lincoln called
"the last best hope of Earth"
2080
02:03:19,925 --> 02:03:22,405
or whether we were simply
going to become another Europe.
2081
02:03:23,963 --> 02:03:25,931
And John Muir's
encounter with Yosemite--
2082
02:03:26,031 --> 02:03:27,772
remember, he was a European.
2083
02:03:27,867 --> 02:03:30,279
He came from this
narrow Scots background.
2084
02:03:30,369 --> 02:03:32,474
He was not an American.
2085
02:03:32,571 --> 02:03:35,643
And he encountered Yosemite
and he imagined what America
2086
02:03:35,708 --> 02:03:36,880
could be.
2087
02:03:37,910 --> 02:03:39,446
And for a century,
we've fought about
2088
02:03:39,545 --> 02:03:42,549
whether we liked
his vision or not.
2089
02:03:45,084 --> 02:03:47,997
MAN: I like what he said
on one occasion
2090
02:03:48,087 --> 02:03:51,534
where he essentially said,
"the enemies of wildness
2091
02:03:51,624 --> 02:03:54,833
"are invincible,
and they are everywhere,
2092
02:03:54,927 --> 02:03:56,907
"but the fight must go on...
2093
02:03:58,030 --> 02:04:00,738
"and for every acre
that you gain,
2094
02:04:00,833 --> 02:04:04,975
"10,000 trees and flowers
and all the other forest people
2095
02:04:05,070 --> 02:04:08,950
"and the usual
unborn generations
2096
02:04:09,041 --> 02:04:12,215
"will rise up
and call you blessed."
2097
02:04:14,947 --> 02:04:17,018
COYOTE: 4 years
after Muir's death,
2098
02:04:17,116 --> 02:04:21,690
work on the dam he had opposed
with all his strength began,
2099
02:04:21,787 --> 02:04:23,460
and the Hetch Hetchy valley,
2100
02:04:23,556 --> 02:04:27,561
whose tranquil meadows he had
compared to a landscape garden
2101
02:04:27,660 --> 02:04:29,196
and a mountain temple
2102
02:04:29,295 --> 02:04:33,471
would slowly be entombed under
hundreds of feet of water.
2103
02:04:37,703 --> 02:04:41,276
But Muir's fight had struck
a chord in many Americans,
2104
02:04:41,373 --> 02:04:43,819
who now wondered
if a lovely valley
2105
02:04:43,909 --> 02:04:45,786
in Yosemite National Park
2106
02:04:45,878 --> 02:04:48,017
could be turned
into a reservoir,
2107
02:04:48,113 --> 02:04:51,117
were any national parks safe?
2108
02:04:55,454 --> 02:04:58,924
CRONON: John Muir lost the fight
over Hetch Hetchy
2109
02:04:59,024 --> 02:05:00,503
and the dam was built,
2110
02:05:00,593 --> 02:05:02,334
and people who live
in San Francisco today
2111
02:05:02,428 --> 02:05:04,669
drink the water of Hetch Hetchy.
2112
02:05:04,763 --> 02:05:07,710
Muir died feeling that
he'd been defeated by that,
2113
02:05:07,800 --> 02:05:10,747
and that was a great tragedy
at the end of his life.
2114
02:05:10,836 --> 02:05:14,045
But it's also true that
Hetch Hetchy would then go on
2115
02:05:14,139 --> 02:05:15,618
across the 20th century
2116
02:05:15,708 --> 02:05:18,154
as a kind of battle cry
that would inform
2117
02:05:18,244 --> 02:05:21,680
all wilderness, wild land,
parkland battles
2118
02:05:21,780 --> 02:05:23,657
from that moment on.
2119
02:05:23,749 --> 02:05:26,355
It looks like a defeat, and yet
what's interesting about it
2120
02:05:26,452 --> 02:05:29,365
is that in that defeat,
a whole series of people
2121
02:05:29,455 --> 02:05:32,368
began to wonder whether
the parks needed more protection
2122
02:05:32,458 --> 02:05:33,869
than they currently had.
2123
02:05:35,361 --> 02:05:37,807
That there needed to be
some greater rampart,
2124
02:05:37,897 --> 02:05:40,309
some greater wall that could
defend the parks
2125
02:05:40,399 --> 02:05:42,606
against a future
such controversy.
2126
02:05:46,672 --> 02:05:49,084
COYOTE: A proposal
that Muir had supported
2127
02:05:49,174 --> 02:05:52,712
now began gaining greater ground
across the nation--
2128
02:05:52,811 --> 02:05:56,293
to create an agency
within the federal government
2129
02:05:56,382 --> 02:06:00,194
whose sole job would be
to promote, administer,
2130
02:06:00,286 --> 02:06:02,732
and protect the national parks,
2131
02:06:02,821 --> 02:06:06,030
to make sure they fulfilled
their great promise
2132
02:06:06,125 --> 02:06:09,299
and endured
for countless generations.
2133
02:06:14,133 --> 02:06:15,441
MAN: Muir said...
2134
02:06:15,467 --> 02:06:18,073
MAN AS JOHN MUIR: As long as
I live, I will hear the birds
2135
02:06:18,170 --> 02:06:21,708
and the winds
and the waterfalls sing.
2136
02:06:21,807 --> 02:06:25,220
I'll interpret the rocks
and learn the language
2137
02:06:25,311 --> 02:06:28,622
of flood, of storm
and avalanche.
2138
02:06:31,083 --> 02:06:33,495
I'll make the acquaintance
of the wild gardens
2139
02:06:33,586 --> 02:06:34,792
and the glaciers
2140
02:06:34,820 --> 02:06:40,202
and get as near to the heart
of this world as I could.
2141
02:06:41,493 --> 02:06:44,497
And so I did.
I sauntered about
2142
02:06:44,597 --> 02:06:47,134
from rock to rock,
from grove to grove,
2143
02:06:47,232 --> 02:06:48,506
from stream to stream,
2144
02:06:48,601 --> 02:06:50,444
and whenever I met a new plant,
2145
02:06:50,536 --> 02:06:53,676
I would sit down beside it
for a minute or a day
2146
02:06:53,772 --> 02:06:56,878
to make its acquaintance,
hear what it had to tell.
2147
02:06:56,976 --> 02:06:59,013
I asked the boulders
where they had been
2148
02:06:59,111 --> 02:07:00,385
and whither they were going
2149
02:07:00,479 --> 02:07:04,791
and when night found me,
there I camped.
2150
02:07:04,883 --> 02:07:08,763
I took no more heed to save time
or to make haste
2151
02:07:08,854 --> 02:07:12,563
than did the trees or the stars.
2152
02:07:12,658 --> 02:07:15,070
This is true freedom,
2153
02:07:15,160 --> 02:07:19,267
a good practical
sort of immortality.178697
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