Original subtitles

NARRATOR: History is not an exact science,

it is never set in stone.

(CROWD CHEERS AND CHANTS)

As time passes,

knowledge of the past is refined and evolves.

(INDISTINCT ANNOUNCEMENT)

(WHISTLE)

But by definition, existing ideas have thick skins

and are hard to shift.

(CLAPS)

MARTIN LUTHER KING: I have a dream that all the men are created...

(CROWD CHEERS)

To understand the realities of the world

you sometimes have to shake them up

and decipher the facts by looking at them another way.

(CROWD CHEERS)

(INDISTINCT CHATTER)

Posterity has made Nazism a strictly German affair.

And yet...

(SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC)

(INDISTINCT CHATTER)

In October 1907,

the sun shone brightly on the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

But behind the brimming confidence,

was the worrying rise of nationalism and cultural isolation

which had reached the streets.

The Mayor of Vienna, Karl Lueger,

made anti-Semitism key to his policies,

while Georg von Schonerer's first pamphlets called for a union

of all Germanic peoples.

A whole generation of young Austrians

were indoctrinated with the ideas of the day,

among them Adolf Hitler.

He would later say,

"Vienna remains a true school of life.

"There, I learned the basics of a world vision,

"to which I merely added some details."

Hitler left his homeland to shape his destiny in Germany.

But in the country where he was born,

the roots of evil continued to prosper.

(INDISTINT CHATTER)

(SOFT MUSIC)

On 11 November, 1918, World War I finally ended.

The victors ceremoniously buried the last German shell.

At the front, those who had survived the machine-gun fire

jumped for joy.

(CHEERING)

After four years of deadly combat, it was a time for cheering.

(THUNDER RUMBLES)

For the vanquished, it was a time of gravity.

In Vienna, thousands of Austrians buried their imperial past

in favour of a republic.

(THUNDER RUMBLES)

Crushed in defeat, the Habsburg dynasty collapsed.

The famous author, Arthur Schnitzler, was despondent,

"A historic day has drawn to a close.

"And viewed at close quarters, it is bathed in little glory."

With the new European order,

the vast empire was broken into pieces,

its 15 million subjects divided.

Freed from their former tutelage,

new independent countries rose from the ashes,

and the once-mighty Austria became a rump state.

(INDISTINCT CHATTER)

Deprived of its former lands and industries,

the fledgling republic found it hard to feed its population.

Despite their ration books, Austrians faced hunger and cold.

To heat their homes,

Viennese were forced to collect wood in the forests,

even taking it home by tram.

Member of parliament, Otto Bauer fatalistically declared,

"A country like ours, which has no coal of its own

"and has difficulties in feeding its people,

"has no chance of remaining independent."

(CHILDREN PLAYFULLY SCREAMING)

Humiliated and struggling for survival,

the country plunged into instability.

Worse, poverty and unemployment offered an ideal hunting ground

for extremists on both sides.

Starting with the NSDAP,

the Austrian National Socialist Party,

ready to cash in on its fellow citizens' frustration and distress.

Founded in 1920, in the wake of its German big brother,

its ranks continued to rise.

Ten years later, thousands of members rallied to the swastika.

Their programme was based on one slogan,

to unify all Germanic peoples in a single nation-state.

(CROWD APPLAUDS AND CHEERS)

(CROWD CHANTING)

Among these exalted Pan-Germanists was a young lawyer,

Ernst Kaltenbrunner.

The man had very firm beliefs.

At university, in keeping with tradition,

he joined a student fraternity.

The one he chose stood out

for its particularly violent rituals,

like sword-fighting duels which left his face scarred.

Scars that Kaltenbrunner wore with pride,

as a sign of his belligerent nature and unwavering determination.

As believers in the theories of Georg Ritter Von Schonerer,

like Hitler before them,

Austrian Nazis advocated racial purity.

At the dawn of the 20th century, their mentor had already written,

"We will never consider a Jew to be one of us

"under the pretext that he speaks German."

In an impoverished Austria

in the full throes of an identity crisis,

these old ideas resurfaced.

(CROWD CHANTING HAIL)

1933 marked a turning point for Austrian Nazis.

In Germany, Adolf Hitler came to power.

(SINGING)

His victory, duly celebrated in Austria,

gave new impetus to the Nazi movement.

At the University of Vienna,

Nazi Brownshirts prevented Jewish students from entering.

To avoid a beating,

some of them escaped through the windows.

(INDISTINCT CHATTER)

Official events were opportunities for the Nazis to show their hostility

towards the government.

Arms raised, they defied the authorities

and sparked clashes.

REPORTER: 600 arrests were made by the police,

mainly of young Nazis

who desire union of Austria with Germany.

A fragile Austria was teetering.

It was then that a small, insignificant-looking man

was catapulted to the head of the country,

Engelbert Dollfuss.

He would prove to be implacable.

And to restore order, he brought an end to democracy.

Austria became an authoritarian corporatist state

where all opposition was repressed, inspired by Fascism, not Nazism,

because the dictator relied on the Catholic Church

and was determined to preserve his country's independence.

In July of 1933,

the National Socialist Party was banned.

Overnight, Austrian Nazis were forced underground.

No matter, they closed ranks

and showed their continuing existence with posters.

The provincial city of Linz,

on the banks of the beautiful Blue Danube,

became the epicentre of Nazi underground activity.

Hitler had spent part of his youth there

and still had a large number of admirers.

His supporters regularly gathered at the grave of Alois and Klara,

the Fuhrer's parents.

Restaurants were happy to open their doors to the movement

for their secret meetings.

It was at one of these that Ernst Kaltenbrunner

was elected as the regional head of the Austrian Nazi Party.

Having become a key informant for Berlin,

he was appointed head of the Austrian SS.

His background allowed him to infiltrate every milieu,

including the police and the army.

That way, public servants sympathetic to the cause

could warn Nazi activists of imminent planned raids and arrests.

Materials seized by the authorities

were used to prove the Nazis' terrorist intentions.

Along with Kaltenbrunner,

other figures from Austrian high society

would join the circle of initiates.

Like Arthur Seyss-Inquart, a Viennese lawyer.

And Adolf Eichmann, an accountant of German origin

and the son of an industrialist.

With their well-off backgrounds,

these three men weren't on the fringes of society,

they had embraced Nazism not out of social frustration

naivety, but because of its ideals.

(CROWD CHANTING)

At the time, almost 15,000 Austrian Nazis

exiled in Germany prepared for military action.

Financed and trained by their German counterparts,

they formed the Austrian Legion.

All of them proudly wore a cornflower on their caps,

the symbol of militants forced to go underground.

(INDISTINCT CHATTER)

Their comrades still in the homeland

would soon benefit from their logistical support

to step up their own lightning strikes.

(TENSE MUSIC)

But sabotage was only the prelude to much more dramatic action.

(INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC)

On 25 July, 1934,

a Nazi commando unit entered Vienna.

Their aim, to carry out a coup d'etat.

Having ransacked the state radio headquarters,

they turned their attention to the Chancellery.

The reign of Dollfuss came to an end.

But the attempted coup ended in failure.

As Austria mourned its chancellor, in Germany,

Hitler distanced himself from his cumbersome compatriots.

Even he judged their actions too radical.

Of course, annexing Austria to build a great Germany

was in his plans,

but the Fuhrer preferred a more discreet method.

He knew that time was on his side.

Irritated by political instability

and dismayed by an unstructured economy,

an increasing number of Austrians were ready to open their arms to him.

Four years later, on 12 February, 1938,

Dolfuss' successor Kurt Schuschnigg was summoned to Berchtesgaden.

The meeting with Hitler was far from amiable.

As his eyes scanned the border with Austria,

the Fuhrer gave him an ultimatum,

appoint a Nazi as interior minister otherwise, he would invade Austria.

An offended Schuschnigg refused,

and in an attempt to whip up a storm, he addressed parliament.

(CROWD APPLAUDS AND CHEERS)

But support for the chancellor went no further

than the doors of the Federal Assembly.

On the streets,

a large number of Hitler's compatriots had already yielded.

Under pressure from Berlin, Schuschnigg resigned.

Arthur Seyss-Inquart, a stalwart from the early days of Nazism,

was appointed chancellor.

The next day, 12 March, 1938,

German troops marched into Austria without firing a shot.

Never had an occupying army been greeted with such fervour.

The young Adolfine Jauernig wrote in her diary,

"After a brief moment of concern,

"we all realised that the Anschluss was the best solution for Austria,

"and even more, our salvation."

After his soldiers,

it was Hitler's turn to take the pulse of the Austrian population.

The first stop on his tour, Linz, the city of his youth.

(SOFT MUSIC)

Encouraged by his enthusiastic welcome,

he continued his conquest of the masses.

In Vienna, hundreds of thousands

turned out to acclaim their new Fuhrer.

They were in a hurry to become Germans.

(DISTANCT CHEERING)

On 15 March, 1938,

on the Heldenplatz, Heroes' Square

Hitler appeared before a crowd that obeyed him unconditionally.

(CROWD CHEERS)

This mission would be taken up by the majority of Austrians.

As part of the Reich,

they had finally rediscovered an identity.

And to prove it, they proudly raised their new colours.

Konrad Lorenz, a young Viennese biologist,

wrote to a German colleague,

"You have no idea of the enthusiasm that reigns here.

"I believe that we Austrians are the most fervent

"and most convinced national socialists of all."

A referendum was held amid great pomp to legalise the annexation.

All the inhabitants of the Great Reich

were invited to vote on their new unification.

With more than 99%, the yes vote won.

Austria vanished.

Now, as a simple province of the Reich,

it was given the new name of Ostmark, Eastern March.

Its public officials henceforth swore an oath to Adolf Hitler.

Overnight, they deployed the measures

that Nazi Germany had taken five years to adopt.

(CHANTING)

The priority, to reduce opponents to silence with terror.

And the first targets were social-democrats,

communists and trade unionists.

Followed by conservatives and Catholics.

As head of the Austrian SS, Ernst Kaltenbrunner led the dance.

Rewarded for his loyalty,

he rapidly became the head of all of the security agencies.

After years of underground action,

he could finally give free rein to his designs.

(YELLING)

In Vienna alone,

the Gestapo arrested 20,000 people in less than ten months.

Some of them were placed on the deportation list,

direction, the concentration camps of the Reich.

The first shipment of Austrian prisoners to Dachau near Munich,

took place just two weeks after annexation.

By August 1938,

Austrian Nazis had their own concentration camp.

Constructed in a granite quarry not far from Linz,

Mauthausen met the demands of the SS,

to eliminate undesirables through hard labour.

One camp survivor testified,

"I was in hell.

"There were those who quarried the rock,

"and those who had to carry 50-kilo blocks of it

"up 186 steps, known as the 'Stairs of Death'."

In Mauthausen, prisoners were killed by exhaustion, disease or torture.

They were also executed by firing squad, hanging or gassing.

The Austrian camp was certainly no poor second

to its German equivalents.

But Mauthausen gave life too, to the local economy.

Bakers, butchers and grocers supplied the SS mess halls,

craftsmen were called on for building work.

So people kept quiet.

One tradesman admitted,

"We knew the camp was there,

"we saw lines of prisoners crossing the village

"from the station to get there.

"But what were we to do about it?"

(CHATTERING)

As zealous pupils,

Austrians not only supported the deadly methods of the regime,

they actively took part in it.

Especially in applying the hygienist policy set by Berlin.

It aimed, quite simply,

to eliminate all those that the Nazis judged as racially impure.

Propaganda films denounced the costs of the care

given to the physically and mentally handicapped.

Disguised as euthanasia,

they were systematically murdered behind closed doors.

In Austria, the picturesque Hartheim Castle near Linz,

was turned into a so-called euthanasia centre.

Here, executioners used carbon monoxide

in the first gas chambers in history.

From doctors and nurses to cooks,

most of the personnel was local,

and they went about their work amid a spirit of open camaraderie.

Like the bus driver, Walter Miltsch, who delivered the victims.

"We drove into Hartheim through the gates.

"The buses were unloaded,

"and then we drivers could go to the cafeteria for lunch."

(CHATTERING)

Eager to please, Austrians went even further than Nazi demands.

In Vienna, the personnel of the Am Steinhof psychiatric hospital

extended racial hygiene methods to handicapped children.

They were eliminated with strong sedatives.

(CHILDREN GIGGLING)

Some of the young patients were used as guinea-pigs

in ignominious medical experiments.

On the programme

the testing of vaccines against deadly diseases.

(CHILDREN CRYING)

But it was in the treatment of the Jewish population

that Austrians really stood out.

On the day of the Anschluss itself,

anti-Semitism unleashed its ugly head,

without the slightest order from Berlin.

Writer Stefan Zweig

described the exactions endured by his community,

"They gave free rein to all desires for private revenge.

"University professors

"were made to scrub cobblestones with their bare hands.

"Pious old Jews were dragged to churches by rowdy youths

"and forced to kneel before the cross and shout 'Heil Hitler'."

But for the new masters, humiliating Jews wasn't enough.

Brownshirts, law enforcement agencies and ordinary citizens

engaged in the pillaging of their assets.

Jewellery, money, clothes, furniture,

everything for the taking.

One young Austrian woman wrote with satisfaction,

"Those who were at the top are now at the bottom."

Not even Sigmund Freud,

the father of psychoanalysis, was spared.

A gang of Nazis burst into his home,

confiscated his family's passports and emptied his safe.

His daughter Anna was arrested

by the Gestapo and interrogated throughout the night.

The family finally managed to go into exile in London

where Sigmund Freud died one year later, his heart broken.

Like him, thousands of Viennese Jews

saw their assets confiscated

and redistributed among good Austrians.

This systematic and later legalised theft

was given the name of 'Aryanization'.

Employees thus took over businesses

from their former Jewish bosses for a pittance.

(MUSIC PLAYING AND LAUGHTER)

New owners moved into their apartments.

They simply needed to redecorate.

In Vienna alone, 60,000 homes changed hands.

The irony of history is such

that Berlin would wait nine months

before following the example of Austria.

This unprecedented unleashing of violence did not go unnoticed.

The 'American Press' reported,

"The Jews of Austria are in a worse plight than German Jews."

(TRAIN WHISTLES)

Austrian fanaticism inspired Berlin.

In March of 1938, an intervention squad

was dispatched to Vienna,

led by no other than Adolf Eichmann,

another Austrian Nazi stalwart from the early days.

His task,

to rid the city of its Jewish population,

an obsession of the Fuhrer since his youth.

He wrote in 'Mein Kampf',

"I detested the conglomerate of races

"that the capital of the empire manifested.

"To me, the big city appeared as the personification of incest."

The population of the capital of former Austria was 10% Jewish,

the highest percentage in any city within the Reich.

The method established by Eichmann was forced emigration.

He set up his headquarters

in the sumptuous Palais Albert Rothschild,

yet another dispossession.

His system was both ingenious and cruel,

Jews were obliged to buy extremely expensive emigration permits.

The wealthiest among them were forced to pay for the less well-off.

And the height of cynicism,

Eichmann ordered Jewish community leaders

to collaborate with his lieutenants.

(CHATTERING)

And they followed these orders,

compared to the pillaging,

torture and murders their people were facing,

exile seemed like the lesser of two evils.

The uprooted arrived in their host countries dispossessed of everything.

The belongings they had forwarded never arrived.

Stored in Austrian warehouses,

they had already been auctioned off by the Gestapo.

The money made from the sale of their clothes, furniture and artworks

filled the coffers of the Reich.

Nazi and proud to be so,

Austria became the test-bed for the regimes anti-Jewish policies.

Eichmann's Central Agency for Jewish Emigration

would be duplicated several months later in Prague and Berlin.

(SINGING)

All levels of society adopted

the new regime's anti-Semitic policies

without raising an eyebrow.

And although there were some attempts to help the victims,

these were by individuals acting alone.

Jewish students were chased out of universities

and the teaching staff was sacked,

often with the complicity of their Austrian colleagues

who declared allegiance to their new masters.

The biologist Konrad Lorenz displayed his fervour with much enthusiasm.

He wrote,

"I will say loud and clear

"that my scientific work has always been in the service

"of national-socialist thought."

Two years later, his loyalty was rewarded

when he was appointed professor

at the highly esteemed Konigsberg University.

(CLASSICAL MUSIC PLAYS)

The cultural world was no exception.

(CLASSICAL MUSIC PLAYS)

At the prestigious Vienna Opera House,

where the Jew Gustav Mahler was once resident,

the Viennese elite now waltzed beneath the swastika.

('SYMPHONY NO. 40 IN G MINOR, K.550: I. MOLTO ALLEGRO' PLAYS)

And the loyal supporters of the Nazis rose quickly.

Like the conductor Herbert von Karajan,

who joined the Party in 1933.

A Pan-Germanist since his youth,

he denounced the jewification of the Volksoper,

the Vienna People's Opera.

(APPLAUSE)

Hermann Goring invited him to conduct the Berlin Philharmonic.

(EXPLOSIONS)

On 1 September, 1939,

Germany invaded Poland.

Hitler began toying with the idea

of establishing a reserve for Jews chased out of the Third Reich.

Once again, the task was entrusted

to Adolf Eichmann and his Vienna team.

One of his acolytes, Alois Brunner, a former Austrian Legionnaire,

organised and signed the first order

for the deportation of Jews from Ostmark.

Their destination, Nisko, a small Polish town

chosen by Eichmann as the location of the reserve.

The first deportation of Jews in history

was from Austria and not Germany.

Berlin wouldn't send its first convoys until two years later.

The student had outdone his master.

Conquest by conquest,

the Nazi regime would rely more and more

on its top Austrian officers.

Especially to rein in countries which were now under its yoke.

These faithful Nazis

were promoted to export their know-how all over the Reich.

In May of 1940, the governor of annexed Austria,

the Viennese lawyer Arthur Seyss-Inquart,

became the Reich Commissioner for the Netherlands.

(SPEAKS FOREIGN LANGUAGE)

(CHANTING)

(CHEERING AND APPLAUSE)

After collaborating with the Dutch Nazis,

Seyss-Inquart would set about

eliminating the Jewish population of Holland,

one of the largest in Western Europe.

(MAN YELLING)

(DOG BARKING AND CHILD CRYING)

In his wake, followed other Austrian officials.

Anne Frank and her family were arrested by one of them,

a Viennese police officer, Karl Silberbauer.

As for Alois Brunner, the pioneer of deportation,

he too would export his skills.

Dispatched to France to run Drancy camp near Paris,

his job was to round up Jews and deport them to Auschwitz.

(WHISTLES BLOWS)

His terrifying efficiency earned him the nickname the 'Butcher of Drancy'.

But it was in Eastern Europe

that the Austrians would truly excel in the art of killing.

Odilo Globocnik was tasked with creating the first ever death camp,

Belzec in Poland, where almost 600,000 people were murdered.

Obedient and ruthless,

Globocnik also took on the job

of emptying the Jewish ghettoes of Poland.

To gain efficiency,

he employed the methods invented by Eichmann in Vienna.

Forced into helping the SS,

Jewish community leaders once again

had to provide lists of those to be deported.

A traitorous system that forced victims

to participate in the extermination of their own kind.

In the death camps, Austrian guards also clamped down on prisoners.

The Nazi regime banked on

their knowledge of the Slavic peoples,

acquired during the days of the Austro-Hungarian Empire,

but especially on the hatred they showed

to those they considered sub-human.

At Treblinka and Sobibor,

Kommandants Imfried Eberl and Franz Stangl

respectively sent hundreds of thousands of people

to the gas chambers.

(YELLING)

At Plaszow camp, near Krakow,

another Austrian struck terror among the prisoners.

Amon Goth played a game of life or death with them.

One camp survivor recalls,

"He was capable of the worst abominations.

"Always armed with his machine gun,

"he regularly shot at prisoners

"from the roof of his quarters just for the fun of it."

On 29 May, 1942, in Prague,

an attack by the Czech resistance targeted Reinhardt Heydrich,

one of the orchestrators of the Final Solution.

A few days later, he died from his wounds.

Himmler, the great architect of the Holocaust,

chose a new right-hand man who had proved himself,

another devout Austrian, Ernst Kaltenbrunner.

In Berlin, the choice of a provincial for such a sensitive post

surprised many, but Hitler approved.

Not only did he trust his compatriot, he knew his service record.

At his second-in-command's induction ceremony, Himmler said,

"It's always good training to have worked unlawfully.

"The time when you entered into service

"was the best school of your life."

The new SS chief proved himself to be as ruthless as his predecessor.

In the Netherlands, he contested the decision

to exclude Sephardic Jews from deportation.

He wrote in a telegram,

"There is no doubting the fact

"that Sephardic Jews are also Jews from a racial viewpoint."

He made regular trips to his homeland,

and in particular to Mauthausen,

to attend gas-chamber executions organised just for him.

Kaltenbrunner had reached the peak of his career.

After Himmler,

the most powerful in Nazi repression and extermination was an Austrian.

REPORTER: Moscow, Mr Molotov waits at the airfield

to welcome the American and British delegates.

In the autumn of 1943, the Americans, British and Soviets met for talks.

As the Germans were being forced back on all fronts,

it was time to discuss the post-war European order.

The first objective,

to weaken Germany by breaking up its territory.

Paradoxically, Austria was declared

the first victim of Hitler's expansionist policy.

The massive adhesion of its population to Nazism

had not, however, escaped the Allies' attention.

Stalin and Churchill were aware

of the ferocious repression of the Austrian opposition,

and hoped that this declaration would encourage citizens to resist.

They would soon be disappointed.

Six months later, nothing had changed.

The Fuhrer's birthday was celebrated with fervour.

The British Foreign Office noted,

"The great majority of Austrians

"are not prepared to take the risk of engaging in the resistance."

(EXPLOSIONS)

On 6 June, 1944, the Allies landed in Normandy.

The fall of the Third Reich was only a matter of time.

Over the coming weeks,

German troops would retreat further and further, East and West.

Even the most loyal Nazis realised the situation was hopeless.

Save for a few irreducible men, like Alois Brunner.

The Butcher of Drancy was determined to complete his mission.

Despite the shortage of trains,

which had been requisitioned for the withdrawal of troops,

he desperately tried to organise a final convoy to the death camps.

In late July 1944,

more than 1,300 French Jews were sent to Auschwitz.

Among them, 324 children and babies

rounded up at the last minute from orphanages.

Part of the Austrian population shared this never-say-die attitude.

In February 1945, at Mauthausen,

as Austrians were enjoying the snow,

500 Soviet prisoners managed to escape from the concentration camp.

The next day, SS men swept the area

and asked locals to help them track the fugitives.

Without hesitating, the locals began a manhunt,

cynically nicknamed the 'rabbit hunt'.

One local woman remembered this macabre spectacle,

"The fugitives were shot or stabbed to death.

"It was winter, there was fresh snow and the roads were covered in blood.

"The shameful thing is, civilians took part in it."

Of the 500 Soviet escapees, only 11 survived.

Meanwhile, in Berlin,

Ernst Kaltenbrunner persisted in hunting down

all those who doubted the final victory.

Starting with his own boss, Heinrich Himmler,

who was caught red-handed committing treason.

To save his own skin, Hitler's second-in-command

had tried to negotiate a secret agreement with the British.

Denounced by his right-hand man,

Himmler was immediately stripped of his post

and party membership by the Fuhrer.

A month later, Red Army troops entered Vienna.

The waltz was once again back on the capital's streets.

At the Nuremberg trial,

only two Austrians sat among the accused.

Ernst Kaltenbrunner and Arthur Seyss-Inquart

kept a low profile,

playing the victims and denying the crimes they had committed.

They were both sentenced to death and were executed in October 1946.

(PLAYING TUNE)

As for their compatriots,

collaborators, followers and opportunists,

all hurriedly sought to cover up their far-from-glorious past.

Having been awarded the status

of first victim of Hitler's aggression,

Austria began to construct the image of a friendly,

fun and most importantly, innocent country.

Collective amnesia set in,

allowing former Nazis to developed new careers.

Goring's former protege Herbert von Karajan

continued his meteoric career.

In 1973,

the biologist Konrad Lorenz received the Nobel Prize in Medicine

for research he had begun under the Nazis.

(APPLAUSE)

In 1986, Kurt Waldheim ran in the Austrian presidential election.

As a former Secretary-General of the United Nations,

he had a proven international track record,

but his career as a German Army officer had been covered up,

when he had taken part in the murder of Yugoslav partisans

during World War II.

A detail that didn't bother voters.

Despite the scandal, Austrians voted massively for him.

A victory made possible by the myth

of Austria being a victim of Nazism.

No wonder the country decided not to refute it.

It wasn't until 1993

that an Austrian chancellor made a first official visit to Israel.

The reason Franz Vranitzky

was received with full honours by Yitzhak Rabbin,

was due to a speech he had given in parliament two years earlier.

(APPLAUSE)

Belated but necessary apologies after half a century of denial.

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