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The most powerful man in America.
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Hoover had more power than any president
of the United States.
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The secret persecution of an iconic
civil rights leader.
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What Dr.
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King gave to people was hope and
inspiration.
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Just how far did J. Edgar Hoover and the
FBI go to silence Martin Luther King
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Jr.? Hoover says, I want a document so
explosive that it will destroy Martin
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Luther King.
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In 1968, the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther
King Jr.
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was brutally murdered in Memphis,
Tennessee.
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But in the years leading up to that dark
day,
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Dr. King was also the target of a secret
and coordinated government plot to
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assassinate his character.
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Why did the FBI conduct a vicious
campaign to destroy King's reputation,
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his most intimate secrets, and possibly
try to persuade him to take his own
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life?
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Perhaps the answers to these questions
can be found in America's book of
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secrets.
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Summer 2020
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In response to multiple incidents of
police brutality against African
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a wave of political protest sweeps
across the United
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States.
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Millions of Americans take to the
streets and march in a call for racial
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justice.
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When you see an atrocity, it makes you
sick to your
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stomach.
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It makes you think, are we not growing
at all?
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The sobering images of civil unrest from
the summer of 2020 bear a striking
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resemblance to some that took place more
than half a century earlier.
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In the 1950s, many of the southern
states had what were known as Jim Crow
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State and local statutes.
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that legalized racial segregation in
both public facilities and
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It's right in your face.
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Colored toilet, white toilet. Colored
fountain for drinking, white fountain
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drinking. Jim Crow is like one little
small step removed from slavery.
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It's this inhumane treatment of fellow
citizens.
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Literally anyone who had a different
color skin, anyone who was white,
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especially in the South, could order
anyone to do whatever.
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But in 1954, the U .S. Supreme Court
ruled that racial segregation of public
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schools was unconstitutional.
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It was in this charged environment that
a 25 -year -old Martin Luther King Jr.
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accepted the position of pastor.
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at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in
Montgomery, Alabama.
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Martin Luther King was a person that, at
the beginning of his journey, I don't
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believe it was his ambition at all to be
the leader of the civil rights
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movement.
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Martin Luther King just wanted to have
that little church and teach at a
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university.
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Fate overtook him.
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He's a young man.
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He's not that known yet. It was like he
was chosen.
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It was almost like a script out of
Hollywood. This is the right guy for the
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right time. Just like Rosa Parks was the
right person for what she did.
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On December 1st, 1955,
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Rosa Parks was arrested for defying the
segregation rules of the bus system in
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Montgomery, Alabama.
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By law.
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blacks were only allowed to sit in the
back of the bus.
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I had taken a seat on the bus. The
driver demanded that I give this seat up
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a white man.
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I said no, and I wouldn't give it up.
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Negro citizens decided not to ride the
buses until these conditions were
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changed. They asked me to serve as a
spokesman and the president of the
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Montgomery Improvement Association, and
from this time...
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I found myself in a leadership position
in the civil rights struggle.
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The black citizens of Montgomery
demonstrated their resolve by walking
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organizing carpools instead of riding
the bus.
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Bus ridership plummeted, and the
economic impact was felt immediately.
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Up until that point, white America did
not even appreciate the clout of the
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spending power of the black dollar
because it was just taken for granted.
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When Dr.
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King said, okay, well, we're going to
boycott.
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You're not going to let us sit anywhere
we want to on the bus? Then we won't
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ride the bus.
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The Montgomery bus boycott lasted 372
days.
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In that time...
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Dr. King and several of his colleagues
were arrested and charged with
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conspiracy.
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But in the end, the U .S. Supreme Court
ruled that the Alabama and Montgomery
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laws that segregated white and black bus
passengers were unconstitutional.
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When the bus boycott ended, it was the
first really tangible achievement.
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of the post -World War II civil rights
emergence in the Deep South.
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King became a public figure nationally,
in the press, speaking all over the
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country. We are still insisting
emphatically that violence is self
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Becoming the face of the civil rights
movement made King a target, not only
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white supremacists,
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but also for the FBI.
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The FBI collected public intelligence
information on pretty much any
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form of civic activism, and so the
Federal Bureau of Investigation paid
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amount of attention to the boycott as it
was taking place.
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The FBI's resident agent in Montgomery
spoke regularly with one of the pastors
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who was participating in the boycott.
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The FBI was run by J. Edgar Hoover, who
had served as the Bureau's director
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since 1924.
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After three decades, he was arguably the
most powerful man in America.
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Hoover had more power in those days than
any president of the United States.
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Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy.
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There have always been two FBIs.
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One enforces federal law. The other is
an intelligence service that spies on
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people and secretly collects
intelligence and information.
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J. Edgar Hoover was far more concerned
with running the FBI as an intelligence
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agency. Hoover believed all his life
that communism was the greatest threat
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this country, by far. It was the
boogeyman during that time. Anything
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with communism was just the inner.
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Now, the American Communist Party did
make a major effort to attract black
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support, to propound an agenda of black
equality.
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And it's not surprising that the FBI, as
a domestic intelligence agency, was
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concerned about the degree of black
support for American communism.
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By the early 1960s, J. Edgar Hoover was
shifting his anti -communism
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surveillance to the Reverend Dr. Martin
Luther King Jr.
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But could Dr. King really be tied to the
Communist Party?
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The mere suspicion would drive Hoover
into an obsessive crusade against
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America's leading civil rights activist,
one ultimately designed to destroy him.
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October 1962.
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The United States discovers that the
Soviet Union has installed nuclear
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on the island nation of Cuba, just 90
miles from Florida's southern coast.
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The world's two top superpowers would
soon be on the brink of World War III.
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It shall be the policy of this nation to
regard any nuclear missile launched
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from Cuba against any nation in the
Western Hemisphere as an attack by the
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Soviet Union on the United States.
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requiring a full retaliatory response
upon the Soviet Union.
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In the wake of this near catastrophe,
many Americans fear the threat of
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communism more than ever before.
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FBI Director J. Edgar Hoop vows to
uncover any communist agents operating
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United States, including those he
believes have infiltrated the civil
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movement.
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J. Edgar Hoover saw the civil rights
movement as a subversive movement, and
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was linked inextricably in his mind with
communism.
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Both were an attack on the power
structure of white America.
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In 1962, FBI informants revealed that a
known communist sympathizer was now
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an important part of Martin Luther
King's organization.
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That communist sympathizer...
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was Stanley Levison, a wealthy
businessman, financier, lawyer, and a
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friend of Dr. King.
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But Levison had also once had extremely
close ties to the Communist Party USA.
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Stanley Levison, who became very close
to Dr. King in 1957, 58, 59,
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had a few years earlier been a subject
of great interest on the part of the
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because the FBI understood that he was
one of the most important secret figures
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in the financial workings of the
American Communist Party.
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J. Edgar Hoover discovers that there is
an ex -communist, and Hoover doesn't
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believe that he's an ex -communist.
Close to Martin Luther King, that's it.
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starting in 1962, he goes after Martin
Luther King, hammer and tong.
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Hoover convinced President John F.
Kennedy and his brother, Attorney
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Robert F. Kennedy, to authorize a
warrant to wiretap Levison's phones.
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From early 1962 into early 1963, the
FBI's
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full -scale electronic surveillance of
Levison produces no evidence whatsoever.
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that Levison is manipulating Dr.
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King in any way for subversive communist
purposes.
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But the federal government's stark fears
about Stanley Levison's influence on
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Martin Luther King Jr.
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were not simply on the part of the FBI.
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John F. Kennedy's White House completely
shared the FBI's concern.
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For President Kennedy.
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Even the suggestion that Dr. King was
being influenced by communists was
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politically dangerous, particularly
since tensions surrounding the civil
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movement were once again on the rise.
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During the spring of 1963, civil rights
leaders staged a series of dramatic and
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influential anti -segregation
demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama.
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Television made a big difference.
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Dr. King embarrassed.
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This country before the world.
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It was brilliant to have protests where
you have young children out protesting
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and demonstrating and then to show just
how devious this country could be.
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To stick dogs on them.
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To put high -pressure water hoses on
them.
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And the rest of the world looked at that
and said, You're trying to inform us on
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how to be civilized, and look what
you're doing to your own citizens.
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Television brought the Birmingham
protests into living rooms across
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shocking the nation and prompting
President Kennedy to give a national
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on June 11, 1963.
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We just say to the world,
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And much more importantly to each other,
that this is a land of the free, except
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for the Negroes, that we have no second
-class citizens, except Negroes, that we
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have no class or caste system, no
ghettos, no master race, except with
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respect to Negroes.
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Now the time has come for this nation to
fulfill its promise.
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Eleven days after President Kennedy's
address, Dr. King and other civil rights
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leaders were invited to the White House,
where Kennedy gave King a stern warning
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to cut all ties with the suspected
communist, Levison.
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Now, when Levison learns from Dr.
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King about this personal warning from
the president, Levison tells King, we
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have to separate. But King is unwilling
to completely sever the friendship with
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Levison.
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King devised a way to secretly
communicate with his friend Levison
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third party, a mutual colleague and
attorney named Clarence Jones.
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That way, the phone records of both King
and Levison would show no calls placed
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directly between them.
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King and Levison believe they can get
away with this mechanism of each talking
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to Jones and not talking directly to
each other.
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But the FBI, listening in on Levison,
knows exactly what's transpiring.
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Because of King's deception, the FBI
obtained a warrant to tap Clarence
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telephone, which yielded a surprise
bombshell.
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In early August of 1963,
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Martin Luther King Jr.
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preparing for the March on Washington,
goes to stay at Attorney Jones's home in
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suburban New York, where the Bureau has
its telephone wiretaps already
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installed. And as a result, the FBI for
the first time learns over those
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wiretapped telephone lines that Dr.
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King is carrying on extramarital
relationships and King's...
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00:16:05,120 --> 00:16:09,820
Extramarital affairs are now of prime
interest to the FBI.
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Hoover was a little thrown off because
he was thinking he was going to find
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communism, and what he found was sex.
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00:16:23,420 --> 00:16:29,460
While the FBI was poring over reports of
Dr. King's alleged infidelities, the
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leader of the civil rights movement was
busy orchestrating a watershed moment
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for racial justice.
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On August 28, 1963,
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King gave a speech in front of an
estimated 250 ,000 people who had
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the historic March on Washington.
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The March on Washington is one of those
rare moments in history
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that become iconic and then live on
forever.
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still strikes a chord.
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King's famous I Have a Dream speech went
on to be regarded as one of the most
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respected and esteemed speeches. But at
the FBI that day, when they heard Martin
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00:17:14,940 --> 00:17:21,260
Luther King's speech, they regarded it
as the speech of a demagogue and decided
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00:17:21,260 --> 00:17:27,319
we've got to bring him down. That day,
they started a different kind of
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strategy, something to destroy him.
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J. Edgar Hoover's plot against Dr. King
was now set in motion.
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In the coming weeks and months, his FBI
would conduct unprecedented surveillance
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in direct violation of the civil rights
of America's leading civil rights
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activists.
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00:17:46,120 --> 00:17:50,640
But would their shocking discoveries
help or harm their mission?
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Dallas, Texas.
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November 22, 1963,
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12 .30 p .m.
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While riding in a motorcade through
Dealey Plaza,
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President
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John F. Kennedy is assassinated.
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00:18:20,900 --> 00:18:26,520
Two hours and eight minutes later,
Lyndon Baines Johnson is sworn in as the
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President of the United States.
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On Johnson's third day in office, with
the country still reeling from Kennedy's
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assassination, the president made time
for a telephone conversation with Martin
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Luther King Jr.
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00:18:42,110 --> 00:18:48,050
I think one of the great tributes that
we can pay in memory of President
234
00:18:48,050 --> 00:18:54,270
is to try to enact some of the great
progressive policies that he sought to
235
00:18:54,270 --> 00:18:55,270
initiate.
236
00:18:55,550 --> 00:18:58,810
Well, I'm going to support them all, and
you can count on that, and I'm going to
237
00:18:58,810 --> 00:19:02,390
do my best to get other men to do
likewise, and I'll have to have y 'all's
238
00:19:02,550 --> 00:19:04,350
I never needed more than I do now.
239
00:19:04,610 --> 00:19:08,470
Well, you know you have it, and just
feel free to call on us for anything.
240
00:19:08,710 --> 00:19:10,010
Thank you so much, Martin.
241
00:19:12,970 --> 00:19:17,590
At the time of the call, King's home and
office phones were wiretapped.
242
00:19:17,990 --> 00:19:24,090
At the demand of FBI Director J. Edgar
Hoover, and with the knowledge... Of the
243
00:19:24,090 --> 00:19:30,010
newly sworn in president, Lyndon Johnson
is fully informed about the FBI's
244
00:19:30,010 --> 00:19:31,530
pursuit of Dr. King.
245
00:19:31,850 --> 00:19:38,410
He knew what the FBI had and that the
FBI was doing this.
246
00:19:39,110 --> 00:19:44,210
Daniel Hoover shared all the dirt he had
on Dr. King with Lyndon Johnson. And
247
00:19:44,210 --> 00:19:49,210
LBJ had a full appreciation of the
powers that Hoover wielded.
248
00:19:50,910 --> 00:19:56,470
Exactly one month and a day after the
assassination of John F. Kennedy, there
249
00:19:56,470 --> 00:19:58,410
was a meeting at FBI headquarters.
250
00:19:59,250 --> 00:20:06,230
They met December the 23rd of 1963, a
meeting called by Hoover, and the
251
00:20:06,230 --> 00:20:09,150
topic was the neutralization of Martin
Luther King.
252
00:20:10,150 --> 00:20:14,710
It was going to be a concerted effort to
get the goods on him such that they
253
00:20:14,710 --> 00:20:18,890
could try to destroy his followers'
confidence in the man.
254
00:20:20,110 --> 00:20:26,270
The FBI's motive by that time was to
further surveil King's private life,
255
00:20:26,270 --> 00:20:28,670
they did not share with Attorney General
Kennedy.
256
00:20:29,170 --> 00:20:34,470
So the FBI's pursuit of King went off
the rails in 1963.
257
00:20:35,550 --> 00:20:40,490
William Sullivan was Hoover's
intelligence chief. And when Hoover went
258
00:20:40,490 --> 00:20:44,670
Martin Luther King, Sullivan was the
point man for this attack.
259
00:20:45,970 --> 00:20:51,570
Phones were tapped in his home, in his
office, in his hotel room.
260
00:20:51,770 --> 00:20:54,230
Bugs were placed in all of those places.
261
00:20:55,350 --> 00:20:57,570
Informers were following him.
262
00:20:57,830 --> 00:21:00,150
Really, it was a blanket surveillance.
263
00:21:00,590 --> 00:21:02,750
I doubt that anything was missed.
264
00:21:03,710 --> 00:21:08,910
There was an invitation sent out by
London Johnson to Dr. King to come to
265
00:21:08,910 --> 00:21:10,150
Washington for talks.
266
00:21:10,370 --> 00:21:13,790
And so he came to Washington, and he
stayed at the Willard Hotel.
267
00:21:14,350 --> 00:21:19,290
And the FBI used that to get him to come
there so that they could do more
268
00:21:19,290 --> 00:21:25,690
tapings. The FBI put bugs in all the
rooms that were allocated to Dr. King
269
00:21:25,690 --> 00:21:26,690
his entourage.
270
00:21:28,050 --> 00:21:33,810
For the next 18 months, wherever King
traveled, the FBI was watching and
271
00:21:33,810 --> 00:21:39,170
listening. And Hoover made it a point to
personally listen to every tape his men
272
00:21:39,170 --> 00:21:40,170
made of King.
273
00:21:41,290 --> 00:21:45,510
But while the FBI director may have seen
Martin Luther King Jr. as a threat,
274
00:21:45,730 --> 00:21:51,290
much of the country saw an inspiring
hero who was courageously fighting for
275
00:21:51,290 --> 00:21:55,230
civil rights and achieving real progress
towards racial equality.
276
00:21:56,190 --> 00:22:03,070
My fellow Americans, I am about to sign
into law the Civil Rights Act
277
00:22:03,070 --> 00:22:04,070
of 1964.
278
00:22:05,530 --> 00:22:09,010
Let us close the springs of racial
poison.
279
00:22:10,350 --> 00:22:14,110
Let us pray for wise and understanding
hearts.
280
00:22:15,710 --> 00:22:19,190
Let us lay aside irrelevant differences.
281
00:22:20,290 --> 00:22:22,670
On July 2nd, 1964,
282
00:22:23,430 --> 00:22:28,090
President Johnson honored Dr. King by
handing him the pen used to sign the
283
00:22:28,090 --> 00:22:33,370
Rights Act, which overturned racial
segregation laws, prohibited
284
00:22:33,370 --> 00:22:36,690
in public places, outlawed employment
discrimination.
285
00:22:37,500 --> 00:22:39,920
and mandated the integration of public
schools.
286
00:22:41,980 --> 00:22:46,440
King later called the pen one of his
most cherished possessions.
287
00:22:49,480 --> 00:22:55,220
That triumph further elevated Martin
Luther King's international
288
00:22:55,220 --> 00:23:02,080
stature as the premier spokesperson for
black
289
00:23:02,080 --> 00:23:05,440
America and racial equality in the
United States.
290
00:23:06,220 --> 00:23:12,120
So at the same time, they're garnering
all of this recorded evidence of King's
291
00:23:12,120 --> 00:23:17,920
sexual doings. And so the FBI, both
Hoover and Bill Sullivan, are privately
292
00:23:17,920 --> 00:23:21,420
stewing at this incongruity.
293
00:23:24,140 --> 00:23:29,840
Undeterred, Hoover instructed the FBI to
send salacious stories of King's sexual
294
00:23:29,840 --> 00:23:31,560
conduct to the press.
295
00:23:32,440 --> 00:23:39,000
Throughout the 1960s, American
journalism simply did not report what it
296
00:23:39,000 --> 00:23:44,800
about the private behavior of American
public figures. That was true of
297
00:23:44,800 --> 00:23:50,300
President Kennedy, as well as Martin
Luther King. And so Hoover clearly
298
00:23:50,300 --> 00:23:55,940
that Sullivan's intelligence division
has failed in taking Dr.
299
00:23:56,220 --> 00:23:57,220
King down.
300
00:23:59,360 --> 00:24:03,940
Although the FBI was unsuccessful in
their plot to destroy Dr. King's
301
00:24:03,940 --> 00:24:08,760
using the press, they were by no means
ready to end J. Edgar Hoover's obsessive
302
00:24:08,760 --> 00:24:09,760
vendetta.
303
00:24:09,940 --> 00:24:15,440
They would now issue a new weapon, one
designed to actually provoke Martin
304
00:24:15,440 --> 00:24:17,400
Luther King to do their bidding for
them.
305
00:24:22,220 --> 00:24:23,860
November 1964
306
00:24:25,320 --> 00:24:28,480
After their earlier efforts to discredit
Martin Luther King Jr.
307
00:24:28,720 --> 00:24:33,160
are unsuccessful, the FBI prepares to
send Dr. King an anonymous package
308
00:24:33,160 --> 00:24:39,200
containing a document that will come to
be known as the Poison Pen Letter.
309
00:24:40,120 --> 00:24:46,540
FBI Intelligence Chief Bill Sullivan
himself takes some plain,
310
00:24:46,760 --> 00:24:52,900
unmarked paper and, pretending to be an
American Negro,
311
00:24:53,960 --> 00:24:59,020
types out an anonymous threatening
letter addressed simply King.
312
00:24:59,540 --> 00:25:05,140
The letter began by calling Dr. King a
fraud and warned that the demise of his
313
00:25:05,140 --> 00:25:08,100
reputation among the public was fast
approaching.
314
00:25:08,720 --> 00:25:14,240
The package also contained an audio
tape, a compilation of FBI surveillance
315
00:25:14,240 --> 00:25:18,340
allegedly of King engaging in multiple
extramarital affairs.
316
00:25:19,140 --> 00:25:24,650
The document's ominous closing,
according to some scholars, suggested
317
00:25:24,870 --> 00:25:31,470
King was given a deadline of 34 days to
take his own life or suffer the
318
00:25:31,470 --> 00:25:33,990
humiliation of the tape's release.
319
00:25:35,670 --> 00:25:42,250
The interpretation of this by the people
that investigated the FBI later
320
00:25:42,250 --> 00:25:46,690
and by just about everybody who has gone
through these records believes that
321
00:25:46,690 --> 00:25:48,690
they intended for him to commit suicide.
322
00:25:50,890 --> 00:25:56,530
The FBI sent the package anonymously to
Dr. King on November 21st, 1964.
323
00:25:57,790 --> 00:26:02,690
But it went unopened for over a month
because King was in Oslo, Norway,
324
00:26:02,930 --> 00:26:05,170
accepting the Nobel Prize.
325
00:26:05,990 --> 00:26:11,610
The first person to eventually open
Sullivan's threatening package long
326
00:26:11,610 --> 00:26:13,290
Christmas is Mrs. King.
327
00:26:14,410 --> 00:26:18,690
King and his associates, when they
listen to the tape after reading the
328
00:26:18,690 --> 00:26:23,690
threatening letter, have no doubt
whatsoever that this is from the FBI.
329
00:26:24,570 --> 00:26:28,770
King goes into a very deep depression.
330
00:26:29,050 --> 00:26:35,610
And of course, the FBI, which is still
wiretapping his phones, knows about the
331
00:26:35,610 --> 00:26:39,510
discovery of the package and the
emotional impact it has on King.
332
00:26:40,150 --> 00:26:43,170
If the FBI believed in early 1965,
333
00:26:44,170 --> 00:26:46,090
that their threat would intimidate Dr.
334
00:26:46,290 --> 00:26:49,410
King, they would soon find that they
were mistaken.
335
00:26:50,430 --> 00:26:55,490
In March of that year, he helped lead
the civil rights movement's most iconic
336
00:26:55,490 --> 00:26:58,370
demonstration in Selma, Alabama.
337
00:26:59,190 --> 00:27:03,730
King and other leaders organized a
series of marches to demand greater
338
00:27:03,730 --> 00:27:06,190
protection for the rights of black
citizens to vote.
339
00:27:07,330 --> 00:27:10,590
Thousands marched from Selma to the
state capital of Montgomery.
340
00:27:11,660 --> 00:27:15,540
The first march became known as Bloody
Sunday.
341
00:27:18,720 --> 00:27:24,020
After a white mob and state police
attacked unarmed demonstrators.
342
00:27:30,460 --> 00:27:36,240
Five months later, King and his
colleagues' strategy of nonviolent
343
00:27:36,240 --> 00:27:41,100
off. when President Lyndon Johnson
signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
344
00:27:42,360 --> 00:27:47,700
When President Johnson stood to present
Dr. King with another ceremonial pen, he
345
00:27:47,700 --> 00:27:52,680
did so with a full knowledge of the
compromising information the FBI had
346
00:27:52,680 --> 00:27:54,800
gathered on him over the previous 18
months.
347
00:27:55,320 --> 00:28:02,100
Across 1965 -1966, the FBI tires of its
348
00:28:02,100 --> 00:28:03,500
obsession with Dr.
349
00:28:03,740 --> 00:28:04,960
King's private life.
350
00:28:05,770 --> 00:28:12,130
In the spring of 1965, King and his
family moved from one home to another,
351
00:28:12,310 --> 00:28:19,150
and at that time the FBI decided not to
reinstall its wiretap on
352
00:28:19,150 --> 00:28:20,530
King's home telephone.
353
00:28:21,010 --> 00:28:25,670
It seemed that Hoover and the FBI's
efforts to neutralize Dr. King were a
354
00:28:25,670 --> 00:28:28,890
failure, and their investigation
stalled.
355
00:28:30,430 --> 00:28:32,530
But nearly two years later...
356
00:28:32,830 --> 00:28:37,070
King made a public statement that put
him at odds with President Johnson and
357
00:28:37,070 --> 00:28:38,890
him back under FBI scrutiny.
358
00:28:40,470 --> 00:28:46,650
King's stance on the Vietnam War was
that it's a war that we had no business
359
00:28:46,650 --> 00:28:47,650
being in.
360
00:28:47,890 --> 00:28:52,390
But he went further than that. He went
on to say that the United States of
361
00:28:52,390 --> 00:28:59,070
America perpetrated violence throughout
the world more than any other entity.
362
00:28:59,370 --> 00:29:01,970
He castigated the United States.
363
00:29:02,620 --> 00:29:06,180
He mentioned the North Koreans and the
Viet Cong and all that. He didn't
364
00:29:06,180 --> 00:29:10,020
in passing, but he laid into the United
States.
365
00:29:10,680 --> 00:29:14,060
Lyndon Johnson now views Martin Luther
King Jr.
366
00:29:14,340 --> 00:29:18,680
as a political enemy and no longer a
political colleague.
367
00:29:19,600 --> 00:29:26,300
This change gives the FBI a brand new
opportunity to insinuate itself
368
00:29:26,300 --> 00:29:29,520
with Lyndon Johnson and his top aides.
369
00:29:29,760 --> 00:29:36,720
And so the FBI begins a new theme in its
reporting on King to
370
00:29:36,720 --> 00:29:42,400
the White House, that King's comments
about Vietnam are the Communist Party
371
00:29:42,400 --> 00:29:43,400
line.
372
00:29:44,200 --> 00:29:48,520
The FBI's new attack against King can be
heard in a telephone call.
373
00:29:48,910 --> 00:29:51,230
between J. Edgar Hoover and President
Johnson.
374
00:29:52,050 --> 00:29:58,290
The call took place just two days after
the 1967 Detroit riot, when long
375
00:29:58,290 --> 00:30:02,250
-simmering tensions between the black
community and police were ignited by the
376
00:30:02,250 --> 00:30:03,770
raid of an unlicensed bar.
377
00:30:06,190 --> 00:30:10,350
I just got word that Martin Luther King
will give a press conference at 11 o
378
00:30:10,350 --> 00:30:11,730
'clock this morning in Atlanta.
379
00:30:12,400 --> 00:30:16,480
King said that the worst has not yet
happened in this country in such places
380
00:30:16,480 --> 00:30:18,720
Cleveland, Oakland, and Philadelphia.
381
00:30:19,380 --> 00:30:24,340
King referred specifically to Chicago
and said they don't plan to burn down
382
00:30:24,340 --> 00:30:26,400
west side. They are planning to get the
loop.
383
00:30:27,560 --> 00:30:32,660
With the threat of nationwide civil
unrest erupting in American cities and
384
00:30:32,660 --> 00:30:37,580
suspicion that Dr. King would
uncharacteristically embrace violence,
385
00:30:37,580 --> 00:30:40,280
broke out a secret tool in the FBI's
arsenal.
386
00:30:40,970 --> 00:30:45,590
It was a counterintelligence program
known as COINTELPRO.
387
00:30:46,530 --> 00:30:51,850
COINTELPRO was political warfare, and it
aimed to destroy organizations, not
388
00:30:51,850 --> 00:30:55,850
simply individuals, but organizations
that J. Edgar Hoover thought were a
389
00:30:55,850 --> 00:30:56,850
to the United States.
390
00:30:57,670 --> 00:31:03,930
COINTELPRO involved FBI agents being
required to give false testimony to
391
00:31:03,930 --> 00:31:05,770
innocent people to prison.
392
00:31:06,250 --> 00:31:12,570
It was a wide -ranging, extremely
damaging program, totally secret.
393
00:31:13,390 --> 00:31:15,910
On August 25, 1967,
394
00:31:16,690 --> 00:31:21,870
J. Edgar Hoover himself issued a
COINTELPRO memo targeting black
395
00:31:21,870 --> 00:31:25,230
groups and prominent activists,
including Dr.
396
00:31:25,450 --> 00:31:31,030
King. Hoover's memo warned of King
becoming a messiah figure who could
397
00:31:31,030 --> 00:31:34,230
black militant movement against the
United States government.
398
00:31:36,270 --> 00:31:41,670
For more than a decade, the FBI had
failed to eliminate the perceived threat
399
00:31:41,670 --> 00:31:42,670
Martin Luther King Jr.
400
00:31:43,010 --> 00:31:48,370
In fact, he was now more popular than
ever and continued to make unprecedented
401
00:31:48,370 --> 00:31:50,210
gains for civil rights in America.
402
00:31:50,990 --> 00:31:56,050
But what happened next would finally
bring J. Edgar Hoover's war against Dr.
403
00:31:56,210 --> 00:31:57,950
King to an end.
404
00:32:01,730 --> 00:32:04,950
The Lorraine Motel, Memphis, Tennessee.
405
00:32:05,480 --> 00:32:06,480
2021.
406
00:32:07,280 --> 00:32:12,680
This historic motel is part of the
National Civil Rights Museum and has
407
00:32:12,680 --> 00:32:15,900
preserved to look almost exactly as it
did in 1968.
408
00:32:17,500 --> 00:32:23,020
At that time, it was one of the few
hotels in Memphis that would accept
409
00:32:23,020 --> 00:32:29,820
guests. Dr. King stayed here at the
Lurie Motel in April 3rd and 4th, 1968.
410
00:32:30,620 --> 00:32:34,600
He had come to support the Memphis
sanitation workers who were striking.
411
00:32:36,140 --> 00:32:41,220
He came with the distinct intention of
conducting a peaceful march through
412
00:32:41,220 --> 00:32:42,220
downtown Memphis.
413
00:32:44,640 --> 00:32:49,320
On April 4, 1968, Dr. King was really
just relaxing.
414
00:32:50,360 --> 00:32:55,520
He had a catfish lunch with his brother.
They called his mother, and he was in a
415
00:32:55,520 --> 00:32:56,720
very good mood.
416
00:32:57,080 --> 00:33:01,560
He was scheduled to go to the home of
Reverend Billy Kyle that evening.
417
00:33:01,950 --> 00:33:06,390
And he's out leaning across the balcony
talking to friends who are down below in
418
00:33:06,390 --> 00:33:07,069
the courtyard.
419
00:33:07,070 --> 00:33:12,210
He turned back to go into his room, and
that's when the fatal shot rang out at 6
420
00:33:12,210 --> 00:33:13,470
.01 p .m.
421
00:33:17,230 --> 00:33:23,930
A bullet fired from a .30 -06 Remington
rifle struck King in the right
422
00:33:23,930 --> 00:33:26,670
cheek, fatally wounding him.
423
00:33:27,639 --> 00:33:31,460
Reverend Ralph Abernathy was sharing a
room with Dr. King. He runs out to his
424
00:33:31,460 --> 00:33:32,460
friend's aid.
425
00:33:32,780 --> 00:33:39,240
His body is picked up here by the
ambulance, and at 7 .05, he is
426
00:33:39,240 --> 00:33:41,960
at St. Joseph's Hospital here in
Memphis, Tennessee.
427
00:33:44,360 --> 00:33:45,720
In response to Dr.
428
00:33:45,920 --> 00:33:50,820
King's assassination, more than 100
cities burned with the violent rage that
429
00:33:50,820 --> 00:33:52,600
had spent his career trying to prevent.
430
00:33:53,900 --> 00:33:57,240
The country also burned with two urgent
questions.
431
00:33:58,220 --> 00:33:59,680
Who killed Dr.
432
00:33:59,880 --> 00:34:01,200
King and why?
433
00:34:04,540 --> 00:34:08,699
Investigators at the Lorraine Motel
zeroed in on a boarding house across the
434
00:34:08,699 --> 00:34:12,820
street as the location from which the
assassin fired the fatal shot.
435
00:34:13,659 --> 00:34:19,159
Where we think the shot came from is
located just 207 feet this way. And
436
00:34:19,159 --> 00:34:23,540
a small window on the second floor
that's a little bit cracked.
437
00:34:24,380 --> 00:34:27,239
And that's where we think the shot came
from.
438
00:34:31,420 --> 00:34:35,960
Witnesses described seeing a man fleeing
from the boarding house shortly after
439
00:34:35,960 --> 00:34:37,219
Dr. King was shot.
440
00:34:37,820 --> 00:34:43,380
So there was a bundle that was left
outside the door on Main Street where
441
00:34:43,380 --> 00:34:47,560
boarding house was located. That
contained some of the evidence
442
00:34:47,560 --> 00:34:48,560
the assassination.
443
00:34:49,020 --> 00:34:54,440
The bundle contained binoculars and the
Remington hunting rifle, both of which
444
00:34:54,440 --> 00:34:58,520
had fingerprints belonging to an escaped
convict named James Earl Ray.
445
00:34:59,860 --> 00:35:04,880
The clerk at the boarding house
confirmed that Ray, who had used an
446
00:35:04,880 --> 00:35:05,880
been a guest.
447
00:35:06,190 --> 00:35:10,930
But in the aftermath of King's murder,
Ray simply vanished.
448
00:35:11,350 --> 00:35:18,290
James Earl Ray, despite having no
apparent means of support, managed to
449
00:35:18,290 --> 00:35:25,210
himself on a bus to Toronto, Canada,
across the border with a phony passport
450
00:35:25,210 --> 00:35:31,850
and book a plane to London, thus eluding
what was said to be the biggest FBI
451
00:35:31,850 --> 00:35:33,710
manhunt ever mounted.
452
00:35:34,700 --> 00:35:38,900
The circumstances of his escape have
raised eyebrows over the years.
453
00:35:39,580 --> 00:35:43,980
How does a basically illiterate escaped
convict get a phony passport?
454
00:35:45,540 --> 00:35:46,560
We don't know.
455
00:35:48,000 --> 00:35:49,220
And we'll never know.
456
00:35:51,100 --> 00:35:57,560
James Earl Ray was arrested in London,
England on June 8, 1968, just over two
457
00:35:57,560 --> 00:35:58,980
months after King's assassination.
458
00:36:00,260 --> 00:36:02,800
Ray confessed on March 10, 1969.
459
00:36:03,840 --> 00:36:05,740
but recanted three days later.
460
00:36:06,380 --> 00:36:12,000
Ultimately, James Earl Ray was found
guilty of Dr. King's murder and
461
00:36:12,000 --> 00:36:13,860
to 99 years in prison.
462
00:36:14,760 --> 00:36:18,160
He died in prison in 1998.
463
00:36:18,680 --> 00:36:24,520
There is no question whatsoever that
James Earl Ray was the gunman who
464
00:36:24,520 --> 00:36:26,240
assassinated Martin Luther King Jr.
465
00:36:26,660 --> 00:36:32,480
Now, who else may have encouraged Ray,
assisted Ray?
466
00:36:32,880 --> 00:36:38,140
led Ray to believe that there would be a
financial reward for him if he pulled
467
00:36:38,140 --> 00:36:43,540
this off, that remains an open and
unanswerable question.
468
00:36:45,560 --> 00:36:50,680
Although questions remain about the
truth behind that dark day in Memphis,
469
00:36:50,680 --> 00:36:56,020
a few years later, an event occurred
that would shine a light on the FBI, not
470
00:36:56,020 --> 00:36:58,220
only exposing the inner workings of the
Bureau,
471
00:36:58,920 --> 00:37:01,680
but also its illegal activities against
Dr.
472
00:37:01,940 --> 00:37:02,940
Martin Luther King.
473
00:37:07,080 --> 00:37:08,280
Media, Pennsylvania.
474
00:37:09,240 --> 00:37:11,300
March 8, 1971.
475
00:37:13,060 --> 00:37:18,240
After months of planning, political
activists used the highly publicized
476
00:37:18,240 --> 00:37:24,560
Muhammad Ali -Joe Frazier fight to
distract from the noise of a break -in
477
00:37:24,560 --> 00:37:26,000
would change history.
478
00:37:26,880 --> 00:37:33,740
That's when a group of eight people
broke into the FBI office, a small
479
00:37:33,740 --> 00:37:39,340
in a suburb southwest of Philadelphia,
and they stole everything in the office,
480
00:37:39,440 --> 00:37:40,620
every piece of paper.
481
00:37:40,900 --> 00:37:45,500
They are a group of people who called
themselves the Citizens Commission to
482
00:37:45,500 --> 00:37:46,720
investigate the FBI.
483
00:37:47,060 --> 00:37:53,400
Well, everything changed for Hoover and
the FBI the night of March 8, 1971.
484
00:37:55,470 --> 00:37:59,450
After reading through the files, some of
which are marked with the cryptic label
485
00:37:59,450 --> 00:38:04,830
COINTELPRO, the burglars leaked the
damaging information to the press.
486
00:38:07,210 --> 00:38:10,330
Hoover was described as being
apoplectic.
487
00:38:10,910 --> 00:38:16,230
In all of his years, no one had ever
appeared to secrecy. There had been no
488
00:38:16,230 --> 00:38:17,290
congressional investigations.
489
00:38:17,670 --> 00:38:19,510
There was no official oversight.
490
00:38:20,810 --> 00:38:23,430
And so the newspapers started
immediately.
491
00:38:24,460 --> 00:38:30,660
calling for an investigation of the FBI,
further enraging Hoover, of course.
492
00:38:32,160 --> 00:38:37,520
During the subsequent years of
investigation, some of the FBI's darkest
493
00:38:37,520 --> 00:38:43,680
were revealed, raising questions about
just how aggressively the FBI pursued
494
00:38:43,680 --> 00:38:45,840
truth about King's assassination.
495
00:38:46,500 --> 00:38:52,200
It all comes tumbling out, the war on
Martin Luther King, the war on the left.
496
00:38:52,940 --> 00:38:59,100
The illegal wiretaps, the bugging, the
break -ins, the black bag jobs, it all
497
00:38:59,100 --> 00:39:01,860
slowly comes tumbling out, and it's
still tumbling.
498
00:39:04,060 --> 00:39:09,400
A lot of people have looked at J. Edgar
Hoover's animus towards Martin Luther
499
00:39:09,400 --> 00:39:15,300
King and asserted that J. Edgar Hoover
somehow was a part, maybe even the
500
00:39:15,300 --> 00:39:19,820
mastermind, of an attempt to kill Martin
Luther King. I don't see the evidence
501
00:39:19,820 --> 00:39:22,180
for that. What I do see the evidence
for...
502
00:39:22,490 --> 00:39:28,990
that the FBI had warning of
assassination plots against Martin
503
00:39:28,990 --> 00:39:31,350
they could have paid much closer
attention to.
504
00:39:31,630 --> 00:39:38,290
And after 1965, the FBI was not really
serious about trying to stop them.
505
00:39:39,730 --> 00:39:43,770
Dr. King always knew that he would be
killed.
506
00:39:44,190 --> 00:39:50,210
And so the final speech of his life that
Dr. King gives on the night of April
507
00:39:50,210 --> 00:39:56,500
3rd, at Mason Temple in Memphis. He
foresees his own death.
508
00:39:56,740 --> 00:40:03,580
That is of a piece with King's
understanding for several years of
509
00:40:03,580 --> 00:40:05,260
his life and his fate.
510
00:40:05,560 --> 00:40:12,300
It's a coincidence that he's
assassinated less than 24 hours after
511
00:40:12,300 --> 00:40:13,300
that speech.
512
00:40:14,340 --> 00:40:19,560
I look at King's assassination in the
night before he passed, and I think he
513
00:40:19,560 --> 00:40:20,560
knew something was up.
514
00:40:20,940 --> 00:40:25,780
But the beautiful thing about that,
though, he said God took him to the
515
00:40:25,780 --> 00:40:30,100
mountaintop and he told people I've seen
on the other side, I may not get there
516
00:40:30,100 --> 00:40:32,960
with you, but we as a people, all people
will get there.
517
00:40:33,680 --> 00:40:39,980
He said, all we're asking of you white
people to do is live up to the laws that
518
00:40:39,980 --> 00:40:40,980
y 'all wrote.
519
00:40:41,540 --> 00:40:48,120
King's legacy is certainly bigger than
life, as long as there's a need for
520
00:40:48,120 --> 00:40:49,380
justice.
521
00:40:51,600 --> 00:40:58,420
As long as people are not treated with
dignity and respect worldwide,
522
00:40:58,740 --> 00:41:05,520
there will always be a need for Dr.
Martin Luther King and his
523
00:41:05,520 --> 00:41:06,520
message.
524
00:41:07,300 --> 00:41:13,820
If you looked at the entire body of
files that the FBI accumulated over the
525
00:41:13,820 --> 00:41:19,480
years, I think most people would agree
that the most egregious thing that they
526
00:41:19,480 --> 00:41:22,710
did. was what they did against Martin
Luther King.
527
00:41:24,110 --> 00:41:30,170
They became convinced that he was a
demagogue, had too much power, and must
528
00:41:30,170 --> 00:41:31,170
put down.
529
00:41:34,430 --> 00:41:39,710
The secret recordings that the FBI made
of Dr. King are scheduled to be unsealed
530
00:41:39,710 --> 00:41:40,710
in 2027.
531
00:41:41,790 --> 00:41:46,490
Will they provide even more evidence of
how J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI plotted
532
00:41:46,490 --> 00:41:48,530
to destroy the iconic civil rights
leader?
533
00:41:49,450 --> 00:41:54,930
Until then, the truth about Martin
Luther King Jr. and his treatment by the
534
00:41:54,930 --> 00:42:00,310
United States' most powerful law
enforcement agency remains hidden in
535
00:42:00,310 --> 00:42:02,390
book of secrets.
50481
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