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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000 Downloaded from YTS.MX 2 00:00:02,320 --> 00:00:04,600 March, 1933. 3 00:00:04,960 --> 00:00:08,320 SA men storm a house in downtown Munich. 4 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000 Official YIFY movies site: YTS.MX 5 00:00:08,560 --> 00:00:11,120 The target of their attack is a newspaper. 6 00:00:12,960 --> 00:00:15,600 They devastate the editorial offices and the print room. 7 00:00:15,680 --> 00:00:18,480 They destroy the files and the valuable archive. 8 00:00:20,080 --> 00:00:22,640 The attack does not target an ordinary newspaper, 9 00:00:22,720 --> 00:00:24,240 but the Münchener Post. 10 00:00:25,360 --> 00:00:27,680 With its annihilation ends a year-long struggle 11 00:00:27,760 --> 00:00:30,400 on Hitler's way to total power. 12 00:00:31,640 --> 00:00:33,120 The editorial staff of the Münchener Post 13 00:00:33,200 --> 00:00:36,560 had drawn the deep hatred of the Führer onto themselves. 14 00:00:38,320 --> 00:00:39,760 In the early 1920s, 15 00:00:39,840 --> 00:00:43,200 {\an8}hardly anyone takes Adolf Hitler and his party seriously. 16 00:00:43,440 --> 00:00:45,440 {\an8}But the editorial staff of the Münchener Post 17 00:00:45,520 --> 00:00:48,400 recognized early on how dangerous the Nazis really were. 18 00:00:50,240 --> 00:00:53,200 The Münchener Post was the only one 19 00:00:53,280 --> 00:00:59,360 who consistently did something about Hitler from the start. 20 00:00:59,440 --> 00:01:01,360 It soon became obvious 21 00:01:01,600 --> 00:01:06,160 that these Nazis were their enemy number one. 22 00:01:06,920 --> 00:01:08,800 Hitler hates the newspaper. 23 00:01:09,120 --> 00:01:11,520 He does everything in his power to silence them. 24 00:01:12,160 --> 00:01:16,080 But until 1933, the editorial staff can fight off his attacks. 25 00:01:16,160 --> 00:01:20,920 There was a certain anger. Concessions were never made. 26 00:01:22,240 --> 00:01:27,120 The Münchener Post's unique and lonely fight has almost been forgotten today. 27 00:01:27,440 --> 00:01:31,840 This is the first documentary about these brave journalists. 28 00:01:31,920 --> 00:01:34,560 HITLER'S BATTLE AGAINST THE PRESS 29 00:01:36,080 --> 00:01:38,400 The social democratic newspaper 30 00:01:38,480 --> 00:01:40,880 with headquarters in downtown Munich is accustomed to such attacks. 31 00:01:40,960 --> 00:01:43,440 They also target the editors personally. 32 00:01:46,240 --> 00:01:48,640 Martin Gruber, son of a typesetter 33 00:01:48,720 --> 00:01:52,000 who had been working for the newspaper since 1890. 34 00:01:52,400 --> 00:01:54,960 Editor-in-chief Erhard Auer has worked his way up from a farm worker 35 00:01:55,040 --> 00:01:57,040 to chairman of the Bavarian SPD 36 00:01:57,120 --> 00:01:59,680 and member of the state parliament. 37 00:02:01,840 --> 00:02:06,560 The editorial staff includes a man who made a name for himself as a worker poet. 38 00:02:06,640 --> 00:02:09,000 Julius Zerfaß is in charge of the feuilleton, 39 00:02:09,080 --> 00:02:11,360 which is extremely political under his leadership 40 00:02:11,440 --> 00:02:13,840 and repeatedly provokes controversy. 41 00:02:18,160 --> 00:02:21,440 Eugen Kirchpfening, of whom no photo exists anymore, 42 00:02:21,520 --> 00:02:25,040 comes, like many of the newspaper's employees, from a simple background. 43 00:02:25,680 --> 00:02:29,280 He loves his hometown and is passionately connected to Munich. 44 00:02:29,800 --> 00:02:31,920 The local pages are his department. 45 00:02:32,560 --> 00:02:36,320 In 1920, he takes over the editorial office for a short time. 46 00:02:36,960 --> 00:02:39,320 In this position, Eugen Kirchpfening 47 00:02:39,400 --> 00:02:42,560 was the first editor to be sued by the Nazis. 48 00:02:45,760 --> 00:02:50,000 In 1927, Edmund Goldschagg joins the editorial staff. 49 00:02:50,400 --> 00:02:54,080 He will have a decisive influence on the newspaper's political line. 50 00:02:55,280 --> 00:02:58,560 {\an8}All these editors had something in common. 51 00:02:58,640 --> 00:03:01,600 {\an8}They became politically involved at an early age, 52 00:03:01,680 --> 00:03:03,440 as social democrats. 53 00:03:03,760 --> 00:03:05,280 Not an easy commitment. 54 00:03:05,760 --> 00:03:08,080 In the revolutionary turmoil after the end of the war, 55 00:03:08,160 --> 00:03:11,600 Bavaria has become a refuge for right-wing radical conspirators, 56 00:03:11,680 --> 00:03:14,720 monarchists and political assassins. 57 00:03:14,800 --> 00:03:16,320 {\an8}STATE PARLIAMENT UNDER POLICE SUPERVISION! 58 00:03:18,480 --> 00:03:21,280 {\an8}BAVARIA TO BECOME A HOHENZOLLERN PROVINCE? 59 00:03:22,400 --> 00:03:24,080 In the Munich right-wing milieu, 60 00:03:24,160 --> 00:03:27,680 the small party of Adolf Hitler quickly gains new supporters. 61 00:03:28,160 --> 00:03:33,040 The NSDAP and the SA troops 62 00:03:33,280 --> 00:03:38,160 became more and more dangerous, louder and more and more popular. 63 00:03:38,240 --> 00:03:40,560 And the Münchener Post saw 64 00:03:40,880 --> 00:03:45,120 that the Bavarian government did very little about it. 65 00:03:47,040 --> 00:03:48,480 Hitler and his followers 66 00:03:48,560 --> 00:03:53,040 are not considered a threat by the conservative government in Bavaria. 67 00:03:56,720 --> 00:04:01,040 But the editors of the Münchener Post see an anti-democratic storm 68 00:04:01,120 --> 00:04:04,880 brewing in the state capital of Munich. 69 00:04:05,600 --> 00:04:10,080 Veteran groups, home defense associations, former Freikorps fighters, 70 00:04:10,160 --> 00:04:13,440 various right-wing radicals and monarchist groups 71 00:04:13,520 --> 00:04:16,160 want to eliminate the democratic system. 72 00:04:16,480 --> 00:04:22,040 Democracy is regarded as a Jewish system, introduced to corrupt Germany. 73 00:04:23,360 --> 00:04:28,400 Supporters of this ideology can also be found in the ruling Bavarian Volkspartei. 74 00:04:28,720 --> 00:04:31,680 Anti-Semitism is most radically represented by Hitler 75 00:04:31,760 --> 00:04:33,840 and his NSDAP. 76 00:04:38,080 --> 00:04:42,480 {\an8}The anti-Semitism of the NSDAP and above all of Adolf Hitler 77 00:04:42,560 --> 00:04:45,920 was recognized by the Münchener Post, by the editors of the Münchener Post 78 00:04:46,000 --> 00:04:48,480 and especially by Erhard Auer very early on. 79 00:04:49,040 --> 00:04:54,320 As early as September 1920, Auer, with a major political appearance 80 00:04:54,400 --> 00:04:59,360 turned against anti-Semitism and was exposed to constant threats 81 00:04:59,440 --> 00:05:02,840 and accusations by Adolf Hitler 82 00:05:02,920 --> 00:05:05,840 in his appearances. 83 00:05:08,760 --> 00:05:11,760 It does not stop at insults and verbal threats. 84 00:05:14,200 --> 00:05:16,080 In October 1921, 85 00:05:16,160 --> 00:05:19,840 Erhard Auer is on his way home to his family in the evening. 86 00:05:21,160 --> 00:05:25,280 Due to the constantly growing danger, he has been armed for some time. 87 00:05:31,840 --> 00:05:33,520 Suddenly, shots are fired. 88 00:05:33,600 --> 00:05:35,440 Right-wing radicals shoot at him. 89 00:05:35,840 --> 00:05:37,600 He returns fire. 90 00:05:40,240 --> 00:05:41,560 The attackers flee. 91 00:05:42,240 --> 00:05:43,920 Auer remains unharmed. 92 00:05:46,040 --> 00:05:49,280 Anti-Semitism is widespread among the population. 93 00:05:49,360 --> 00:05:50,800 The Nazis did not invent it. 94 00:05:51,520 --> 00:05:55,680 They used general resentments for their political ideology 95 00:05:55,760 --> 00:05:59,520 and declared the fight against the Jews to be their primary goal. 96 00:06:00,880 --> 00:06:03,200 The Münchener Post is fighting this. 97 00:06:05,840 --> 00:06:08,720 {\an8}For the Münchener Post, 98 00:06:08,960 --> 00:06:11,720 anti-Semitism was a very important point. 99 00:06:12,240 --> 00:06:14,320 I find it very interesting 100 00:06:14,400 --> 00:06:20,320 that the newspaper has always fought on two fronts. 101 00:06:20,400 --> 00:06:21,680 On the one hand 102 00:06:22,200 --> 00:06:25,960 {\an8}against Hitler and his party, 103 00:06:26,560 --> 00:06:29,920 {\an8}but also against the Bavarian governments. 104 00:06:30,560 --> 00:06:34,960 For the conservative Catholic government in Bavaria, the enemy is on the left. 105 00:06:35,280 --> 00:06:38,280 And that includes the newspaper's printing presses. 106 00:06:40,720 --> 00:06:43,520 Hitler wants to use all legal and illegal means 107 00:06:43,600 --> 00:06:46,160 to silence the editors of the Münchener Post. 108 00:06:47,120 --> 00:06:51,040 And the state government openly shows sympathy for the Nazis. 109 00:06:51,440 --> 00:06:55,280 It sees in them patriotic forces that want to give Germany relevance 110 00:06:55,360 --> 00:06:57,280 and greatness again. 111 00:07:03,200 --> 00:07:05,200 {\an8}Hitler is not so important yet. 112 00:07:05,280 --> 00:07:07,600 {\an8}You can always see him around as well. 113 00:07:07,680 --> 00:07:10,960 {\an8}"Yes, he's radical, but that's the way the youth is. 114 00:07:11,040 --> 00:07:15,160 {\an8}They're also patriotic and they're for the military." 115 00:07:15,680 --> 00:07:18,840 The Münchener Post criticizes this downplaying. 116 00:07:19,440 --> 00:07:23,080 It is the lonely struggle of a small social democratic newspaper. 117 00:07:24,000 --> 00:07:28,320 Then, almost all papers were in the hands of political parties or close to them. 118 00:07:28,400 --> 00:07:30,720 The Post only reaches a minority. 119 00:07:31,040 --> 00:07:33,840 But that doesn't mean it's giving up the fight. 120 00:07:34,560 --> 00:07:38,320 They are the only ones who have consistently, since the Nazis existed, 121 00:07:38,400 --> 00:07:43,360 reported on them and exposed them wherever possible. 122 00:07:43,520 --> 00:07:45,600 This means that the newspaper doesn't only 123 00:07:45,680 --> 00:07:47,520 deal with the politics of the Nazi party, 124 00:07:47,760 --> 00:07:50,200 but also with its Führer. 125 00:07:54,560 --> 00:07:59,360 The Münchener Post also dealt with a subject that was taboo for Hitler. 126 00:07:59,440 --> 00:08:02,480 Hitler had no profession. 127 00:08:02,560 --> 00:08:05,520 He had no real job. 128 00:08:05,760 --> 00:08:10,400 And one did not know exactly how he made his living. 129 00:08:10,480 --> 00:08:15,680 And the Münchener Post has repeatedly published texts on this subject. 130 00:08:15,760 --> 00:08:19,760 One can imagine that he was really angry. 131 00:08:20,000 --> 00:08:24,480 The Post editors question former war comrades of Hitler and write, 132 00:08:24,960 --> 00:08:26,880 "It is true that Hitler was already considered 133 00:08:26,960 --> 00:08:31,440 a hysterical, pathological personality among his comrades." 134 00:08:37,120 --> 00:08:40,960 Even in the NSDAP, some do not agree with Hitler. 135 00:08:41,040 --> 00:08:44,400 They pass on information about his income 136 00:08:44,480 --> 00:08:47,280 and his dictatorial leadership style to the Münchener Post. 137 00:08:47,600 --> 00:08:49,440 Hitler sues against this article. 138 00:08:50,000 --> 00:08:53,440 {\an8}The responsible editor Eugen Kirchpfening is sentenced 139 00:08:53,520 --> 00:08:57,840 and has to pay 600 Reichsmark in penalties to the NSDAP leader. 140 00:08:58,520 --> 00:09:00,880 But the Münchener Post is not intimidated by this. 141 00:09:01,320 --> 00:09:03,760 The fight against the Nazis continues. 142 00:09:04,720 --> 00:09:06,960 The conflicts in Germany are intensifying. 143 00:09:07,440 --> 00:09:10,200 France and Belgium occupy the Ruhr area 144 00:09:10,280 --> 00:09:13,760 because Germany is in arrears with its reparation payments. 145 00:09:14,440 --> 00:09:17,760 The Reich government propagates passive resistance 146 00:09:17,840 --> 00:09:22,560 and has to pay the wages of 2.000 striking workers in the Ruhr area. 147 00:09:23,040 --> 00:09:26,960 The Ruhr struggle plunges the whole of Germany into gigantic inflation. 148 00:09:27,520 --> 00:09:30,000 The nationalists take advantage of the situation. 149 00:09:30,080 --> 00:09:33,320 They sense indecision and treason. 150 00:09:33,600 --> 00:09:38,160 They blame democracy and the Jews for Germany's situation. 151 00:09:38,480 --> 00:09:41,920 Adolf Hitler sees part of the blame with the Münchener Post. 152 00:09:43,120 --> 00:09:46,400 "Mr. Auer, with your spewing filth at Altheimer Eck, 153 00:09:46,480 --> 00:09:50,720 you bear a large part of the blame for today's misery of the German people." 154 00:09:51,200 --> 00:09:54,560 "Mr. Auer, you have accepted money from the kikes. 155 00:09:54,640 --> 00:09:56,840 You sold yourself to the Jews." 156 00:09:58,160 --> 00:10:00,880 Hitler describes the Münchener Post as "devil's workshop", 157 00:10:00,960 --> 00:10:03,440 as "Munich plague", as "Jewish scribble". 158 00:10:04,120 --> 00:10:07,040 The attacks on the editorial staff are increasing. 159 00:10:07,440 --> 00:10:10,200 NEW ATTACK AGAINST THE MÜNCHENER POST 160 00:10:10,280 --> 00:10:12,160 This newspaper could be fought 161 00:10:12,240 --> 00:10:14,960 {\an8}by simply having a Nazi battalion 162 00:10:15,040 --> 00:10:18,320 {\an8}go down the street and smash the windows, 163 00:10:18,400 --> 00:10:20,880 {\an8}by trying to break the door, 164 00:10:20,960 --> 00:10:25,040 and then trying to destroy the editorial offices. 165 00:10:25,120 --> 00:10:29,000 Or to personally attack the people who worked there. 166 00:10:30,880 --> 00:10:33,520 The editors try to protect themselves as best they can. 167 00:10:33,600 --> 00:10:35,360 The doors are barricaded. 168 00:10:35,440 --> 00:10:38,360 Guards check passers-by on the street. 169 00:10:38,440 --> 00:10:41,800 The newspaper's protective measures don't stay hidden from the police. 170 00:10:43,760 --> 00:10:46,960 {\an8}At the end of September, a raid took place in the building 171 00:10:47,040 --> 00:10:51,920 {\an8}of the Münchener Post, where several weapons were found, 172 00:10:52,000 --> 00:10:55,520 which were probably stored there for self-protection. 173 00:10:55,600 --> 00:11:00,160 And because of this weapons find, the Münchener Post was prevented 174 00:11:00,800 --> 00:11:03,600 from being published at the beginning of October. 175 00:11:04,080 --> 00:11:06,920 Can the newspaper survive this constant threat? 176 00:11:07,920 --> 00:11:09,760 When the right wing attacks again, 177 00:11:09,840 --> 00:11:13,440 even hand grenades land in the rooms of the Münchener Post. 178 00:11:23,280 --> 00:11:25,000 The grenades do not explode. 179 00:11:25,520 --> 00:11:26,800 They were duds. 180 00:11:27,520 --> 00:11:30,600 The tension in Munich and in the editorial office is rising. 181 00:11:31,040 --> 00:11:34,800 Several times in 1923, they are on the verge of a right-wing coup. 182 00:11:35,120 --> 00:11:37,680 The editors research tirelessly. 183 00:11:38,000 --> 00:11:41,320 What will the Reichswehr do in the event of an attempted coup? 184 00:11:41,600 --> 00:11:42,920 What will Berlin do? 185 00:11:43,520 --> 00:11:46,000 The Münchener Post keeps issuing warnings. 186 00:11:49,680 --> 00:11:54,680 Throughout the year 1923, the Münchener Post 187 00:11:55,120 --> 00:11:59,360 {\an8}repeatedly published texts on the mobilization 188 00:11:59,920 --> 00:12:04,000 {\an8}of right-wing groups, the NSDAP, 189 00:12:04,400 --> 00:12:07,920 paramilitary organizations, 190 00:12:08,160 --> 00:12:11,120 and wrote a text which said 191 00:12:11,360 --> 00:12:15,920 that Hitler and Ludendorff are the leaders of this movement. 192 00:12:16,000 --> 00:12:19,840 It repeatedly admonished the Bavarian government. 193 00:12:21,240 --> 00:12:24,320 The Bavarian government does not want to see this danger. 194 00:12:25,040 --> 00:12:28,760 The conservatives there are themselves planning a coup in Berlin. 195 00:12:30,160 --> 00:12:32,880 General State Commissioner Gustav von Kahr 196 00:12:32,960 --> 00:12:36,000 is endowed with almost unlimited powers. 197 00:12:37,120 --> 00:12:39,600 He governs Bavaria through emergency regulations. 198 00:12:41,960 --> 00:12:47,200 Kahr enacts measures to expel many Jews 199 00:12:47,280 --> 00:12:50,960 from the East, even if they, for 20 years, 200 00:12:51,040 --> 00:12:55,200 {\an8}had been residents of Munich. And the Münchener Post reports about it. 201 00:12:55,280 --> 00:12:57,600 {\an8}And that is the reason why he bans them. 202 00:12:57,680 --> 00:13:03,280 This is how it goes. But then he gives in. 203 00:13:03,360 --> 00:13:05,920 He demands that they humbly apologize, 204 00:13:06,000 --> 00:13:07,520 which they do. 205 00:13:07,600 --> 00:13:11,760 They of course never meant to offend the General State Commissioner. 206 00:13:11,840 --> 00:13:15,520 After that, he allows them again for the time being. 207 00:13:15,920 --> 00:13:21,040 He was an arch-conservative politician, a lawyer, 208 00:13:21,120 --> 00:13:23,920 a monarchist, an anti-Semite. 209 00:13:24,480 --> 00:13:30,880 And for him it was much more important to take action against left-wing groups 210 00:13:30,960 --> 00:13:32,320 than against right-wing ones. 211 00:13:33,280 --> 00:13:34,560 With von Kahr's approval, 212 00:13:34,640 --> 00:13:38,640 the Reichswehr in Bavaria supports right-wing paramilitary groups 213 00:13:38,720 --> 00:13:40,440 and equips them. 214 00:13:40,960 --> 00:13:45,200 Contacts are established with right-wing groups throughout Germany. 215 00:13:45,520 --> 00:13:50,560 Alliances are forged to overthrow the so-called Jewish government in Berlin. 216 00:13:51,280 --> 00:13:55,400 But the Nazis are not included in the plans of Bavarian conservatives. 217 00:13:55,720 --> 00:13:57,200 Von Kahr and his comrades 218 00:13:57,280 --> 00:14:00,480 do not intend to involve Hitler and Ludendorff in power. 219 00:14:01,520 --> 00:14:04,720 On the eighth of November, von Kahr invites to a large meeting 220 00:14:04,800 --> 00:14:06,960 in the Bürgerbräu Keller. 221 00:14:08,000 --> 00:14:09,960 The Nazis also mobilize. 222 00:14:10,560 --> 00:14:14,560 The various nationalist groups are not yet in agreement. 223 00:14:17,280 --> 00:14:19,840 Will this be the starting signal for the march on Berlin, 224 00:14:19,920 --> 00:14:21,920 which is often talked about? 225 00:14:22,960 --> 00:14:25,120 Those present expect decisions. 226 00:14:28,320 --> 00:14:30,800 Then, the SA suddenly storms the room. 227 00:14:31,040 --> 00:14:32,960 With his pistol drawn, Hitler forces 228 00:14:33,040 --> 00:14:37,680 the most important men of the Bavarian government to enter a back room with him. 229 00:14:37,920 --> 00:14:42,560 It is announced that the men in the back room have reached an agreement. 230 00:14:42,640 --> 00:14:46,360 They proclaim a joint national government. 231 00:14:46,800 --> 00:14:51,040 The Hitler shock troops are already roaming the city. 232 00:14:52,560 --> 00:14:56,400 {\an8}Hitler's elite troops assumed 233 00:14:56,480 --> 00:14:59,280 {\an8}that the leading figures of the Bavarian Volkspartei 234 00:14:59,360 --> 00:15:01,840 {\an8}and the German Nationalists would take part in the coup. 235 00:15:01,920 --> 00:15:07,200 Leading Nazis assumed the only resistance would come from the Social Democrats, 236 00:15:07,280 --> 00:15:09,520 who had no idea, who were not actually informed. 237 00:15:10,000 --> 00:15:14,080 Now the Nazis are settling the score with the hated Münchener Post. 238 00:15:14,400 --> 00:15:17,040 The Hitler shock troop storms the editorial office. 239 00:15:17,120 --> 00:15:19,320 Hermann Göring is their leader. 240 00:15:20,720 --> 00:15:25,920 Göring was SA leader at that time. A troop went in under Göring, 241 00:15:26,000 --> 00:15:28,320 also on the evening of the Hitler coup. 242 00:15:28,400 --> 00:15:30,560 They destroyed everything there. 243 00:15:31,200 --> 00:15:34,160 They search and ravage the editorial rooms 244 00:15:34,240 --> 00:15:37,200 and take with them what might be of value to them. 245 00:15:37,840 --> 00:15:41,520 Göring's men have been instructed to leave the printing presses intact. 246 00:15:41,600 --> 00:15:45,920 For the new rulers, these machines might come in handy, the Nazis believe. 247 00:15:47,680 --> 00:15:51,200 But the assault on the Münchener Post misses an important target. 248 00:15:51,760 --> 00:15:54,560 The Nazis do not find any editors. 249 00:15:54,960 --> 00:15:56,440 Were they warned? 250 00:15:59,600 --> 00:16:04,080 One division drives to the apartment of editor-in-chief Erhard Auer. 251 00:16:05,440 --> 00:16:08,320 A search of the apartment took place, 252 00:16:08,880 --> 00:16:10,720 during which furniture was smashed. 253 00:16:10,800 --> 00:16:15,760 Erhard Auer's wife was also threatened, 254 00:16:15,840 --> 00:16:19,120 {\an8}as were his daughters and even his grandchild. 255 00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:24,160 {\an8}The two and a half year old grandchild was thrown out of bed. 256 00:16:24,400 --> 00:16:28,560 The only male person found 257 00:16:28,640 --> 00:16:30,960 was Auer's son-in-law, Karl Luber, 258 00:16:31,040 --> 00:16:35,360 who was then taken hostage by Hitler's shock troop 259 00:16:35,440 --> 00:16:38,080 and taken to the Bürgerbräu Keller. 260 00:16:39,680 --> 00:16:42,960 The situation changed that night. 261 00:16:43,040 --> 00:16:46,800 Posters announce a new national government, 262 00:16:46,880 --> 00:16:48,720 but von Kahr learns on the phone 263 00:16:48,800 --> 00:16:52,800 that the Reichswehr is not taking part in the coup outside Bavaria. 264 00:16:53,200 --> 00:16:57,360 Thereupon, von Kahr gives instructions to resist the coup d'état. 265 00:16:57,600 --> 00:17:01,200 Hitler will never forgive this betrayal. 266 00:17:02,400 --> 00:17:04,320 The situation in Munich is still unclear. 267 00:17:04,720 --> 00:17:08,680 With a march through the city, Hitler and Ludendorff want to turn the tide. 268 00:17:09,120 --> 00:17:11,760 Ernst Röhm, up to this date captain of the Reichswehr, 269 00:17:11,840 --> 00:17:14,760 and a right-wing radical student named Heinrich Himmler 270 00:17:14,840 --> 00:17:17,760 entrench themselves with SA men in the War Ministry. 271 00:17:18,280 --> 00:17:21,160 But the march of the Hitler followers is stopped at the Feldherrenhalle 272 00:17:21,240 --> 00:17:23,640 by the Bavarian state police. 273 00:17:23,720 --> 00:17:25,120 Shots are fired. 274 00:17:28,640 --> 00:17:31,800 The coup collapses with the shots fired at the Feldherrenhalle. 275 00:17:32,400 --> 00:17:35,600 Hitler manages to escape but is arrested soon afterwards. 276 00:17:36,840 --> 00:17:39,080 The Münchener Post is cleaned up. 277 00:17:40,480 --> 00:17:43,520 Original photos of the devastation have been preserved. 278 00:17:44,240 --> 00:17:46,960 The files and the archive have been destroyed, 279 00:17:47,040 --> 00:17:49,640 very important for the work of a newspaper. 280 00:17:51,360 --> 00:17:54,480 The Münchener Post is on the brink of extinction. 281 00:17:54,800 --> 00:17:57,720 But the damage is repaired with great effort. 282 00:18:00,240 --> 00:18:02,480 The perseverance of the editors 283 00:18:02,560 --> 00:18:06,480 and Auer's optimism are indestructible. 284 00:18:07,600 --> 00:18:10,160 He was always sure that things would work out. 285 00:18:10,240 --> 00:18:12,960 {\an8}That was indeed the case. 286 00:18:13,040 --> 00:18:17,600 {\an8}The newspaper was destroyed in the night from the eighth to the ninth of November. 287 00:18:17,680 --> 00:18:22,800 The next day, there was a provisional edition of the Münchener Post. 288 00:18:23,720 --> 00:18:25,520 In the beginning of 1924, 289 00:18:25,600 --> 00:18:28,080 under strict security measures, 290 00:18:28,160 --> 00:18:31,960 the high treason trial against Hitler and his co-conspirators begins. 291 00:18:32,480 --> 00:18:33,840 The same court 292 00:18:33,920 --> 00:18:38,480 which had judged very harshly against the actors of the defeated Räterepublik 293 00:18:38,720 --> 00:18:40,720 is trying this case in a very different manner. 294 00:18:41,120 --> 00:18:45,440 It attests Hitler and his accomplices noble patriotic motives. 295 00:18:46,160 --> 00:18:49,000 He is allowed to explain his world view in detail. 296 00:18:49,440 --> 00:18:52,080 On the attack on the Münchener Post, he declares: 297 00:18:52,640 --> 00:18:55,600 "What the Münchener Post has perpetrated on the German nation, 298 00:18:55,680 --> 00:19:00,240 all these years, thousands of destructions cannot make up for." 299 00:19:01,680 --> 00:19:03,360 Ultimately, the court imposes an extremely 300 00:19:03,440 --> 00:19:06,040 mild punishment for the attempted coup. 301 00:19:06,120 --> 00:19:10,720 The Münchener Post can only say that "Bavarian justice has come to an end". 302 00:19:14,720 --> 00:19:18,880 In his comfortable prison cell, Hitler writes his book "Mein Kampf". 303 00:19:20,360 --> 00:19:23,440 {\an8}The Bavarian state government says 304 00:19:23,520 --> 00:19:27,400 {\an8}that it is the government of a republic 305 00:19:28,240 --> 00:19:31,600 {\an8}and therefore represents democratic interests. 306 00:19:31,680 --> 00:19:35,840 In reality, however, they had a tongue-in-cheek agreement 307 00:19:35,920 --> 00:19:39,760 with the plotters and with all those 308 00:19:39,840 --> 00:19:41,600 who actually wanted to abolish the republic. 309 00:19:42,320 --> 00:19:45,360 At the Isar river, government and judiciary are determined 310 00:19:45,440 --> 00:19:47,640 to leave Hitler alone. 311 00:19:48,280 --> 00:19:50,640 He has no German citizenship. 312 00:19:50,720 --> 00:19:52,880 Actually, he should be deported. 313 00:19:53,280 --> 00:19:54,960 That does not happen either. 314 00:19:55,840 --> 00:19:59,800 After not even nine months in prison, Hitler is back on the loose again. 315 00:20:00,160 --> 00:20:04,120 The editors of the Münchener Post get to keep their main opponent. 316 00:20:04,960 --> 00:20:08,520 They discuss how Hitler can be harmed with the means of a newspaper 317 00:20:08,600 --> 00:20:12,400 and try to discredit him with his nationalist supporters. 318 00:20:13,000 --> 00:20:17,200 For example, for his good relations with the Italian dictator Mussolini. 319 00:20:17,600 --> 00:20:21,200 It is about South Tyrol, which has been annexed by Italy. 320 00:20:21,280 --> 00:20:23,200 HITLER'S TREACHERY AGAINST SOUTH TYROL 321 00:20:23,280 --> 00:20:25,760 The Münchener Post tried 322 00:20:25,840 --> 00:20:30,040 to cut the ground from under the right-wing nationalists' feet 323 00:20:30,120 --> 00:20:32,920 by using nationalistic arguments. 324 00:20:33,000 --> 00:20:35,760 The Münchener Post claimed 325 00:20:35,840 --> 00:20:38,560 that Social Democrats are better Germans 326 00:20:38,640 --> 00:20:41,200 than, for example, the National Socialists. 327 00:20:41,280 --> 00:20:47,600 The National Socialists, who are in dialogue with Mussolini, 328 00:20:47,680 --> 00:20:50,960 for example, are giving up South Tyrol to the Italians. 329 00:20:51,040 --> 00:20:54,960 We as good Germans, as genuine Germans, as genuine nationalists, 330 00:20:55,040 --> 00:20:58,400 are of the opinion that South Tyrol is good German land. 331 00:20:58,480 --> 00:21:01,280 It should not simply be given to Mussolini. 332 00:21:02,400 --> 00:21:05,840 The newspaper writes that Hitler received money from Mussolini. 333 00:21:06,400 --> 00:21:09,360 For this statement, the head of the feuilleton, Julius Zerfaß, 334 00:21:09,440 --> 00:21:14,000 is sentenced to 1,000 Reichsmarks in damages, payable to Hitler. 335 00:21:14,600 --> 00:21:18,080 Nationalist thinking was common at the time. 336 00:21:18,160 --> 00:21:21,680 Also the editorial staff of the Münchener Post is not free of it. 337 00:21:22,040 --> 00:21:23,680 But despite all patriotic love, 338 00:21:23,760 --> 00:21:29,000 there are limits experienced journalists like Martin Gruber would never cross. 339 00:21:29,600 --> 00:21:34,320 Martin Gruber was the oldest editor at the Post. 340 00:21:34,400 --> 00:21:36,640 He came to the newspaper very early, 341 00:21:36,720 --> 00:21:41,200 at the end of the 19th century. 342 00:21:42,400 --> 00:21:44,880 I would say he was a very courageous person. 343 00:21:44,960 --> 00:21:50,400 He also wrote critical texts very early on, 344 00:21:50,880 --> 00:21:55,760 against the Kaiser's expansionist policies. 345 00:21:55,840 --> 00:21:59,360 That's why he went to prison once. 346 00:21:59,440 --> 00:22:01,520 It was said that he had a good sense of humor 347 00:22:01,600 --> 00:22:03,760 and that he was apparently a very good speaker. 348 00:22:04,400 --> 00:22:07,280 The nationalist media spread the legend 349 00:22:07,360 --> 00:22:11,440 that the World War had been lost because the undefeated army 350 00:22:11,520 --> 00:22:14,240 had been stabbed in the back by traitors in the home country. 351 00:22:14,320 --> 00:22:16,160 This is the Dolchstoß legend. 352 00:22:16,240 --> 00:22:18,960 In truth, even the top army leadership had declared 353 00:22:19,040 --> 00:22:23,040 that the situation was desperate and had urged politics to make peace. 354 00:22:23,120 --> 00:22:25,440 But the military denies this. 355 00:22:26,080 --> 00:22:30,480 In 1924, Paul Nikolaus Kossmann, an influential nationalist author, 356 00:22:30,560 --> 00:22:34,160 once again spread in South German monthly magazines 357 00:22:34,240 --> 00:22:36,800 the Dolchstoß legend. 358 00:22:38,800 --> 00:22:42,080 Gruber writes a sharp opposing article. 359 00:22:42,400 --> 00:22:46,000 He describes Kossmann's text as a falsification of history. 360 00:22:46,080 --> 00:22:47,680 A provocation. 361 00:22:47,760 --> 00:22:50,400 Kossmann files charges for insult. 362 00:22:51,360 --> 00:22:53,040 Gruber has to appear in front of the court. 363 00:22:53,360 --> 00:22:55,200 The trial makes waves. 364 00:22:55,560 --> 00:22:59,720 The small Münchener Post becomes known beyond the borders of Germany. 365 00:23:07,440 --> 00:23:12,240 {\an8}Editor-in-chief Auer, the poet Zerfaß and the experienced journalist Gruber 366 00:23:12,320 --> 00:23:15,200 all repeatedly become victims of attacks 367 00:23:15,280 --> 00:23:16,840 and resign themselves to it. 368 00:23:17,200 --> 00:23:21,280 For this reason, the authors of articles are not mentioned in the newspaper. 369 00:23:21,760 --> 00:23:23,680 Hitler rages against the newspaper. 370 00:23:23,760 --> 00:23:26,480 His thugs repeatedly attack the editors. 371 00:23:26,800 --> 00:23:29,280 In 1925, the small newspaper is 372 00:23:29,360 --> 00:23:32,440 at the forefront of defending democracy. 373 00:23:34,480 --> 00:23:35,920 In the trial against Martin Gruber, 374 00:23:36,000 --> 00:23:39,040 the Münchener Post is in the light of the world public. 375 00:23:39,120 --> 00:23:41,760 It deals with central questions of German politics. 376 00:23:41,840 --> 00:23:43,840 How did the empire fall? 377 00:23:44,000 --> 00:23:45,600 Was there a stab in the back, a Dolchstoß? 378 00:23:45,680 --> 00:23:48,000 Or did the army leadership itself declare 379 00:23:48,080 --> 00:23:50,000 at the time that the front would collapse? 380 00:23:50,400 --> 00:23:54,720 Did the Social Democrats support warfare, preserving the state? 381 00:23:54,800 --> 00:23:57,160 Or did they commit treason against their fatherland? 382 00:23:58,080 --> 00:24:04,400 {\an8}All the newspapers throughout Germany reported on this. 383 00:24:04,480 --> 00:24:08,800 And also abroad. Even the New York Times reported on it. 384 00:24:08,880 --> 00:24:12,640 Because this was a very interesting discussion. 385 00:24:12,720 --> 00:24:15,120 How did Germany lose the war? 386 00:24:16,720 --> 00:24:19,440 There is heated discussion in the corridors of the court. 387 00:24:19,840 --> 00:24:23,680 Gruber hopes for information from the Reich government that will prove 388 00:24:23,760 --> 00:24:27,120 how desperate the military leadership regarded the situation. 389 00:24:27,360 --> 00:24:31,360 But the government refuses the publication. State secret. 390 00:24:31,840 --> 00:24:35,200 {\an8}And this process actually proved quite clearly 391 00:24:35,280 --> 00:24:39,080 {\an8}that the Dolchstoß was an invention of the right-wing nationalists. 392 00:24:39,600 --> 00:24:42,320 {\an8}Nevertheless, the judge sentenced Martin Gruber, 393 00:24:42,400 --> 00:24:46,480 the responsible editor of the Münchener Post, 394 00:24:46,800 --> 00:24:50,560 to a reasonably mild penalty, 395 00:24:50,640 --> 00:24:55,280 because the court, like the entire executive branch in Bavaria, 396 00:24:55,360 --> 00:24:58,400 had secret sympathies for the right-wing nationalists. 397 00:24:58,480 --> 00:25:00,080 In other words, he had to be sentenced. 398 00:25:01,280 --> 00:25:03,920 The court finds that Kossmann was merely erring 399 00:25:04,000 --> 00:25:07,360 when he wrote that the Social Democrats were there 400 00:25:07,440 --> 00:25:10,320 when revolutionaries stabbed the army in the back. 401 00:25:10,400 --> 00:25:14,000 Gruber must not call these writings lies and forgeries. 402 00:25:14,320 --> 00:25:17,520 Although the Münchener Post feels like a moral winner, 403 00:25:18,480 --> 00:25:21,680 the Dolchstoß propaganda of the Nazis continues. 404 00:25:21,760 --> 00:25:27,120 They don't let the so-called Jewish paper dissuade them from their truth. 405 00:25:28,800 --> 00:25:33,280 Martin Gruber also tried to argue in the Dolchstoß trial, 406 00:25:34,080 --> 00:25:39,120 only that arguments are often not in demand in a political dispute, 407 00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:42,320 but often, the louder voice is in demand, 408 00:25:42,400 --> 00:25:46,560 or whoever simply threatens to strike soon. 409 00:25:46,640 --> 00:25:50,960 These are actually more decisive arguments than a differentiated analysis. 410 00:25:52,960 --> 00:25:57,920 The editors of the Münchener Post read the publications of the Nazis thoroughly. 411 00:25:58,000 --> 00:26:00,480 And they register a change of course. 412 00:26:00,880 --> 00:26:04,240 Hitler no longer strives for a violent overthrow. 413 00:26:04,680 --> 00:26:07,360 He wants to come to power with legal means. 414 00:26:10,880 --> 00:26:13,320 He also became attractive to bourgeois circles. 415 00:26:13,880 --> 00:26:16,920 Some entrepreneurs have supported him financially for a long time. 416 00:26:17,400 --> 00:26:20,400 Now he becomes an interlocutor for industrialists 417 00:26:20,480 --> 00:26:22,920 and the high society. 418 00:26:24,080 --> 00:26:27,960 During this time, Edmund Goldschagg joins the Münchener Post. 419 00:26:28,320 --> 00:26:30,800 The experienced journalist comes just in time, 420 00:26:30,880 --> 00:26:33,920 because Erhard Auer is often absent due to his many political functions 421 00:26:34,000 --> 00:26:37,840 as a member of parliament and party chairman. 422 00:26:40,080 --> 00:26:42,800 Goldschagg finds himself in a difficult situation. 423 00:26:43,200 --> 00:26:47,280 He has to keep the editorial team together while Social Democrats 424 00:26:47,360 --> 00:26:50,880 are fighting fiercely between the various factions. 425 00:26:52,560 --> 00:26:58,480 Goldschagg is described as a very polite person. 426 00:26:58,560 --> 00:27:02,240 He came from Berlin and quickly discovered 427 00:27:02,320 --> 00:27:05,840 that there were different groups within the newspaper. 428 00:27:05,920 --> 00:27:09,360 But for him it was important to have a good relationship 429 00:27:09,760 --> 00:27:11,200 with everyone. 430 00:27:12,080 --> 00:27:16,080 And he has to get used to the way of living and working in Bavaria. 431 00:27:16,880 --> 00:27:19,920 Also at the Münchener Post, many decisions are made 432 00:27:20,000 --> 00:27:22,240 at regular meetings. 433 00:27:22,320 --> 00:27:24,880 The newspaper entertains two such meetings. 434 00:27:25,200 --> 00:27:28,800 Goldschagg attends both with a Prussian sense of duty. 435 00:27:33,360 --> 00:27:36,960 The editors often have to work in the beer cellars. 436 00:27:37,200 --> 00:27:39,080 That's where politics takes place. 437 00:27:39,440 --> 00:27:41,440 Also that of the Nazis. 438 00:27:42,560 --> 00:27:48,480 It is the case that the editors of the Post often spied. 439 00:27:48,640 --> 00:27:52,080 They spied on NSDAP events. 440 00:27:52,160 --> 00:27:57,200 But I believe what was also very important for the reporting of the Post 441 00:27:57,280 --> 00:28:00,560 was the fact 442 00:28:00,640 --> 00:28:05,280 that they had informants within the NSDAP. 443 00:28:06,960 --> 00:28:11,840 The Münchener Post's information about all events in the city is so good 444 00:28:11,920 --> 00:28:15,040 that people talk of Auer's secret service. 445 00:28:16,720 --> 00:28:21,040 The newspaper does not limit itself to what the Nazis announce publicly. 446 00:28:25,680 --> 00:28:29,360 Erhard Auer is not squeamish when it comes to obtaining news. 447 00:28:29,520 --> 00:28:33,120 {\an8}In part, Auer also used other means 448 00:28:33,200 --> 00:28:35,440 {\an8}to obtain information, 449 00:28:35,520 --> 00:28:39,920 {\an8}namely by purchasing information from the right-wing camp, 450 00:28:40,000 --> 00:28:43,440 by trying to obtain information 451 00:28:43,520 --> 00:28:48,720 through potential dropouts from the right-wing camp, 452 00:28:48,800 --> 00:28:51,520 and not just by observation. 453 00:28:52,560 --> 00:28:53,880 With cunning and deception, 454 00:28:53,960 --> 00:28:55,840 journalists of the Münchener Post obtain 455 00:28:55,920 --> 00:28:59,600 information about the secret arming of the right. 456 00:29:00,240 --> 00:29:03,680 Because the Versailles Treaty only allows an army of 100,000 men, 457 00:29:03,920 --> 00:29:08,400 the Reichswehr regards the groups as an unofficial reserve. 458 00:29:08,480 --> 00:29:10,480 It gives weapons to these groups, 459 00:29:10,560 --> 00:29:13,600 for practice and for the event of a civil war. 460 00:29:13,840 --> 00:29:16,240 In an unusual way, a machine gun 461 00:29:16,320 --> 00:29:20,800 from the right-wing groups reaches the offices of the Münchener Post. 462 00:29:22,400 --> 00:29:27,920 {\an8}And then some Social Democrats dressed up as bourgeois, 463 00:29:28,000 --> 00:29:30,720 {\an8}practiced an authoritarian tone, 464 00:29:30,800 --> 00:29:36,240 {\an8}went there and said: "We are from a right-wing nationalist group 465 00:29:36,320 --> 00:29:38,560 and we want to pick up the machine gun." 466 00:29:38,640 --> 00:29:41,520 And they were handed the machine gun. 467 00:29:41,680 --> 00:29:45,200 That was, of course, a giant triumph and was later described 468 00:29:45,280 --> 00:29:46,800 very beautifully in the Münchener Post. 469 00:29:48,640 --> 00:29:52,640 When it comes to Hitler, the Münchener Post has little scruples. 470 00:29:55,280 --> 00:30:00,480 The more spectacular the headline and the more detrimental the statement, 471 00:30:00,560 --> 00:30:01,840 the better. 472 00:30:01,920 --> 00:30:04,160 NATIONAL SOCIALIST TREASON 473 00:30:04,240 --> 00:30:08,000 The motivation was to circulate as incriminating material as possible 474 00:30:08,080 --> 00:30:10,880 against the political opponent, 475 00:30:11,200 --> 00:30:16,880 which was ultimately due to the brutal confrontation with the NSDAP, 476 00:30:16,960 --> 00:30:21,760 which manifested itself in sometimes daily fights in the streets of Munich. 477 00:30:21,840 --> 00:30:26,400 To this end, also wrong information was circulated. 478 00:30:27,840 --> 00:30:31,440 In Munich, friend and foe have always been connected. 479 00:30:32,000 --> 00:30:35,600 There is a give and take and a widespread esteem 480 00:30:35,680 --> 00:30:39,360 for cultivated shrewdness and dignified coarseness. 481 00:30:39,760 --> 00:30:43,360 Erhard Auer is the right person for this environment. 482 00:30:44,560 --> 00:30:50,560 The other side of Erhard Auer is that he, as a Lower Bavarian rascal, 483 00:30:50,640 --> 00:30:54,160 also controlled his informants. 484 00:30:54,240 --> 00:30:57,440 Auer's secret service worked quite well, 485 00:30:57,520 --> 00:30:59,840 because he said: 486 00:30:59,920 --> 00:31:03,040 "If you tell me anything, it will stay between us." 487 00:31:03,120 --> 00:31:05,760 It was in the Münchener Post the next day, 488 00:31:05,840 --> 00:31:08,080 but that was another chapter. 489 00:31:08,160 --> 00:31:14,320 He always relied on a level of personal dependencies, of favors. 490 00:31:14,400 --> 00:31:16,960 One has to think of Mafia structures. 491 00:31:18,720 --> 00:31:20,760 The Münchener Post also has no inhibitions 492 00:31:20,840 --> 00:31:23,440 to attack Hitler's private life. 493 00:31:25,040 --> 00:31:27,920 The Führer of the National Socialists has a niece 494 00:31:28,240 --> 00:31:30,520 who lives with him on the same floor. 495 00:31:34,080 --> 00:31:36,680 Geli Raubal, a young girl. 496 00:31:37,840 --> 00:31:40,400 The nature of their relationship is never clarified. 497 00:31:44,960 --> 00:31:48,080 In September 1931, Geli Raubal dies. 498 00:31:49,040 --> 00:31:52,280 Suicide is suspected, with Hitler's pistol. 499 00:31:52,800 --> 00:31:54,240 MISS GELI RAUBAL SHOT WITH HITLER'S FIREARM 500 00:31:54,320 --> 00:31:58,000 Information is leaked to the Münchener Post. 501 00:31:58,800 --> 00:32:03,840 {\an8}The Münchener Post received information from the police 502 00:32:03,920 --> 00:32:08,560 {\an8}and published in detail 503 00:32:08,640 --> 00:32:14,400 how the body was found, what the body looked like. 504 00:32:14,480 --> 00:32:19,680 They also published information about a discussion 505 00:32:19,760 --> 00:32:22,480 between the two a few hours earlier. 506 00:32:23,680 --> 00:32:27,560 The Brown House, the Nazi headquarters, is alarmed. 507 00:32:28,000 --> 00:32:29,800 The rumor mill is working overtime. 508 00:32:34,480 --> 00:32:36,720 Hitler immediately writes a counterstatement, 509 00:32:36,800 --> 00:32:38,960 which is published in the Münchener Post. 510 00:32:39,040 --> 00:32:40,640 A MYSTERIOUS AFFAIR HITLER'S NIECE'S SUICIDE 511 00:32:40,720 --> 00:32:45,200 "It's untrue that I had a fierce argument with my niece." 512 00:32:49,280 --> 00:32:52,480 Around the same time the newspaper comes out with a headline 513 00:32:52,560 --> 00:32:55,040 that is even more embarrassing for the Nazis. 514 00:32:55,280 --> 00:32:57,680 Letters have been leaked to the editors. 515 00:32:57,760 --> 00:33:00,640 They are to prove that Ernst Röhm of all people, 516 00:33:00,720 --> 00:33:05,360 one of the highest leaders of the Nazis, is a practicing homosexual. 517 00:33:06,080 --> 00:33:08,960 The Münchener Post is making huge noise. 518 00:33:09,200 --> 00:33:11,840 The topic was explosive. 519 00:33:11,920 --> 00:33:16,240 They absolutely wanted to harm Röhm, and indirectly Hitler. 520 00:33:16,960 --> 00:33:21,920 Homosexuality is degenerated and reprehensible according to the Nazis. 521 00:33:26,000 --> 00:33:29,280 In Röhm's case, the Nazis can be shown to be hypocrites. 522 00:33:29,680 --> 00:33:32,320 The Münchener Post would be quite stupid 523 00:33:32,400 --> 00:33:38,800 if it did not publish what it was told about its political opponent. 524 00:33:38,880 --> 00:33:42,160 And this was quite problematic for their political opponent, 525 00:33:42,240 --> 00:33:46,080 who was desperately looking for the leak. 526 00:33:46,160 --> 00:33:49,280 But the Münchener Post also finds itself in a dilemma. 527 00:33:49,360 --> 00:33:51,200 Although the newspaper and the SPD 528 00:33:51,280 --> 00:33:55,120 are fighting against the discrimination and criminalization of homosexuals, 529 00:33:55,760 --> 00:33:57,680 the paper shows no consideration here, 530 00:33:57,760 --> 00:34:00,000 and is exploiting the Röhm case. 531 00:34:03,440 --> 00:34:08,560 It was known in Munich that Röhm was homosexual. 532 00:34:08,640 --> 00:34:11,960 The newspapers did not report on it. 533 00:34:12,040 --> 00:34:15,360 It was a private matter, it was a sensitive subject. 534 00:34:16,040 --> 00:34:18,400 What was only known as a rumor in Munich 535 00:34:18,480 --> 00:34:20,960 was turned into a newspaper story by Auer. 536 00:34:26,400 --> 00:34:29,120 Auer first bought a letter. 537 00:34:29,200 --> 00:34:32,320 {\an8}Later it turned out that the letter was a forgery. 538 00:34:32,400 --> 00:34:34,960 {\an8}Nevertheless, it led to the fact 539 00:34:35,040 --> 00:34:39,040 that further information about Ernst Röhm were leaked by the right, 540 00:34:39,120 --> 00:34:42,240 which could then be published in the Münchener Post. 541 00:34:43,800 --> 00:34:46,480 Röhm does not seem to be harmed by this among the Nazis. 542 00:34:47,360 --> 00:34:50,160 But in connection with the revelations about Röhm, 543 00:34:50,240 --> 00:34:54,640 lawsuits and attacks against the Münchener Post are increasing. 544 00:34:56,640 --> 00:34:58,480 In December 1931, 545 00:34:58,560 --> 00:35:02,160 {\an8}Martin Gruber is beaten up by two men 546 00:35:02,240 --> 00:35:03,840 {\an8}and seriously injured. 547 00:35:03,920 --> 00:35:07,360 {\an8}ATTACK ON MARTIN GRUBER 548 00:35:08,160 --> 00:35:12,640 Despite the attacks, in December 1939 the Münchener Post reveals 549 00:35:12,720 --> 00:35:15,520 an explosive and alarming story. 550 00:35:15,920 --> 00:35:19,120 Again, it has received information from Nazi circles. 551 00:35:19,600 --> 00:35:24,280 There was already a precise plan for what was to happen to the Jews in Germany. 552 00:35:24,880 --> 00:35:27,200 A terrible glimpse into the future. 553 00:35:27,280 --> 00:35:30,400 The Nazis want to deprive the Jews of all their rights. 554 00:35:32,160 --> 00:35:36,400 "All Jews living in Germany have no right to citizenship." 555 00:35:39,360 --> 00:35:42,400 The Nazis increasingly dominate the political life 556 00:35:42,480 --> 00:35:46,080 that traditionally takes place in Munich's large beer cellars. 557 00:35:46,720 --> 00:35:49,960 The National Socialists and their SA resort to 558 00:35:50,040 --> 00:35:52,320 breaking up opposing events. 559 00:35:52,800 --> 00:35:56,880 Beer mugs are collected under the table as throwing and striking weapons. 560 00:35:57,440 --> 00:36:01,280 Heated by alcohol, fierce debates take place. 561 00:36:01,800 --> 00:36:03,520 Then the battle begins. 562 00:36:04,280 --> 00:36:08,160 Left party events regularly end in destruction. 563 00:36:08,480 --> 00:36:10,160 Only their own troops 564 00:36:10,240 --> 00:36:13,720 can still protect the left from the attacks of the right good squads. 565 00:36:18,640 --> 00:36:20,960 The Nazis now win elections. 566 00:36:21,200 --> 00:36:24,560 Their elected officials do not care about law and justice. 567 00:36:24,880 --> 00:36:27,760 The Münchener Post documents this very precisely. 568 00:36:27,840 --> 00:36:31,760 And it lists how the NSDAP spreads terror 569 00:36:31,840 --> 00:36:34,480 through its thugs, not stopping short of murder. 570 00:36:39,040 --> 00:36:40,560 CHECK-MATE TO THE SWASTIKA! 571 00:36:43,760 --> 00:36:47,200 Despite everything, Hitler has enthusiastic supporters in Munich. 572 00:36:47,440 --> 00:36:50,560 He fills large halls like the Circus Krone Building. 573 00:36:54,880 --> 00:36:58,040 I think the Münchener Post reacted 574 00:36:58,400 --> 00:37:03,280 {\an8}by arguing even more anti-capitalistically, 575 00:37:03,360 --> 00:37:07,200 {\an8}by trying even more pointedly 576 00:37:07,280 --> 00:37:10,080 to present their positions 577 00:37:10,160 --> 00:37:14,800 of the struggle against fascism and for democracy. 578 00:37:14,880 --> 00:37:20,400 On the other hand, the Münchener Post, in arguing for democracy, 579 00:37:20,480 --> 00:37:23,800 was not able to inspire many people. 580 00:37:24,000 --> 00:37:27,920 This most enormous political rally 581 00:37:28,400 --> 00:37:32,880 that Munich has ever seen 582 00:37:33,120 --> 00:37:38,480 proves that Munich is bristling with true Hitler spirit. 583 00:37:39,120 --> 00:37:42,800 The Nazis stage their strength and determination. 584 00:37:43,120 --> 00:37:45,120 But above all, 585 00:37:45,200 --> 00:37:48,320 the leader of our movement, Adolf Hitler! 586 00:37:48,400 --> 00:37:52,320 Hail! 587 00:37:52,880 --> 00:37:56,280 Our German people, our fatherland! 588 00:37:56,800 --> 00:37:59,520 They address the people's emotions. 589 00:38:02,280 --> 00:38:06,640 The Münchener Post, however, after his loss in the 1932 elections, 590 00:38:06,720 --> 00:38:08,200 {\an8}sees Hitler on the floor. 591 00:38:08,280 --> 00:38:10,280 {\an8}ADOLF TAKES A DIVE AGAIN! 592 00:38:11,360 --> 00:38:13,200 Many people cannot imagine 593 00:38:13,280 --> 00:38:15,520 that their lives would change decisively 594 00:38:15,600 --> 00:38:18,720 if a riot squad like the Nazis were in power. 595 00:38:18,960 --> 00:38:21,680 Even the well-informed Erhard Auer believes 596 00:38:21,760 --> 00:38:26,160 that in the worst case, Hitler would stay in power for a few months. 597 00:38:27,200 --> 00:38:29,560 The transfer of power comes faster than expected. 598 00:38:29,800 --> 00:38:32,200 The old Reich President von Hindenburg 599 00:38:32,280 --> 00:38:35,800 appoints Hitler as chancellor of a coalition government. 600 00:38:36,280 --> 00:38:40,960 The conservative coalition partners think they can keep Hitler under control. 601 00:38:41,040 --> 00:38:45,280 And in Bavaria, they don't want to be dictated by Berlin. 602 00:38:45,520 --> 00:38:48,200 After the National Socialists came to power, 603 00:38:48,280 --> 00:38:51,680 {\an8}it was believed that a Bavarian government 604 00:38:51,760 --> 00:38:54,240 {\an8}might be able to hold its own, at least in Bavaria. 605 00:38:55,280 --> 00:38:57,280 The Münchener Post is still published. 606 00:38:57,920 --> 00:38:59,440 But for how long? 607 00:39:00,040 --> 00:39:02,560 Now the editorial offices of the Münchener Post 608 00:39:02,640 --> 00:39:05,520 are also becoming a shelter for politically persecuted people, 609 00:39:05,600 --> 00:39:10,560 because the current state government has announced that it will oppose Hitler. 610 00:39:11,040 --> 00:39:15,360 And that's why Munich was actually the last refuge 611 00:39:15,440 --> 00:39:17,960 for a number of democratic politicians 612 00:39:18,040 --> 00:39:21,200 who tried to get away from Berlin. 613 00:39:21,280 --> 00:39:25,120 The leading Social Democrats were suddenly able 614 00:39:25,200 --> 00:39:26,960 to spend a modest night at the Münchener Post. 615 00:39:27,040 --> 00:39:29,920 Some of them, of course, were also accommodated privately. 616 00:39:30,560 --> 00:39:33,200 Hitler successively replaces the state governments 617 00:39:33,280 --> 00:39:36,160 with National Socialist state commissioners. 618 00:39:36,800 --> 00:39:39,200 Bavaria seems to be spared at first. 619 00:39:42,400 --> 00:39:46,960 The first thing one wants to do is hit the most hated opponents. 620 00:39:47,040 --> 00:39:52,400 These are the people who wrote most sharply against the National Socialists, 621 00:39:52,480 --> 00:39:54,800 and that is the Münchener Post. 622 00:39:55,280 --> 00:39:57,800 The Post is preparing for an attack. 623 00:39:58,240 --> 00:40:01,040 Hundreds of social democratic workers are standing guard 624 00:40:01,120 --> 00:40:03,000 to defend their newspaper. 625 00:40:03,280 --> 00:40:05,800 They hope for reinforcement by the police. 626 00:40:06,040 --> 00:40:08,080 But they are abandoned. 627 00:40:11,760 --> 00:40:16,080 They were really willing to fight, to defend themselves 628 00:40:16,160 --> 00:40:19,360 and to do everything to prevent the Nazis from coming to power. 629 00:40:19,440 --> 00:40:23,120 And then they were simply sent home. 630 00:40:23,200 --> 00:40:26,040 And that was depressing, one can't even imagine. 631 00:40:26,800 --> 00:40:31,400 The employees just bring themselves and important documents to safety. 632 00:40:33,600 --> 00:40:35,760 After the last editors, 633 00:40:35,840 --> 00:40:38,000 the last Social Democrats, had left the house, 634 00:40:38,080 --> 00:40:41,280 everything was finally beaten to shreds. 635 00:40:41,520 --> 00:40:43,920 The destruction is systematic. 636 00:40:51,680 --> 00:40:53,760 Then the clash happened, 637 00:40:53,840 --> 00:40:57,720 {\an8}and as a result, the orgy of destruction was even more extreme 638 00:40:57,800 --> 00:41:01,280 than it had been during the Hitler coup in 1920. 639 00:41:01,520 --> 00:41:03,120 This time, too, 640 00:41:03,200 --> 00:41:06,560 the most important tools used by journalists are being destroyed. 641 00:41:06,640 --> 00:41:09,480 The documents containing their collected knowledge. 642 00:41:11,280 --> 00:41:15,200 Triumphantly, the Nazis proclaim the end of the hated enemy. 643 00:41:15,280 --> 00:41:16,320 SA CAMP 644 00:41:16,400 --> 00:41:19,240 The SA moves into the building. 645 00:41:19,680 --> 00:41:21,120 They rule the city. 646 00:41:26,040 --> 00:41:30,800 The editors of the Münchener Post and other leading Social Democrats 647 00:41:30,880 --> 00:41:36,160 who were still in the city then met secretly in restaurants, 648 00:41:36,480 --> 00:41:39,440 but were forced to remain in hiding. 649 00:41:39,840 --> 00:41:42,640 Erhard Auer in particular was initially confident 650 00:41:42,720 --> 00:41:46,040 that the Hitler government would not be able to hold its own for long. 651 00:41:46,640 --> 00:41:49,280 The Nazis celebrate their power. 652 00:41:49,520 --> 00:41:51,960 The journalists of the Post are made aware 653 00:41:52,040 --> 00:41:55,160 that the rule of law has been suspended. 654 00:41:57,520 --> 00:41:59,760 And then, the persecution began. 655 00:42:00,280 --> 00:42:04,280 Several editors of the Post were arrested. 656 00:42:04,960 --> 00:42:07,760 Hitler successfully used his power 657 00:42:07,840 --> 00:42:13,040 and destroyed the paper that repeatedly courageously attacked and provoked him. 658 00:42:13,760 --> 00:42:17,440 One must never forget that it was a small newspaper. 659 00:42:17,680 --> 00:42:19,680 {\an8}It was not the most important newspaper in Munich. 660 00:42:19,760 --> 00:42:24,000 {\an8}And this was an achievement in itself. 661 00:42:26,280 --> 00:42:30,800 The journalists of the Post could not prevent Hitler from reaching for power. 662 00:42:31,200 --> 00:42:34,320 But they were among those who opposed him 663 00:42:34,400 --> 00:42:37,200 and risked their lives for democracy. 664 00:42:38,960 --> 00:42:42,080 After the war, the Münchener Post did not reappear, 665 00:42:42,320 --> 00:42:46,240 but it remains an example of an independent, democratic press 666 00:42:46,320 --> 00:42:48,640 that cannot be intimidated. 667 00:42:55,280 --> 00:42:58,720 Julius Zerfaß spends six months in Dachau concentration camp. 668 00:42:58,800 --> 00:43:02,000 In 1934, he manages to escape to Switzerland. 669 00:43:02,080 --> 00:43:04,360 He does not return to Germany. 670 00:43:05,920 --> 00:43:10,080 Erhard Auer is mistreated by the Nazis and has to leave Munich. 671 00:43:10,280 --> 00:43:12,960 He dies before the end of the war in Karlsruhe. 672 00:43:13,040 --> 00:43:14,880 Eugen Kirchpfening goes into exile 673 00:43:14,960 --> 00:43:17,800 and does not return to Munich until after the war. 674 00:43:18,080 --> 00:43:21,920 At the age of 80, he publishes his book "Beloved Munich". 675 00:43:22,880 --> 00:43:24,720 Martin Gruber is spared. 676 00:43:24,960 --> 00:43:27,800 He dies in Munich in 1936. 677 00:43:28,560 --> 00:43:30,200 Edmund Goldschagg, after his imprisonment, 678 00:43:30,280 --> 00:43:32,240 survives the Nazis as an unskilled worker. 679 00:43:32,320 --> 00:43:36,480 After the war, he co-founds the renowned Süddeutsche Zeitung. 680 00:43:37,040 --> 00:43:41,040 {\an8}Translated by Johanna Pumpernig 62297

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