Original subtitles

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(BIRDS CHIRPING)

(MEN SPEAKING INDISTINCTLY IN DISTANCE)

(WOMEN SINGING IN DISTANCE)

(WOMAN CONTINUES SINGING)

(MOOING)

(MAMADOU NDALA SPEAKING FRENCH)

(GOATS BLEATING)

(BABY CRYING)

(MEN SPEAKING INDISTINCTLY IN FRENCH)

(BLEATING)

(MAN SHOUTING)

(MAN SPEAKING INDISTINCTLY IN FRENCH)

(MISSILES WHOOSHING)

(WIND HOWLING)

(MAN SPEAKING FRENCH)

(GOAT BLEATING)

TRANSLATOR: The name Kasongo is not my name.

Kasongo is an alias.

What I can tell you is that

I'm a high ranking officer in the Congolese army.

TRANSLATOR: As long as Congolese leaders

do not have a patriotic sense,

Congo will stagnate in misery forever.

REPORTER: It's election time in one of Africa's most chaotic countries.

And no one in Congo is expecting a smooth ride.

KASONGO: Our country almost has no system of governors.

Our national army is disorganised and poorly paid.

Because of this

soldiers will sometimes leave the army to join the rebel groups.

The government eventually negotiates with these rebels

and then gets them back into the army.

Often with higher ranking position than they had before.

The rebels who started this current war

call themselves the M23.

KASONGO: Makenga is the acting leader.

But he used to be a colonel in our national army.

I have turned rebel groups three times

and our hope was always

that it would bring stabilisation to Congo on all levels.

On a social level,

an economic level, but, no.

The fighting continues.

(MAN SPEAKING FRENCH)

(SCREAMING IN FRENCH)

(PEOPLE CHATTERING INDISTINCTLY)

(BABY CRYING)

(PEOPLE SCREAMING INDISTINCTLY IN FRENCH)

(MAN WHISTLES)

(SINGING IN FRENCH)

(SINGING CONTINUES IN BACKGROUND)

(HAKIZA NYANTABA SPEAKING FRENCH)

My name is Hakiza Nyantaba.

REPORTER: The Congo, in the heart of equatorial Africa

is three times larger than Texas.

The Congo is a giant country.

It has several mountains, waterways and a lot of minerals.

Especially here in the east.

(MAN SPEAKING FRENCH)

KASONGO: You think America remembers the souvenir that Congo gave them?

It was with our uranium

that they bombed Nagasaki and Hiroshima,

which made them the superpower.

When it comes to our mineral wealth

Congo is a bit of a geological scandal.

Understand that the population

does not benefit at all from the product of our wealth.

Where does the money go?

It gets diverted into the pockets of corrupt leaders,

big men,

big organisations,

and even foreign powers that profit

while the Congo doesn't.

The victims are the Congolese themselves.

(MAN SINGING IN FRENCH)

(SPEAKING INDISTINCTLY)

(MUSIC PLAYING ON RADIO)

(MAMA ROMANCE SPEAKING FRENCH)

(MEN SPEAKING INDISTINCTLY IN FRENCH)

(WHISTLE BLOWING)

Goma is the centre of the north and south of Kivu provinces.

It is a strategic town in the region.

REPORTER 1: Goma is at the economic heartland.

There are more than one million people here.

This is where all the natural resources are brought in.

This is where they are exported from.

KASONGO: Goma sits on lake Kivu and is on the border of Rwanda.

It's also close to the border of Uganda.

REPORTER 2: The rebels have now steadily been making their way

from their base near the border with Uganda

towards Goma, the main city here.

KASONGO: There are more than 450 tribes in Congo,

and all of them are represented here.

REPORTER 2: This is a hugely mineral rich part of the country.

It's also very, very far from Kinshasa, the capital.

So the government doesn't really reach here properly.

The main power is the power of the gun

and whoever controls that controls also potentially very lucrative deals.

KASONGO: This instability has brought others as well.

Just outside Goma is a dense forest.

(HELICOPTER WHIRRING)

This forest makes a good hideout

for anyone who wants to start a rebellion.

Here you can conquer a plot of land,

collect villagers from the area under your control

and have them exploit minerals and sell them for you.

Then you can buy guns,

weapons, and you can buy food.

Other than the M23 rebels

there are more than 50 armed groups out there.

If today,I decide to go into the forest and start a rebellion

I will have people to follow me.

(SPEAKING FRENCH)

Some of you seem surprised.

KASONGO: All these rebel groups are confusing to even the Congolese.

They all are different acronyms

that claim to stand for freedom,

liberation, or democracy.

But they only succeed in terrorising the population.

(SPEAKING FRENCH)

(MAN SPEAKING FRENCH)

(SPEAKING FRENCH)

(IMITATING GUN FIRE)

(SPEAKING FRENCH)

(SINGING IN FRENCH)

(MAN CRYING)

(GUN FIRING)

(MAN SPEAKING FRENCH)

(GUNSHOTS CONTINUE)

(SPEAKING FRENCH)

Everything that is happening in this war,

has been done before.

The M23 are threatening to take Goma

unless the government gives them key positions in this region.

(MAN SPEAKING FRENCH)

It's no coincidence that these rebellions

occur near our borders.

FEMALE REPORTER: A Human Rights Watch report

draws a link between Rwanda and M23.

MALE REPORTER: Two neighbouring countries Rwanda and Uganda

have been accused of backing M23.

Rwanda firmly denies any involvement.

There is no evidence, there is no facts,

because it's not happening.

(SPEAKING FRENCH)

(MAN SPEAKING INDISTINCTLY OVER RADIO)

(BOMB EXPLODING)

(PEOPLE CLAMOURING)

(MACHINE GUN FIRING)

FEMALE REPORTER: Just about five minutes ago

M23 rebels walked through the streets of Goma

without anyone stopping them.

They have definitely had outside help.

MALE REPORTER: Government troops retreated

and U.N. peacekeepers stood by watching.

MALE REPORTER: The Congolese national army has seen

a catastrophic collapse in morale over the last few days in particular

as the head of the land forces was fired

for allegedly covertly backing the rebels.

(NYANTABA SPEAKING)

MALE REPORTER: A series of talks have been taking place over the past week

in an attempt to resolve the crisis.

FEMALE REPORTER: Their trucks packed with ammunition and soldiers,

M23 rebels left the city

they had conquered 12 days ago.

MALE REPORTER: In return the government must listen to

and address the rebels grievances.

TRANSLATOR: Everything will be okay if they agree to the demands.

If president Kabila or anybody else provokes us

we will be back.

FEMALE REPORTER: People have lost trust in their government

and the United Nation's ability to protect them.

In regards to the international community,

a stranger will never find you a solution in your own country.

But since our independence

we've never been given a chance to govern ourselves

without interference from the outside.

MALE REPORTER: June 30th, 1960,

independence comes to the Belgian Congo.

King Bodwai himself flies to the capital city of Leopoldville

to break the bounds that have linked his country and its African colony

for 75 years.

(PATRICE LUMUMBA SPEAKING)

KASONGO: Lumumba, the first prime minister of Congo was a nationalist.

But the Americans thought he had communist tendencies.

MALE REPORTER: The Russians had backed Lumumba.

Giving military another aid,

as East vied with West to gain influence within the Congo.

(RUMBLING)

MAN: For the Americans during the cold war,

they had to find a man to get rid of Lumumba.

And that is how they thought of Mobutu.

In the army he was known as the most brilliant.

MALE REPORTER: Colonel Mobutu forced the Russians to close their embassy,

leave the Congo.

KASONGO: Mobutu was used by the CIA.

He served the capitalists to the detriment of communism.

MALE REPORTER: A new chapter begins

in the dark and tragic history of the Congo

with the return to Leopoldville of deposed premier Lumumba

following his capture

by crack commandos of strong man Colonel Mobutu.

MALE REPORTER: Here you see him on his third arrest.

One from which he went to a mysterious death.

KASONGO: With the support of the Americans

Mobutu imposed a dictatorship for 32 years.

I grew up during that time.

When he came into power

in the beginning, I must say, he was good.

(JAZZ MUSIC PLAYING)

The economy of the country was strong.

Very strong.

The Congo produced many university graduates

and the world respected many of these Congolese.

At least in those years

Congo was still moving forward a bit.

Then all of a sudden

he re-baptized the Congo with the name of Zaire.

(MAN SPEAKING)

KASONGO: Almost everything changed.

While he remained a vital ally to the west,

he expelled all the foreign investors that were here.

When they left

all the factories,

all the big plantations were acquired by Mobutu's colleagues,

but they did not know how to run them.

There were no executives,

business men were replaced by inadequate people.

Money was embezzled.

And where there is corruption

development can't exist.

(MAN SPEAKING IN FRENCH)

FEMALE REPORTER: Mobutu looted his country's

diamond and copper mines.

He pocketed international aid.

Even officers were housed in this slum

just a few kilometres away

from President Mobutu's opulent lakeside villa.

That same system of corruption

has become a Congolese tradition.

And it is even worse today.

We are living the consequence.

(CHILDREN SPEAKING INDISTINCTLY)

(MUSIC PLAYING OVER RADIO)

(SONG PLAYING ON RADIO)

(MAMA ROMANCE SPEAKING IN FRENCH)

(SPEAKING FRENCH)

(WOMAN SPEAKING FRENCH INDISTINCTLY)

(MUSIC PLAYING OVER RADIO)

(MAN AND WOMAN SPEAKING INDISTINCTLY)

(KIDS SPEAKING FRENCH)

(SOLDIERS SINGING IN FRENCH)

(SINGING)

-(SINGING CONTINUES) -(WHISTLING)

FEMALE REPORTER: More obstacles to peace

in Democratic Republic of the Congo.

MALE REPORTER: Government police are hearing complaints

of pillage or worse by M23.

FEMALE REPORTER: When M23 was formed,

its core demand was to be reintegrated into the Congolese army,

with better pay and ranks.

Now it's talking about setting up its own government

with its own collection of taxes.

FEMALE REPORTER: The UN mission could do little to stop M23 rebels

when they swept into the city of Goma.

The UN's response,

a new batch of troops with a wider offensive mandate.

It could take months

for intervention force to be in place here.

During that time,

M23 could make another attempt to take Goma.

(SPEAKING INDISTINCTLY)

(WOMAN SPEAKING)

(MAN SINGING IN FRENCH)

(MAN SPEAKING OVER RADIO)

M23...

(BOMB EXPLODING)

(BOMB EXPLODING)

(GUNS FIRING)

(SPEAKING INDISTINCTLY IN FRENCH)

(BOMB EXPLODING)

(GUNS FIRING)

totaling 19 dead.

(CHATTERING INDISTINCTLY)

(ENGINE REVVING)

KASONGO: The fact that Rwanda supports all these rebellions

with their close ally Uganda

is no secret.

For us, it's known.

For the past 20 years,

Rwanda has fought to control this region.

They have masacred many Congolese.

So all the killings they have done

really turned the Congolese against the Rwandans,

but especially against the Tutsi tribe.

(SOLDIER SPEAKING IN FRENCH)

KOSONGO: All this began when the colonisers entered the region

and created a tribal hierachy.

(DRUMS PLAYING)

(REPORTER SPEAKING FRENCH)

KOSONGO: In Rwanda, with the support of the Belgians,

the Tutsi really crushed the Hutu for almost 40 years.

This created an ethnic tension that would eventually erupt.

In Rwanda, after the genocide,

Tutsi rebel leader Paul Kagame,

who received military training in America,

took power.

Fearing revenge kilings,

the majority of Hutu tribe

fled across the border into Congo.

MALE REPORTER: Civil war in Rwanda drove more than one million people

across the border into Zaire.

FEMALE REPORTER: It's the biggest exodus Africa's ever seen.

KOSONGO: Hutu genociders hid among these refugees

and started plotting their return to power.

This is part of the reason Rwanda began covert involvement in the Congo.

But it seems they have other ambitions as well.

The Rwandan genocide marks the beginning of the cycle of war

that has plagued the Congo for two decades.

Rwanda always says they are not involved.

But they are.

Myself, I'm a witness.

I know what I'm talking about.

All three rebel groups I joined

were supported by Rwanda.

FEMALE REPORTER 1: Last Thursday M23 shells hit the outskirts of Goma

killing a woman and a child.

And a rocket struck a nearby village killing two and injuring others.

FEMALE REPORTER 2: There's growing anger

about the deaths of civilians over the last few weeks,

and criticism that peacekeepers didn't prevent the killings.

FEMALE REPORTER 3: Meanwhile, hundreds of angry residents

took to the streets and were calling for President Kabila to step down.

They accuse him of incompetence in flushing out the rebels

who continue to destabilise the region.

(CROWD CHANTING)

(CONTINUE CHANTING)

(SPEAKING FRENCH)

KOSONGO: Throughout history,

tribalism has been used.

Just as religion is often used by the people in power

to manipulate the population.

(CHANTING)

This creates tension that can erupt at any moment

because the Congolese are leading a life of frustration.

KOSONGO: If our government doesn't impose itself to end this narrative,

then we are just constructing our state of bonfire.

Tomorrow it will burn again.

(MAN SPEAKING FRENCH)

(CHANTING)

We are Congolese, we must die for this country.

This is our country!

(MAMA ROMANCE SPEAKING FRENCH)

(CHATTERING INDISTINCTLY)

(MAN SPEAKING FRENCH)

(PEOPLE SINGING)

(SINGING CONTINUES)

-Amen. -ALL: Amen.

(MAN 2 SPEAKING IN OTHER LANGUAGE)

(SINGING CONTINUES)

(SPEAKING FRENCH)

(APPLAUDING)

(MAN SPEAKING FRENCH)

(CAMERA SHUTTERS CLICKING)

(GUNS FIRING IN DISTANCE)

(GUNS FIRING)

(MAN SHRIEKING)

(SPEAKING INDISTINCTLY)

(GUNS FIRING)

(BULLETS WHIZZING)

(GUNS FIRING)

Aim down near the shots.

Near those shots.

(BOMB EXPLODING)

(EXPLOSIONS CONTINUE)

(BOMB EXPLODING)

(MAN SPEAKING OVER RADIO)

(GUNS FIRING)

(GUNS FIRING)

I don't like this, sir.

Advance, advance.

(MAN SPEAKING INDISTINCTLY OVER RADIO)

(GUNSHOTS CONTINUE)

(BOMB EXPLODING)

(HORNS HONKING)

(PEOPLE CHEERING)

MALE REPORTER 1: The soldiers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

have made a decisive gain

in their battle with fighters in the M23 rebel movement.

MALE REPORTER 2: The M23 say they now want the fighting to stop.

The superior fire power of the Congolese army,

heavily supported by the UN,

have backed the rebels into a corner.

MALE REPORTER 3: Congolese soldiers say that some of the dissidents

that gave themselves up are from Uganda and Rwanda.

But the rebels' recent string of defeats

suggests any foreign support had stopped.

The M23 rebel group in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

has called an end to its 20-month insurgency

The rebels surrendered overnight,

and those that remained, fled across the border into Rwanda or Uganda.

Rebel military leader Sultani Makenga

is believed to have escaped into Uganda.

(CHEERING)

Mamadou! Mamadou!

(CHEERING)

Mamadou you are our son!

(CROWD CHEERING)

(ALL YELLING)

(PEOPLE CHANTING)

(ALL YELLING CHANT)

(CHEERING AND WHISTLING)

(WOMAN SINGING)

(SPEAKING FRENCH)

Okay.

(MAMA ROMANCE SPEAKING)

(WOMAN SPEAKING FRENCH)

He has started by opening this door.

(JOSEPH KABILA SPEAKING FRENCH)

(PEOPLE CHEERING)

(MAMA ROMANCE SPEAKING IN FRENCH)

(MAMADOU SPEAKING)

(JOSEPH SPEAKING FRENCH)

(NYANTABA SPEAKING)

Amen.

(PEOPLE SCREAMING AND CRYING)

(GUNS FIRING)

(MEN CLAMORING)

(GUNS FIRING)

(KASONGO SPEAKING)

I liked him very much.

I'm very saddened by his death.

He never retreated on a battlefield.

He had a strong sense of patriotism.

That's how he built his popularity with the people.

Even though he was a very distinguished boy,

he was also very young and he wanted to be a star.

Frankly,

this was really a weakness.

A very big weakness.

It was not the enemy who killed Mamadou.

It was his colleagues.

There was an element of jealousy,

so they stopped him dead in his tracks.

In order to be liberated we need a revolt.

(CHILDREN SPEAKING INDISTINCTLY)