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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:06,000 --> 00:00:10,080 You and I belong to an extraordinary family. 2 00:00:15,920 --> 00:00:18,480 A family of hundreds of bizarre 3 00:00:19,600 --> 00:00:20,400 colourful 4 00:00:21,200 --> 00:00:23,680 and characterful animals... 5 00:00:25,400 --> 00:00:28,520 I don't think I've seen anything quite like this in my whole life. 6 00:00:29,680 --> 00:00:33,760 ...who lead fascinating and dramatic lives 7 00:00:34,480 --> 00:00:35,840 all over the world. 8 00:00:39,360 --> 00:00:41,520 We, that is monkeys 9 00:00:41,960 --> 00:00:43,000 lemurs 10 00:00:43,480 --> 00:00:44,600 and apes 11 00:00:44,880 --> 00:00:46,640 are all primates. 12 00:00:47,640 --> 00:00:52,280 And I want to introduce you to this amazing animal family 13 00:00:54,360 --> 00:00:58,640 to meet some relatives you never even knew you had. 14 00:01:26,120 --> 00:01:32,080 The jungles of Borneo are home to some of the most unusual primates on the planet. 15 00:01:39,240 --> 00:01:41,040 Strange monkeys. 16 00:01:43,440 --> 00:01:45,280 Poisonous lorises. 17 00:01:48,120 --> 00:01:52,280 And our closest cousins, the great apes. 18 00:02:03,400 --> 00:02:07,560 Orangutans normally spend their lives high in the treetops. 19 00:02:10,360 --> 00:02:15,760 But there is one community that's unlike any other group of wild apes on Earth. 20 00:02:22,240 --> 00:02:26,360 They've begun to behave in a way that's almost human. 21 00:02:41,920 --> 00:02:46,720 This has got to be about one of the most bizarre things I've ever experienced. 22 00:02:52,160 --> 00:02:55,800 These aren't captive animals trained to do tricks. 23 00:02:58,320 --> 00:03:01,240 They're free living orangutans 24 00:03:02,360 --> 00:03:05,320 who've adopted an unusual way of life. 25 00:03:10,000 --> 00:03:14,280 And of all the orangutans here, Siswi is the most unusual. 26 00:03:21,960 --> 00:03:23,600 Thanks, Siswi. 27 00:03:24,120 --> 00:03:28,480 This has got to be the cleanest orangutan in the whole of Borneo! 28 00:03:33,400 --> 00:03:38,360 Siswi and I are 2 of roughly 400 species of primate in the world 29 00:03:39,000 --> 00:03:41,600 and although we all look very different 30 00:03:42,040 --> 00:03:48,120 we share certain features that make us part of one of the most extraordinary families on Earth. 31 00:03:50,040 --> 00:03:56,840 It's one of these shared features, our intelligence, that helps explain this curious behaviour. 32 00:03:58,680 --> 00:04:03,200 Here, orangutans and humans share the same forest. 33 00:04:06,000 --> 00:04:07,520 They've watched us 34 00:04:09,080 --> 00:04:12,680 and begun to experiment with what they've seen. 35 00:04:20,120 --> 00:04:25,200 This may look a bit bizarre but it actually shows how smart she is. 36 00:04:25,240 --> 00:04:32,320 She's seen humans here every morning, washing, and she's basically doing exactly the same. 37 00:04:35,760 --> 00:04:38,800 We also share a similar face. 38 00:04:38,840 --> 00:04:41,280 Our eyes face forwards. 39 00:04:42,000 --> 00:04:45,840 This gives us the ability to judge distances perfectly. 40 00:04:46,840 --> 00:04:49,080 And there's one more similarity. 41 00:04:50,000 --> 00:04:54,560 Critically we have this amazing hand with a thumb that can fold over 42 00:04:54,600 --> 00:04:59,400 and that is probably the most defining characteristic of any primate. 43 00:05:03,200 --> 00:05:07,360 Intelligence, binocular vision and a dexterous hand 44 00:05:07,400 --> 00:05:11,640 allow these orangutans to behave so much like us. 45 00:05:13,240 --> 00:05:16,760 They are the three things we all have in common. 46 00:05:19,400 --> 00:05:23,640 But that certainly doesn't mean all primates look similar. 47 00:05:31,520 --> 00:05:36,440 The tarsier is 400 times smaller than an orangutan. 48 00:05:38,960 --> 00:05:45,920 It also has forward facing eyes, a dextrous hand, and intelligence 49 00:05:46,840 --> 00:05:50,080 but it uses them in a completely different way. 50 00:06:03,320 --> 00:06:08,440 This tennis ball sized gremlin is a spring loaded ambush predator. 51 00:06:13,440 --> 00:06:18,160 Long back legs can propel it up to 40 times its body length. 52 00:06:20,960 --> 00:06:27,320 Its huge eyes are bigger than its stomach, and gather every scrap of light. 53 00:06:28,240 --> 00:06:30,480 They're too large to move in their sockets 54 00:06:30,520 --> 00:06:35,840 but the tarsier can swivel its head through almost 360 degrees. 55 00:06:41,040 --> 00:06:46,200 And when it can't see its prey, it uses ultrasonic hearing. 56 00:06:49,440 --> 00:06:55,000 Those satellite dish ears pinpoint rustles that we humans cannot hear. 57 00:07:29,000 --> 00:07:34,240 Evolution has moulded the tarsier into a ruthlessly efficient hunter. 58 00:07:34,920 --> 00:07:38,520 The most carnivorous of all primates. 59 00:07:48,880 --> 00:07:51,840 We humans have got some pretty bizarre cousins 60 00:07:51,880 --> 00:07:56,240 but primates don't just live in jungles like the tarsier or the orangutan. 61 00:07:56,280 --> 00:07:59,560 In fact we've got relatives right across the planet 62 00:07:59,600 --> 00:08:05,240 and some of them have managed to scrape a living in the most unexpected of places. 63 00:08:12,560 --> 00:08:16,400 Away from the tropics, life is very different indeed. 64 00:08:32,520 --> 00:08:36,480 Japanese macaques live further north than any other monkey. 65 00:08:37,720 --> 00:08:40,400 Right on the edge of what is possible. 66 00:08:45,560 --> 00:08:49,640 Here, temperatures can hit minus 20 degrees celsius. 67 00:08:52,200 --> 00:08:58,080 The secret to surviving when the temperature's this low is to have lots of layers. 68 00:08:58,120 --> 00:09:03,720 Layers are really important because they trap warm air next to your skin. 69 00:09:06,280 --> 00:09:12,520 With a thermal camera I can show you just how much heat you lose without those protective layers. 70 00:09:20,880 --> 00:09:27,360 The first thing to go are my feet, they're feeling very, very cold now. 71 00:09:32,000 --> 00:09:36,600 Only 5 minutes later, my core temperature is dangerously low. 72 00:09:41,480 --> 00:09:47,280 Eventually I would enter a coma from which I would never wake up. 73 00:10:02,760 --> 00:10:06,640 To live in a sub-zero world you have to be built for it. 74 00:10:09,240 --> 00:10:15,640 These snow monkeys have two distinct layers of fur that trap warm air next to their skin 75 00:10:18,640 --> 00:10:23,400 while their short tails and stumpy ears reduce the chance of frostbite. 76 00:10:30,560 --> 00:10:33,400 Food is extremely hard to come by 77 00:10:33,440 --> 00:10:37,520 and the monkeys lose almost a quarter of their body weight throughout the winter. 78 00:10:44,000 --> 00:10:49,320 Snow monkeys might be built for the cold but as the temperatures plummet after dark 79 00:10:49,360 --> 00:10:54,920 they have to find other ways to keep warm, and they do this in a rather remarkable way. 80 00:11:09,040 --> 00:11:15,120 For a small monkey, thick fur isn't enough to stay warm in these sub-zero conditions. 81 00:11:25,760 --> 00:11:32,520 For the first time ever we have a privileged insight into how these incredible monkeys stay alive. 82 00:11:40,200 --> 00:11:44,240 As they climb the trees, one monkey is joined by another 83 00:11:46,560 --> 00:11:47,480 then another 84 00:11:50,080 --> 00:11:51,040 and another. 85 00:11:56,440 --> 00:11:59,600 A single monkey would freeze to death out here 86 00:11:59,640 --> 00:12:03,880 but by huddling, the macaques form a giant super-monkey 87 00:12:03,920 --> 00:12:08,240 one so big that it creates a microclimate of its own. 88 00:12:11,280 --> 00:12:13,280 As a baby settles down for the night 89 00:12:13,320 --> 00:12:19,080 the intense glow of heat shows just how toasty it must be at the heart of the huddle. 90 00:12:22,880 --> 00:12:27,280 Throughout the night the monkeys take it in turns in the hotspot. 91 00:12:35,320 --> 00:12:39,520 Dawn, and the snow monkeys are snuggled up tighter than ever. 92 00:12:48,360 --> 00:12:53,400 We've all been there, wrapped up in a warm duvet on a cold chilly morning. 93 00:12:56,200 --> 00:13:01,360 And thanks to that huddle, these resourceful monkeys have beaten the elements. 94 00:13:12,320 --> 00:13:14,240 Well, it was pretty cold last night 95 00:13:14,280 --> 00:13:18,840 and if I or indeed most other primates had been out here on their own 96 00:13:18,880 --> 00:13:21,520 we would have perished hours ago. 97 00:13:22,800 --> 00:13:25,280 In the extremes of the primate world 98 00:13:25,320 --> 00:13:30,320 it's teamwork like this that makes the difference between life and death. 99 00:13:43,280 --> 00:13:47,440 The spiny forest of Madagascar is at the other extreme 100 00:13:47,760 --> 00:13:51,280 one of the hottest and driest forests on earth. 101 00:13:54,640 --> 00:14:00,280 The temperatures here can exceed 40 degrees, and it doesn't rain for months on end. 102 00:14:10,760 --> 00:14:15,480 The few plants that grow here are protected by rapier-like thorns. 103 00:14:24,320 --> 00:14:28,360 But sifakas spend their lives in this forest of spines. 104 00:14:37,480 --> 00:14:41,600 These adrenaline junkies risk life and limb every day. 105 00:14:56,840 --> 00:15:02,160 Their binocular vision allows them to pick landing spots with unerring accuracy. 106 00:15:03,920 --> 00:15:08,800 And long back legs can catapult them 9 metres in a single leap. 107 00:15:17,040 --> 00:15:21,080 Though how they avoid getting cut to pieces is still a mystery. 108 00:15:24,560 --> 00:15:30,280 The prize for these hardy lemurs is lots of succulent leaves, full of precious water. 109 00:15:32,760 --> 00:15:36,200 Quenching their thirst in the blistering heat. 110 00:15:55,520 --> 00:15:59,800 Heat is just one problem for the most southerly monkey in the world. 111 00:16:08,720 --> 00:16:13,400 Chacma baboons live in the raw exposed south African cape. 112 00:16:21,120 --> 00:16:25,080 Here, there's virtually no protection from the elements. 113 00:16:26,280 --> 00:16:32,160 Battered by winds, they scratch a living under the intense glare of the midday sun. 114 00:16:37,440 --> 00:16:39,720 These baboons have a hard life. 115 00:16:39,760 --> 00:16:45,800 By midday it's blisteringly hot and they have to spend hours roaming to find enough food 116 00:16:45,840 --> 00:16:50,160 but their real problem is finding somewhere safe to sleep. 117 00:16:55,960 --> 00:16:58,880 At night, leopards roam these plains 118 00:16:59,480 --> 00:17:05,240 and with very few trees to hide in, the troop are exposed to the biggest danger of all 119 00:17:06,120 --> 00:17:07,480 being eaten. 120 00:17:12,640 --> 00:17:18,640 To avoid this, their choice of dormitory is one of the most bizarre in the primate world. 121 00:17:24,680 --> 00:17:26,920 Here it is, look. 122 00:17:29,920 --> 00:17:33,520 This small hole is the entrance to a cave. 123 00:17:36,600 --> 00:17:40,400 It's incredibly rare for any primate to use a cave 124 00:17:40,440 --> 00:17:42,880 so while the baboons are out hunting for food 125 00:17:42,920 --> 00:17:47,720 I'm gonna get some kit on and go down and see what their sleeping accommodation is all about. 126 00:17:55,960 --> 00:17:58,680 This is a high security location. 127 00:18:02,600 --> 00:18:06,960 There are bees at the entrance and an 8-metre vertical drop. 128 00:18:26,640 --> 00:18:33,800 Well, everywhere you look there's evidence of habitual use of this cave by baboons. 129 00:18:33,840 --> 00:18:37,240 There's bones everywhere, remains, there's dung 130 00:18:37,280 --> 00:18:41,760 some of it not so old I can tell you, some pretty fresh stuff. 131 00:18:45,040 --> 00:18:47,800 I'm now a hundred metres underground 132 00:18:48,360 --> 00:18:54,600 and it hasn't been easy for me but for the baboons it must be 10 times harder 133 00:18:54,640 --> 00:18:58,160 because they have to do it in complete darkness. 134 00:19:06,560 --> 00:19:10,440 As night falls, the baboons are clearly on edge. 135 00:19:21,120 --> 00:19:27,480 With the threat of an attack a very real possibility, the cave is an inviting prospect. 136 00:19:44,400 --> 00:19:49,160 An old rope left by bat researchers makes their descent easier. 137 00:19:55,680 --> 00:19:59,440 In the pitch black, the baboons can't see a thing 138 00:19:59,880 --> 00:20:03,760 but our cameras reveal how they cope in this secret world. 139 00:20:12,200 --> 00:20:16,480 The first thing they do is call to each other to work out where everyone is. 140 00:20:20,960 --> 00:20:25,840 Effectively blindfolded, they feel their way through the inky blackness. 141 00:20:36,280 --> 00:20:40,440 Amazingly, like you and I know our way around our house at night 142 00:20:40,480 --> 00:20:45,760 the adults appear to have a mental map of the entire hundred-metre cave system. 143 00:20:50,480 --> 00:20:54,600 But when you can't see who's around you, it's easy to get spooked. 144 00:21:08,320 --> 00:21:11,920 Spending your night underground might seem like an odd thing to do 145 00:21:11,960 --> 00:21:14,680 but early man did exactly the same. 146 00:21:24,960 --> 00:21:27,600 Putting the kids to bed is never easy. 147 00:21:29,320 --> 00:21:34,320 And a cave like this provides plenty of space for some private time. 148 00:21:47,000 --> 00:21:51,120 And eventually a safe and peaceful night's sleep. 149 00:22:02,080 --> 00:22:04,680 Apart from the obvious security benefits 150 00:22:04,720 --> 00:22:08,840 getting the right sort of sleep could have other advantages. 151 00:22:12,760 --> 00:22:20,360 REM sleep, the state where you dream, allows a complex brain to repair and revitalise 152 00:22:21,640 --> 00:22:25,520 and it's that much easier when you're safe underground. 153 00:22:30,920 --> 00:22:35,040 It's thought that sleeping in a cave could sharpen the mind. 154 00:22:37,040 --> 00:22:43,880 Which for the baboons would make life on the edge of Africa that much easier to deal with. 155 00:22:58,160 --> 00:23:03,680 Over the last 55 million years, primates have branched out across the globe 156 00:23:04,120 --> 00:23:07,760 but the family's roots are deep within the jungle. 157 00:23:09,120 --> 00:23:11,040 It is really amazing up here. 158 00:23:11,080 --> 00:23:15,400 I mean, if you think about it, it makes sense making your home up in the trees. 159 00:23:15,440 --> 00:23:20,560 For one thing, all your enemies, things that would eat you, are on the forest floor, generally 160 00:23:20,600 --> 00:23:22,440 30 metres below you 161 00:23:22,480 --> 00:23:26,640 and there's just all kinds of things to eat up here, lots of food and fruit. 162 00:23:29,200 --> 00:23:34,160 Tropical forests are home to the greatest diversity of primates on earth. 163 00:23:38,200 --> 00:23:42,560 In fact over 90% of all primates live in forests. 164 00:23:58,280 --> 00:24:01,320 But it's definitely not as easy up here as it looks. 165 00:24:04,160 --> 00:24:06,480 I mean, this is very difficult. 166 00:24:06,520 --> 00:24:13,480 For an animal my size, who shouldn't really be up trees, this is actually very alarming. 167 00:24:16,120 --> 00:24:19,560 We humans may have lost our head for heights 168 00:24:19,600 --> 00:24:23,840 but other primates have made the most of life in a vertical world. 169 00:24:45,040 --> 00:24:48,640 There are some incredible ways to move through the forest 170 00:24:48,680 --> 00:24:53,200 but the true gymnasts of the canopy have got to be the gibbons. 171 00:24:53,240 --> 00:24:59,560 Their highly specialised arms allow them to fly through the treetops at breakneck speed. 172 00:25:01,400 --> 00:25:05,640 But in Thailand, not all gibbons have had the chance to do that. 173 00:25:13,360 --> 00:25:18,040 Six month old Sherpa has never set foot outside a cage. 174 00:25:22,280 --> 00:25:26,960 But today, he and his family are being released into the wild. 175 00:25:32,280 --> 00:25:38,960 They're pioneers, returning to a forest where gibbons were hunted to extinction 30 years ago. 176 00:25:49,600 --> 00:25:54,920 And on a day like this, the big wide world is tantalisingly close. 177 00:26:12,640 --> 00:26:16,640 Sherpa's dad is the first out, and his mum follows. 178 00:26:23,160 --> 00:26:26,120 But for Sherpa it's a bit more daunting. 179 00:26:39,160 --> 00:26:44,840 A little bit of reassurance, and it's time to make a huge leap of faith. 180 00:27:05,480 --> 00:27:11,920 A quick hug, and after a lifetime in captivity, our young explorer is free. 181 00:27:20,640 --> 00:27:26,640 Unlike a wild gibbon, Sherpa has no experience, and a bit too much enthusiasm. 182 00:27:35,000 --> 00:27:37,840 These thorny branches are rattan. 183 00:27:44,440 --> 00:27:48,360 Sherpa is learning a painful, but very valuable, lesson. 184 00:27:59,280 --> 00:28:03,080 When you're a young gibbon, practice makes perfect. 185 00:28:16,440 --> 00:28:21,080 By watching his parents, he'll soon pick up all the skills he needs. 186 00:28:25,280 --> 00:28:30,520 In terms of sheer acrobatics, there's nothing to touch a wild gibbon. 187 00:28:36,360 --> 00:28:41,800 That powerful brain makes hundreds of life-saving decisions in the blink of an eye. 188 00:28:48,000 --> 00:28:54,520 And a ball and socket joint in their wrists gives them flexibility to slingshot through the canopy. 189 00:29:32,960 --> 00:29:39,080 The huge range of environments that primates live in have shaped how they look and behave. 190 00:29:42,800 --> 00:29:46,760 But their diversity is also driven by what they eat. 191 00:29:52,320 --> 00:29:58,400 The Simian mountains of Ethiopia are home to one of the world's most vegetarian primates. 192 00:30:04,720 --> 00:30:05,920 Geladas. 193 00:30:13,360 --> 00:30:17,760 After a cold night in the mountains, dawn is a welcome relief. 194 00:30:20,120 --> 00:30:23,800 I love this row here, at the edge of the cliff, who are just warming up in the sun 195 00:30:23,840 --> 00:30:28,760 they're really putting their heads back and exposing their chests. 196 00:30:33,600 --> 00:30:37,720 Once they've warmed up, geladas need a hearty breakfast. 197 00:30:41,880 --> 00:30:48,000 But as far as the eye can see, there's only one thing to eat for every single meal. 198 00:30:49,600 --> 00:30:50,720 Grass. 199 00:30:58,720 --> 00:31:05,320 Grass is extremely low in calories, so these hardy mountaineers have to eat huge amounts. 200 00:31:13,400 --> 00:31:16,680 Your average monkey feeds for about 4 hours a day 201 00:31:16,720 --> 00:31:20,880 whereas your average gelada has to feed for up to 10 hours a day. 202 00:31:21,440 --> 00:31:25,240 If I was to suddenly adopt the grass-only gelada diet 203 00:31:25,280 --> 00:31:29,600 I'd have to chew down 17 kilograms of grass every day. 204 00:31:44,760 --> 00:31:48,520 Geladas are built to make the most of their vegetarian diet. 205 00:31:51,680 --> 00:31:55,720 Of all the primates, geladas have one of the most useful thumbs 206 00:31:55,760 --> 00:32:02,280 and they use it in a pincer-like movement to pick only the most nutritious shoots and seeds. 207 00:32:04,280 --> 00:32:08,640 Abrasive teeth grind up the coarse leaves just like a cow. 208 00:32:11,400 --> 00:32:16,400 And built-in cushions make the long hours sitting a bit more bearable. 209 00:32:28,080 --> 00:32:32,400 Geladas need to eat all day long simply to survive. 210 00:32:37,520 --> 00:32:39,800 But for the smallest monkey in the world 211 00:32:39,840 --> 00:32:44,480 it's less about the quantity of food, and more about its quality. 212 00:33:06,080 --> 00:33:09,160 Pygmy marmosets weigh no more than an apple. 213 00:33:14,360 --> 00:33:17,760 Here in Ecuador, catching dinner can be hard work 214 00:33:18,960 --> 00:33:22,520 but luckily marmosets have a reliable back up. 215 00:33:26,160 --> 00:33:30,240 And to make the most of it, they have a unique set of tools. 216 00:33:32,720 --> 00:33:36,320 Claws rather than fingernails give them extra grip. 217 00:33:41,920 --> 00:33:46,600 And their chisel-like teeth cut neat holes in the tough tree bark. 218 00:33:52,840 --> 00:33:55,120 But it's not the bark they're after. 219 00:33:58,480 --> 00:34:01,800 It's the sugar rich sap underneath. 220 00:34:10,760 --> 00:34:16,920 Packed with energy and essential minerals, sap makes up 75% of their diet. 221 00:34:28,520 --> 00:34:32,080 What's really incredible is the scale of their ambition. 222 00:34:35,440 --> 00:34:38,840 A tree like this may have several hundred holes. 223 00:34:39,800 --> 00:34:42,640 Food production on an industrial scale. 224 00:34:46,440 --> 00:34:50,960 Marmosets harvest their crop wisely, they never take too much 225 00:34:51,000 --> 00:34:54,720 and only allow the holes to close up when the yield drops. 226 00:35:02,320 --> 00:35:06,800 10,000 years ago, farming was the basis of our civilization. 227 00:35:09,040 --> 00:35:10,640 But deep in the Amazon 228 00:35:10,680 --> 00:35:15,920 these industrious little monkeys were already enjoying a civilized way of life. 229 00:35:30,000 --> 00:35:33,880 The more specialised your diet, the stranger you can look. 230 00:35:35,120 --> 00:35:37,960 And in a leafy corner of the United States 231 00:35:38,040 --> 00:35:43,240 science is unravelling the feeding habits of the strangest primate of all. 232 00:35:45,640 --> 00:35:50,320 Well, it's a little after sunrise, but behind this door it's about sunset 233 00:35:50,360 --> 00:35:54,240 and the animal in here is just waking up. 234 00:36:32,560 --> 00:36:34,160 Look at this! 235 00:36:35,760 --> 00:36:38,880 This is about the strangest animal I've ever seen. 236 00:36:38,920 --> 00:36:41,440 If you didn't know what it was and had to describe it 237 00:36:41,480 --> 00:36:47,240 you'd say it had the ears of a bat, the teeth of a rodent, the hands of an alien. 238 00:36:47,280 --> 00:36:52,480 It's got a bushy squirrel-like tail and yet it's in the same group of animals as you and I. 239 00:36:52,520 --> 00:36:54,320 It's almost hard to believe. 240 00:36:56,520 --> 00:37:00,280 This almost mythical creature is from Madagascar. 241 00:37:02,440 --> 00:37:04,920 She's an aye-aye called Ardrey. 242 00:37:06,680 --> 00:37:07,960 That is so cute. 243 00:37:09,600 --> 00:37:12,000 I hate to use the word cute, but they are cute. 244 00:37:15,240 --> 00:37:17,160 I think I'm in love with this animal. 245 00:37:23,600 --> 00:37:29,440 Aye-ayes spend the night hunting for grubs that live deep inside decaying branches. 246 00:37:33,600 --> 00:37:38,720 To work out where the grubs are hidden, they use that strange-looking hand 247 00:37:40,840 --> 00:37:43,960 tapping the wood at up to 10 times a second. 248 00:37:45,040 --> 00:37:46,840 There she goes, she's tapping now. 249 00:37:50,600 --> 00:37:51,840 I can hear it. 250 00:37:55,520 --> 00:37:59,480 That's the most specialised primate hand in the whole world. 251 00:38:01,160 --> 00:38:05,280 Like sonar, the sound penetrates the depths of the branch 252 00:38:05,320 --> 00:38:10,000 and a coded message is echoed back to those super sensitive ears. 253 00:38:14,120 --> 00:38:17,680 When she finds a hollow spot, she starts to dig. 254 00:38:18,720 --> 00:38:21,320 These incredibly sharp front teeth, the incisors 255 00:38:21,360 --> 00:38:24,200 which unusually for primates continue to grow 256 00:38:24,240 --> 00:38:28,400 and they rip the wood apart to get access to the cavity 257 00:38:28,840 --> 00:38:31,200 which might contain an insect larva. 258 00:38:31,240 --> 00:38:36,040 The hearing is very acute so they can hear the larva inside. 259 00:38:43,200 --> 00:38:47,520 But it's her probe-like middle finger that has to find the grub. 260 00:38:49,360 --> 00:38:55,360 And the latest science is now revealing just how incredible this unique digit is. 261 00:39:03,000 --> 00:39:08,280 This camera is so sensitive, it picks up on tiny changes in temperature 262 00:39:08,320 --> 00:39:10,360 like the breath on my moustache. 263 00:39:16,960 --> 00:39:20,400 And it highlights something rather unexpected. 264 00:39:21,640 --> 00:39:26,280 Unlike her other fingers, Ardrey's feeding finger is stone cold. 265 00:39:27,960 --> 00:39:31,120 It has virtually no blood flow to it at all. 266 00:39:42,800 --> 00:39:48,080 But as she starts foraging, blood rushes to thousands of nerve endings in her fingertip 267 00:39:48,120 --> 00:39:50,520 making it incredibly sensitive. 268 00:39:55,960 --> 00:40:02,280 And in a specially constructed log, we can get a look at that ET-like finger at work. 269 00:40:05,640 --> 00:40:12,200 A unique knuckle, much like our shoulder joint, means her finger can move in any direction. 270 00:40:13,520 --> 00:40:18,520 And it's now so sensitive that like a blind person reads Braille 271 00:40:18,560 --> 00:40:21,000 she can detect the slightest movement. 272 00:40:31,160 --> 00:40:35,640 That is one of the most remarkable tools in the whole animal kingdom 273 00:40:35,680 --> 00:40:39,640 and it allows the aye-aye to carve out a niche so specific 274 00:40:39,680 --> 00:40:43,800 that in terms of finding food, it's in a league of its own. 275 00:40:49,720 --> 00:40:52,560 The aye-aye is the ultimate specialist. 276 00:40:58,200 --> 00:41:03,400 But when it comes to finding food, the world is full of possibilities. 277 00:41:09,120 --> 00:41:11,960 You just need to spot an opportunity 278 00:41:14,000 --> 00:41:15,680 and make the most of it. 279 00:41:21,840 --> 00:41:27,320 Primate ingenuity means there are no bounds to their gastronomic ambition. 280 00:41:37,000 --> 00:41:38,680 For Olive baboons 281 00:41:38,720 --> 00:41:43,320 the savannahs around Lake Bogoria in Kenya are a land of plenty. 282 00:41:54,600 --> 00:42:00,040 Insect grubs hidden in flamingo dung provide a welcome protein boost. 283 00:42:05,840 --> 00:42:09,120 Some, however, are far more ambitious. 284 00:42:22,960 --> 00:42:25,320 Timing is everything. 285 00:42:53,560 --> 00:42:58,440 Once one baboon has worked it out, the whole troop soon catches on. 286 00:43:21,680 --> 00:43:30,640 Hunting live prey requires ambition, speed and coordination. 287 00:43:49,920 --> 00:43:54,040 For a hungry primate, meat is the ultimate food of all. 288 00:44:05,480 --> 00:44:08,960 Primate diversity is shaped by home and diet. 289 00:44:11,120 --> 00:44:13,560 And I think, by one more thing. 290 00:44:18,040 --> 00:44:21,080 They're social animals, they live in families 291 00:44:21,560 --> 00:44:27,000 and as we all know, good communication skills are essential for a harmonious family life. 292 00:44:32,000 --> 00:44:37,200 And this need to communicate has also influenced how they look and behave. 293 00:44:44,880 --> 00:44:50,480 It's hard to believe that these chilled out monkeys are the loudest on the planet. 294 00:44:53,880 --> 00:44:57,080 But there is one way to spur them into action. 295 00:45:08,360 --> 00:45:11,680 Right, the whole monkey troop is right here in this tree. 296 00:45:11,720 --> 00:45:12,880 There's females, there's young ones 297 00:45:12,920 --> 00:45:16,520 but the one I want you to watch is the alpha male right here. 298 00:45:16,560 --> 00:45:17,760 Watch what happens. 299 00:45:40,120 --> 00:45:44,880 That is very impressive, that monkey can produce 90 decibels 300 00:45:45,440 --> 00:45:49,800 which is enough to, well, drown me out. 301 00:46:01,040 --> 00:46:04,360 The howler monkey's roar is a call to arms. 302 00:46:10,000 --> 00:46:14,080 A reply to my rather poor impersonation of a rival. 303 00:46:21,440 --> 00:46:25,080 The male's calls soon sets off the entire troop. 304 00:46:27,960 --> 00:46:31,200 The clever thing is that by calling together 305 00:46:31,800 --> 00:46:35,880 they make their group seem much bigger than it actually is 306 00:46:36,360 --> 00:46:41,320 and the bigger the call, the louder the noise, the more terrifying it is. 307 00:46:42,320 --> 00:46:48,400 The secret to the sheer volume of a howler's roar is in the design of its unusual throat. 308 00:46:49,800 --> 00:46:56,000 When a howler monkey calls, it flares out its lips like a natural loudhailer and it drops its jaw. 309 00:46:56,160 --> 00:47:02,200 The throat contains an enormous hollow bone that reverberates like a gong 310 00:47:02,240 --> 00:47:06,040 giving the voice an amazing amount of extra clout. 311 00:47:10,640 --> 00:47:17,480 All this noise sends a message to neighbouring troops: keep off our patch or there'll be trouble. 312 00:47:26,960 --> 00:47:30,880 The pitch of their voice is as important as the volume. 313 00:47:34,320 --> 00:47:41,000 Higher frequencies are easily scattered, but low roars punch through the forest for up to a mile. 314 00:47:50,320 --> 00:47:56,960 It's this mosaic of sound that sets clear-cut home ranges across the entire forest. 315 00:48:02,920 --> 00:48:06,000 Shouting at your neighbours may seem like a waste of energy 316 00:48:06,040 --> 00:48:10,720 but by howling every day, families can avoid coming into contact with each other 317 00:48:10,760 --> 00:48:15,360 and when they do, disagreements are easily settled at arm's length 318 00:48:15,400 --> 00:48:18,640 and that is a great way to keep the peace. 319 00:48:27,080 --> 00:48:30,320 While a howler monkey's world is shaped by sound 320 00:48:30,360 --> 00:48:34,400 other primates communicate in a much more visual way. 321 00:48:50,400 --> 00:48:55,480 Mandrills live in the dark and impenetrable forests of Gabon in west Africa. 322 00:48:59,000 --> 00:49:03,600 And here, vision plays a key role in finding a mate. 323 00:49:15,800 --> 00:49:21,520 It's thought that female mandrills spend most of the year in large all-girl groups. 324 00:49:26,440 --> 00:49:30,600 But in the breeding season, their peace is shattered. 325 00:49:41,320 --> 00:49:44,880 Male mandrills are a very different animal. 326 00:49:55,200 --> 00:50:01,000 These huge beasts dwarf the females, three times their size. 327 00:50:08,400 --> 00:50:13,280 They're the largest monkeys on the planet, and the most colourful. 328 00:50:17,960 --> 00:50:22,360 Those vibrant hues are a display of strength and power. 329 00:50:43,280 --> 00:50:46,640 The big brutes pitch up to fight for the girls. 330 00:50:59,880 --> 00:51:04,600 When 2 males catch each other's eye, it's a stand-off. 331 00:51:22,160 --> 00:51:27,600 An actual fight is a high risk strategy; it could mean injury or death. 332 00:51:36,800 --> 00:51:40,120 Every single muscle twitch has a meaning. 333 00:51:54,200 --> 00:51:55,800 It's all over. 334 00:51:55,840 --> 00:51:58,520 A grimace is a sign of submission. 335 00:52:02,960 --> 00:52:05,280 The battle has been avoided. 336 00:52:08,600 --> 00:52:11,600 And the loser lives to fight another day. 337 00:52:15,800 --> 00:52:19,640 The victor is one step closer to becoming king. 338 00:52:21,960 --> 00:52:28,360 And after a bout like this, a surge in testosterone will make a male's colours even more vivid. 339 00:52:45,960 --> 00:52:51,400 After weeks of posturing, the healthiest male becomes the most colourful. 340 00:52:54,800 --> 00:52:58,120 And the object of all the females' desire. 341 00:53:02,160 --> 00:53:07,680 The single most colourful male will mate with over three quarters of the group. 342 00:53:11,920 --> 00:53:16,880 He'll have their undivided attention for at least a couple of months. 343 00:53:23,000 --> 00:53:29,040 Proof if ever you need it that in the mandrill mating game, looks really matter. 344 00:53:42,160 --> 00:53:44,840 The challenges of where we live 345 00:53:45,440 --> 00:53:47,120 what we eat 346 00:53:47,920 --> 00:53:50,080 and how we live together 347 00:53:50,480 --> 00:53:53,640 have shaped our incredible animal family. 348 00:54:00,200 --> 00:54:02,240 But the world is changing. 349 00:54:08,440 --> 00:54:12,520 In the 21st century the ultimate challenge to any monkey 350 00:54:12,560 --> 00:54:19,040 is living alongside the most successful primate of all, humans. 351 00:54:25,320 --> 00:54:28,640 But even the urban jungle is a land of opportunity 352 00:54:28,680 --> 00:54:32,080 for those who are smart enough to exploit it. 353 00:54:49,600 --> 00:54:56,240 For the resident rhesus macaques, a market-side pitch like this is what life's all about. 354 00:55:10,640 --> 00:55:13,960 They may not be the prettiest, or look the most remarkable 355 00:55:14,000 --> 00:55:18,240 but macaques are the most successful monkeys on the planet. 356 00:55:24,320 --> 00:55:29,440 They're adaptable, devious and they work together as a team. 357 00:55:37,240 --> 00:55:43,080 In their search for food, hungry macaques have swapped jungle vines for power lines. 358 00:55:56,000 --> 00:55:59,960 Gangs leave a trail of destruction in their wake. 359 00:56:10,960 --> 00:56:15,240 They're smart enough to spot the tiniest of opportunities. 360 00:56:31,280 --> 00:56:34,880 First up, the brave ones scope out the joint. 361 00:56:44,480 --> 00:56:47,400 Lookouts are posted to watch for trouble 362 00:56:48,360 --> 00:56:52,080 and once the coast is clear, it's a free-for-all. 363 00:57:03,000 --> 00:57:07,840 These opportunistic criminals ransack a house in a matter of minutes. 364 00:57:14,960 --> 00:57:20,120 And at the slightest hint of trouble, they make their escape. 365 00:57:32,640 --> 00:57:35,960 Thanks to their agile bodies and adaptable minds 366 00:57:36,000 --> 00:57:39,520 macaques can beat us humans at our own game. 367 00:57:44,760 --> 00:57:50,080 To these incredible monkeys, the urban jungle is just one big playground. 368 00:57:54,760 --> 00:57:57,360 We primates are truly remarkable. 369 00:57:57,400 --> 00:58:03,320 Not only are we physically adaptable, we're also smart and can work as a team 370 00:58:03,720 --> 00:58:10,920 and that's a winning combination that allows us to survive, even thrive, in an ever-changing world. 371 00:58:14,840 --> 00:58:20,240 Join me next time when we delve into the sociable world of the primate family. 372 00:58:24,000 --> 00:58:27,200 And it's not as harmonious as you might think. 373 00:58:28,920 --> 00:58:30,960 You need to make friends 374 00:58:32,320 --> 00:58:33,960 avoid your enemies... 375 00:58:34,200 --> 00:58:35,400 Look at that! 376 00:58:35,440 --> 00:58:39,080 ...and find your place on the social ladder. 36386

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