Original subtitles

An ancient nuclear weapon

that turned a city to glass.

A pillar made of iron,

impervious to decay.

And a mystical chemical elixir that turns lead

into gold.

Today, many of us believe that we're living

in a civilization that has reached the height

of technological innovation.

But all around us,

there are clues that an ancient world

once existed which possessed

extraordinary feats of engineering,

chemistry and mechanical marvels.

What innovations can be found in the legends of the past?

And who were the masterminds behind what we might call

impossible ancient inventions?

Well, that is what we'll try and find out.

This Mediterranean stronghold was once the most beautiful

and powerful city of ancient Greece.

But in 213 BC,

the Romans wanted to take it for themselves

and began a siege,

deploying a formidable force

of over 60 warships

equipped with the latest devices

to support their assault.

Yet they would soon discover that overpowering the defenses

at Syracuse would be a terrifying task

as they faced the ingenious inventions

of the great mathematician Archimedes.

Archimedes is a huge figure in intellectual history,

and he was a-a scientist,

he was an inventor, he was a philosopher.

He did many, many important inventions,

such as the Archimedes' screw,

which was basically a screw

to draw water up from the waterways so you can irrigate.

And he was located in Syracuse,

so when the Romans decided to lay siege to the city,

we have Archimedes using his considerable intellect

and his considerable practical skills

and technological skills to try to help save his home city.

One of the things he did is he built numerous kinds

of catapults and ballistae...

things that threw bolts and rocks.

And so they could never even get close

with their big siege towers.

He also used his knowledge of levers.

You can, say, lever out a huge rock

and drop it right on a ship.

Archimedes was a master of tools of war.

He could try the Claw of Archimedes,

and it was an iron claw like my hand.

And it reached out from shore,

grabbed the ship,

pressed it down, and caused it to sink.

But one of the things that he may have had

was the idea of the death ray.

In addition to the monstrous claw,

the great thinker invented a devastating new technology

that could attack ships

before they reached the island fortress.

It's a weapon shrouded in mystery and myth

that has come to be known as Archimedes' death ray.

Archimedes' death ray

had some beam of magic electrical

or-or energy beam that could reach out

and sink these Roman ships,

set them on fire from a distance.

Of course, fire is terrifying at sea

because the ship's gonna burn to the waterline.

So you're either gonna burn to death or you're gonna drown.

Neither one of those are happy conclusions.

So, this idea that ancient Greeks

in the third century BC

had some beam

that could reach out and sink these Roman ships,

set them on fire from a distance,

it just sparks the imagination.

The ingenious inventions of Archimedes

repelled Rome's nautical assault for over a year.

Eventually, in 212 BC, the Roman army

was able to breach the wall of the outer city

and take control of Syracuse.

And at 78 years old,

Archimedes was mistakenly killed by a Roman soldier.

Today, more than 2,200 years

after the siege of Syracuse,

the legend of Archimedes' death ray

continues to mystify us.

One of the fun things about thinking about ancient devices,

there are these ones that have been a mystery.

We think of them as impossible things

for ancients to have done.

And certainly, for most of human history,

it's really fundamentally hard

to get a ray beam to be really tight and energetic.

But we really don't know how they did it.

How did Archimedes invent

such an advanced weapon technology

thousands of years ago?

Well, some experts theorize that he devised

a surprisingly simple solution.

He harnessed the power of the Sun.

On a crisp autumn day, students from

the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

align dozens of mirrors throughout the campus

and wait for the Sun to shine.

One of the most interesting experiments

was with Archimedes' death ray.

They built a-a model of a piece of the ship,

and they took about 40 mirrors,

and they held them up to the Sun.

When they got them all focused

and got ten minutes of good sun,

they were able to catch wood planking...

like just chunks of wood... on fire.

So it does suggest that the Archimedes' death ray

is not a crazy idea.

You know, we don't really know what happened,

but this shows that something sure could've happened

that made the Archimedes' death ray

a totally interesting and plausible story.

We have to commend them for trying

to duplicate the conditions

that existed 2,000 years ago in building this device.

They were able to set a small fire,

but a fire that could knock out a fleet of enemy ships

probably was not done.

The distances are enormous.

So, it's possible to focus the light,

it's possible to create a fire,

but not over the distances involved and the number

of fleets of ships that are coming at you.

The truth behind Archimedes' death ray

is still shrouded in mystery.

Archeological evidence of the invention

has never been found,

and there are no surviving records from Archimedes himself.

In fact, the first known mention of Archimedes using mirrors

appears 700 years after the siege of Syracuse

in a work by Greek mathematician Anthemius of Tralles.

It was pure speculation that he had used some sort of

large mirror or focusing device.

But this idea of a directed energy beam is a powerful idea.

And then that carries through to the technologies of today.

Today, we use lasers.

We use them to shoot missiles out of the sky from our ships.

Archimedes was talking about death rays,

something that we wouldn't see for a few more thousand years.

We're talking about laser beams.

Laser beams that have enough power

to literally fry the enemy,

to punch a hole in the hull of enemy ships.

Archimedes was onto something, a new form of warfare,

but the state of the matter is, we simply don't know.

Whether Archimedes' death ray existed or not,

the details of this mythic invention suggests...

that even our most advanced modern technology

may have started in the ancient world.

We like to think that science is building steadily

on earlier achievements.

That it's sort of a steady linear progression

of adding knowledge and technology.

What we often find is that civilizations

go in-in spurts, and-and-and they can disappear,

and whole knowledge can disappear.

Civilizations can get invaded.

Libraries can catch on fire.

And so, a lot of our technological process

seem to be, every once in a while, reinventing the wheel.

Could some of today's

most cutting-edge advancements actually be

reinventions of ancient technology?

Perhaps further evidence may be found by examining

an ancient Hindu text

said to describe an atomic weapon.

In the final days of World War II...

the deadliest conflict in human history...

the United States sends a B-29 bomber

over the Japanese city of Hiroshima

and drop an atomic bomb.

Three days later, another A-bomb is dropped on Nagasaki.

Having witnessed the devastating power

of atomic weaponry firsthand,

Emperor Hirohito announces Japan's total surrender,

and the Second World War comes to an end.

Before then, warfare was always done on a small scale.

It was settled right there on the battlefield.

But with nuclear weapons,

you could vaporize the enemy.

Never in the history of Homo sapiens,

until the development of the atomic bomb,

have we had the power of total annihilation.

According to most historians,

the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

mark the first and only time

that atomic bombs were deployed in warfare.

But is it possible that this technology

existed in the distant past?

There is a growing belief that atomic weapons

were not only invented thousands of years ago

but they were also responsible for

wiping an ancient metropolis off the map.

A team of researchers from the Indian Archaeological Survey

excavate a mound on the banks of the Indus River.

They find the remnants of a vast city,

dating back an astonishing 5,000 years,

called Mohenjo-Daro.

Mohenjo-Daro

is one of the first real cities in the world.

It seems to have been one of the great centers

of what is called the Harappan civilization.

This was a very, very well-planned,

very successful civilization.

It had several cities, but Mohenjo-Daro is the largest,

stretching over 250 acres.

It had thousands and thousands of people.

They had sewage systems.

They had bathing systems.

And then a very strange thing about it is its rapid demise.

It seems to, disappear very, very quickly

from the archeological record.

Mohenjo-Daro was a vital,

thriving society civilization for many thousands of years.

And suddenly, by around 1200 BCE,

the civilization vanished.

That's another baffling story.

Some kind of disaster

killed thousands and thousands of people.

Mohenjo-Daro means the "Mound of the Dead"

in Urdu language.

Something unspeakable happened in the site.

Even though experts agree that Mohenjo-Daro

had at least 40,000 people living,

we only found 43 skeletons so far.

Which is very strange, because we are supposed to find

more human remains.

So, what happened to the humans there?

One of the kind of amazing features

is this scene of what appears to be massive destruction.

They've discovered over 40 bodies,

clearly wiped out together.

And researchers have found evidence

of high levels of radioactivity in these skeletons.

And I find this fascinating because of a couple of things.

One is, you know, could this have been a nuclear explosion?

The evidence on the ground

during excavations seem to reveal

high levels of radioactivity.

And this started to suggest

that the ancient peoples

did indeed have what we might describe as atomic bombs.

Atomic bombs leave a clear

radioactive signature after detonation.

And while these radioactive skeletons

are certainly intriguing,

it's not the only evidence of a nuclear event.

One of the most mysterious aspects of Mohenjo-Daro

was the discovery of vitrified glass

and evidence of fusion.

It was found that stones had quite literally melted,

and that this was being found at Mohenjo-Daro.

Very similar to what happened at Nagasaki and Hiroshima

in the 20th century.

If one of the oldest civilizations

really was destroyed by atomic warfare,

would there be a historical record

of such a monumental event?

Well, some believe there is, in a 5,000-year-old Hindu text

that speaks of weapons of mass destruction

deployed during a great ancient war.

According to historical text

called Mahabharata,

there was an ancient world war that happened in India,

very close to Mohenjo-Daro.

In the Mahabharata, there are advanced weapons

very similar to nuclear weapons.

The classic example of this is called the Brahmastra.

When you activate the Brahmastra,

it creates a huge fireball

that can destroy an entire city.

They talk about how bright it is and how hot it is.

So, it is quite possible

that there was a nuclear explosion

in Mohenjo-Daro.

Is the Mahabharata proof

that atomic weapons were invented thousands of years ago?

While it's a matter of debate,

there is a very strange coincidence

surrounding this text.

J. Robert Oppenheimer, the father of the atomic bomb,

who led the top-secret U.S. program

to develop the atomic bomb during World War II,

was obsessed with the Mahabharata.

And Oppenheimer developed a particular affinity

to a portion of this text called the "Bhagavad Gita."

In American Prometheus, we write quite a bit about

Oppenheimer's fascination with the "Gita."

We can quote from letters that he wrote

to his brother Frank, saying how excited he was

to have discovered these Hindu scriptures.

And Oppenheimer repeatedly

quotes from the "Gita" throughout his life.

It's a little curious in that he's a boy from New York City,

he was a product of Western culture,

not Indian civilization

that goes back thousands of years,

and yet there was some driving attraction

that Oppenheimer held for the "Gita."

We know that Oppenheimer read the "Bhagavad Gita,"

and it is all about how the weapons were used,

how the weapons were designed or manufactured.

So that might have given him some idea

or some impetus to design this atomic bomb.

Was the atomic bomb a reinvention

of a devastating ancient technology?

There are some who certainly believe it to be true.

But there's another legendary creation

whose purpose is not to destroy worlds

but rather to create true wonders.

It's a mystical elixir known as the philosopher's stone.

On the grounds of this rural farmhouse

is an apple tree that represents

a legendary story in the history of science.

It is said that here, in 1666,

a young Isaac Newton was pondering

the mysteries of the universe,

when he saw an apple fall straight down from the tree.

In a flash of inspiration, the great scientist and inventor

formulated a theory that would change the world,

known as the law of gravity.

Isaac Newton was one of the foremost

individuals in the so-called Scientific Revolution.

He had his hand in everything.

He co-invented calculus.

He formulated laws of motion.

He did important optical experiments,

which explained the nature of light.

He was the first to really theorize

and mathematize gravity.

Newton was a genius.

But in addition to that, there is a Newton

that most people don't know,

which is that he was also an alchemist.

Sir Isaac Newton's towering intellect

helped lay the foundation for modern science.

But many are surprised to learn that he was also obsessed

with a mystical practice that stretches back

over 4,000 years to ancient Egypt

called alchemy.

The ancient practice of alchemy

is really an art of transformation.

Taking substances apart,

breaking them down to their essences,

and then recombining those essences

in the hope of getting something that is

more pure, more useful.

It does sound like magic, but it's actually

the precursor to modern chemistry.

The idea is that it's sort of

science working in a framework of magic.

These are basically scientists trying to figure out

how to change one thing into another.

On the one hand, it's sort of a scientific endeavor.

On the other hand, it's a mystical endeavor.

Today, when we look back at alchemists,

we laugh, we realize

there's so much black arts involved with that.

But realize that, for its time, it was legitimate.

You could do chemical reactions and mix potions

and sometimes come up with interesting results.

Isaac Newton was fascinated by alchemy

because alchemy, back then, was fair game.

It was a tremendous mystery.

Alchemists sought to unlock

the mysteries of the physical world.

And by the seventh century,

references to a legendary substance

began appearing throughout alchemical texts.

It was a concoction so shrouded in secrecy,

it was often represented by symbols

and in coded language.

Every master alchemist, including Sir Isaac Newton,

yearned to crack the code to creating what is called

the philosopher's stone.

The first use of the term "philosopher's stone"

stretches back to Arabic alchemy.

Really... Probably around the seventh century

of the Common Era.

And then it becomes commonplace

in both medieval alchemy and early modern alchemy.

The philosopher's stone is really

the most important substance in alchemical literature.

The philosopher's stone was a substance

that alchemists believe would give you the ability

to transmute base metals,

like lead or tin, into gold or silver.

And Isaac Newton was interested in the process

of making the philosopher's stone.

Sir Isaac Newton was trying to create something capable

of transforming a worthless metal into gold or silver.

And while the philosopher's stone

sounds like the name of a magical rock,

according to most alchemical texts,

this enigmatic substance has more in common with fairy dust.

Philosopher's stone kind of evokes, like,

a stone, a precious stone.

But in actuality, usually the philosopher's stone

appears in writings as types of powders

or elixirs that can be added in the course of the experiment.

Theoretically, if you can create the philosopher's stone,

if you can go through all the steps and stages correctly,

once you have the philosopher's stone in your hand...

and again, not a stone, but a powder...

you can actually change a base metal into gold.

The philosopher's stone is just viewed as the ultimate element.

So, to achieve the philosopher's stone is sort of

unlocking the secrets of the universe

and being able to control the secrets of the universe.

And so, we can look at concepts like the philosopher's stone now

and say, "this is just-just, you know, a legendary thing."

And yet, we know Sir Isaac Newton

was absolutely fascinated in the quest

for the philosopher's stone.

Newton was fascinated by the idea that

there could be transformative substance out there

that can change one thing to another.

We can see through Newton's manuscripts that he devotes

an enormous part of his life and his research

to the making of the philosopher's stone.

On his quest to invent the philosopher's stone,

Sir Isaac Newton studied the works

of the great alchemists in history

and pored over strange texts

said to reveal its secret recipe.

One of Newton's favorite individuals

for studying alchemy was an English alchemist

in the late Middle Ages named George Ripley.

One of my favorite alchemical documents

at the Huntington is our Ripley Scroll.

It's a 16th century ten-foot-long scroll,

and it tells the story of how to make the philosopher's stone.

And it just has the most wild imagery you've ever seen.

There's this bleeding serpent-like toad.

There's a bird with the head of a human being.

Green lions and things like that.

So, this imagery isn't just there

in order to be interesting to look at.

It holds keys to what alchemists were doing in the laboratory.

Was Isaac Newton able to decode the secrets

of the Ripley Scroll

and ultimately create the philosopher's stone?

The answer's unclear.

Many of the great thinker's personal manuscripts

were destroyed after a fire broke out in his laboratory.

But in 2016, a rare Newton document

on the philosopher's stone was unearthed

that may hold some clues to how successful the genius was

at changing metal to gold.

The manuscript that we have at the Science History Institute

is, an alchemical recipe for the making of sophic mercury.

It's part of the process for making the philosopher's stone.

Now, we don't have any record of Isaac Newton

actually transmuting lead to gold,

but did he make the philosopher's stone?

That's an open question.

We don't know exactly if Newton thought he had

discovered the philosopher's stone.

This manuscript helps us understand that Newton believed

it's entirely possible.

But no, I think it remains to be revealed.

Did Sir Isaac Newton actually create the philosopher's stone,

a substance that could

miraculously turn lead into gold?

It's a tantalizing thought

and a possibility

when you consider evidence of what some believe

is ancient alchemy

that's standing right in front of us.

Built in 1889 as an homage

to the industrial strength of France,

this striking achievement in metalworks

has held its iconic stance

in the City of Light for nearly 150 years.

Once the tallest structure in the world,

the Eiffel Tower has endured, in part,

due to a fresh coat of paint that's applied every seven years

to protect the structure from rust and corrosion.

And 4,000 miles away in India,

on the southern fringe of New Delhi,

stands another tall iron monument.

But this soaring column

presents one of the greatest mysteries in ancient metallurgy.

It's called the iron pillar of Delhi.

The iron pillar of Delhi is located

within a religious complex

that was originally constructed

as a Hindu temple to the god Vishnu.

It's obviously made of iron,

but it has not corroded in any way,

and yet it has stood in its current position

for at least 800 years, and before that,

elsewhere for another several hundred years.

Where it had originally stood

in the Madre Pradesh region of India,

it would almost seem as if a new technique was invented

to preserve it from corrosion for thousands of years.

And so far, it has quite literally done that job.

So what is the secret?

Why has this iron not corroded in a way

which iron normally does?

So, this would seem to be a technology

that was completely lost, because if it wasn't lost,

we'd have been using it today.

So how did ancient people invent iron that doesn't rust?

India's humid climate is supposed to accelerate

the process of corrosion.

And the iron pillar's cryptic ancient origins

only make this miraculous invention

even more confounding.

What we have here is a pillar

that was originally created to be special.

It was put there in pride of place,

very close to this huge minaret tower.

The minaret tower is 238 feet tall,

and the iron pillar

is 23 feet, eight inches,

which is exactly one-tenth of the tower,

showing that there is some kind of relationship between the two.

But what it is remains a true mystery.

We really do not know who this

iron pillar belongs to or who built it.

There are inscriptions on the pillar itself.

It is attributed to King Chandragupta,

and he ruled around fourth to fifth century CE,

but there is also controversy about that name

because there is only a name "Chandra" on the pillar.

It does not say "Chandragupta."

So, it could also mean another king

called Rama-chandra, which is a legendary king.

And if it is true, then that goes back

to some 12,000 BCE.

The true age of the iron pillar is a matter of debate.

But if it really does date back to 12,000 BC,

that would mean it was forged 10,000 years

before iron was even discovered.

And while many believe the structure's more likely

1,600 years old,

what can explain the lack of corrosion and rust?

How was this achieved?

In 2003,

scientists from the Indian Institute of Technology

performed an analysis on the iron pillar

in an attempt to find some answers.

Scientists have analyzed all the elements

that went into building this iron pillar.

They found it is 98% iron and one part is phosphorus.

That has produced what they call "misawite."

And the misawite is a kind of film

that is coated the pillar,

that is what protects from corrosion

and rust.

The Delhi iron pillar

is the evidence of lost technology.

No one has been able to replicate the same iron pillar.

Rust slowly starts eating into iron,

and it can destroy anything.

This is how iron and moisture are normally supposed to behave,

but the iron pillar of India

does something very, very different.

When moisture comes into contact with the iron pillar,

it basically converts that moisture

into a very unique compound, forming a protective coating,

making it even more resistant to rusting.

The remarkable theory

that the ancient column creates its own protective layer

to shield it from the elements begs the question:

How did the ancient inventors do it?

Iron is a major

element for bridges and buildings.

And eventually, you know, they catch a corrosion,

and they rust, and eventually they collapse.

And we have seen a lot of examples,

you know, around the world.

The builders who built the iron pillar

did not leave the knowledge behind,

other than the example, which is still standing,

but it has not been replicated by anyone else.

The builder knew the secret formula

to make it corrosion-free,

but the knowledge is lost forever.

It's fascinating to think about

where modern metallurgy might be today

if the true secrets of the iron pillar

had not disappeared from history.

And the same can be said for another ancient invention

created by a man so powerful,

he was called "The King of Poison."

For over 6,500 years,

humans have used a combination of minerals,

vegetables and herbs

to concoct toxic potions we know as poison.

History is filled with stories of how poison was used

to change the course of events

for the likes of emperors, queens and philosophers.

But perhaps most intriguing

is a remarkable invention created in the first century BC

by a ruler named Mithridates the Great,

also known as "The Poison King."

Mithridates was the king of poison in numerous ways.

And one of them being,

he was truly using poison as-as a tool of war.

But he was said to have come up with either a powder or a pill

that he took every day

that would make you immune to poison,

the universal antidote

that would keep you so that you couldn't die from poison.

The story goes that when he was young,

Mithridates found out or realized

that his mother had killed his own father

by poisoning him.

And knowing that he was in line for the throne,

he started to realize

that his mother was also trying to poison him.

He realized this because, as he was having his meals,

he would feel incredibly sick afterwards.

And he thought, almost certainly correctly,

that she was putting small amounts of poison in his food.

So, he went into hiding,

and he started working with poisons and toxins.

And Mithridates, over a period of years,

was able to create this antidote,

a cure-all for everything.

And this is something that Mithridates is famous for,

even referred to as "The Poison King" for this reason.

Mithridates' invention of a universal antidote

to all poisons... known as "mithridate"...

made him a legend of the ancient world.

But is it possible

that such a miraculous invention really worked?

Some say the most compelling evidence can be found

by examining this great king's own death.

King Mithridates was vanquished

by the Romans at the end of three bloody wars.

And he did what most kings who had been vanquished did,

and that was to kill himself, to die by suicide.

So, he decided to kill himself by taking a poison.

But he couldn't die because he had become immune.

And the idea is that he was immune

to the most poisonous of poisons

because he had taken an antidote for a very long time.

So instead, he asked to be killed by the sword.

So, the story of the death is actually the best proof

that his antidote worked.

Is it possible

that King Mithridates invented a universal antidote

capable of counteracting any poison?

And if so, why hasn't anyone

been able to duplicate his formula?

King Mithridates' formula was sought after,

and the Romans went to great length

to get the formula

and then translate it into Latin.

And then they developed all sorts of formulas

that were based on the formula of Mithridates.

One recipe is very short.

It's four ingredients.

And then we have another recipe has around 50 ingredients.

But we have many different mithridatic antidotes

in our sources.

They're always different, the ingredients,

but they have things in common.

Which one is the real antidote? We don't know.

I like to call it "a pharmacological ghost,"

because it's always... you know, it's around.

We know it's there, but we can't quite capture it.

These legends about Mithridates

and his universal antidote traveled through history.

Poisonings continued to be very popular

throughout the Roman Empire, throughout medieval Europe,

even throughout the Renaissance.

So, people were always looking for that universal antidote.

We don't know if anyone has ever found it.

The Poison King's miraculous invention

is lost to history,

but if we ever do unlock this secret recipe

to neutralize any poison,

it would not only save countless lives,

it could also change modern medicine as we know it.

I think an antidote is certainly an area

where mystery and medicine certainly collide.

This quest for an antidote or a universal medicine,

it certainly says something interesting about humanity

and our desire to find, cure-alls

and things that will improve life

and make our existence better.

The year 2000.

Archaeologists unearth the mummified remains

of a Roman noblewoman and her 18-year-old son.

There on the woman's hand is a 2,000-year-old ring

with a remarkably lifelike portrait

of her beloved son.

This very unique ring, it's set in gold,

and it's got a crystal.

It's a cabochon crystal, which means that

instead of being faceted like you might see

with a gemstone, it's been polished smooth.

And it has inside a likeness of her son

that is remarkably like a modern hologram.

And it really gives that feeling that this ring is-is magic.

Modern holograms are advanced

three-dimensional images created by projecting light,

often by laser beams.

Rudimentary hologram technology wasn't invented

until 1948 by the Hungarian physicist Dennis Gabor.

So how was this holographic ring created

almost 2,000 years ago?

It's often called a "hologram ring."

It's not a hologram, of course, but it follows the same idea

that you're actually seeing a 3D image.

Crystals refract light in interesting ways,

and the artisanship behind this was really fabulous,

to be able to put a reflective face in the back.

This is what gives it its kind of eerie 3D effect.

And this is the only example of this that we currently have.

The ring certainly leads you to wonder:

Was this just one technology, one person,

and then it was lost?

Someone could probably try to duplicate it today.

But maybe this was this piece of technology from someone

who was very special in their art

and who-who's gone.

We may never know who created the holographic ring

or how exactly they created this intricate relic,

but its mere existence is proof

that the inventors of the ancient world

were capable of far more than we give them credit for.

It's always a fascinating moment

in archeology when we realize

how advanced some of the techniques

and the knowledge were from some of these ancient civilizations.

I think a big part of the puzzle is,

we understand where we get our knowledge from,

but we look back at some of these amazing inventions,

these displays of knowledge,

and we have a hard time imagining,

before science, before universities:

How did these societies build all of this body of knowledge?

When you think of modern technology, we say to ourselves,

"Yeah, we invented that.

"Yeah, we're the ones who pioneered

this breakthrough in technology."

And then we realized there were antecedents.

There were other versions of this very same technology

that the ancients were toying with.

When you begin to understand the technology of the ancients,

begin to realize the ancients had their own wisdom,

a wisdom that is parallel to the wisdom of today.

Whether it's something as monumental

as a death ray or an atomic bomb,

or as mystical as an elixir or secret antidote,

history is filled with fascinating stories

of ancient inventions

that challenge our notion of human innovation.

Could these incredible technologies

really have been achieved hundreds

or even thousands of years ago?

It's an intriguing possibility

that, for now, will remain...

unexplained.

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