Original subtitles

NARRATOR: 11th September 2021.

The world watches as North Korean leader Kim-Jong Un

Delivers the order to test fire

newly developed long-range cruise missiles.

South Korea and China meanwhile

meet to discuss mounting concern over North Korea's nuclear testing.

- There are still 13,000 nuclear weapons in the world today,

the vast majority being held by Russia and the United States.

NARRATOR: The tit-for-tat testing

and diplomatic battles on nuclear weapons isn't new.

Despite periodic attempts to de-escalate testing

and reduce nuclear arsenals,

it has intensified since the weapons were first used to

such devastating effect on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945.

(bomb explodes)

NARRATOR: After the dismantling of the Soviet Union,

the nuclear threat appeared briefly to have been nullified.

But recently, with new players entering the scene,

the arms race has resumed with a vengeance.

- Nuclear weapons are still spreading around the world,

whether that be with North Korean, or Iranian ambitions,

or, of course, in the West.

Nuclear weapons have only been used

against those nations that don't possess them.

(dramatic music)

(radio chatter)

(boots march)

NARRATOR: The race to possess nuclear weapons

began during World War II

and from the outset was shrouded in secrecy and bitter rivalry.

In 1943 the US launched a covert operation named the ALSOS mission.

A unit of special operations forces headed to the front lines

tasked with uncovering German nuclear secrets

and smuggling them back to the United States.

- They actually never even achieved to create a chain reaction.

So from that point of view, it was a massive failure.

However, it was the main force

that motivated the Allies to start nuclear weapons research.

NARRATOR: Although the US had discovered

there was no serious nuclear threat from Germany,

their efforts prompted ever more sophisticated espionage operations

as the wartime Allies

began to try to steal each other's atomic secrets.

- The Soviet Union had a very elaborate network of spies

and secret agents in place,

even before the Second World War, they started these operations.

NARRATOR: Possession of an atomic bomb

meant domination on the world stage

and as the Nazi war machine began to be overwhelmed,

the Soviets were determined to enter Berlin first

in the hope of securing German scientists

and their atomic secrets.

But it would be neither the Soviets nor the Germans

who would succeed in first weaponizing nuclear energy.

Instead, the top-secret nuclear project

codenamed The Manhattan Project,

launched by the United States and supported by Britain and Canada,

would be the first to unleash the full horror of an atomic bomb.

A group of scientists led by J Robert Oppenheimer

had been working tirelessly since 1942 to harness atomic energy

and had already successfully built the world's first nuclear reactor.

They tested the world's first atomic explosive device,

a plutonium bomb, in secret on July 16, 1945,

at the Trinity test site at Alamogordo, New Mexico.

(explosion)

(eerie music)

NARRATOR: This would change the nature of warfare... forever.

On the 6th of August 1945,

a 9,000-pound uranium-235 bomb known as "Little Boy"

was dropped from an American B-29 bomber

on the Japanese city of Hiroshima.

At 8:15 am it exploded

2,000 feet above the city of around 350,000 people.

- There was about five square miles of the city that was flattened

and fires ranged across a much wider area.

The estimates of how many people that were killed, really ranges,

it's very hard to get an accurate estimation of how many were killed,

but it's up to 140,000 people

were killed by the blast in Hiroshima.

NARRATOR: Despite the devastation, Japan still refused to surrender.

US President Harry Truman ordered the dropping of a second atomic bomb

on Nagasaki, with a population of around 250,000.

This time the 10,000-pound plutonium bomb known as 'Fat Man'

killed around 70,000 people

and seriously injured around 75,000 more.

- Many people, then and since,

have really questioned why the United States did that

because it's well-known and documented that

at the time, the Japanese were already trying to surrender.

In fact, they had been exploring that through back roots

since much earlier, in 1945.

Many senior military and political figures

from the US in the UK have said that it was not necessary

to use nuclear weapons to end the Second World War.

And as a result, some people have said, actually,

it was the first action in the Cold War.

It was the United States wanting to show its overwhelming military might

and wanting to assert itself as the chief global superpower.

NARRATOR: The Japanese surrender finally came

at noon on August the 15th, 1945.

Amid the jubilation over the end of World War II,

came a realisation that the world had entered a new era;

one in which military conflict could wipe out entire cities.

- What Hiroshima and Nagasaki did was that they really demonstrated

the power of these new weapons

and their effects on urban environments,

really visualising these massive impacts.

NARRATOR: Despite public fear of nuclear weapons,

a fully-fledged nuclear arms race was emerging between East and West

and the United States would do whatever it could to get ahead.

The US began secretly smuggling ex-Nazi scientists to America

to accelerate their atomic programme.

- They started an operation called Operation Paperclip.

And this was an attempt to hoover up all the scientists they could

to come back to the US and to work on rocket technologies,

intercontinental ballistic missiles

that could be used to fire atomic weapons,

and also the researchers that could help

create ever larger nuclear bombs.

People like Verner von Braun, who was taken in by the US,

he'd been working on the Nazi V1s and V2s,

he was the German rocket expert,

and he became a high-ranking official in NASA.

It was partly due to him that the US was able to win in the space race

and send the US to the moon first, as opposed to the Soviet Union.

NARRATOR: Not to be outdone, on the 29th August 1949

the Soviet Union tested its first atomic bomb.

Other nations followed

with Great Britain commencing nuclear testing in 1952

and France in 1960.

- Certainly for Britain, getting nuclear weapons of their own,

I think one of the politicians at the time said,

"We've got to have nuclear weapons

"with a bloody great union jack on top",

it was a way of asserting the role of the country in the world.

(explosion)

(dramatic music)

NARRATOR: By the mid-1950s,

the world was split into two major spheres of influence

and each side could defeat and destroy the other

several times over.

The nuclear threat was at an all-time high.

As the arms race continued,

the dangers of nuclear testing

were about to be demonstrated as never before,

on a remote island in the Pacific, Bikini Atoll.

Here, the United States would test the world's first hydrogen bomb...

..unleashing deadly waves of radiation,

whose effects would be felt for decades.

(dramatic music)

(dramatic music)

(explosion)

NARRATOR: Despite the fear of a nuclear war

spreading across the globe,

America was determined to test bigger

and more devastating atomic weapons.

Their newest test site

was a set of far-flung islands in the South Pacific.

- The United States tested nuclear weapons in the Marshall Islands

from 1946 to 1958,

conducting 67 tests during that time.

The extent of the test was so great it was the equivalent of

the explosive power of 1.6 Hiroshima-sized bombs

every day for those 12 years.

The first tests were conducted on Bikini Atoll

as part of Operation Crossroads.

-Operation Crossroads marks the first time that

the US conducts nuclear tests

at Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands.

They destroy entire islands, they poison the soil,

they create massive craters in this distant part of the world

that was seen to be out of sight, out of mind

and secret so that the Soviet Union couldn't see

just how far American nuclear power had advanced.

NARRATOR: The Marshall Islands would never be the same again.

The true perils of the US military's testing in the Marshall Islands

would become apparent with the infamous Castle Bravo test in 1954.

On the morning of March the 1st 1954,

the Japanese trawler 'the Lucky Dragon'

had just completed a long night's fishing.

Most of its crew were sleeping below deck

when the US detonated a 15-megaton hydrogen bomb

on the Bikini Atoll.

- This weapon was so powerful that

it went beyond the anticipated yield.

So the fallout extended far beyond the exclusion zone.

And so this Japanese tuna-fishing boat

happened to sail through this cloud

and the crew then suffered from radiation sickness,

and one crew member even died as a result of this.

NARRATOR: Although the Lucky Dragon

was over 80 miles from the test site,

radioactive ash fell over the men on board,

with devastating consequences.

- This was a pivotal moment

because these Japanese fishermen who were on the boat,

many were veterans and many had known those who were

caught up in the US offensive attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki,

again, with atomic bombs, nuclear weapons.

And it was this moment when Japanese civilians

were once again caught up in a US nuclear explosion,

that it really set a fire under the anti-nuclear movement

and opens people's eyes to these tests that are going on

across the Marshall Islands.

NARRATOR: As the devastating effects of nuclear testing became clear,

a series of international nuclear test limiting treaties

were put in place.

Despite these treaties, the arms race showed no signs of slowing

and the tensions of the Cold War lived on.

In January 1981, a new American president took office,

one who was willing to fully embrace the arms race

if it could ultimately lead to American hegemony

and destruction of what he called 'the evil empire'.

- In your discussions of the nuclear freeze proposals,

I urge you to beware the temptation of pride,

the temptation of blithely declaring yourselves above it all,

label both sides equally at fault.

To ignore the facts of history

and the aggressive impulses of an evil empire,

to simply call the arms race a giant misunderstanding

and thereby remove yourself from the struggle

between right and wrong, and good and evil.

NARRATOR: In British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher,

President Reagan found a steadfast ally,

willing to join him in his ideological battle with communism.

She was happy to accept

American Nuclear Missiles on British soil

to counter the threat of Soviet intermediate-range nuclear missiles,

or SS-20s, which had been deployed in Eastern Europe in 1976.

When American Pershing Cruise Missiles were brought into the UK

destined for the RAF's Greenham Common air base in Berkshire,

a group of unlikely protesters began to mobilise.

- In August of 1981,

a few dozen women, I think maybe 30-odd women from South Wales,

decided that they were going to march

or walk to Greenham Common airbase in Berkshire.

And that they were going to demand to see the base commander

and express their concerns about cruise missiles

because the cruise missiles were heading for both

Greenham Common and RAF Molesworth.

Those were the two bases that cruise missiles would be located at.

Initially, they decided they'd try and speak to him,

they'd leave a message, and then go back to Cardiff.

But when they got there, they decided,

"Well, actually no, we're not going to leave.

"We're going to stay here and we're going to make a protest camp."

And of course, eventually, that was what they did.

And they stayed there,

with many other people joining them, people coming and going,

staying and then moving away and so on,

new people, new women coming in for several years.

(dramatic music)

NARRATOR: The women were made up of mothers, housewives

and members of the CND, the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament.

They blocked the RAF site

and set up a series of protests against nuclear weapons.

They chained themselves to gates and set up camp in a nearby field.

(chains rattle) (crowd cheers)

NARRATOR: At first,

the Thatcher government tried to dismiss the protestors

as an eccentric novelty which would soon fade away.

But this growing movement was no flash in the pan.

(protestors play drums)

NARRATOR: In the early 1980s, as fears grew

that more nuclear weapons might arrive on British soil,

the CND's membership grew from 3,500 to 50,000.

By 1983, the women of Greenham Common

had lived at the protest camp for 2 years

and were showing no signs of giving up.

Fearful of their rising popularity,

the Conservative government launched a full-blown MI5 covert operation

to infiltrate them.

- The government, I think it was Heseltine at the time

who was Secretary of State for defence,

he organised a covert group within the Ministry of Defence called DS19.

NARRATOR: Years later,

Lord Heseltine would be at pains to deny that there was any misuse

or abuse of the information provided to him

and the Ministry of Defence about CND membership.

-Of course, well, what else would a Secretary of State do?

If you have a particular problem in any field,

you have a group of officials that advised you.

If you have an ongoing confrontation with a group of people,

or a problem that you have to cope with that is ongoing,

you have a team to help you keep abreast, advise you,

And that's what that committee was,

there was absolutely a typical, Whitehall response

to a given problem.

NARRATOR: As a general election loomed,

the debate about nuclear weapons entered the political arena,

as the Labour Party made nuclear disarmament

a key pledge of their manifesto.

-That was a general election year, 1983.

And of course, the leader of the Labour Party

at that time was Michael Foot.

He had been one of the founders of CND,

he was an opponent of nuclear weapons,

and the Labour Party at that time had a policy of

unilateral nuclear disarmament.

They thought Britain should get rid of nuclear weapons.

But instead of having a political debate about it,

people opposed to that started saying that

he was this pro-Soviet person, that somehow he was a traitor.

They produced anti-labour and anti-Michael Foot material

saying that the CND, which he was associated with,

stood for Communist, Neutralist and Defeatist.

Real terrible political sabotage

and antagonism towards CND.

- They were a left-wing front organisation, that's what they were,

acting in many ways against the national interest of this country

and in support of enemies of our country.

- Michael Heseltine, he said that

once the nuclear weapons, the missiles came to Greenham,

he said that if any of the women got too close to the missiles,

they would be shot. And he said that in Parliament!

So there was massive outrage about that

and, of course, they never were shot, fortunately.

NARRATOR: Tensions between the women of Greenham Common,

who were supported by the Labour Party,

and the Conservative government went on for years

with rumours of MI5 bugging CND phones

and infiltrating their London offices.

- Kathy Massiter, who was the whistle-blower from MI5,

subsequently she revealed information

about someone who'd been put into the CND office

to keep an eye on what was going on and report back.

We know since then, of course,

following the recent spy cops inquiry,

of which CND is a core participant,

that the police, the special services of the police,

also put people into CND.

So, it's a long history of that,

but it didn't put us off or deter us

from our campaigning in any way.

- MI5 would be a source of intelligence information.

And whilst I would be party to their findings,

in no way did that information, that security information,

play any part in the disclosure of the affiliations of members of CND.

NARRATOR: The women remained at the camp for 19 years.

The Pershing missiles were finally removed from the site in 1991,

as a result of the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.

The last of the Greenham Common protestors

only left the site in the year 2000.

(dramatic music)

(dramatic music)

NARRATOR: 10th July, 1985, New Zealand.

A Greenpeace vessel, the Rainbow Warrior,

is berthed at Auckland Harbour.

In the morning, it will lead out a flotilla of boats in a protest

against French Nuclear testing on the Mururoa Islands.

Around 11:30 pm,

a bomb that had been attached to the front of the boat explodes,

blowing a hole in its side.

The crew are thrown into the water

but luckily, no one is hurt.

Fernando Pereira, a Greenpeace Portuguese-Dutch photographer,

returns to the ship to retrieve some photography equipment.

Suddenly, a second bomb detonates.

Pereira is caught in that second, bigger blast and killed.

Greenpeace and the rest of the world was left stunned.

All eyes turned to the French government

as the Greenpeace chairman travelled to Paris

to demand answers from President Mitterrand.

- Yes, I understand that but you know as well as I do

that the investigation could go on for a hell of a long time.

Therefore, would you tell the president

that we have started our own investigation?

I will call again tomorrow morning.

Unless I get to see him soon,

we will be moving in a stronger way and I mean it.

NARRATOR: Even though French authorities

denied any responsibility for the bombing,

two days later, two of their secret agents,

Dominique Prieur and Alain Mafart,

were arrested by New Zealand Police and charged with murder.

Two months later, in September 1985,

'Le Monde' revealed details of the operation

orchestrated against Greenpeace

by the French foreign intelligence service, the DSGE.

So concerned had the French government become

that the Rainbow Warrior would interrupt nuclear testing

on the Mururoa islands,

they launched a covert operation codenamed Operation Satanique.

French secret agents disguised as tourists

were deployed to the boat weeks earlier

to investigate the on-board workings of the vessel.

DSGE then had divers attach the explosives to the boat

that would detonate minutes apart.

The attack was a public relations disaster for France.

It led to the resignation of the defence minister

and the dismissal of the DSGE Director,

before, finally, the French government

issued a formal apology for the bombing.

Despite this, however, less than a decade later,

the French were back in the Mururoa Atoll,

resuming their nuclear tests, as if nothing untoward had ever happened.

In 1985, even as the world reeled

from the shock of the attack on Rainbow Warrior,

the Cold War was finally starting to thaw.

- When Mikhail Gorbachev became leader of the Soviet Union in 1985,

this played an important part

in ending a period of increased tensions

between the United States and the Soviet Union

that had occurred during the early 1980s.

President Ronald Reagan also reacted very positively to Gorbachev.

This created a new, more constructive atmosphere

and a sense of cooperation

that led to really important nuclear disarmament treaties

like the Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty of 1987, for example.

NARRATOR: Under the 1987

Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty,

the United States and the Soviet Union

mutually agreed to give up all of their nuclear

and conventional ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles

with ranges between 500 to 5,500 kilometres.

They also agreed to allow onsite inspections

of each other's weapons installations.

In a little over 3 years,

the US and Soviet Union dismantled 2,692 nuclear missiles between them.

After the huge progress of 1987

and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991

there was a feeling that the nuclear problem was finally over

but this would not last.

- From the early 1990s, NATO began to expand

into the areas that had previously been in the Warsaw Pact,

into Eastern Europe, which had been in the Soviet sphere of influence

and even eventually, into former Soviet republics.

So, NATO expanded as a nuclear military alliance

up to the border with Russia.

So it became increasingly obvious

that we were not going in a good peaceful direction,

we were going in a more military direction.

NARRATOR: In 1995, the new President of France, Jacques Chirac,

announced the resumption of nuclear testing in the Mururoa atoll

sparking a wave of protests around the world.

(boat horns blare)

NARRATOR: But behind the scenes, genuine progress was being made

towards a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.

- The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

opened for signature in 1996.

And this was a treaty that prohibited all nuclear testing.

So previously, members of the partial Test Ban Treaty

had agreed not to test out in the atmosphere or underwater,

but this would stop all nuclear weapons tests,

including those underground tests.

NARRATOR: 71 states

signed the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty

and since 1996, that number has grown to 185 countries.

But there are some nations who refuse to ratify it, even today.

- This treaty has not yet entered into force,

so it's not become international law,

because several of the states that need to ratify it

have not yet done so.

NARRATOR: In May 1998, India's new Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee

ordered 5 nuclear tests.

Despite much of the world having abandoned testing 2 years earlier,

Vajpayee was determined to show India as a great power.

This caused a major public rebuke from the United States.

- This action by India

not only threatens the stability of the region,

it directly challenges the firm international consensus

to stop the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.

NARRATOR: The hostile action from India

was quickly followed by retaliation from Pakistan,

who carried out five simultaneous underground nuclear tests

two weeks after India's.

Tests from these countries showed the rest of the world

that they would not be bound by nuclear treaties.

New players were emerging on the nuclear scene.

The Cold War was heating up once again...

(dramatic music)

(dramatic music)

NARRATOR: Over the last 20 years,

despite multiple international nuclear treaties,

the threat of nuclear war has not abated.

And now, thanks to Russian aggression

and Chinese military expansionism, the threat is greater than ever...

- There are still 13,000 nuclear weapons in the world today,

the vast majority being held by Russia and the United States.

There are three more nuclear weapons States

since the end of the Cold War, India, Pakistan, and Israel.

And that brings, you know, more complicated dynamics

in terms of nuclear relationships.

NARRATOR: New players have now entered the nuclear arena

spreading a sense of fear and unease across the world.

In particular,

in potential flashpoint areas like the Middle East and the Gulf.

Iran, despite being one of the original signatories

of the 1970 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty,

resumed a major uranium-enriching program in the 1990s.

- When it comes down to Iranian technologies,

that ability to deploy the nuclear missiles that it wants to obtain,

well, that's when you can look to closer ties to North Korea

and to the Chinese as well, of course, nuclear armed states.

They shared their rocket systems,

their ability to deploy nuclear weapons with the Iranians,

and the Iranians have been able to really advance those.

So they have a medium range rocket technology,

ready for when they do obtain that nuclear grade material,

if that's something they choose to do.

NARRATOR: In 2002,

an Iranian opposition group revealed that the Islamic Republic

was engaged in a covert program of uranium enrichment and processing.

This prompted the International Atomic Energy Agency, the IAEA,

to visit the fuel enrichment facilities the following year.

Following this inspection, the IAEA declared that Iran had

"failed to meet its obligations under its Safeguards Agreement."

The nuclear capabilities of Iran were becoming a real concern,

in particular to one of America's main allies in the region, Israel.

And Iran was not the only state

to push back against nuclear restrictions.

- I think it was in 2002,

shortly after President Bush had talked about the axis of evil.

This is at the height of the war on terror.

And, of course, people could see what was happening to Iraq.

So, North Korea,

which had been a member of the nuclear non-proliferation treaty,

withdrew from the treaty,

as all countries have a right to do, because it said that

it had a deterrent need to develop nuclear weapons,

that it needed to protect itself

in the context of being put on the axis of evil list.

And so North Korea began to develop its nuclear technology,

or further develop its nuclear technology.

NARRATOR: By 2006,

North Korea's nuclear programme was sufficiently developed

for it to carry out its first nuclear test.

Despite having an energy discharge

of less than a tenth of the size of the Hiroshima bomb,

the blast sent a clear message

that the state had joined the nuclear club

and would continue to test bigger and better weapons

over the next 15 years.

With the emergence of new nuclear powers,

disarmament treaties have remained fragile.

Iran's refusal to suspend all enrichment-related activities

and cooperate with the IAEA

led to sanctions being implemented by western powers in 2006.

- The United States may have the power to cause harm and pain...

..but it is also susceptible to harm and pain.

So,

if the United States wishes to choose that path,

let the ball roll.

NARRATOR: Crippled by sanctions for over a decade,

Iran eventually agreed to suspend their nuclear programme

allow the IAEA

to carry out new inspections of its nuclear facilities.

Today, however, the fragile nuclear amnesty with Iran

is on the brink of collapse.

- When President Trump was in power,

unfortunately, he decided to withdraw from that nuclear deal,

he wanted to put more sanctions on Iran

and he wanted a new type of agreement with Iran,

which would limit their capabilities as a regional power,

nothing to do with nuclear stuff,

but to kind of add-in further elements

to limit the influence of Iran in the region.

NARRATOR: The other signatories of the nuclear non-proliferation deal

including China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and Germany

all fought for the deal to be upheld...

..but Trump's actions made this almost impossible.

The president pulled the US out of the deal in May 2018

and reinstated US sanctions on Iran with the aim of forcing them

to wind down their ballistic missile programme

and involvement in regional conflicts.

Iran refused and resumed enriching uranium.

With the build-up of Iran's nuclear arsenal,

there is a fear that the world could once again

be on the brink of nuclear catastrophe.

In 2021,

despite the new US President Biden committing himself to reinstatement

of the Nuclear Non-proliferation agreement with Iran,

he was unable to come up with a deal.

Also, in 2021,

North Korea continued to flex its nuclear muscles.

In the full glare of publicity, Kim Jong-Un proudly tested

a submarine launched ballistic missile for the first time.

South Korea also makes their nuclear testing clear to the world.

And many were left asking whether

these countries were slipping into an old Cold War brinkmanship.

- It is different, I guess, from the Cold War

because we're not talking about

the same arsenals that the superpowers had in the Cold War.

What is very concerning, though, in the minds of many governments

and people are the governments of these states.

In North Korea, we have a Stalinist regime

that is facing severe economic issues

and there is a worry that they might eventually

use nuclear weapons to some extent to counter those issues.

And Iran, of course,

we have a religious fundamentalist regime in power

and there are serious concerns

that they might also develop nuclear weapons,

use them or proliferate nuclear materials

to terrorist groups.

NARRATOR: On January the 22nd 2021,

the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons

finally came into force.

This is the first international agreement ever entered into

that prohibits nuclear weapons, rather than just limiting them,

with the aim of ultimately leading to their total elimination.

- This has made nuclear weapons illegal under international law,

and it's been championed by many, many states.

So it's not just CND and other strange anti-nuclear activists

that are opposed to nuclear weapons,

it's actually the majority of states in the world.

NARRATOR: Even as the anti-nuclear coalition remains globally strong,

the fear of a nuclear war still hangs over the world.

As history has shown us, previous treaties have failed

to stop nuclear weapons development and testing.

So why would this one prove any different?

- It's safe to say that

although some non-proliferation attempts have been successful,

nuclear weapons are still spreading around the world,

whether that be with North Korean or Iranian ambitions,

or, of course in the West,

and we've seen that with the UK and Boris Johnson's government,

there has been an announcement that the UK

will increase its nuclear arsenal by 40%.

Many have seen this as the start of a new Cold War.

And one of the sad facts here

is that nuclear weapons have only been used

against those nations that don't possess them.

NARRATOR: Nuclear armament continues to be a geopolitical currency

to demonstrate military power on a global scale.

Rightly or wrongly,

it ensures countries have a seat at the top table.

But how can we guarantee

the continued presence of nuclear weapons

will only be used as a status symbol and a deterrent,

instead of as a devastating weapon of mass destruction?

And how, once a global amnesty on nuclear weapons has been enforced,

can we guarantee the nuclear age

won't give way to something even more deadly?

- Britain has an independent nuclear deterrent to this day.

It's a complete delusion that

because you change one weapon system for another,

that you will have abandoned your deterrence.

We just have a different deterrent, that's all.

(ominous music)

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