All language subtitles for BBC.The.Battle.of.the.Atlantic.1of3.Grey.Wolves.XviD.AC3.EaGlE

Hidden in a fold of Kent countryside,
just thirty miles from London,

is the home of Britain's wartime leader -
Winston Churchill.

Casting his mind back over five bloody
and uncertain years,

he would write that during the war,
only one thing ever frightened him.

The U-boat peril.

'Battles might be won or lost,'
Churchill wrote,

'but our power to fight,
to keep ourselves alive,

rested on the outcome of the struggle
for control of the Atlantic.'

lt was one of the longest campaigns
in Naval history.

Bitterly fought over three million
square miles of hostile ocean.

When it began, the U-boat didn't seem
to be a peril at all.

And yet within eighteen months it was able
to take Britain to the brink of defeat.

ln 1942, this battle for survival
was at its height.

Those lost fighting it have no grave.
There are only names.

This series remembers their war.

At a little before midnight
on October 13th, 1939,

a lone U-boat slipped
through the line of sunken ships

that guarded the entrance to one of the
Royal Navy's most important bases.

U-47 was about to attempt
what the British believed impossible.

An attack on the Fleet in the safety
of its anchorage at Scapa Flow.

lts Commander - Gunther Prien -
kept a log of his mission.

'There are warships anchored inshore.

We close to a distance of
some three thousand metres.

We will attack the big one.'

She was the thirty thousand ton Royal Oak.

The flagship of the
Second Battle Squadron.

That night, the Oak was at anchor
at the eastern end of the Flow.

Most of her crew, twelve hundred men
and boys, were asleep below.

Suddenly, without any warning at all,

there was an enormous explosion
right up forwards somewhere.

lt shook the ship from end to end
and l hopped out of my hammock

and l told them all to get out
and get dressed

and they just sort of leaned over
their hammock and said,

'ah, don't worry about it.'

We were talking, saying, you know,
'What the Dickens was that?'

Somebody thought it sounded like
an anti-aircraft gun,

but nobody really knew.

One of Prien's torpedoes had hit the Oak,
close to the anchor chain.

Her Captain thought
it was a small internal explosion

and that there was no need
to rouse the crew.

Two out of every three men on that ship
only had twelve minutes to live -

- and they didn't know it.

Prien fired three more torpedoes.

The ship seemed to jump out of the water,
you know. lt was an enormous explosion.

The last one set off the cordite magazine
and this blast,

hot orange blast came up through the deck -

and l wondered how long it took,
you know, to die.

And um, excuse me a moment.

Brings back a lot of memories.

'There was a terrible roaring and cracking.

Columns of water and fire,
fragments were flying through the air.

One battleship sunk. Every tube empty.
l decided to leave.'

You have to admit,

it was an incredible achievement
for Prien and his boat,

with all the great difficulties
of navigation he faced.

He managed to get into Scapa Flow
and then get out again.

On the Oak,

most of the crew were trapped between
the decks as the ship began to capsize.

l must have slipped down many feet
and hit the water.

Something touched me
on the back of the neck,

l thought blimey,
it's coming down on top of me,

and l did the fastest hundred yards
l've ever done in my life.

The next thing l remember was um,
funnily enough,

my Divisional Officer coming over
with a great lump of wood

that he was hanging onto -

and he said, 'Who's that?'

and l said, 'Leading Seaman lnstance
and l'm burnt to buggery.'

So he said, 'Oh, bad luck, old man.'

Eight hundred and thirty three men
were lost on the Royal Oak.

lt was a national humiliation.

A British battleship sunk at anchor in a
place symbolic of the country's sea power.

By the time U-47 returned to its base
at Wilhelmshaven,

the name 'Prien'
was known throughout Germany.

He had become the 'Bull of Scapa.'

Prien became a national hero,

and the public became very aware of the
U-boats and their potential in this war.

Only a month before,

Hitler had been openly skeptical
about the value of the U-boat.

Now it seemed to represent
just the image of military ingenuity

and courage he wanted to foster
in the Reich.

He told Prien he was responsible
for a unique triumph.

lf forty four men and a lone U-boat
could sink a battleship,

what could a fleet of submarines do?

Prien's mission had been
meticulously planned by the staff

at U-boat Command in Wilhelmshaven.

The leader of the U-boat arm,
Karl Donitz,

had forged his men into a fighting elite.

Their training was dominated
by the prospect of war

with Germany's natural enemy at sea,
Great Britain.

The task was to find out how to cut the -

supplies across the Atlantic
within a reasonable time

so that may be Britain would
get in serious trouble.

When war came, although he commanded
just fifty-seven U-boat,

Donitz planned to launch
a ruthless sea blockade,

which he believed in time would
starve Britain into submission.

Sixty years ago,

this forgotten wasteland was full of ships
and merchant seamen preparing

to make the three thousand mile voyage
across the Atlantic.

Before the war,
some sixty million tons of food

and raw materials passed
through ports like Liverpool.

We realised that we were the lifeline.

Without the Merchant Fleet
there'd have been no food,

there'd have been no fuel.

Where were all the other forces
going to get their stuff from

if we didn't bring it from America?

None of the glamour of the Royal Navy,

but sailors of the finest type
for all that.

One hundred and thirty thousand men sailed
under the Red Ensign.

How old are you?

Twenty-nine.

They were officially non-combatant,

but these were the men who would bear
the brunt of the U-boat attack.

You were directed by what was called
the Pool and you had no - choice.

lf they says, take that,
SS Maas, Endon Dock, you just went down -

- and signed on.

l joined the Beatus.
She was a tramp, a tramp steamer.

She had the smell of sugar and oil on her,

you know, it was - dirty old tramp,
they call them.

They never came back to me and said,

'well now, we've got these new ships
but we can't can man them.'

There were always coming forward for this
very risky and very ill paid and very -

- uncomfortable job.

This nation owes those people a great deal.

Well, it was ourjob.

We knew we were going out,
you mightn't come back,

but you never - you never,
you never dwelt on it.

From the first,

it was the U-boat rather than
Germany's small fleet of warships

that threatened this life-line.

Faith in Britain's ability to protect it,

rested on the most powerful surface fleet
in the world - the Royal Navy.

The Admiralty in London was quick to
introduce a system of protected convoys.

Merchant ships would be escorted for part
of theirjourney by warships.

The busiest convoy routes were those across
the North Atlantic to Canada and America.

lt was along these that most of the
country's vital imports would pass.

Ships were given their station in a box.

You have several in a row there and
several behind them in rectangle.

and you steamed out in a succession which
you already agreed from Liverpool,

slowly at first and
then gradually getting under way.

Well, you could be looking six mile
across the front of the convoy

and you could be looking six mile
down the length of the convoy,

so you're covering a fair area
with a sixty ship convoy.

We, in the escort, went round
at speed looking at all the ships,

checking them by name,

checking they'd got their right positions
in the convoy and so on.

Usual thing,
eight knots a quarter of a mile apart.

Now let's count them.
Three, four, five...

They'd come charging round and er,

at high speed and pull up alongside like,
you know.

'You're too far behind' like,
you know,

'are you all right?
Do you require assistance'

or anything like that and they'd say,

'No, it's just the best -
this is our best speed.'

Try to keep up, old man.

Some are slower than others.

The top speed of that Beatus l was in,

all she could do was six knots;
you could walk faster.

The weather was dreadful and
people were very sick and people went

and just slept in a corner soaking
wet from watch

and they were soaking wet
when they went on watch again.

lt is a main factor
in the Battle of the Atlantic

after trying to kill each other,
was the weather.

You'd be on look-out in the masts.

You were looking out for periscopes,
which was a hell of a thing.

You know you're looking and - and er,
you might see a few, a few porpoise come -

zooming at you.
lt would scare the wits out of you,

cos it's just a torpedo coming
through the water.

ln the first months of the war,

the U-boat fleet sailed out to the
convoy routes from the north German ports.

lt meant a long and dangerous haul across
the North Sea and round the British coast.

But the crews were full of confidence.

They were the U-boat Waffe,

the spearhead of the assault
on the old enemy.

War patrols would last for as long as
there was fuel and torpedoes.

For three weeks or more,

fifty men would be confined to
what some called their 'iron coffin.'

The U-boat arm made its own rules.

Donitz believed this would play
its part in building

the right sort of fighting
spirit in the crews.

There is no uniform onboard
and no indication of rank,

just overalls. lt was informal.
lt wasn't really the usual military order.

The whole boat smells of diesel.
Diesel is ingrained everywhere.

Because there are full tanks there was
always something dripping somewhere.

There was no comfort aboard a submarine,
no comfort.

Because you share your bunk
with another one,

because he has the same -
the same job aboard the ship as you have.

For instance, the wireless operator.

He is on watch four hours
and you have time to rest-

and then he goes into this bunk.

And this is er - the bunk is still hot,
still hot.

Of course it would smell of sweat
because no one washed properly.

There was quite a stench sometimes.

lt was mostly boring,
you've got to admit that.

Boredom, there was nothing.

A boat would run its course,
little by little,

nothing happened from one hour to the next.

The hunt depended on the vigilance
of the boat's watch.

Days were spent searching an empty,
featureless horizon.

We rode some pretty massive
North Atlantic storms

which were really very impressive.

Nobody could see, move,
aim at or do anything.

And then there were those occasions

when you suddenly saw a single ship
which you would normally have attacked,

but with which you just
steer a parallel course.

You couldn't harm each other.

Everybody thought of their own survival
during those heavy seas.

Nothing else mattered.

For the convoy,

survival depended on its ability to lose
itself in the Atlantic.

Just a moment of carelessness could reveal
its position to the hunter.

You got ships that were indisciplined,
especially in the early stages of the war.

They were told not to throw over certain
kinds of rubbish from the ship's side

because a trailing submarine
would pick that up.

And the other thing was a real problem.
Er, the coal fire chips.

Stoking up,
you could see them from fifty miles away.

And of course the U-boats loved that.

ln the first months of the war,
a cameraman accompanied U-99.

The most successful hunter
in the North Atlantic.

lts Commander was Otto Kretschmer.

My Captain, Otto Kretschmer,
was a - a very intelligent man.

Very cold blooded and er, knew exactly
what kind of risk he could take.

At first there were easy kills.

Lone ships traveling
beyond the Navy's protection.

But as more ships sailed
under the Admiralty's umbrella,

commanders like Kretschmer
were forced to run

the much greater risk
of attacking the convoys.

This was done at first as
it was done during the First World War.

By day we'd expect
to enter a convoy underwater,

approach it and fire
at it from underwater.

lt was a calm, smooth day, in summer and
suddenly the Jersey City went back.

A lovely clear day and so calm one -
one should have seen the periscope,

but one didn't.

You went out in an ever widening circle
trying to find the submarine by ASDlC.

ASDlC, or sonar, was the new weapon
in the Admiralty's armoury.

lts underwater searchlight.

Contact.

A pulse of sound was sent out
from the ship.

lf the sound wave struck the U-boat
they were reflected back.

This echo gave the range
and bearing of the target.

lf convoy was the first pillar of the
Navy's defence, ASDlC was the second.

At once there was contact from the ASDlC
of this destroyer and er -

he was running right overhead,

you could hear the swish of the propellers

and then he turned
and came back and he threw -

- his depth charges.

Depth charges were three hundred pound
drums packed with high explosive.

With a fuse that could be set to detonate
at different depths.

Within fifty feet of the U-boat's hull,
the shock wave would cause damage.

Within twenty, it would kill.

Once ASDlC contact was made -
the hunter became the hunted.

The escort destroyers started pursuing us
in a very clear and determined manner.

And because we were so
very slow underwater,

they had no difficulty
in tracking our course.

All instruments were destroyed, you see.

Glasses broken, there is no light anymore
only small flashlights.

We went down to this unbelievable depth.

The cook put on a life-jacket and turned up
wide-eyed at my command post.

l kept telling him to go back
but he didn't.

l said to him, 'Come on, Franz',
that was his first name,

'Sit down, give daddy your hand,
nothing will happen to you. Come on,'

l said. Then he sat down,
gave daddy his hand,

held my hand tightly and calmed down.

Daddy was twenty-four years old.

The boat went deeper and deeper.

Of course,
everyone had the feeling this is it.

One second more and there's one big crack and -

you are er,
pressed together like an empty tin can.

The air supply became very scarce.

Everyone had to lie down and be still and
breath through the oxygen cartridges.

They kept us underwater
for seventeen hours.

On this occasion, depth charges were not
well aimed enough to be fatal.

We went to depths of 150 metres or more.
The depth charges were all above us.

The depth charge fuses were
on too shallow a setting.

The U-boat was able to take refuge

at a much greater depth than
the Royal Navy thought possible.

Yet at the Admiralty,
figures compiled by Naval staff suggested

that merchant shipping losses
would be manageable.

ln the first nine months of the war,
215 ships were sunk,

but only twenty-two
within the umbrella of a convoy.

The First Lord of the Admiralty,
Winston Churchill,

was more than satisfied
with the navy's record.

We feel ourselves more confident,
day by day,

of our ability to keep open and
active the salt water highways

by which we live and along which
we shall draw the means of victory.

Our faithful ASDlC detector smells them
out in the depths of the sea

and l do not doubt that we shall break
their strength and break their purpose.

But in June 1940,

the victories won by Hitler's armies on
land were to transform the war at sea.

As Hitler celebrated
the Fall of France in Berlin,

the commander of his U-boats was on
his way to the Atlantic coast of France.

The ports were all in German hands.

Donitz and his men wasted on time
in establishing bases along the west coast.

Here in Lorient,

work began on the huge bomb-proof sea
bunkers which would house the U-boat fleet.

For the first time, the U-boats had
an open door to the Atlantic.

The situation was now, l would say,
the one we'd always wished for.

From his new headquarters in Lorient,

Donitz would direct an all out assault
on Britain's lifeline.

The new French bases on the Atlantic coast

would shave almost a fortnight off
a U-boat's journey.

Time that could now
be spent hunting for convoys.

Above all, they offered the chance for
Donitz to introduce his new tactic,

so carefully developed before the war.
The pack attack.

This was the beginning of a new phase
in the Battle of the Atlantic.

l was anxious that not a day should pass
without the sinking of a ship somewhere.

Donitz began to arrange his U-boats
into search lines across the convoy routes.

When one of the boats sighted a convoy

it was to report its position
to U-boat Command.

lt was not the contact boat,
with orders to shadow the target.

U-boat Command was able to direct the rest
of the pack to home in on the contact boat.

Donitz was confident that
the Royal Navy's defences

would crumble under the weight
of a pack attack.

The attack would be carried out at night
and in an entirely unexpected way.

One of the first U-boats to be involved
in a pack attack in the autumn of 1940,

was Otto Kretschmer's U-99.

A warship comes into view, followed
by smoke plumes and the convoy, at last.

We pass a surfacing U-boat, U-101 .
l am positioned in front of the convoy.

The pack tactics pioneered
by commanders like Kretschmer,

would change the course of the war at sea.

We stayed ahead of the convoy all day long.

And then, in the evening, when it was dark,
we dived in front of it.

Then we surfaced inside it.

Through my binoculars l cold see
there was a - a shadow of a ship.

But from time to time l could see
that someone was er, lighting a cigarette.

Everyone was alert
wherever you went and everything

and that night the moon was that wide.

You're thinking, someone's out there.

l went out on the wing of the bridge
and there was the um, U-boat,

Well, a hundred yards away with all
the officers in the conning tower.

l gave the order to go hard aport,
that would put the put the U-boat stern on.

lt's like big game hunting,
you have to attack from a forward position.

So the normal distance
for torpedo attacks at night -

- is about six hundred metres.

Before l could answer the helm,
we were hit.

Everything sort of disintegrated around us.

The concussion shot up your legs,
up your backbone,

into your skull and everything,
and lifted you at the same time.

l went round to the engine room and -

- looked down the engine room
and then there was nothing left.

So everything had collapsed. The engine
room was three parts full of water.

Those poor men down below what -
let's hope it was very quick,

their death, cos if must be dreadful,
must have been dreadful. Dreadful.

l saw the water coming into the wheelhouse,
you know, that high,

you know, waist high to me and
l'm eventually in it and then under it.

And l was reaching out to rails and pulling
myself and trying to get myself clear.

l was panicking. And then suddenly
l was making my way to the surface.

And l was coughing and spluttering
and l looked around and -

could hear shouts and er,
l turned and tried to locate them,

but l wasn't sure what direction
they were coming from.

But apparently they were only shouts
of lads that were drowning.

What follows now resembles the raging
of a wolf in a flock of sheep.

l fire a torpedo at a large freighter.

lt explodes and there is a high column
of flame which rips

open the ship from the bow to the bridge.

The propaganda newsreels caught
only the ships torpedoed by day.

But by the autumn of 1940,
most were being sunk at night.

The wolf packs were using the cover
of darkness to attack on the surface.

This was the tactic Donitz
would turn to time

and again in his pursuit
of victory in the Atlantic.

We can hear torpedoes fired
by the other boats.

The convoy breaks up completely.
The ships run alone and in small groups.

The largest group includes a tanker.
This we shall now attack.

We was carrying er, aviation spirit
which is the worst of the lot.

l must have said my prayers more times
than the local vicar,

because l was really frightened.

l was on the after poop deck of the ship
when we heard -

- that there was a torpedo coming and you
could see it when they - when they yelled.

You could see the wake.

There was a two hundred metre high tongue
of orange flame and in these flames -

there were human bodies and
parts of the ship whirling round

and then falling back into the Atlantic.

l didn't hesitate.

l'd seen the big flames and
l jumped straight over the stern

and when l surfaced -

- well, the ship had disappeared in -
into flames.

You could hear these -
your buddies in the water hollering.

'Save me, save me.'
But, you know, you were going by them,

the ship was still in a forward motion.

l asked to come up to the conning tower
to have a look -

- at the burning tankers and er,
because this was er -

for a navy man who was asked to sink ships,
was a wonderful sight.

There was a lot of fuel on the water
and gasoline burning.

lt sticks to you because
it's - it's petroleum.

l heard a cry for help and l swam to him.

His face was all black, burnt.
Oh, he was in a terrible state.

We heard shouts of
'Hitler, help. Hitler, help.'

And then something happened
that l thought was terrible.

Standing next to me
was the U-boat's second -

officer. He yelled into the night,
'Why do you pigs sail for England.'

l was horrified and
l gave him a jab and said,

'What do you expect them to do?

These people are doing their duty,
just as you are.'

Those left in the sea watched
as the convoy passed on.

The other merchant ships were under strict
orders not to stop for survivors.

As we ploughed through them
you could hear them shouting,

'help.' 'Help.' We couldn't stop -

and l knew this and l could see over the -
just down there,

the little lights on their
lifejacket drifting past. Very sad.

The first pack attacks
in the autumn of 1940,

caught the Navy's escorts
completely off guard.

We realised they were on the surface.

We tried to light up the area so that
we could see a submarine,

but we wouldn't know what area to light up.

l remember feeling so helpless
when you see these ships being sunk.

We would scurry around and
try to find out the submarine,

but the ASDlC was useless.

The underwater detector in which
the Admiralty placed so much faith,

was unable to find
the U-boat on the surface,

and the U-boat was almost invisible
in the Atlantic night.

On the surface the U-boat could wring
1 7 knots from its diesel engines,

and that made it faster
than some of the Navy's escorts.

The Royal Navy was prepared to fight a war
against a submarine,

but the U-boat was really
nothing of the sort.

All the boats we had during the war
were actually surface craft

who had just the possibility to dive.

As these boats were depending on batteries,

they were very slow as soon as
they were submerged.

Out of about twenty ships l sank,

l mean l sank - sank nineteen at night
on the surface.

The Navy rescued those it could,

but survivors in the water made the job
of protecting the convoy even tougher.

The main problem of survivors
in the water is that

they are usually where the U-boat
is and you want to -

depth charge the U-boat and you can't,
cos you're gonna kill your survivors.

And that on one or two occasions happened
during the war. Very unpleasant.

Er, we heard someone shouting
on a loud hailer.

He said, 'l can't stop,
l've got scrambling nets over the side -

l can't stop, U-boat in the area,

you'll have to jump for it
and scramble aboard.' And we did.

They carried us down to different parts
of the ship

and l remember going to this
particular mess, l don't know,

and er, we laid on a - laid on a bunk
and they brought hot coffee round.

Oh God, it was so beautiful.

ln just two nights in October 1940,
a pack of five boats sank twenty ships.

Even well protected
convoys appeared powerless

to prevent the wolf packs sinking at will.

By the end of the year,
more than a thousand ships had been sunk.

Six thousand merchant seamen lost.

On the Atlantic coast of lreland,
the human cost was all too obvious.

The first body that came in was over
in them rocks over there.

The boat must have been sunk off away
out in the Atlantic some place

and the body was washed in here.

There was a disc on him.

And his number was on it,
l don't - couldn't tell you the number,

but l know the name,
he was a Sergeant Derby of the Marines.

Then there was other bodies.

One body came in
and it was badly decomposed.

We had a bit of a cliff to climb and
he had to be tied on to a stretcher -

And soon as we put the legs
over on the body,

the stomach collapsed,
bursted and there was a terrible smell.

Oh, you would nearly throw up.

And then we took him to this hotel that -
where the bodies was all usually was taken.

lt was very sorrowful.
l mean we were - a lot of us there was,

well we were sad but we couldn't do,

we had a job to do and
we done it and that was it.

This was what the U-boat men
called their 'happy time.'

On the journey home to their French bases,
the crews prepared their victory bunting.

Each flag marked
with the tonnage of a ship sunk.

No more than six boats were operating
against Britain's lifeline at any one time.

Just three hundred men.

Much was being asked of a handful
of U-boat crews.

ln return, Donitz ensured that
they were very well rewarded.

This was notjust a 'happy time' at sea.

The crews were to enjoy
the best of life ashore.

A hundred thousand bottles of wine were
requisitioned by Donitz for his men.

'Onkel Karl' cared.

There were special food parcels.
U-boat hotels, and extended leave.

Usually we would seek out
some dive and then of course

if there were girls present
we would try to dance with them.

Sometimes we even succeeded.

l can still remember, what was the price
of a bottle of champagne?

l think it was twenty Francs,
which was no money at all to us.

Of course we did have a good life,
yes and we would make the most of it, too.

lt was a very different sort of homecoming
for the British seamen

who'd survived the wolf packs.

We got a roll call -

any survivors off one ship,
this ship and that ship,

and it come down to Creekirk,
and l don't why,

when l went up later on l said,
'did anyone come forward?'

He said, 'No, apparently
they've all gone with the ship.'

So l knew, that was two of me friends
and neighbours,

they were dead, l knew that.

l put me arms - put me arms around me mother

and l couldn't tell her about Eddie and
Billy till the next day and l said to her,

'whatever - whatever you do,
mum, don't tell their people,

leave it till they get a telegram.'

So my mother knew,
she knew that they weren't coming back,

they didn't know where they were,
their mothers.

ln Germany, the propaganda ministry
made heroes of those

it called 'The Grey Wolves.'

That winter the Commander of U-100.

Joachim Schepke, took his men on a
skiing holiday in the Bavarian Alps.

The U-boatmen were the guests
of the grateful village of Ruppolding.

They lived with the villagers;
the Commander with the Plenk family.

ln those days it was Prien,
Kretschmer, Schepke.

They were for us boys
so to speak the heroes.

The U-boat heroes.

And we were proud of having
one of them staying in our house.

That goes without saying.

The reception was naturally magnificent.

l can remember that there
were folk evenings at the Kurhaus,

as is the tradition here.

They were certainly unforgettable days
for the crew.

l can remember we were all very proud.

As 1940 drew to a close,
the British public felt under siege.

l get along without sugar.
l never drink any tea. Eggs and bacon...

Before the war, the country imported
twenty-two million tons of food.

By November, that figure was running
at less than twelve million.

One thing l always crave,
and that's why hear me sing,

oh when can l have a banana again?
Oh tell me, tell me mother...

The ration book became the key to survival
for nearly every household in the country.

You got two ounces of tea each
and me mother loved tea

and you only got one egg a week
and you got very little cheese.

Very little meat.
You'd have to look for the meat.

lt was hard to - to manage, you know.

Sometimes the word would go around,
oh there's er,

there's something in Postlethwaites
and that was a fruit shop...

All the women would be scurrying up

and l say we'd stand in a queue
and you wouldn't actually know

what you were standing in the queue for.

And l'd say - we'd say,
'What is it, what is it?'

And the man would come out all stern,
you know.

'lt's one orange
and don't anyone ask for two.'

And you'd be so thrilled to get an orange.

Vegetables weren't rationed
so you eat more vegetables.

So if you eat potatoes
you didn't need as much bread.

They'd tell you
that merchant seamen had to risk

their lives to go to Canada to bring
the wheat to make the bread.

So if you eat potatoes
you were helping your country.

...all well known to the enemy.

And we must expect that Herr Hitler will
do his utmost to prey upon our shipping,

his clutching fingers reach out
on both sides of us into the Ocean.

l have never underrated this danger.

ln Winston Churchill's private office,

a small team of economists was responsible

for keeping him informed on matters
of shipping and imports.

Churchill would pour over
their weekly bulletin.

He later wrote of the 'measureless peril'
expressed in its charts,

of figures showing
'potential strangulation.'

An index l compiled of stocks
of imported food

and raw materials measured in tons er -

was falling rapidly towards a really,
a dangerous level.

And l think a lot of people
didn't realise how worrying it was.

lt was hardly an exaggeration
to say we could have -

- lost the war on the home front
at that time.

ln January, 1941 ,

Hitler spoke to the Reich of his
confidence in his 'Grey Wolves.'

Just a handful of U-boats had helped
bring Britain to the brink of defeat,

and now more boats were being built.

Donitz's packs would be able to range
further into the Atlantic,

and in greater numbers.

The tonnage war,

the race to sink more ships than Britain
could buy or build had begun.