Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated:
1
00:00:00,830 --> 00:00:11,139
[Music]
2
00:00:11,139 --> 00:00:13,820
the story of the kings and queens of
3
00:00:13,820 --> 00:00:15,950
England is more surprising than you
4
00:00:15,950 --> 00:00:20,450
might think it's a fine drama a thousand
5
00:00:20,450 --> 00:00:23,060
years of tales of lust and betrayal of
6
00:00:23,060 --> 00:00:26,480
heroism and cruelty of mysteries murders
7
00:00:26,480 --> 00:00:31,880
tragedies and triumphs and all these
8
00:00:31,880 --> 00:00:34,610
figure in the story I'm telling now the
9
00:00:34,610 --> 00:00:36,220
story of The Tudors
10
00:00:36,220 --> 00:00:41,450
[Music]
11
00:00:41,450 --> 00:00:44,280
above all though the story of this great
12
00:00:44,280 --> 00:00:46,230
dynasty of rulers is a tale of
13
00:00:46,230 --> 00:00:48,690
passionate love affairs and what happens
14
00:00:48,690 --> 00:00:52,850
when love and high politics collide
15
00:00:53,520 --> 00:01:11,860
[Music]
16
00:01:12,729 --> 00:01:16,160
the story begins with Owen Tudor a
17
00:01:16,160 --> 00:01:19,100
hugely ambitious and very handsome young
18
00:01:19,100 --> 00:01:22,340
man his father was an outlaw hiding out
19
00:01:22,340 --> 00:01:24,950
in the world shills but Owen managed to
20
00:01:24,950 --> 00:01:26,930
get employed as a servant in the
21
00:01:26,930 --> 00:01:29,110
household of the infant Henry the sixth
22
00:01:29,110 --> 00:01:31,759
now this household was run by Henry's
23
00:01:31,759 --> 00:01:34,670
mother Queen Catherine de Valois a very
24
00:01:34,670 --> 00:01:38,170
sexy widow who fell for Owen completely
25
00:01:38,170 --> 00:01:40,729
there's no record that they ever got
26
00:01:40,729 --> 00:01:44,680
married but they did have five children
27
00:01:44,680 --> 00:01:48,710
when Catherine died in 1437 Henry the
28
00:01:48,710 --> 00:01:51,229
six was still only 13 and the Barons who
29
00:01:51,229 --> 00:01:53,750
ran the kingdom in his name put Owen in
30
00:01:53,750 --> 00:01:56,479
prison but when Henry came of age he
31
00:01:56,479 --> 00:01:58,729
brought his stepfather Owen Tudor back
32
00:01:58,729 --> 00:02:01,130
to court and gave earldoms to his step
33
00:02:01,130 --> 00:02:04,480
brothers Edmund and Jasper Tudor
34
00:02:04,480 --> 00:02:07,450
Oh in insured Edmonds marriage to a girl
35
00:02:07,450 --> 00:02:08,580
from Henry's family
36
00:02:08,580 --> 00:02:12,720
[Music]
37
00:02:12,720 --> 00:02:15,400
Edwin died very soon after the marriage
38
00:02:15,400 --> 00:02:18,130
but his 13 year old bride Margaret
39
00:02:18,130 --> 00:02:20,980
Beaufort was already pregnant their son
40
00:02:20,980 --> 00:02:23,500
was born at Pembroke Castle he was named
41
00:02:23,500 --> 00:02:29,740
after the King Henry Judah and Owen had
42
00:02:29,740 --> 00:02:31,630
a grandson with a blood connection to
43
00:02:31,630 --> 00:02:33,640
the House of Lancaster the family of the
44
00:02:33,640 --> 00:02:37,450
King they weren't actually the
45
00:02:37,450 --> 00:02:40,330
legitimate line Henry of Lancaster Henry
46
00:02:40,330 --> 00:02:42,430
Bolingbroke had deposed his cousin
47
00:02:42,430 --> 00:02:45,820
Richard ii in 1399 to become Henry the
48
00:02:45,820 --> 00:02:48,070
fourth the thrones of his son and
49
00:02:48,070 --> 00:02:49,990
grandson Henry the fifth and sixth
50
00:02:49,990 --> 00:02:53,140
rested on that shaky foundation which
51
00:02:53,140 --> 00:02:55,540
crumbled in the Wars of the Roses when
52
00:02:55,540 --> 00:02:57,310
the true heirs to the throne the House
53
00:02:57,310 --> 00:02:59,320
of York began to battle for their
54
00:02:59,320 --> 00:03:03,430
inheritance Owen Tudor stood squarely
55
00:03:03,430 --> 00:03:06,370
with the Henry's the Lancastrians that
56
00:03:06,370 --> 00:03:08,860
after all was where he had invested all
57
00:03:08,860 --> 00:03:13,630
his hopes he fought for them and in 1461
58
00:03:13,630 --> 00:03:17,110
died for them beheaded by Yorkists in
59
00:03:17,110 --> 00:03:21,700
Herefordshire CLIs he was the last Tudor
60
00:03:21,700 --> 00:03:24,640
to lose his head but as we all know the
61
00:03:24,640 --> 00:03:26,500
Tudors would take up this approach to
62
00:03:26,500 --> 00:03:29,080
problem solving themselves you might say
63
00:03:29,080 --> 00:03:42,190
with a vengeance Edward of York seized
64
00:03:42,190 --> 00:03:44,650
the throne Edward the fourth and Owens
65
00:03:44,650 --> 00:03:47,170
four-year-old grandson Henry Tudor began
66
00:03:47,170 --> 00:03:49,390
what would be decades of living on the
67
00:03:49,390 --> 00:03:51,340
run or as a refugee
68
00:03:51,340 --> 00:03:54,220
but three years later King Edwin did
69
00:03:54,220 --> 00:03:55,599
something that would eventually give
70
00:03:55,599 --> 00:03:57,940
Henry Tudor everything Owen had wished
71
00:03:57,940 --> 00:04:01,959
for he fell in love and that began a
72
00:04:01,959 --> 00:04:03,670
chain of events which altered all
73
00:04:03,670 --> 00:04:07,780
England's history when Edward was about
74
00:04:07,780 --> 00:04:08,470
20
75
00:04:08,470 --> 00:04:10,480
he was waylaid by an attractive widow of
76
00:04:10,480 --> 00:04:12,940
about 25 who was trying to recover her
77
00:04:12,940 --> 00:04:14,519
late husband's property
78
00:04:14,519 --> 00:04:17,108
Edward six foot three tall and really
79
00:04:17,108 --> 00:04:20,260
very good-looking wanted to help and he
80
00:04:20,260 --> 00:04:21,630
became besotted
81
00:04:21,630 --> 00:04:24,669
it seems she persuaded him to secretly
82
00:04:24,669 --> 00:04:27,850
enter into a contract to marry her her
83
00:04:27,850 --> 00:04:32,050
name was Eleanor Butler about a year
84
00:04:32,050 --> 00:04:35,200
later in 1464 another attractive widow
85
00:04:35,200 --> 00:04:38,080
26 years old pulled the same stunt and
86
00:04:38,080 --> 00:04:42,540
Edward did it again unbelievable
87
00:04:42,750 --> 00:04:45,370
this time the lady was called Elizabeth
88
00:04:45,370 --> 00:04:47,380
Woodville and this time it wasn't just a
89
00:04:47,380 --> 00:04:49,870
contract to marry it was a full marriage
90
00:04:49,870 --> 00:04:55,450
to a commoner when Elizabeth Woodville
91
00:04:55,450 --> 00:04:57,130
was crowned in Westminster Abbey the
92
00:04:57,130 --> 00:05:01,060
whole of Europe was scandalized
93
00:05:01,060 --> 00:05:03,070
marriage was all about alliances of
94
00:05:03,070 --> 00:05:05,470
power and property marrying a penniless
95
00:05:05,470 --> 00:05:09,280
woman for love was simply disgusting the
96
00:05:09,280 --> 00:05:11,050
negotiators trying to arrange a proper
97
00:05:11,050 --> 00:05:14,380
royal marriage were humiliated and when
98
00:05:14,380 --> 00:05:16,330
Edward heaped honors wealth and titles
99
00:05:16,330 --> 00:05:18,070
on Elizabeth's relatives the rivers
100
00:05:18,070 --> 00:05:20,140
family the nobility of England were
101
00:05:20,140 --> 00:05:23,560
outraged they were quite frankly getting
102
00:05:23,560 --> 00:05:27,130
completely above themselves if anyone
103
00:05:27,130 --> 00:05:29,050
had known about Edwards promise to marry
104
00:05:29,050 --> 00:05:30,880
Eleanor Butler things would have been
105
00:05:30,880 --> 00:05:33,520
even worse but she was quietly shut up
106
00:05:33,520 --> 00:05:37,419
in a convent and died in 1468 as it was
107
00:05:37,419 --> 00:05:39,580
it would lost so much support that in
108
00:05:39,580 --> 00:05:41,770
1470 he was actually driven out of
109
00:05:41,770 --> 00:05:43,900
England and Henry the sixth came back to
110
00:05:43,900 --> 00:05:46,870
the throne a few months later Edward
111
00:05:46,870 --> 00:05:49,090
came back into London and regained the
112
00:05:49,090 --> 00:05:51,280
crown thanks to the strong support of
113
00:05:51,280 --> 00:05:53,020
London merchants to whom he owed money
114
00:05:53,020 --> 00:05:56,050
and even more it was said of their wives
115
00:05:56,050 --> 00:05:58,060
and daughters who really seemed to have
116
00:05:58,060 --> 00:06:01,030
found him romantically interesting which
117
00:06:01,030 --> 00:06:03,030
vasive Henry the sixth and it wasn't
118
00:06:03,030 --> 00:06:05,650
unless you fancied an elderly saintly
119
00:06:05,650 --> 00:06:10,780
scholar who'd lost his mind in the
120
00:06:10,780 --> 00:06:13,060
battles of Hollow Henry's son another
121
00:06:13,060 --> 00:06:15,550
Edward was killed and King Henry himself
122
00:06:15,550 --> 00:06:17,830
captured disappeared into a prison and
123
00:06:17,830 --> 00:06:22,690
was never seen again the whole male line
124
00:06:22,690 --> 00:06:24,430
of the House of Lancaster the
125
00:06:24,430 --> 00:06:26,590
descendants of the sons of John of Gaunt
126
00:06:26,590 --> 00:06:31,419
was now extinct except for one fragile
127
00:06:31,419 --> 00:06:33,700
thread Margaret Beaufort and her
128
00:06:33,700 --> 00:06:36,669
fifteen-year-old son Henry Tudor
129
00:06:36,669 --> 00:06:39,099
not that they had any claim to the crown
130
00:06:39,099 --> 00:06:42,999
of course the Lancaster dynasty had
131
00:06:42,999 --> 00:06:45,550
begun by simply usurping the throne but
132
00:06:45,550 --> 00:06:46,569
on top of that
133
00:06:46,569 --> 00:06:48,520
Margaret's grandfather was illegitimate
134
00:06:48,520 --> 00:06:50,889
a law had been passed to make him
135
00:06:50,889 --> 00:06:53,139
legitimate but it also barred him and
136
00:06:53,139 --> 00:06:55,360
his descendants from the succession and
137
00:06:55,360 --> 00:06:58,870
that would probably have been that if it
138
00:06:58,870 --> 00:07:00,520
hadn't have been for Edwards little
139
00:07:00,520 --> 00:07:03,520
secret which didn't emerge until Edward
140
00:07:03,520 --> 00:07:04,719
himself was dead
141
00:07:04,719 --> 00:07:07,360
he was only 41 when he fell ill and died
142
00:07:07,360 --> 00:07:09,909
his son the Prince of Wales also called
143
00:07:09,909 --> 00:07:14,800
Edward was just 12 years old everyone
144
00:07:14,800 --> 00:07:16,840
refers to this young man as Edward the
145
00:07:16,840 --> 00:07:32,650
fifth but he was never crowned the dead
146
00:07:32,650 --> 00:07:34,060
Kings will was clear
147
00:07:34,060 --> 00:07:36,159
Prince Edward would be his successor of
148
00:07:36,159 --> 00:07:38,050
course but he would be in the care of a
149
00:07:38,050 --> 00:07:39,969
guardian and protector of the kingdom
150
00:07:39,969 --> 00:07:42,219
that person was Edward the fourths
151
00:07:42,219 --> 00:07:47,650
brother Richard Duke of Gloucester we
152
00:07:47,650 --> 00:07:50,589
all know him as the most evil King in
153
00:07:50,589 --> 00:07:52,620
English history the warped and twisted
154
00:07:52,620 --> 00:07:58,810
Richard the third Richard had been in
155
00:07:58,810 --> 00:08:00,639
effect King Edward's vice regent in the
156
00:08:00,639 --> 00:08:03,039
north based in the City of York and no
157
00:08:03,039 --> 00:08:04,659
one at that time said anything bad about
158
00:08:04,659 --> 00:08:06,330
him at all
159
00:08:06,330 --> 00:08:08,250
but the Queen thought there was someone
160
00:08:08,250 --> 00:08:12,139
even better to run her son's kingdom her
161
00:08:12,139 --> 00:08:14,490
being ahead with the fourth had died at
162
00:08:14,490 --> 00:08:16,979
Westminster Elizabeth immediately sent
163
00:08:16,979 --> 00:08:18,360
her brother and other members of her
164
00:08:18,360 --> 00:08:20,520
household rushing up to Ludlow where
165
00:08:20,520 --> 00:08:23,250
Prince Edward was staying the idea was
166
00:08:23,250 --> 00:08:25,439
to hustle him to London and install him
167
00:08:25,439 --> 00:08:27,599
before Richard even knew what was going
168
00:08:27,599 --> 00:08:30,180
on then she and her family the rivers
169
00:08:30,180 --> 00:08:32,250
would have control of everything
170
00:08:32,250 --> 00:08:34,740
Richard of course did find out what was
171
00:08:34,740 --> 00:08:36,779
going on and said he would meet up with
172
00:08:36,779 --> 00:08:38,279
the party as they brought the prince
173
00:08:38,279 --> 00:08:43,708
through North Hampton okay okay except
174
00:08:43,708 --> 00:08:46,260
that when he got to Northampton he found
175
00:08:46,260 --> 00:08:47,820
that the rivers didn't have the Prince
176
00:08:47,820 --> 00:08:49,040
with them
177
00:08:49,040 --> 00:08:51,450
alarmed Richard took them prisoner and
178
00:08:51,450 --> 00:08:54,300
found their baggage stuffed with arms
179
00:08:54,300 --> 00:08:56,940
and armor there was plainly an attempt
180
00:08:56,940 --> 00:09:00,140
being made at a cool
181
00:09:00,440 --> 00:09:02,310
Richard nipped it in the bud
182
00:09:02,310 --> 00:09:04,500
he found they'd secreted the prince in
183
00:09:04,500 --> 00:09:07,459
Stony Stratford Elizabeth's family home
184
00:09:07,459 --> 00:09:10,200
this was before blue plaques had been
185
00:09:10,200 --> 00:09:11,449
invented
186
00:09:11,449 --> 00:09:13,890
Richard escorted the Prince to London
187
00:09:13,890 --> 00:09:15,449
and installed him in the Tower of London
188
00:09:15,449 --> 00:09:17,519
while he set about organizing the
189
00:09:17,519 --> 00:09:21,470
coronation and then came the bombshell
190
00:09:21,470 --> 00:09:24,360
the dead Kings contract to marry Eleanor
191
00:09:24,360 --> 00:09:26,490
Butler had been made in front of a
192
00:09:26,490 --> 00:09:29,310
priest who now decided it was time to
193
00:09:29,310 --> 00:09:33,510
speak oops if Edward really had been
194
00:09:33,510 --> 00:09:36,589
betrothed to Eleanor
195
00:09:37,980 --> 00:09:40,260
a prince couldn't be king because he was
196
00:09:40,260 --> 00:09:45,960
illegitimate was this true this man
197
00:09:45,960 --> 00:09:48,330
Robert sterlington was no ordinary
198
00:09:48,330 --> 00:09:51,090
priest Edward had promoted him and
199
00:09:51,090 --> 00:09:52,950
trusted him making him a bishop and
200
00:09:52,950 --> 00:09:54,990
keeper of the Privy seal and then
201
00:09:54,990 --> 00:09:57,510
Chancellor of England but then
202
00:09:57,510 --> 00:10:00,390
sterlington became awfully friendly with
203
00:10:00,390 --> 00:10:02,670
King Edward's ambitious brother the Duke
204
00:10:02,670 --> 00:10:04,740
of Clarence and Clarence could not be
205
00:10:04,740 --> 00:10:07,800
trusted an inch if Edward's children
206
00:10:07,800 --> 00:10:11,160
were illegitimate Clarence would be next
207
00:10:11,160 --> 00:10:12,590
in line to the throne
208
00:10:12,590 --> 00:10:15,240
Edward quickly had his brother sentenced
209
00:10:15,240 --> 00:10:17,700
to death and executed in private with no
210
00:10:17,700 --> 00:10:19,190
chance to make a public statement
211
00:10:19,190 --> 00:10:22,410
instead the world was told Clarence had
212
00:10:22,410 --> 00:10:25,350
drowned in a but of momsie a barrel of
213
00:10:25,350 --> 00:10:31,340
sweet wine such a sad accident and
214
00:10:31,340 --> 00:10:34,590
stilling ttan spent a year locked in the
215
00:10:34,590 --> 00:10:36,420
tower after his release
216
00:10:36,420 --> 00:10:38,490
perhaps nervous of the power of strong
217
00:10:38,490 --> 00:10:40,620
drink he kept his mouth shut until
218
00:10:40,620 --> 00:10:43,940
Edward was dead but now he spoke and
219
00:10:43,940 --> 00:10:47,160
Parliament believed him with Edwards
220
00:10:47,160 --> 00:10:49,500
children illegitimate and Clarence is
221
00:10:49,500 --> 00:10:51,390
disinherited when he was executed
222
00:10:51,390 --> 00:10:54,180
Richard was left as the proper successor
223
00:10:54,180 --> 00:11:01,160
he reluctantly accepted well he accepted
224
00:11:08,810 --> 00:11:13,560
and the Tower of London changed from the
225
00:11:13,560 --> 00:11:16,020
Prince of Wales's palace into his prison
226
00:11:16,020 --> 00:11:18,540
he shared it with his brother neither
227
00:11:18,540 --> 00:11:21,720
was ever seen again did Richard have
228
00:11:21,720 --> 00:11:24,600
them killed no one knows but later the
229
00:11:24,600 --> 00:11:26,220
evidence was going to be shaped as far
230
00:11:26,220 --> 00:11:29,250
as possible to make him guilty he's been
231
00:11:29,250 --> 00:11:31,440
said to have personally killed Henry the
232
00:11:31,440 --> 00:11:33,930
sixth and Henry's son whose widow he
233
00:11:33,930 --> 00:11:35,910
married and done the dirty deed with
234
00:11:35,910 --> 00:11:38,100
Clarence and the momsie quite apart from
235
00:11:38,100 --> 00:11:40,810
the murder of the princes in the tower
236
00:11:40,810 --> 00:11:43,519
the picture of richard has come down to
237
00:11:43,519 --> 00:11:45,170
us the hunchbacked
238
00:11:45,170 --> 00:11:47,570
sinister and ruthless tyrant is a
239
00:11:47,570 --> 00:11:49,430
caricature painted after he'd been
240
00:11:49,430 --> 00:11:52,070
deposed and immortalized by the Tudors
241
00:11:52,070 --> 00:11:53,750
greatest propagandist William
242
00:11:53,750 --> 00:11:56,320
Shakespeare
243
00:11:56,509 --> 00:11:58,829
one of the buildings inside the Tower of
244
00:11:58,829 --> 00:12:00,449
London was even given the name the
245
00:12:00,449 --> 00:12:02,610
bloody tower to associate it with
246
00:12:02,610 --> 00:12:04,769
Richard's foul murder of the princes
247
00:12:04,769 --> 00:12:06,689
though they almost certainly were in a
248
00:12:06,689 --> 00:12:11,670
different building anyway he'd certainly
249
00:12:11,670 --> 00:12:13,470
been a popular figure in the north of
250
00:12:13,470 --> 00:12:15,420
England where his brother had charged
251
00:12:15,420 --> 00:12:16,829
him with healing the divisions of the
252
00:12:16,829 --> 00:12:19,649
Wars of the Roses but it only took four
253
00:12:19,649 --> 00:12:21,689
months for a rebellion to emerge against
254
00:12:21,689 --> 00:12:24,959
him the rival candidate was of course
255
00:12:24,959 --> 00:12:27,449
the boy across the water now not such a
256
00:12:27,449 --> 00:12:30,869
boy Henry Tudor the House of York was
257
00:12:30,869 --> 00:12:32,249
now extinct as the House of Lancaster
258
00:12:32,249 --> 00:12:34,499
Henry Tudor was all there was for
259
00:12:34,499 --> 00:12:36,509
disappointed Yorkists as well as
260
00:12:36,509 --> 00:12:39,689
Lancastrians and there were plenty of
261
00:12:39,689 --> 00:12:41,970
disappointed Yorkists Richard gave
262
00:12:41,970 --> 00:12:44,189
positions power and wealth to men he
263
00:12:44,189 --> 00:12:46,019
trusted whom he'd got to know in the
264
00:12:46,019 --> 00:12:47,670
north of England leading a lot of
265
00:12:47,670 --> 00:12:49,889
southerners out in the cold who thought
266
00:12:49,889 --> 00:12:51,629
they could do much better under a more
267
00:12:51,629 --> 00:12:55,470
sympathetic figure and now he came with
268
00:12:55,470 --> 00:12:57,929
a force of 2,000 refugees and French
269
00:12:57,929 --> 00:13:00,629
soldiers Owen Tudors grandson landed at
270
00:13:00,629 --> 00:13:02,610
Milford Haven in Wales on the 1st of
271
00:13:02,610 --> 00:13:06,029
August 1485 three weeks later when he
272
00:13:06,029 --> 00:13:08,100
came to do battle at Bosworth his force
273
00:13:08,100 --> 00:13:12,029
had grown by just 3,000 men Richard came
274
00:13:12,029 --> 00:13:14,069
to the battlefield as rightful king of
275
00:13:14,069 --> 00:13:16,259
England before the battle began he
276
00:13:16,259 --> 00:13:18,629
yelled at coronation ceremony restating
277
00:13:18,629 --> 00:13:20,309
his right of true succession to the
278
00:13:20,309 --> 00:13:23,639
crown a rite which enrich Judah did not
279
00:13:23,639 --> 00:13:26,270
possess at all
280
00:13:26,270 --> 00:13:28,830
actually given the fact that his family
281
00:13:28,830 --> 00:13:30,660
was specifically barred from the
282
00:13:30,660 --> 00:13:33,600
succession he had pretty much less claim
283
00:13:33,600 --> 00:13:36,210
than anyone else there but that's not
284
00:13:36,210 --> 00:13:38,670
how things were working out Richard the
285
00:13:38,670 --> 00:13:42,330
third was the last English King to die
286
00:13:42,330 --> 00:13:44,580
on a battle the crown of England was
287
00:13:44,580 --> 00:13:47,190
found lying under a bush at the end of
288
00:13:47,190 --> 00:13:49,650
the Battle of Bosworth and placed on
289
00:13:49,650 --> 00:13:52,980
Henry Tudor's head and Henry understood
290
00:13:52,980 --> 00:13:56,310
how you rule England not by winning over
291
00:13:56,310 --> 00:13:58,530
great nobles they'd pretty well all been
292
00:13:58,530 --> 00:14:01,080
wiped out but by winning over public
293
00:14:01,080 --> 00:14:04,080
opinion the pen is mightier than the
294
00:14:04,080 --> 00:14:06,810
sword especially when it tells the story
295
00:14:06,810 --> 00:14:21,990
of what happened firstly he must not be
296
00:14:21,990 --> 00:14:24,420
accused of killing a king so Richard the
297
00:14:24,420 --> 00:14:26,220
third was not King on the day of the
298
00:14:26,220 --> 00:14:28,710
Battle of Bosworth Henry Tudor dated his
299
00:14:28,710 --> 00:14:32,910
reign from the day before the battle it
300
00:14:32,910 --> 00:14:34,710
was Richard who'd been fighting against
301
00:14:34,710 --> 00:14:38,160
the King not Henry Henry was King it was
302
00:14:38,160 --> 00:14:42,650
Richard who was the traitor got that
303
00:14:43,310 --> 00:14:45,750
secondly he must deal with the question
304
00:14:45,750 --> 00:14:48,330
of his legitimacy as a ruler so he
305
00:14:48,330 --> 00:14:50,820
married Edward the fourth daughter she
306
00:14:50,820 --> 00:14:52,650
was the legitimate line of descent from
307
00:14:52,650 --> 00:14:55,230
William the Conqueror a true Plantagenet
308
00:14:55,230 --> 00:14:57,870
their son when they had one would be the
309
00:14:57,870 --> 00:15:00,090
legitimate heir by every possible
310
00:15:00,090 --> 00:15:02,580
standard well so long as it were the
311
00:15:02,580 --> 00:15:04,650
fourth daughter was legitimate so that
312
00:15:04,650 --> 00:15:07,140
had to be dealt with all documents
313
00:15:07,140 --> 00:15:08,760
relating to the business of Edwards
314
00:15:08,760 --> 00:15:10,500
marriage to Elizabeth Woodville being
315
00:15:10,500 --> 00:15:13,560
invalid were destroyed all documents
316
00:15:13,560 --> 00:15:15,300
relating to the illegitimate II of their
317
00:15:15,300 --> 00:15:18,000
children were destroyed including the
318
00:15:18,000 --> 00:15:19,590
act of Parliament that had spelled out
319
00:15:19,590 --> 00:15:22,320
why Richard should be king these orders
320
00:15:22,320 --> 00:15:24,570
were carried out so efficiently but only
321
00:15:24,570 --> 00:15:26,730
one copy of the Act has ever been found
322
00:15:26,730 --> 00:15:28,650
that's how we know about it
323
00:15:28,650 --> 00:15:30,690
other evidence may have existed
324
00:15:30,690 --> 00:15:32,980
destroyed even more efficiently
325
00:15:32,980 --> 00:15:34,780
and if the children were not
326
00:15:34,780 --> 00:15:36,700
illegitimate then of course Prince
327
00:15:36,700 --> 00:15:38,800
Edward had been the true king of England
328
00:15:38,800 --> 00:15:41,770
and Richard was a regicide what our
329
00:15:41,770 --> 00:15:44,830
villain assuming of course that Richard
330
00:15:44,830 --> 00:15:47,110
had been responsible for the boy's death
331
00:15:47,110 --> 00:15:49,540
where he couldn't be alive because if he
332
00:15:49,540 --> 00:15:52,540
were he and not Henry Tudor would be the
333
00:15:52,540 --> 00:15:55,780
rightful king there are some nasty
334
00:15:55,780 --> 00:15:58,450
people who suspect that if the princes
335
00:15:58,450 --> 00:16:00,220
in the tower were still alive before the
336
00:16:00,220 --> 00:16:02,530
Battle of Bosworth Henry would have
337
00:16:02,530 --> 00:16:06,160
disappeared them Richard the third
338
00:16:06,160 --> 00:16:08,560
became the saddam hussein of judah
339
00:16:08,560 --> 00:16:11,170
propaganda never mind the legitimacy of
340
00:16:11,170 --> 00:16:13,810
the war to destroy him it did the world
341
00:16:13,810 --> 00:16:19,030
a favor of course the consolidation of
342
00:16:19,030 --> 00:16:21,190
power was not only a matter of creating
343
00:16:21,190 --> 00:16:23,620
favourable propaganda it also involved
344
00:16:23,620 --> 00:16:28,600
getting rid of a few people Clarence for
345
00:16:28,600 --> 00:16:30,310
example the marzi drowner
346
00:16:30,310 --> 00:16:32,580
had a young son the earl of warwick a
347
00:16:32,580 --> 00:16:35,140
nephew of both Edward the 4th and rich
348
00:16:35,140 --> 00:16:37,300
at the third he had been barred from the
349
00:16:37,300 --> 00:16:39,520
succession but so at the man now on the
350
00:16:39,520 --> 00:16:41,140
throne so there was no security in that
351
00:16:41,140 --> 00:16:43,390
he went straight into prison in the
352
00:16:43,390 --> 00:16:47,470
Tower of London but then a priest in
353
00:16:47,470 --> 00:16:49,900
Ireland suddenly produced a ten-year-old
354
00:16:49,900 --> 00:16:53,290
boy who he said was the rescued Earl the
355
00:16:53,290 --> 00:16:55,630
boy looked right spoke right had all the
356
00:16:55,630 --> 00:16:58,810
right manners he was solemnly crowned in
357
00:16:58,810 --> 00:17:00,970
Dublin Cathedral as Edward the sixth and
358
00:17:00,970 --> 00:17:03,310
a force of Irish supporters backed by
359
00:17:03,310 --> 00:17:05,770
Flemish troops then landed in the north
360
00:17:05,770 --> 00:17:11,589
of England they were supported by the
361
00:17:11,589 --> 00:17:13,660
Earl of Lincoln John de la Pole
362
00:17:13,660 --> 00:17:15,579
who was also a nephew of Edward the
363
00:17:15,579 --> 00:17:17,319
fourth and Richard the third he was
364
00:17:17,319 --> 00:17:21,069
their sister son in fact Richard the
365
00:17:21,069 --> 00:17:23,050
third who had no children had designated
366
00:17:23,050 --> 00:17:26,800
John as heir to the throne John knew
367
00:17:26,800 --> 00:17:28,840
perfectly well that the child was an
368
00:17:28,840 --> 00:17:31,660
impostor called Lambert Simnel who had
369
00:17:31,660 --> 00:17:33,400
been carefully trained for the project
370
00:17:33,400 --> 00:17:35,830
the rebels had obviously assumed that
371
00:17:35,830 --> 00:17:38,290
Henry had killed the Earl of Warwick so
372
00:17:38,290 --> 00:17:39,940
wouldn't be able to prove that symbol
373
00:17:39,940 --> 00:17:43,240
was an impostor they were wrong the
374
00:17:43,240 --> 00:17:45,580
prisoner still alive was put on public
375
00:17:45,580 --> 00:17:46,360
display
376
00:17:46,360 --> 00:17:49,240
and the rebels were crushed but never
377
00:17:49,240 --> 00:17:51,580
missing a trick Henry forgave the child
378
00:17:51,580 --> 00:17:53,380
and gave him a job in the Royal kitchen
379
00:17:53,380 --> 00:17:56,820
he grew up to be a royal falconer
380
00:17:56,820 --> 00:18:00,520
another impostor appeared in 1492 this
381
00:18:00,520 --> 00:18:02,290
time claiming to be the younger of the
382
00:18:02,290 --> 00:18:04,240
princes in the tower Richard Duke of
383
00:18:04,240 --> 00:18:06,760
York his real name was Perkin Warbeck
384
00:18:06,760 --> 00:18:08,470
and he stayed on the continent
385
00:18:08,470 --> 00:18:10,179
collecting support from anyone who fell
386
00:18:10,179 --> 00:18:13,120
out with Henry Henry had persuaded
387
00:18:13,120 --> 00:18:15,820
Parliament to set up a special court to
388
00:18:15,820 --> 00:18:17,559
try members of the nobility who were a
389
00:18:17,559 --> 00:18:20,260
threat to the crown a number of Warbeck
390
00:18:20,260 --> 00:18:21,970
supporters suddenly found themselves
391
00:18:21,970 --> 00:18:24,460
arrested tried for treason and facing
392
00:18:24,460 --> 00:18:27,940
execution this court was to become the
393
00:18:27,940 --> 00:18:31,799
notorious court at the star chamber
394
00:18:32,160 --> 00:18:34,929
Perkin was a constant irritant first
395
00:18:34,929 --> 00:18:36,580
trying to invade from Ireland then
396
00:18:36,580 --> 00:18:38,410
teaming up with the King of Scotland and
397
00:18:38,410 --> 00:18:41,080
finally in 1497 he raised a rebellion in
398
00:18:41,080 --> 00:18:43,150
Cornwall which Henry crushed and
399
00:18:43,150 --> 00:18:45,730
promising leniency persuaded Burke into
400
00:18:45,730 --> 00:18:51,100
surrender her kin was imprisoned in the
401
00:18:51,100 --> 00:18:53,169
tower which of course already housed
402
00:18:53,169 --> 00:18:56,310
Clarence's son the Earl of Warwick
403
00:18:56,310 --> 00:18:57,540
and of course it wasn't long before
404
00:18:57,540 --> 00:18:59,580
evidence appeared that the pair of them
405
00:18:59,580 --> 00:19:02,310
were plotting a joint escape at bat was
406
00:19:02,310 --> 00:19:05,420
the end of both of them
407
00:19:06,130 --> 00:19:08,470
there was one other person with a claim
408
00:19:08,470 --> 00:19:10,330
to the throne Henry Tudor's mother
409
00:19:10,330 --> 00:19:13,000
Margaret in fact whatever claim he had
410
00:19:13,000 --> 00:19:15,970
she must have a better one but no woman
411
00:19:15,970 --> 00:19:18,250
had ever ruled England in her own right
412
00:19:18,250 --> 00:19:21,580
and Henry needed a son to inherit the
413
00:19:21,580 --> 00:19:26,980
throne his eldest was named Arthur this
414
00:19:26,980 --> 00:19:28,780
child of the blood royal was to be
415
00:19:28,780 --> 00:19:30,880
linked not just to the Plantagenet but
416
00:19:30,880 --> 00:19:34,270
to patriotic English legends but Arthur
417
00:19:34,270 --> 00:19:36,790
died in 1502 leaving his younger brother
418
00:19:36,790 --> 00:19:39,460
Henry as the Tudor heir
419
00:19:39,460 --> 00:19:42,850
and in 1509 when the 52 year old King
420
00:19:42,850 --> 00:19:45,220
died Henry the eighth succeeded to the
421
00:19:45,220 --> 00:20:01,720
throne he was the perfect king a king
422
00:20:01,720 --> 00:20:04,570
out of the storybooks he was 17 years
423
00:20:04,570 --> 00:20:07,210
old extremely well educated extremely
424
00:20:07,210 --> 00:20:09,220
good-looking with polished manners and
425
00:20:09,220 --> 00:20:11,740
the style and physique of an athlete he
426
00:20:11,740 --> 00:20:14,230
also had an unchallengeable claim to the
427
00:20:14,230 --> 00:20:17,049
crown and to secure the succession Henry
428
00:20:17,049 --> 00:20:18,700
the eighth married the woman to whom
429
00:20:18,700 --> 00:20:20,230
he'd been betrothed for seven years
430
00:20:20,230 --> 00:20:22,600
Catherine of Aragon his dead brother's
431
00:20:22,600 --> 00:20:26,890
widow the Spanish worried that this was
432
00:20:26,890 --> 00:20:28,840
against church rules and so the Pope
433
00:20:28,840 --> 00:20:32,890
granted a dispensation in fact this was
434
00:20:32,890 --> 00:20:34,990
all rubbish while the Bible specifically
435
00:20:34,990 --> 00:20:36,490
forbids a man from sleeping with his
436
00:20:36,490 --> 00:20:38,320
brother's wife it actually insists that
437
00:20:38,320 --> 00:20:43,330
he must marry his brother's widow anyhow
438
00:20:43,330 --> 00:20:45,309
two years later Catherine gave birth to
439
00:20:45,309 --> 00:20:48,220
a son but the infant soon died so did
440
00:20:48,220 --> 00:20:49,000
the next
441
00:20:49,000 --> 00:20:51,159
in fact the marriage only produced one
442
00:20:51,159 --> 00:20:54,600
child that lived a girl called Mary
443
00:20:54,600 --> 00:20:57,820
Henry was effectively all-powerful there
444
00:20:57,820 --> 00:20:59,890
were no great Barons anymore in England
445
00:20:59,890 --> 00:21:01,840
and his father had left a well-stocked
446
00:21:01,840 --> 00:21:04,299
Treasury Parliament consisted to a large
447
00:21:04,299 --> 00:21:06,100
extent of men who depended one way or
448
00:21:06,100 --> 00:21:07,960
another on royal favour and the
449
00:21:07,960 --> 00:21:09,880
countryside was controlled by justices
450
00:21:09,880 --> 00:21:13,140
of the peace who served the government
451
00:21:13,140 --> 00:21:15,490
you can see the change in the very
452
00:21:15,490 --> 00:21:17,980
nature of power from the home of Henry's
453
00:21:17,980 --> 00:21:22,210
Chancellor 50 years earlier Edward the
454
00:21:22,210 --> 00:21:24,070
fourth Chancellor had been a Neville the
455
00:21:24,070 --> 00:21:26,289
son of the Earl of Salisbury in those
456
00:21:26,289 --> 00:21:28,480
days an Englishman's home had been his
457
00:21:28,480 --> 00:21:32,440
castle middleton castle actually it was
458
00:21:32,440 --> 00:21:34,630
his father's home and that Great Lord
459
00:21:34,630 --> 00:21:37,330
had also been Chancellor independently
460
00:21:37,330 --> 00:21:40,240
powerful men based in a mighty fortified
461
00:21:40,240 --> 00:21:44,500
palace but under the Tudors the great
462
00:21:44,500 --> 00:21:46,270
power of the Neville's had been broken
463
00:21:46,270 --> 00:21:48,460
middleton castle was in the hands of the
464
00:21:48,460 --> 00:21:50,559
king when Henry the eighth's Chancellor
465
00:21:50,559 --> 00:21:52,750
Wolsey built himself a home it certainly
466
00:21:52,750 --> 00:21:55,779
wasn't a castle it was this magnificent
467
00:21:55,779 --> 00:21:59,620
palace hampton court glass windows
468
00:21:59,620 --> 00:22:01,720
instead of arrow slits and chimneys
469
00:22:01,720 --> 00:22:04,510
instead of crenellations no one needed a
470
00:22:04,510 --> 00:22:06,669
fortified house under the protection of
471
00:22:06,669 --> 00:22:09,460
a great king and it was all at Henry's
472
00:22:09,460 --> 00:22:10,059
pleasure
473
00:22:10,059 --> 00:22:12,190
if Wolsey didn't deliver what the king
474
00:22:12,190 --> 00:22:14,799
wanted he was entirely dispensable and
475
00:22:14,799 --> 00:22:21,760
that of course is what happened the
476
00:22:21,760 --> 00:22:23,860
royal marriage was haunted by the ghosts
477
00:22:23,860 --> 00:22:26,320
of their dead sons by the end of the
478
00:22:26,320 --> 00:22:29,380
1520's catherine was in her late 40s had
479
00:22:29,380 --> 00:22:31,360
stopped getting pregnant and there was
480
00:22:31,360 --> 00:22:33,490
still no male heir just a daughter and
481
00:22:33,490 --> 00:22:36,000
England had never been ruled by a woman
482
00:22:36,000 --> 00:22:37,240
Henry
483
00:22:37,240 --> 00:22:39,639
determined to have a male heir must get
484
00:22:39,639 --> 00:22:41,889
rid of his wife then he would be free to
485
00:22:41,889 --> 00:22:44,100
take a younger bride and make a baby boy
486
00:22:44,100 --> 00:22:47,110
the bride in question and Berlin was
487
00:22:47,110 --> 00:22:48,820
already well installed in Henry's life
488
00:22:48,820 --> 00:22:51,340
Henry who'd already enjoyed her sister
489
00:22:51,340 --> 00:22:53,169
as his mistress at would and with
490
00:22:53,169 --> 00:22:56,639
enthusiasm he married her in 1533
491
00:22:56,639 --> 00:22:59,500
her coronation didn't seem to impress
492
00:22:59,500 --> 00:23:01,899
Londoners they're entwined initials on
493
00:23:01,899 --> 00:23:06,240
the banners produced shouts of ha ha
494
00:23:06,240 --> 00:23:08,950
she was visibly pregnant and gave birth
495
00:23:08,950 --> 00:23:13,870
to a child track another girl she was
496
00:23:13,870 --> 00:23:15,910
named Elizabeth and little Mary was
497
00:23:15,910 --> 00:23:18,070
declared Lea illegitimate the legality
498
00:23:18,070 --> 00:23:19,810
of this marriage must be sorted out
499
00:23:19,810 --> 00:23:22,390
before her next baby that was Woolsey's
500
00:23:22,390 --> 00:23:24,910
job he had to persuade the Pope that his
501
00:23:24,910 --> 00:23:26,770
predecessor should never have allowed
502
00:23:26,770 --> 00:23:30,310
the marriage to Katherine Henry fancied
503
00:23:30,310 --> 00:23:32,380
himself as a theologian he'd written an
504
00:23:32,380 --> 00:23:33,790
attack on Luther which became a
505
00:23:33,790 --> 00:23:35,710
best-seller and the Pope had declared
506
00:23:35,710 --> 00:23:38,710
him a defender of the faith a proud
507
00:23:38,710 --> 00:23:40,720
boast which he stuck on the coinage and
508
00:23:40,720 --> 00:23:42,550
has remained there ever since every
509
00:23:42,550 --> 00:23:47,830
English monarch is fit death so he told
510
00:23:47,830 --> 00:23:50,020
Wolsey exactly how the argument should
511
00:23:50,020 --> 00:23:52,240
be put to the Pope Wolsey could probably
512
00:23:52,240 --> 00:23:54,730
have swung it if he'd been left alone as
513
00:23:54,730 --> 00:23:57,610
it was he failed and lost his job and
514
00:23:57,610 --> 00:24:00,910
the Pope had also failed so Henry the
515
00:24:00,910 --> 00:24:04,420
defender of the faith filed the Pope to
516
00:24:04,420 --> 00:24:06,490
achieve this drastic act having himself
517
00:24:06,490 --> 00:24:08,800
legally declared the supreme head of the
518
00:24:08,800 --> 00:24:10,570
Church in England required an
519
00:24:10,570 --> 00:24:14,140
extraordinary shift in power he had to
520
00:24:14,140 --> 00:24:16,060
find a way of giving the nation of voice
521
00:24:16,060 --> 00:24:20,590
so that it could say what he wanted that
522
00:24:20,590 --> 00:24:23,370
way was through Parliament
523
00:24:23,370 --> 00:24:25,650
the church's wealth and power was hugely
524
00:24:25,650 --> 00:24:27,750
unpopular the notion of no longer paying
525
00:24:27,750 --> 00:24:29,970
Church taxes to Rome was really very
526
00:24:29,970 --> 00:24:33,000
cheery but it wasn't as simple as that
527
00:24:33,000 --> 00:24:35,430
some people believe that the Pope really
528
00:24:35,430 --> 00:24:38,730
did represent divine authority and for
529
00:24:38,730 --> 00:24:40,710
many others there was a fear that the
530
00:24:40,710 --> 00:24:42,960
Pope might excommunicate their customers
531
00:24:42,960 --> 00:24:44,610
on the continent if they continued
532
00:24:44,610 --> 00:24:47,610
trading with him with the effective help
533
00:24:47,610 --> 00:24:49,860
of a new chief minister Thomas Cromwell
534
00:24:49,860 --> 00:24:52,320
and a new Archbishop of Canterbury
535
00:24:52,320 --> 00:24:54,630
Thomas Cranmer Parliament passed the
536
00:24:54,630 --> 00:24:57,900
necessary Acts by the end of 1534
537
00:24:57,900 --> 00:25:00,540
the King of England had become legally
538
00:25:00,540 --> 00:25:04,890
the total overall supreme ruler of the
539
00:25:04,890 --> 00:25:07,830
whole shebang as Henry the Eighth had
540
00:25:07,830 --> 00:25:10,740
become head of the church in England he
541
00:25:10,740 --> 00:25:13,320
was a new kind of King one immediate
542
00:25:13,320 --> 00:25:15,150
consequence of the new order was that he
543
00:25:15,150 --> 00:25:17,370
had control of the fabulous wealth of
544
00:25:17,370 --> 00:25:19,800
the English church it wasn't just the
545
00:25:19,800 --> 00:25:23,370
Pope who got the sack he closed down all
546
00:25:23,370 --> 00:25:25,500
the monasteries and nunneries they
547
00:25:25,500 --> 00:25:26,820
weren't all that many people in them
548
00:25:26,820 --> 00:25:28,920
less than 10,000 over the whole country
549
00:25:28,920 --> 00:25:30,840
but there may have been 10 times that
550
00:25:30,840 --> 00:25:33,090
number dependent on them and in areas
551
00:25:33,090 --> 00:25:34,560
such as Lincolnshire Northumberland
552
00:25:34,560 --> 00:25:38,280
there was armed rebellion one of the
553
00:25:38,280 --> 00:25:40,110
rebel leaders was John Neville from that
554
00:25:40,110 --> 00:25:42,510
great old family of ferren's but the
555
00:25:42,510 --> 00:25:44,100
Neville's were no threat to the modern
556
00:25:44,100 --> 00:25:46,710
crown the rebellions were crushed and
557
00:25:46,710 --> 00:25:48,110
[Music]
558
00:25:48,110 --> 00:25:50,910
monastic lambs were sold off sheep to
559
00:25:50,910 --> 00:25:52,890
bolster the treasury make Henri more
560
00:25:52,890 --> 00:25:55,200
popular and allow successful businessmen
561
00:25:55,200 --> 00:25:56,880
to turn themselves into grateful country
562
00:25:56,880 --> 00:25:58,950
Gentry who would loyally support the
563
00:25:58,950 --> 00:26:01,380
crown the old struggle for power between
564
00:26:01,380 --> 00:26:03,510
the papacy and the monarchy had now been
565
00:26:03,510 --> 00:26:06,600
decisively settled Becket the 12th
566
00:26:06,600 --> 00:26:08,370
century archbishop whose defense of
567
00:26:08,370 --> 00:26:10,020
church power had led to his martyrdom
568
00:26:10,020 --> 00:26:12,240
had been the most popular Saint in
569
00:26:12,240 --> 00:26:14,670
England Henry ordered Becket to be
570
00:26:14,670 --> 00:26:17,070
declared no saint to be tried and
571
00:26:17,070 --> 00:26:19,380
convicted of treason and for his bones
572
00:26:19,380 --> 00:26:22,080
to be burned and the dust scattered in
573
00:26:22,080 --> 00:26:26,380
the air who was in charge now Hey
574
00:26:26,380 --> 00:26:29,690
what's more in 1536 Catherine of Aragon
575
00:26:29,690 --> 00:26:32,180
died meaning that the problem of the X
576
00:26:32,180 --> 00:26:35,750
queen had gone away he in ambolyn
577
00:26:35,750 --> 00:26:37,580
dressed in bright yellow to celebrate
578
00:26:37,580 --> 00:26:40,460
but four months later he was told that
579
00:26:40,460 --> 00:26:42,400
Anne had committed adultery
580
00:26:42,400 --> 00:26:44,570
Henry was surrounded by courtiers
581
00:26:44,570 --> 00:26:46,130
jockeying for influence forming
582
00:26:46,130 --> 00:26:48,710
alliances factions to do down those who
583
00:26:48,710 --> 00:26:51,110
might damage them and Anne became a
584
00:26:51,110 --> 00:26:53,450
victim of an organised campaign by those
585
00:26:53,450 --> 00:26:55,630
who felt endangered by her faction
586
00:26:55,630 --> 00:26:58,100
whether it was true or not no one knows
587
00:26:58,100 --> 00:27:00,950
because Henry's fury was so total that
588
00:27:00,950 --> 00:27:02,540
her trial and those of her supposed
589
00:27:02,540 --> 00:27:04,340
lovers was a travesty
590
00:27:04,340 --> 00:27:06,860
she might indeed get pregnant with a boy
591
00:27:06,860 --> 00:27:08,930
but then it's parentage would be in
592
00:27:08,930 --> 00:27:11,690
doubt and she might not she'd miscarried
593
00:27:11,690 --> 00:27:13,310
at least twice since Elizabeth's birth
594
00:27:13,310 --> 00:27:16,940
without a legitimate son it had all been
595
00:27:16,940 --> 00:27:21,260
for nothing and was imprisoned in the
596
00:27:21,260 --> 00:27:23,320
Royal lodgings in the Tower of London
597
00:27:23,320 --> 00:27:25,730
Henry had extended them before their
598
00:27:25,730 --> 00:27:27,950
coronation and now she was occupying
599
00:27:27,950 --> 00:27:30,920
them for the first time not as his wife
600
00:27:30,920 --> 00:27:34,400
but as his prisoner after eighteen days
601
00:27:34,400 --> 00:27:36,980
she was beheaded and Henry married Jane
602
00:27:36,980 --> 00:27:39,460
Seymour
603
00:27:43,309 --> 00:27:45,750
England after the death of amberlynn was
604
00:27:45,750 --> 00:27:47,659
a kingdom like no other
605
00:27:47,659 --> 00:27:49,950
Henry ruled in England as head of the
606
00:27:49,950 --> 00:27:52,350
church as well as king like some pagan
607
00:27:52,350 --> 00:27:55,830
priests King he was the judge of heresy
608
00:27:55,830 --> 00:27:57,990
as well as crime he held the keys to
609
00:27:57,990 --> 00:28:00,029
heaven as well as to earthly promotion
610
00:28:00,029 --> 00:28:02,279
that chap in the Vatican was now just
611
00:28:02,279 --> 00:28:05,610
referred to as the Bishop of Rome to
612
00:28:05,610 --> 00:28:07,350
even think the wrong thoughts in this
613
00:28:07,350 --> 00:28:09,960
kingdom could be treason that was how
614
00:28:09,960 --> 00:28:11,820
the new chancellor Thomas More found
615
00:28:11,820 --> 00:28:13,379
himself imprisoned in the bell tower of
616
00:28:13,379 --> 00:28:17,009
the Tower of London not for what he did
617
00:28:17,009 --> 00:28:19,470
or even what he said but for thinking
618
00:28:19,470 --> 00:28:20,850
that the king should not be head of the
619
00:28:20,850 --> 00:28:26,879
church he was publicly executed on Tower
620
00:28:26,879 --> 00:28:28,820
Hill
621
00:28:28,820 --> 00:28:31,129
Henry was terrifying
622
00:28:31,129 --> 00:28:34,740
magnificent generous dangerous and in
623
00:28:34,740 --> 00:28:37,230
most people's eyes the best King England
624
00:28:37,230 --> 00:28:40,590
had seen in a very long time and Jane
625
00:28:40,590 --> 00:28:44,820
had a son Edward sadly she died in
626
00:28:44,820 --> 00:28:48,179
childbirth but the throne was safe his
627
00:28:48,179 --> 00:28:51,600
only problem was abroad and by 1539 it
628
00:28:51,600 --> 00:28:53,220
did begin to look as though the Bishop
629
00:28:53,220 --> 00:28:55,169
of Rome might be lining up some muscle
630
00:28:55,169 --> 00:28:57,480
against him but there were now
631
00:28:57,480 --> 00:28:59,820
well-established and powerful Protestant
632
00:28:59,820 --> 00:29:02,700
Prince's in Germany and on the final
633
00:29:02,700 --> 00:29:04,950
principle that my enemy's enemy is my
634
00:29:04,950 --> 00:29:05,909
friend
635
00:29:05,909 --> 00:29:09,029
Henry married into their world he got
636
00:29:09,029 --> 00:29:12,629
Anne of Cleves for a wife the defender
637
00:29:12,629 --> 00:29:14,909
of the faith intellectual scourge of the
638
00:29:14,909 --> 00:29:17,530
Lutheran's had married one
639
00:29:17,530 --> 00:29:19,360
actually neither of them was much
640
00:29:19,360 --> 00:29:21,970
interested in theology or in each other
641
00:29:21,970 --> 00:29:24,520
Henry now fat with an ulcerating leg and
642
00:29:24,520 --> 00:29:27,010
a vicious temper thought his 23 year old
643
00:29:27,010 --> 00:29:29,260
wife was plain smelly and lacking in all
644
00:29:29,260 --> 00:29:30,630
the graces
645
00:29:30,630 --> 00:29:33,610
he called her a Flanders mayor and they
646
00:29:33,610 --> 00:29:35,200
both quickly agreed the marriage was a
647
00:29:35,200 --> 00:29:37,520
terrible mistake
648
00:29:37,520 --> 00:29:39,930
fortunately it was soon discovered that
649
00:29:39,930 --> 00:29:41,820
she had a pre-contract of marriage with
650
00:29:41,820 --> 00:29:44,160
someone else and so there never had been
651
00:29:44,160 --> 00:29:49,170
a valid marriage denry the only casualty
652
00:29:49,170 --> 00:29:51,330
was Thomas Cromwell who set the whole
653
00:29:51,330 --> 00:29:54,060
thing up and who now went to the block
654
00:29:54,060 --> 00:29:56,190
well him and one of Ann's
655
00:29:56,190 --> 00:30:00,390
ladies-in-waiting Catherine Howard her
656
00:30:00,390 --> 00:30:05,310
destruction began when mores ended she
657
00:30:05,310 --> 00:30:07,560
was a kind of well-connected monica
658
00:30:07,560 --> 00:30:09,930
lewinsky figure a teenager with sex on
659
00:30:09,930 --> 00:30:11,790
her mind who wanted to seduce the most
660
00:30:11,790 --> 00:30:14,850
powerful man around and he fell for her
661
00:30:14,850 --> 00:30:18,780
and married her and when she carried on
662
00:30:18,780 --> 00:30:21,240
being sexy and had sex with other men he
663
00:30:21,240 --> 00:30:23,370
flew into another tempestuous rage and
664
00:30:23,370 --> 00:30:27,360
had I beheaded her lover's heads were
665
00:30:27,360 --> 00:30:29,660
mounted on London Bridge
666
00:30:29,660 --> 00:30:31,910
Henry then decided to marry John
667
00:30:31,910 --> 00:30:34,670
Neville's widow Catherine Parr she was
668
00:30:34,670 --> 00:30:37,280
extremely nervous but had no choice she
669
00:30:37,280 --> 00:30:39,410
worked hard at trying to keep Henry's
670
00:30:39,410 --> 00:30:41,600
temper in check moderating his ferocity
671
00:30:41,600 --> 00:30:43,490
towards people he thought were traitors
672
00:30:43,490 --> 00:30:45,560
or heretics and persuading him to
673
00:30:45,560 --> 00:30:48,140
acknowledge Mary and Elizabeth as his
674
00:30:48,140 --> 00:30:51,590
legitimate children his death four years
675
00:30:51,590 --> 00:30:54,740
later in 1547 was obviously a huge
676
00:30:54,740 --> 00:31:10,910
relief Henry had succeeded in leaving a
677
00:31:10,910 --> 00:31:12,500
son but only just
678
00:31:12,500 --> 00:31:14,450
Jane's son Edward the sixth
679
00:31:14,450 --> 00:31:17,300
nine-years-old was a sickly child he was
680
00:31:17,300 --> 00:31:19,340
educated as a Renaissance prince a
681
00:31:19,340 --> 00:31:21,950
humanist and as a Protestant far more so
682
00:31:21,950 --> 00:31:26,000
than his father he was only a child and
683
00:31:26,000 --> 00:31:27,770
government was in the hands of a council
684
00:31:27,770 --> 00:31:30,770
but in a world of royal tyranny this Joe
685
00:31:30,770 --> 00:31:33,500
John had been talking things over with
686
00:31:33,500 --> 00:31:36,320
his royal little highness and they
687
00:31:36,320 --> 00:31:39,410
cooked up this bizarre proposal to have
688
00:31:39,410 --> 00:31:41,090
the throne - John Dudley's
689
00:31:41,090 --> 00:31:42,890
daughter-in-law the fifteen-year-old
690
00:31:42,890 --> 00:31:44,110
Jane Grey
691
00:31:44,110 --> 00:31:47,090
she was Edward's first cousin once
692
00:31:47,090 --> 00:31:48,140
removed
693
00:31:48,140 --> 00:31:50,890
not exactly next in line for the throne
694
00:31:50,890 --> 00:31:54,830
but Protestant the hereditary principle
695
00:31:54,830 --> 00:31:57,710
was a bit world a bit medieval don't you
696
00:31:57,710 --> 00:32:02,210
think give that girl a crown Jane knew
697
00:32:02,210 --> 00:32:03,860
absolutely nothing about what was being
698
00:32:03,860 --> 00:32:05,750
planned for her and when she found out
699
00:32:05,750 --> 00:32:08,300
that she was to be queen she fainted in
700
00:32:08,300 --> 00:32:12,050
shock England had been swindled and knew
701
00:32:12,050 --> 00:32:14,200
it
702
00:32:14,540 --> 00:32:19,359
[Music]
703
00:32:25,960 --> 00:32:29,860
Jane came to London as Queen but was she
704
00:32:29,860 --> 00:32:33,280
everyone's eyes turned to Mary
705
00:32:33,280 --> 00:32:35,270
throughout all that had happened since
706
00:32:35,270 --> 00:32:36,410
Henry had disowned her
707
00:32:36,410 --> 00:32:38,780
Mary had very publicly maintained her
708
00:32:38,780 --> 00:32:40,550
Catholic faith and the public
709
00:32:40,550 --> 00:32:43,730
celebration of the mass she'd become a
710
00:32:43,730 --> 00:32:45,860
symbol of resistance to tyranny and
711
00:32:45,860 --> 00:32:48,110
whenever she appeared in public she was
712
00:32:48,110 --> 00:32:51,830
mobbed and cheered and now Mary
713
00:32:51,830 --> 00:32:54,110
announced that she was the proper heir
714
00:32:54,110 --> 00:32:56,450
to the throne and she was going from our
715
00:32:56,450 --> 00:32:58,700
home in Framlingham in Surrey to be
716
00:32:58,700 --> 00:33:01,550
crowned in London the journey was a
717
00:33:01,550 --> 00:33:03,530
procession through villages and towns
718
00:33:03,530 --> 00:33:06,800
filled with cheering crowds she entered
719
00:33:06,800 --> 00:33:08,840
London to the greatest street party the
720
00:33:08,840 --> 00:33:11,660
city had ever seen the dancing drinking
721
00:33:11,660 --> 00:33:17,330
and bell ringing went on all night after
722
00:33:17,330 --> 00:33:19,730
just nine days as the first woman to
723
00:33:19,730 --> 00:33:22,070
rule England Jane was placed under
724
00:33:22,070 --> 00:33:24,110
arrest by her own father who was
725
00:33:24,110 --> 00:33:26,240
supposed to be her chief defender she
726
00:33:26,240 --> 00:33:28,220
was imprisoned and Mary felt obliged in
727
00:33:28,220 --> 00:33:31,700
the end to have Jane executed it didn't
728
00:33:31,700 --> 00:33:33,350
help that her father joined a rebellion
729
00:33:33,350 --> 00:33:35,930
against Mary but by then six months
730
00:33:35,930 --> 00:33:38,660
after her triumph many people were ready
731
00:33:38,660 --> 00:33:42,890
to rebel against Mary the defiant woman
732
00:33:42,890 --> 00:33:45,290
who'd stood against tyranny was now on
733
00:33:45,290 --> 00:33:48,170
the tyrants throne the English didn't
734
00:33:48,170 --> 00:33:51,250
actually like the papacy but Mary
735
00:33:51,250 --> 00:33:53,620
the English didn't like Spain but Mary
736
00:33:53,620 --> 00:33:55,570
did she married its King Philip the
737
00:33:55,570 --> 00:33:57,880
second and the English didn't like being
738
00:33:57,880 --> 00:33:59,800
forced to subscribe to religious beliefs
739
00:33:59,800 --> 00:34:00,970
on pain of death
740
00:34:00,970 --> 00:34:03,610
Mary had two hundred and seventy seven
741
00:34:03,610 --> 00:34:05,740
people burned alive because of their
742
00:34:05,740 --> 00:34:10,750
religious opinions Bloody Mary unable to
743
00:34:10,750 --> 00:34:13,480
have children a bitter invalid England
744
00:34:13,480 --> 00:34:16,960
second Queen died in 1558 42 years old
745
00:34:16,960 --> 00:34:20,050
the most detested ruler in all England's
746
00:34:20,050 --> 00:34:22,360
history there were celebrations almost
747
00:34:22,360 --> 00:34:24,340
as fervent as it greeted her arrival
748
00:34:24,340 --> 00:34:40,810
five years before her sister Elizabeth
749
00:34:40,810 --> 00:34:43,449
came to sit in that chair able seat and
750
00:34:43,449 --> 00:34:46,179
be crowned by the grace of God Queen of
751
00:34:46,179 --> 00:34:49,090
England France and Ireland defender of
752
00:34:49,090 --> 00:34:50,949
the faith and supreme head of the Church
753
00:34:50,949 --> 00:34:53,350
of England and Ireland even though there
754
00:34:53,350 --> 00:34:54,940
was not a single yard of French soil
755
00:34:54,940 --> 00:34:57,250
actually ruled by England Calais
756
00:34:57,250 --> 00:34:58,960
England's last little piece of France
757
00:34:58,960 --> 00:35:01,170
have been lost just before Mary's death
758
00:35:01,170 --> 00:35:04,540
England had become an island and its
759
00:35:04,540 --> 00:35:07,990
queen would have to be an island too she
760
00:35:07,990 --> 00:35:09,460
couldn't marry because that would create
761
00:35:09,460 --> 00:35:11,320
a king who would be either a foreigner
762
00:35:11,320 --> 00:35:13,240
like Philip or an opportunist courtier
763
00:35:13,240 --> 00:35:15,430
who'd come trailing faction and enemies
764
00:35:15,430 --> 00:35:17,920
in his wake she would be both Queen and
765
00:35:17,920 --> 00:35:20,530
King the Virgin Queen ruling from a
766
00:35:20,530 --> 00:35:23,110
tyrants throne over a people who support
767
00:35:23,110 --> 00:35:27,160
was essential monarchy in England was a
768
00:35:27,160 --> 00:35:30,040
paradox and Elizabeth's solution to the
769
00:35:30,040 --> 00:35:33,610
paradox was wholly bizarre the Tudor
770
00:35:33,610 --> 00:35:35,620
monarchy had been shaped by the need to
771
00:35:35,620 --> 00:35:38,640
create a line of valid legitimate male
772
00:35:38,640 --> 00:35:42,610
successors that had not materialized and
773
00:35:42,610 --> 00:35:44,950
now Elizabeth would choose to have no
774
00:35:44,950 --> 00:35:50,700
child at all how would the crown survive
775
00:35:50,700 --> 00:35:53,080
Elizabeth succeeded to the throne when
776
00:35:53,080 --> 00:35:56,920
she was 25 years old by that age women
777
00:35:56,920 --> 00:35:59,170
were generally married with children but
778
00:35:59,170 --> 00:36:01,720
Elizabeth had never had any intention of
779
00:36:01,720 --> 00:36:02,410
doing that
780
00:36:02,410 --> 00:36:04,580
her father had killed
781
00:36:04,580 --> 00:36:06,890
her mother his behavior towards his
782
00:36:06,890 --> 00:36:09,440
other wives had been equally dreadful at
783
00:36:09,440 --> 00:36:11,960
14 Elizabeth had announced that she
784
00:36:11,960 --> 00:36:14,650
would never marry
785
00:36:14,650 --> 00:36:17,390
in fact her survival through Mary's
786
00:36:17,390 --> 00:36:19,280
reign had depended on her being free of
787
00:36:19,280 --> 00:36:22,130
any association with anyone else the
788
00:36:22,130 --> 00:36:23,690
slightest hint of her involvement with
789
00:36:23,690 --> 00:36:25,220
other people could have made her seem to
790
00:36:25,220 --> 00:36:27,200
be connected with plots against Mary and
791
00:36:27,200 --> 00:36:30,230
would have led to her execution she
792
00:36:30,230 --> 00:36:32,240
stayed mute giving no sign of a
793
00:36:32,240 --> 00:36:34,190
religious political or emotional
794
00:36:34,190 --> 00:36:36,980
attachment that might destroy her by the
795
00:36:36,980 --> 00:36:38,840
time she came to the throne the
796
00:36:38,840 --> 00:36:41,060
persecutions of her predecessors had
797
00:36:41,060 --> 00:36:44,700
left it a stark and lonely place
798
00:36:44,700 --> 00:36:47,460
ix bishoprics were vacant there was only
799
00:36:47,460 --> 00:36:50,160
one Duke left alive and the Treasury was
800
00:36:50,160 --> 00:36:51,400
empty
801
00:36:51,400 --> 00:36:54,609
she had no close relatives left alive
802
00:36:54,609 --> 00:36:56,589
the heir to the throne was her aunt's
803
00:36:56,589 --> 00:36:59,140
granddaughter Mary Queen of Scots a
804
00:36:59,140 --> 00:37:01,559
Roman Catholic
805
00:37:01,559 --> 00:37:04,390
no one knew whether Elizabeth was a
806
00:37:04,390 --> 00:37:07,029
Roman Catholic or a Protestant the first
807
00:37:07,029 --> 00:37:08,819
test came over the oath of allegiance
808
00:37:08,819 --> 00:37:11,499
Elizabeth insisted that like a father
809
00:37:11,499 --> 00:37:13,960
people must acknowledge her as head of
810
00:37:13,960 --> 00:37:16,900
the church the bishops Roman Catholics
811
00:37:16,900 --> 00:37:19,240
appointed by Mary said that in that case
812
00:37:19,240 --> 00:37:20,859
none of them would allow her a
813
00:37:20,859 --> 00:37:24,670
coronation well all except for the
814
00:37:24,670 --> 00:37:27,069
Bishop of Carlisle he did the honours
815
00:37:27,069 --> 00:37:28,930
and the popular acclamation for the new
816
00:37:28,930 --> 00:37:32,410
Queen was terrific and she shouted back
817
00:37:32,410 --> 00:37:35,819
God have mercy good people
818
00:37:35,819 --> 00:37:38,380
Elizabeth interpreted her religious role
819
00:37:38,380 --> 00:37:40,569
in a new way she declared that she
820
00:37:40,569 --> 00:37:42,130
didn't mind whether her subjects were
821
00:37:42,130 --> 00:37:44,079
Catholic or Protestant so long as they
822
00:37:44,079 --> 00:37:47,140
were loyal she'd survived by being very
823
00:37:47,140 --> 00:37:49,269
careful about what she said and did and
824
00:37:49,269 --> 00:37:53,140
that was how she coped with sovereignty
825
00:37:53,140 --> 00:37:56,029
she dared not marry or be touched by
826
00:37:56,029 --> 00:37:58,460
scandal but her every move was watched
827
00:37:58,460 --> 00:38:03,140
like any modern royal maybe more so to
828
00:38:03,140 --> 00:38:04,609
the extent that her laundresses were
829
00:38:04,609 --> 00:38:06,470
bribed by ambassadors who wanted to know
830
00:38:06,470 --> 00:38:08,599
whether her periods had stopped in case
831
00:38:08,599 --> 00:38:14,990
she was pregnant she made herself look
832
00:38:14,990 --> 00:38:17,539
splendid held magnificent pageants and
833
00:38:17,539 --> 00:38:19,430
eventually seemed to be holding the
834
00:38:19,430 --> 00:38:21,230
kingdom together without the rebellions
835
00:38:21,230 --> 00:38:23,299
persecutions and massacres that had
836
00:38:23,299 --> 00:38:25,130
become regular features of English life
837
00:38:25,130 --> 00:38:27,710
she managed this in partnership with an
838
00:38:27,710 --> 00:38:29,990
immensely loyal and capable Minister
839
00:38:29,990 --> 00:38:32,960
William Cecil and constantly teasing the
840
00:38:32,960 --> 00:38:34,849
world with a showy flirtation with the
841
00:38:34,849 --> 00:38:38,119
Earl of Leicester Robert Dudley but the
842
00:38:38,119 --> 00:38:40,190
love affair she really encouraged was to
843
00:38:40,190 --> 00:38:42,349
have the nation adore her in poetry
844
00:38:42,349 --> 00:38:44,720
paintings and theater she was Gloriana
845
00:38:44,720 --> 00:38:47,089
the magical beauty to whom loyalty and
846
00:38:47,089 --> 00:38:49,490
love were equally gieux and who had no
847
00:38:49,490 --> 00:38:52,119
lover or husband to distract her gaze
848
00:38:52,119 --> 00:38:54,559
the main threat facing her was the
849
00:38:54,559 --> 00:38:56,660
possibility of a Catholic plot to
850
00:38:56,660 --> 00:38:57,950
replace her with one of the
851
00:38:57,950 --> 00:38:59,239
grandchildren of Henry the eighth's
852
00:38:59,239 --> 00:39:02,089
sister Margaret either Mary Stuart Queen
853
00:39:02,089 --> 00:39:04,489
of Scots or Henry Stuart the Earl of
854
00:39:04,489 --> 00:39:07,400
Darnley both of them had a valid claim
855
00:39:07,400 --> 00:39:10,220
as not only was Elizabeth excommunicated
856
00:39:10,220 --> 00:39:14,630
she was arguably illegitimate they were
857
00:39:14,630 --> 00:39:16,249
carefully encouraged to maneuver
858
00:39:16,249 --> 00:39:18,980
themselves into helplessness there it
859
00:39:18,980 --> 00:39:20,029
was the more dangerous
860
00:39:20,029 --> 00:39:21,799
she'd been Queen of France until her
861
00:39:21,799 --> 00:39:23,390
husband's death and the ruler of
862
00:39:23,390 --> 00:39:25,789
Scotland who had French backing would be
863
00:39:25,789 --> 00:39:27,559
a danger to England even without the
864
00:39:27,559 --> 00:39:29,050
religious issue
865
00:39:29,050 --> 00:39:31,390
but Mary's education had been unlike
866
00:39:31,390 --> 00:39:33,640
Elizabeth's she'd not lived in fear of
867
00:39:33,640 --> 00:39:35,470
her life but in the indulgent French
868
00:39:35,470 --> 00:39:37,870
Court this was not a good preparation
869
00:39:37,870 --> 00:39:39,550
for life in Britain a land of
870
00:39:39,550 --> 00:39:43,000
conspiracies and killings Darlie was a
871
00:39:43,000 --> 00:39:44,550
weak man in a weak position a
872
00:39:44,550 --> 00:39:48,490
good-looking unstable lout what happened
873
00:39:48,490 --> 00:39:49,000
next
874
00:39:49,000 --> 00:39:52,540
looks like a cunning plan Elizabeth
875
00:39:52,540 --> 00:39:54,790
pretty much obliged the 19 year old
876
00:39:54,790 --> 00:39:58,210
Darlie to visit the 22-year old widow
877
00:39:58,210 --> 00:40:01,680
Mary having ordered him not to marry her
878
00:40:01,680 --> 00:40:05,070
the result was totally predictable and
879
00:40:05,070 --> 00:40:08,080
Darlie was a total liability to Mary
880
00:40:08,080 --> 00:40:10,510
dim-witted and resentful of his lack of
881
00:40:10,510 --> 00:40:10,990
power
882
00:40:10,990 --> 00:40:13,870
he was also furiously jealous and when
883
00:40:13,870 --> 00:40:15,700
he thought her advisor writ Co was
884
00:40:15,700 --> 00:40:18,430
having an affair with Mary he joined a
885
00:40:18,430 --> 00:40:20,740
plot that had writ Co murdered in front
886
00:40:20,740 --> 00:40:24,850
of her she now viewed Darlie the Patsy
887
00:40:24,850 --> 00:40:27,490
in all this with hatred and contempt and
888
00:40:27,490 --> 00:40:30,070
was herself complicit in the plot that
889
00:40:30,070 --> 00:40:34,390
murdered him with an explosion she ended
890
00:40:34,390 --> 00:40:36,700
up fleeing her own Kingdom and throwing
891
00:40:36,700 --> 00:40:39,400
herself on Elizabeth's mercy ultimately
892
00:40:39,400 --> 00:40:43,840
a bad place to be Elizabeth was half the
893
00:40:43,840 --> 00:40:45,940
time sure that Mary should be executed
894
00:40:45,940 --> 00:40:47,590
to deprive Catholic plotters of a
895
00:40:47,590 --> 00:40:49,840
candidate for the throne and half the
896
00:40:49,840 --> 00:40:51,370
time sure that she should do no such
897
00:40:51,370 --> 00:40:51,730
thing
898
00:40:51,730 --> 00:40:54,100
ruling queens were rarer than ends teeth
899
00:40:54,100 --> 00:40:56,590
for one to kill another really wasn't
900
00:40:56,590 --> 00:40:59,380
good she signed the death warrant but in
901
00:40:59,380 --> 00:41:02,460
a state of real distress
902
00:41:04,910 --> 00:41:08,300
Mary and Darlie had a son James and he
903
00:41:08,300 --> 00:41:10,490
was now the virtually incontrovertible
904
00:41:10,490 --> 00:41:12,980
heir to Elizabeth's throne she wrote to
905
00:41:12,980 --> 00:41:15,500
him confirming that and apologizing for
906
00:41:15,500 --> 00:41:17,870
what she done to his mother the very
907
00:41:17,870 --> 00:41:19,940
idea that it was legitimate to kill a
908
00:41:19,940 --> 00:41:22,600
crown sovereign was extremely dangerous
909
00:41:22,600 --> 00:41:24,890
Elizabeth was deeply concerned with the
910
00:41:24,890 --> 00:41:27,020
rights and powers the prerogatives of
911
00:41:27,020 --> 00:41:28,570
the sovereign
912
00:41:28,570 --> 00:41:31,670
she was very wary of parliament which in
913
00:41:31,670 --> 00:41:34,010
her view treated every request for taxes
914
00:41:34,010 --> 00:41:36,380
as a blackmail opportunity to give
915
00:41:36,380 --> 00:41:38,450
itself powers of government
916
00:41:38,450 --> 00:41:40,970
so she tried very hard not to ask for
917
00:41:40,970 --> 00:41:43,089
taxes and her government was
918
00:41:43,089 --> 00:41:46,160
parsimonious mean as possible and then
919
00:41:46,160 --> 00:41:49,940
some she was determined to protect royal
920
00:41:49,940 --> 00:41:52,369
authority she refused to allow
921
00:41:52,369 --> 00:41:54,140
Parliament to refer to England as a
922
00:41:54,140 --> 00:41:56,690
state she said it sounded too much like
923
00:41:56,690 --> 00:41:58,940
something to do with the state's general
924
00:41:58,940 --> 00:42:01,190
the parliamentary body that ruled the
925
00:42:01,190 --> 00:42:04,549
Dutch Republic that Republic born out of
926
00:42:04,549 --> 00:42:06,319
a rebellion against the king of Spain
927
00:42:06,319 --> 00:42:09,200
was in Elizabeth's eyes an unfortunate
928
00:42:09,200 --> 00:42:12,289
novelty it was her ally in her struggle
929
00:42:12,289 --> 00:42:14,150
to keep England out of Spain's clutches
930
00:42:14,150 --> 00:42:17,000
but she was nervous that it's political
931
00:42:17,000 --> 00:42:20,539
ideas might be catching England was a
932
00:42:20,539 --> 00:42:23,089
kingdom it happened to be ruled by a
933
00:42:23,089 --> 00:42:25,490
queen but as she famously said one who
934
00:42:25,490 --> 00:42:29,930
had the heart and stomach of a king of
935
00:42:29,930 --> 00:42:32,240
course Elizabeth's greatest moment was
936
00:42:32,240 --> 00:42:34,010
when she managed to see off the Spanish
937
00:42:34,010 --> 00:42:36,440
Armada when Phillip the second by far
938
00:42:36,440 --> 00:42:38,049
the most powerful ruler in the world
939
00:42:38,049 --> 00:42:40,549
assembled a vast fleet to collect an
940
00:42:40,549 --> 00:42:42,380
invasion army from the Low Countries and
941
00:42:42,380 --> 00:42:44,329
bring England back into the Roman
942
00:42:44,329 --> 00:42:47,079
Catholic Church
943
00:42:47,360 --> 00:42:50,060
the English fleet genuinely patriotic
944
00:42:50,060 --> 00:42:52,790
genuinely daring skillfully harried the
945
00:42:52,790 --> 00:42:54,680
Armada to prevent it finding a safe
946
00:42:54,680 --> 00:42:56,270
Anchorage where it could make contact
947
00:42:56,270 --> 00:42:57,880
with the landing force
948
00:42:57,880 --> 00:43:07,920
[Music]
949
00:43:07,920 --> 00:43:10,570
when the Spanish decided to sail home
950
00:43:10,570 --> 00:43:13,060
they were hit by strong winds and heavy
951
00:43:13,060 --> 00:43:15,430
seas that were too much for many of
952
00:43:15,430 --> 00:43:18,700
these Mediterranean cargo vessels so far
953
00:43:18,700 --> 00:43:20,050
as the English and the Dutch were
954
00:43:20,050 --> 00:43:22,410
concerned God hadn't blown them away
955
00:43:22,410 --> 00:43:25,180
Philip himself saw it as a baffling
956
00:43:25,180 --> 00:43:27,490
defeat that meant God was not on his
957
00:43:27,490 --> 00:43:30,100
side but Elizabeth was still not
958
00:43:30,100 --> 00:43:31,960
prepared to ask Parliament for the money
959
00:43:31,960 --> 00:43:35,500
to pay her victorious sailors wages they
960
00:43:35,500 --> 00:43:37,150
were not due to be paid until they came
961
00:43:37,150 --> 00:43:40,000
ashore so their Queen left them rotting
962
00:43:40,000 --> 00:43:42,369
at anchor and when messengers came to
963
00:43:42,369 --> 00:43:44,050
court of plead for the starving men
964
00:43:44,050 --> 00:43:46,180
who'd saved England they arrived in the
965
00:43:46,180 --> 00:43:48,430
middle of extravagant celebrations of
966
00:43:48,430 --> 00:43:50,400
the victory and were turned away
967
00:43:50,400 --> 00:43:53,440
Elizabeth died the grandest of all
968
00:43:53,440 --> 00:43:57,880
England's rulers in 1603 her successor
969
00:43:57,880 --> 00:44:00,850
was Mary's son James Stuart already
970
00:44:00,850 --> 00:44:04,140
ruler of Scotland he had inherited glory
971
00:44:04,140 --> 00:44:07,270
but with it an empty Treasury and an
972
00:44:07,270 --> 00:44:10,180
isolated Kingdom in the next program
973
00:44:10,180 --> 00:44:12,700
we'll see what the Stewart's did with
974
00:44:12,700 --> 00:44:16,470
this poisoned chalice
975
00:44:17,190 --> 00:44:22,600
[Music]
976
00:44:22,600 --> 00:44:25,580
on to the Stuart's tonight at 10:00 and
977
00:44:25,580 --> 00:44:27,170
to test your knowledge of Henry the
978
00:44:27,170 --> 00:44:29,570
eighth's and his six wives sky digital
979
00:44:29,570 --> 00:44:32,780
viewers press read coming up on UK TV
980
00:44:32,780 --> 00:44:35,150
history decisive weapons at a jingle and
981
00:44:35,150 --> 00:44:37,550
in the Falklands the longbow and the
982
00:44:37,550 --> 00:44:39,810
Harrier jet
983
00:44:39,810 --> 00:44:44,820
[Music]
984
00:44:44,820 --> 00:00:00,000
you
108023
Can't find what you're looking for?
Get subtitles in any language from opensubtitles.com, and translate them here.