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1
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[Music]
2
00:00:10,419 --> 00:00:13,219
the story of the kings and queens of
3
00:00:13,219 --> 00:00:15,650
England is more
surprising than you
4
00:00:15,650 --> 00:00:19,490
might
think it's a fine drama a thousand
5
00:00:19,490 --> 00:00:22,250
years
of tales of lust and betrayal of
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00:00:22,250 --> 00:00:25,960
heroism and cruelty
of mysteries murders
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00:00:25,960 --> 00:00:33,230
tragedies and triumphs but there's
more
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00:00:33,230 --> 00:00:35,930
than that this episode begins with a
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00:00:35,930 --> 00:00:37,640
king of England
who ruled for over a
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year
but who simply vanished from the
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record
and it ends with a boy whose
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00:00:42,800 --> 00:00:44,480
claim to the throne was
based on
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00:00:44,480 --> 00:00:46,940
fictions
that became historical
14
00:00:46,940 --> 00:00:51,140
orthodoxy
we begin in the year 1216 in
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00:00:51,140 --> 00:00:53,480
the reign of
King Louie of England
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00:00:53,480 --> 00:00:56,840
yes King Louie
not the most famous King
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00:00:56,840 --> 00:00:59,449
of England
at the request of the Barons
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and with the enthusiastic
support of the
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00:01:01,730 --> 00:01:03,859
population of London he'd come to
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England
from France to take over the
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00:01:05,720 --> 00:01:09,050
crown
from John and John struggling to
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00:01:09,050 --> 00:01:13,039
fight back had fallen ill
and died Louie
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00:01:13,039 --> 00:01:15,229
who'd been acclaimed
King at a mass in
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some Paul's Cathedral
now had the throw
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to himself he had no coronation as the
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bishops had been excommunicated
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but rulers are created in England by
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acclamation
not coronation which is why
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the uncrowned
Edward the eighth was a
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king
and Lady Jane Grey who did have a
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00:01:33,890 --> 00:01:37,819
coronation
was not Queen and Louie got
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00:01:37,819 --> 00:01:39,349
rubbed out of the
list of England's
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00:01:39,349 --> 00:01:42,200
monitor because his acclamation was with
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00:01:42,200 --> 00:01:45,649
hindsight
withdrawal that was because
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00:01:45,649 --> 00:01:47,869
the
Barons have not expected Louis to
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00:01:47,869 --> 00:01:49,310
appoint his friends from France
and
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00:01:49,310 --> 00:01:50,810
Flanders and his chief
councillors
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00:01:50,810 --> 00:01:53,239
they'd expected to be given much more
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00:01:53,239 --> 00:01:55,550
control over
what went on and then they
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00:01:55,550 --> 00:01:58,369
thought there's a better option
John had
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00:01:58,369 --> 00:02:00,860
a
nine-year-old son Henry of course no
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child had ever been
King but there's a
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00:02:03,349 --> 00:02:05,179
first
time for everything and if the
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00:02:05,179 --> 00:02:07,039
king was a child and one of the barons
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00:02:07,039 --> 00:02:08,899
was
Regent then the Baron Twitty won't
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00:02:08,899 --> 00:02:10,500
be running
things
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00:02:10,500 --> 00:02:13,620
of course
Louie controlled London but
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00:02:13,620 --> 00:02:15,270
the child was at Corfe castle and they
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00:02:15,270 --> 00:02:16,470
could at
least get him to the nearest
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00:02:16,470 --> 00:02:19,320
Abbey Gloucester to crown him of course
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00:02:19,320 --> 00:02:21,570
they didn't have the crown but they
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00:02:21,570 --> 00:02:23,720
could
use his mother's gold neck band
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00:02:23,720 --> 00:02:26,520
actually they didn't have an archbishop
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00:02:26,520 --> 00:02:29,160
available to do the coronation
nevermind
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the Bishop of Winchester was available
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and had the keys to the Treasury it
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wasn't a well attended ceremony not even
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00:02:36,420 --> 00:02:38,010
all of
John's executives could get there
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00:02:38,010 --> 00:02:50,790
but it would have to do naturally little
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00:02:50,790 --> 00:02:52,110
Henry the third was not actually
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00:02:52,110 --> 00:02:54,870
exercising the powers of King that was
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00:02:54,870 --> 00:02:58,050
the job
of a baron the Regent the chap
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00:02:58,050 --> 00:03:00,510
that got the job was a 70 year old
Earl
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00:03:00,510 --> 00:03:03,390
of Pembroke
William Marshall a safe pair
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of hands if ever there was one
Old
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00:03:05,280 --> 00:03:08,550
Faithful Marshall had long ago been a
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00:03:08,550 --> 00:03:10,560
bold young
knight in the days of Henry
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00:03:10,560 --> 00:03:12,360
the
first the Charles grandfather
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he'd worked his way up the greasy pole
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of advancement by the simplest very
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00:03:17,310 --> 00:03:20,790
unusual principle of
loyalty to his Lord
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00:03:20,790 --> 00:03:23,730
and total trustworthiness everyone
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00:03:23,730 --> 00:03:26,340
trusted
him and now the Barons expected
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00:03:26,340 --> 00:03:28,110
him to
get rid of Louis and rule on
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00:03:28,110 --> 00:03:30,660
behalf of little Henry
and who he was
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00:03:30,660 --> 00:03:33,750
roundly defeated
in the end he agreed to
77
00:03:33,750 --> 00:03:36,510
go back
to France and agree he never
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00:03:36,510 --> 00:03:40,140
been
king of England at all and all the
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00:03:40,140 --> 00:03:41,760
barons and bishops who
had claimed him
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00:03:41,760 --> 00:03:44,010
as
King decreed that they've never done
81
00:03:44,010 --> 00:03:45,830
anything of the sort
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everyone became patriotic
for the first
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00:03:49,019 --> 00:03:51,030
time since
the Norman Conquest the
84
00:03:51,030 --> 00:03:52,410
French were being described as
85
00:03:52,410 --> 00:03:55,500
foreigners
looting the English the
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00:03:55,500 --> 00:03:57,450
Barons all spoke French and
they had
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00:03:57,450 --> 00:03:59,160
nothing in common with the villains on
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00:03:59,160 --> 00:04:01,799
their
lands but they were beginning to
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00:04:01,799 --> 00:04:02,740
feel
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00:04:02,740 --> 00:04:06,490
and William Marshall reissued
Magna
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00:04:06,490 --> 00:04:09,370
Carta
and said that all the old laws and
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00:04:09,370 --> 00:04:11,500
rights of England
were exactly what
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00:04:11,500 --> 00:04:15,220
Henry the
third wanted to uphold William
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00:04:15,220 --> 00:04:17,950
Marshall died
grand old hero of England
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00:04:17,950 --> 00:04:21,190
in 1219 and Henry was given a proper
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00:04:21,190 --> 00:04:23,440
coronation
at Westminster the following
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00:04:23,440 --> 00:04:27,460
year as Henry grew up the barons and
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00:04:27,460 --> 00:04:29,830
bishops
had no intention of letting him
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00:04:29,830 --> 00:04:32,440
get away from them he learns to do as he
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00:04:32,440 --> 00:04:35,080
was
told and that pretty much defined
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00:04:35,080 --> 00:04:37,510
him
as a king what the Barons of the
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00:04:37,510 --> 00:04:39,340
bishops hadn't thought
about was that
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00:04:39,340 --> 00:04:41,080
one day
he would be listening not to
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00:04:41,080 --> 00:04:44,260
them but to
his wife perhaps one of them
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00:04:44,260 --> 00:04:47,440
should have married him instead in 1236
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00:04:47,440 --> 00:04:49,870
he married
Eleanor a younger daughter of
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00:04:49,870 --> 00:04:53,380
the
count of Provence he was 29 she was
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00:04:53,380 --> 00:04:56,650
about
19 and she wrapped him round her
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00:04:56,650 --> 00:04:59,620
finger
she arrived with her uncle who
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00:04:59,620 --> 00:05:01,330
immediately started running the King's
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00:05:01,330 --> 00:05:03,220
life and
cart his huge amounts of
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00:05:03,220 --> 00:05:05,020
treasure off to his homeland
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00:05:05,020 --> 00:05:07,870
then she
got another uncle installed the
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00:05:07,870 --> 00:05:10,570
Archbishop of Canterbury
her physician
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00:05:10,570 --> 00:05:12,850
became the Bishop of Durham and large
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00:05:12,850 --> 00:05:14,980
sums of money supposedly going
to her
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00:05:14,980 --> 00:05:17,710
mother
were actually funding the Wars of
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00:05:17,710 --> 00:05:20,310
her
brother-in-law that you could Anjou
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00:05:20,310 --> 00:05:23,830
she was inevitably staggeringly
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00:05:23,830 --> 00:05:26,890
unpopular
and however little money the
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00:05:26,890 --> 00:05:29,350
King had he always seemed able to
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00:05:29,350 --> 00:05:31,930
support her
relatives abroad paying for
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00:05:31,930 --> 00:05:35,380
their courts and their armies in 1263
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00:05:35,380 --> 00:05:37,720
the population of London
rose in
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00:05:37,720 --> 00:05:40,180
rebellion their targets were
Flemish
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00:05:40,180 --> 00:05:42,670
bankers
Jewish financier
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00:05:42,670 --> 00:05:45,610
and Queen
Eleanor she was in the Tower
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00:05:45,610 --> 00:05:48,190
of London
London's Royal Palace and got
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00:05:48,190 --> 00:05:49,960
away from the Watergate to slip down the
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00:05:49,960 --> 00:05:52,330
Thames to Windsor as her boat approached
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00:05:52,330 --> 00:05:53,350
London
Bridge
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00:05:53,350 --> 00:05:55,780
she was pelted
with missiles by a crowd
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00:05:55,780 --> 00:06:00,460
shouting
drown my wedge she managed to
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00:06:00,460 --> 00:06:04,300
get back to the
second tower the kingdom
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00:06:04,300 --> 00:06:06,580
had become uncover
nerble at least by
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00:06:06,580 --> 00:06:09,280
this
king and queen this was not the
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00:06:09,280 --> 00:06:13,060
same country it had been in 1066 towns
138
00:06:13,060 --> 00:06:15,990
had grown traded Rome London had rose
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00:06:15,990 --> 00:06:18,730
with the
Barons losing influence and
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00:06:18,730 --> 00:06:19,870
Londoners angry
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00:06:19,870 --> 00:06:22,630
the crown itself was in
danger England
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00:06:22,630 --> 00:06:27,720
was on the edge
of revolution enter the
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00:06:27,720 --> 00:06:31,270
revolutionary
a Frenchman on the make
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00:06:31,270 --> 00:06:33,940
the charming clever younger son of a
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00:06:33,940 --> 00:06:36,100
powerful and ruthless Norman Lord a
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00:06:36,100 --> 00:06:40,350
chancer with style
Simon de Montfort
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00:06:40,350 --> 00:06:43,150
France was now ruled by King Louie's
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00:06:43,150 --> 00:06:45,790
widow on behalf of their young son she
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00:06:45,790 --> 00:06:48,070
was a shrewd woman who decided the young
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00:06:48,070 --> 00:06:50,890
Simon
was dangerous stuff and forced him
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00:06:50,890 --> 00:06:53,470
to
escape abroad he'd come to England in
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00:06:53,470 --> 00:06:57,250
1231
when he was about 23 intending to
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00:06:57,250 --> 00:06:59,800
recover land his family had lost years
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00:06:59,800 --> 00:07:04,540
ago and he
was really good at it he
155
00:07:04,540 --> 00:07:06,520
became the best
of friends with the
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00:07:06,520 --> 00:07:08,500
impressionable
Henry in no time and
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00:07:08,500 --> 00:07:12,130
Henry's sister
fell for him in 1238 they
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00:07:12,130 --> 00:07:14,320
were married and he was
given back those
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00:07:14,320 --> 00:07:16,900
lost family lands
he was Earl of
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00:07:16,900 --> 00:07:19,750
Leicester
the English was suspicious of
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00:07:19,750 --> 00:07:22,330
foreigners so Simon completely converted
162
00:07:22,330 --> 00:07:24,140
into an Englishman
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00:07:24,140 --> 00:07:27,230
in
12:39 Henry and Ellen I had a son
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00:07:27,230 --> 00:07:30,860
Simon
sponsored the baptism they chose
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00:07:30,860 --> 00:07:33,140
the name
Edward after the great
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00:07:33,140 --> 00:07:35,510
anglo-saxon King Edward the Confessor
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this French royal family had adopted
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English patriotism
but as the political
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00:07:42,710 --> 00:07:45,110
crisis deepened Simon
became
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00:07:45,110 --> 00:07:47,330
increasingly committed to the total
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00:07:47,330 --> 00:07:50,090
reform of government eventually
the
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00:07:50,090 --> 00:07:52,490
crisis became a full-blooded
civil war
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and by the time the war ended in 1264
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00:07:55,810 --> 00:07:59,330
Henry and his son
Edward was Simon's
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00:07:59,330 --> 00:08:04,030
prisoners and he took over the country
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Simon now set about inventing an
177
00:08:06,790 --> 00:08:09,790
entirely new form of
government one
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00:08:09,790 --> 00:08:11,560
which was based on the
deeply rooted
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00:08:11,560 --> 00:08:18,280
English principle of consent in 1265 he
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00:08:18,280 --> 00:08:20,110
summoned
the meeting of the country of
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00:08:20,110 --> 00:08:23,260
Parliament at Westminster
to endorse his
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00:08:23,260 --> 00:08:25,840
government he summons not only barons
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00:08:25,840 --> 00:08:29,140
and bishops
but also to Knights from
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00:08:29,140 --> 00:08:32,219
each Shire
and most extraordinary
185
00:08:32,219 --> 00:08:34,240
representatives from all the boroughs
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00:08:34,240 --> 00:08:37,390
the towns he said he was acting in the
187
00:08:37,390 --> 00:08:39,190
King's name
but the King didn't have
188
00:08:39,190 --> 00:08:41,229
much to do
with what was going on in
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00:08:41,229 --> 00:08:43,870
fact silent it established what we
might
190
00:08:43,870 --> 00:08:46,150
see as
a modern state there was a
191
00:08:46,150 --> 00:08:48,820
written
constitution a symbolic King a
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00:08:48,820 --> 00:08:51,310
powerful leading
Minister and there was
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00:08:51,310 --> 00:08:53,530
a
parliament with representatives of the
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00:08:53,530 --> 00:08:55,870
church the countryside represented by
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00:08:55,870 --> 00:08:58,770
great landowners
and gentry and of towns
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00:08:58,770 --> 00:09:03,160
we might see it like that
they didn't to
197
00:09:03,160 --> 00:09:05,440
most people at the
time this was clearly
198
00:09:05,440 --> 00:09:10,770
the tyranny of Simon de Montfort by now
199
00:09:11,260 --> 00:09:13,930
five years old and it
was his job to
200
00:09:13,930 --> 00:09:17,020
overthrow this
tyranny and restore the
201
00:09:17,020 --> 00:09:19,810
crown
first of course he had to escape
202
00:09:19,810 --> 00:09:21,960
imprisonment at herebut
castle
203
00:09:21,960 --> 00:09:24,580
the prince
was allowed to exercise his
204
00:09:24,580 --> 00:09:27,310
force on the common so he wore out
his
205
00:09:27,310 --> 00:09:30,100
guards horses racing with them and then
206
00:09:30,100 --> 00:09:31,930
jumped
onto a fresh horse with a member
207
00:09:31,930 --> 00:09:34,210
all for the purpose and disappeared into
208
00:09:34,210 --> 00:09:38,020
the distance what followed is known as
209
00:09:38,020 --> 00:09:40,180
the Battle of Evesham
at the end of
210
00:09:40,180 --> 00:09:42,790
which Simon de Montfort
was chopped up
211
00:09:42,790 --> 00:09:45,480
into pieces
212
00:09:46,260 --> 00:09:49,300
Henry was back on
his throne but it was
213
00:09:49,300 --> 00:09:51,180
Edward
who was now running the country
214
00:09:51,180 --> 00:09:54,730
this tall muscular warrior he was called
215
00:09:54,730 --> 00:09:57,160
Longshanks
had the military skill to
216
00:09:57,160 --> 00:09:59,290
crush the remaining rebels
and the good
217
00:09:59,290 --> 00:10:02,020
sense not to punish
them afterwards he
218
00:10:02,020 --> 00:10:03,780
understood how to make
peace and
219
00:10:03,780 --> 00:10:06,070
accepted the
proposition that the king
220
00:10:06,070 --> 00:10:08,320
must respect legal limits on his power
221
00:10:08,320 --> 00:10:11,830
and consult with the nation he also
222
00:10:11,830 --> 00:10:14,710
habitually spoke English the first royal
223
00:10:14,710 --> 00:10:17,880
to do so since 1066
224
00:10:18,490 --> 00:10:20,710
Parliament made him the steward in
225
00:10:20,710 --> 00:10:23,530
England the
mosfets revolution had left
226
00:10:23,530 --> 00:10:35,800
his mark the old King died in 1272
227
00:10:35,800 --> 00:10:39,450
having reigned for 56 years
228
00:10:39,450 --> 00:10:42,130
Edwards main interest in life was
229
00:10:42,130 --> 00:10:45,580
chivalry and
water his natural costume
230
00:10:45,580 --> 00:10:46,690
was
armor
231
00:10:46,690 --> 00:10:49,990
it had instances
of the child when Henry
232
00:10:49,990 --> 00:10:50,590
died
233
00:10:50,590 --> 00:10:53,170
Edward was out of the country on from
234
00:10:53,170 --> 00:10:54,870
safe
235
00:10:54,870 --> 00:10:56,850
he came
home to be crowned with his
236
00:10:56,850 --> 00:11:01,410
cream
yet another Eleanor in 1273 the
237
00:11:01,410 --> 00:11:03,570
daughter
of the king of Castile had
238
00:11:03,570 --> 00:11:07,200
already
born Edward six children they
239
00:11:07,200 --> 00:11:10,190
would have ten
240
00:11:10,510 --> 00:11:13,100
England now had something like a
settle
241
00:11:13,100 --> 00:11:15,260
system of government
edward confirmed
242
00:11:15,260 --> 00:11:17,240
the existing charges
including magna
243
00:11:17,240 --> 00:11:19,730
carta
and was able to leave the business
244
00:11:19,730 --> 00:11:21,620
of government
and justice for his
245
00:11:21,620 --> 00:11:24,680
counsel
and judge his main concern was
246
00:11:24,680 --> 00:11:26,510
how
to gather the money to conduct his
247
00:11:26,510 --> 00:11:28,820
military interests without provoking
248
00:11:28,820 --> 00:11:32,120
more rebellions he hit on a brilliant
249
00:11:32,120 --> 00:11:37,400
policy he invented nationalism to
250
00:11:37,400 --> 00:11:39,590
demonstrate that his kingship was rooted
251
00:11:39,590 --> 00:11:41,750
in
English tradition he and Elinor
252
00:11:41,750 --> 00:11:44,240
conducted the most remarkable ceremony
253
00:11:44,240 --> 00:11:49,280
at Glastonbury in 1278 and 9t the monks
254
00:11:49,280 --> 00:11:51,800
of Glastonbury had found graves
which
255
00:11:51,800 --> 00:11:54,440
were believed
to be those of King Arthur
256
00:11:54,440 --> 00:11:57,590
and Queen Guinevere
the bones had been
257
00:11:57,590 --> 00:12:01,280
placed in the Lady Chapel now 88 years
258
00:12:01,280 --> 00:12:04,340
later King Edward carried the bones of
259
00:12:04,340 --> 00:12:06,980
Arthur and Queen
Eleanor those of
260
00:12:06,980 --> 00:12:10,040
Guinevere
they put the legendary remains
261
00:12:10,040 --> 00:12:12,950
in a magnificent tomb in the
main church
262
00:12:12,950 --> 00:12:16,690
Edward presented himself as a new Arthur
263
00:12:16,690 --> 00:12:19,910
all this was part of
a wider campaign to
264
00:12:19,910 --> 00:12:22,160
give his kingship the
power of myth and
265
00:12:22,160 --> 00:12:26,090
so unite the country
behind him this
266
00:12:26,090 --> 00:12:28,400
unity was going to be needed
when he
267
00:12:28,400 --> 00:12:31,520
claimed supremacy over
all Wales it
268
00:12:31,520 --> 00:12:34,400
worked
when the Welsh princes rejected
269
00:12:34,400 --> 00:12:36,500
his claim
he was able to raise the money
270
00:12:36,500 --> 00:12:40,040
to make an enormous military effort he
271
00:12:40,040 --> 00:12:42,230
became the first English
King to totally
272
00:12:42,230 --> 00:12:44,720
concur this mountainous territory
one of
273
00:12:44,720 --> 00:12:48,140
its
princes guellen was killed in battle
274
00:12:48,140 --> 00:12:52,190
his head
was mounted on the target the
275
00:12:52,190 --> 00:12:54,530
other David was put on trial for
treason
276
00:12:54,530 --> 00:12:56,630
before Parliament and sentence to be
277
00:12:56,630 --> 00:13:01,400
drawn
hanged beheaded and quartered this
278
00:13:01,400 --> 00:13:07,790
was a savagery previously unknown the
279
00:13:07,790 --> 00:13:09,860
English
system of shires and hundreds
280
00:13:09,860 --> 00:13:12,140
was now extended
to cover or wail and
281
00:13:12,140 --> 00:13:14,960
the conquest was
emphasised by huge
282
00:13:14,960 --> 00:13:17,930
state-of-the-art royal castles like this
283
00:13:17,930 --> 00:13:21,530
one at
Canal and which war chest was
284
00:13:21,530 --> 00:13:23,660
based on
a new source of royal finance
285
00:13:23,660 --> 00:13:27,470
in 1275 Parliament granted him the right
286
00:13:27,470 --> 00:13:31,100
to charge customs duties on war see how
287
00:13:31,100 --> 00:13:33,680
useful it was
having a parliament with
288
00:13:33,680 --> 00:13:34,430
merchants
289
00:13:34,430 --> 00:13:38,570
to agree
to taxes nevertheless popular
290
00:13:38,570 --> 00:13:41,720
rhymes suggested trouble was brewing the
291
00:13:41,720 --> 00:13:44,870
king he wants to get our gold the Queen
292
00:13:44,870 --> 00:13:49,280
would like our lands
to hold his war
293
00:13:49,280 --> 00:13:50,930
chest had come from Jewish moneylenders
294
00:13:50,930 --> 00:13:53,840
but now they had no more to give
never
295
00:13:53,840 --> 00:13:54,440
mind
296
00:13:54,440 --> 00:13:56,860
the Jews could serve another purpose
297
00:13:56,860 --> 00:13:59,510
Italian bankers would provide advances
298
00:13:59,510 --> 00:14:01,400
on
the customs duties and collect the
299
00:14:01,400 --> 00:14:04,760
taxes themselves
and Edward could unite
300
00:14:04,760 --> 00:14:07,520
the country
behind him in persecuting
301
00:14:07,520 --> 00:14:11,210
the Jews six hundred and fifty years
302
00:14:11,210 --> 00:14:13,790
later
the Third Reich would adopt his
303
00:14:13,790 --> 00:14:17,270
entire
program-- first ed would decreed
304
00:14:17,270 --> 00:14:18,410
that
they were a threat to the country
305
00:14:18,410 --> 00:14:20,360
their movements and activities were
306
00:14:20,360 --> 00:14:23,000
restricted to
identify them easily or
307
00:14:23,000 --> 00:14:25,250
Jews were obliged to wear a yellow patch
308
00:14:25,250 --> 00:14:29,270
in the shape of a
star next he arrested
309
00:14:29,270 --> 00:14:31,660
all
the heads of Jewish households over
310
00:14:31,660 --> 00:14:34,280
300 were taken to the Tower of London
311
00:14:34,280 --> 00:14:35,100
and
312
00:14:35,100 --> 00:14:37,600
while others were murdered in their
313
00:14:37,600 --> 00:14:38,640
homes
314
00:14:38,640 --> 00:14:42,460
finally
in 1290 the king banished all
315
00:14:42,460 --> 00:14:46,150
jews from the country by now the armored
316
00:14:46,150 --> 00:14:49,600
overlord was a national hero when his
317
00:14:49,600 --> 00:14:51,670
wife Queen Helena died in the same year
318
00:14:51,670 --> 00:14:54,700
worn out by childbirths his own grief
319
00:14:54,700 --> 00:14:56,830
was turned into a major
display of
320
00:14:56,830 --> 00:14:59,380
national
mourning her body was
321
00:14:59,380 --> 00:15:01,660
ceremonially carried
from Lincoln to
322
00:15:01,660 --> 00:15:04,000
Westminster
and the memorial cross
323
00:15:04,000 --> 00:15:06,280
erected at every one of the twelve
324
00:15:06,280 --> 00:15:09,280
resting places including here at Charing
325
00:15:09,280 --> 00:15:14,290
in London Charing
Cross it was time to
326
00:15:14,290 --> 00:15:18,940
enlarge the Kingdom again in 1296 he led
327
00:15:18,940 --> 00:15:21,840
an army to enforce his
claim to Scotland
328
00:15:21,840 --> 00:15:24,550
Edinburgh was seized and the King of
329
00:15:24,550 --> 00:15:26,500
Scotland stripped of his crown was
330
00:15:26,500 --> 00:15:28,380
imprisoned in
the Tower of London
331
00:15:28,380 --> 00:15:31,210
Scottish Kings were crowned enthroned on
332
00:15:31,210 --> 00:15:34,680
the stone of school or stone of destiny
333
00:15:34,680 --> 00:15:37,570
Edward had it moved to London and put in
334
00:15:37,570 --> 00:15:39,370
the coronation chair in Westminster
335
00:15:39,370 --> 00:15:43,210
Abbey Edward appointed a trio of
336
00:15:43,210 --> 00:15:46,000
Englishmen
to run the country actually
337
00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:48,160
his rule in Scotland was not noticeably
338
00:15:48,160 --> 00:15:51,250
harsh or unjust
but that was beside the
339
00:15:51,250 --> 00:15:54,490
point
his own conjuring of the demon of
340
00:15:54,490 --> 00:15:57,120
nationalism
was turning against him
341
00:15:57,120 --> 00:15:59,710
ordinary Scots began to
discover a
342
00:15:59,710 --> 00:16:03,550
feeling of national
identity a popular
343
00:16:03,550 --> 00:16:06,340
Scottish resistance
movement grew led by
344
00:16:06,340 --> 00:16:08,490
William Wallace better known nowadays
345
00:16:08,490 --> 00:16:12,670
outside Scotland at least as Braveheart
346
00:16:12,670 --> 00:16:15,760
most of Scotland had broken
free before
347
00:16:15,760 --> 00:16:19,030
he was defeated
and then in 1306
348
00:16:19,030 --> 00:16:21,160
rebellion began again
and Robert the
349
00:16:21,160 --> 00:16:24,430
Bruce was crowned King of Scotland by
350
00:16:24,430 --> 00:16:26,560
now
Edward the hammer of the Scots was
351
00:16:26,560 --> 00:16:29,380
old and sick
he tried to lead an army
352
00:16:29,380 --> 00:16:31,930
back into Scotland but it became obvious
353
00:16:31,930 --> 00:16:34,870
he'd never get there
a few miles north
354
00:16:34,870 --> 00:16:37,240
of Carlisle on his deathbed
he gave
355
00:16:37,240 --> 00:16:39,250
instructions to his 23 year-old heir
356
00:16:39,250 --> 00:16:42,730
Edward
Prince of Wales a hundred Knights
357
00:16:42,730 --> 00:16:45,370
were
to crusade carrying his heart the
358
00:16:45,370 --> 00:16:47,890
army should carry his bones to defeat
359
00:16:47,890 --> 00:16:50,350
Scotland and the prince was not
to have
360
00:16:50,350 --> 00:16:52,870
anything
further to do with his very
361
00:16:52,870 --> 00:16:56,290
very close friend
piers Gaveston the
362
00:16:56,290 --> 00:17:01,780
King was dead edward ii was ready to
363
00:17:01,780 --> 00:17:02,680
party
364
00:17:02,680 --> 00:17:05,069
edward was physically tall and muscular
365
00:17:05,069 --> 00:17:08,050
but his similarity to his father ended
366
00:17:08,050 --> 00:17:10,990
there he had no interest in
being
367
00:17:10,990 --> 00:17:14,199
warlord his father had taken him on
368
00:17:14,199 --> 00:17:16,810
campaign but
the Prince traveled with a
369
00:17:16,810 --> 00:17:18,490
pet lion and a troop of
Genevieve's
370
00:17:18,490 --> 00:17:21,699
Fiddler's Edward the first had tried to
371
00:17:21,699 --> 00:17:24,040
change his character
by assigning him a
372
00:17:24,040 --> 00:17:26,380
charismatic Squire who was good at
373
00:17:26,380 --> 00:17:30,000
tournaments
this had backfired
374
00:17:30,000 --> 00:17:34,110
spectacularly Edward and piers Gaveston
375
00:17:34,110 --> 00:17:35,670
at
376
00:17:35,670 --> 00:17:37,990
[Music]
377
00:17:37,990 --> 00:17:40,419
Gaveston was banished but obviously
he
378
00:17:40,419 --> 00:17:43,480
was now coming
back Gaveston was an
379
00:17:43,480 --> 00:17:46,929
elegant
charming artistic man who loved
380
00:17:46,929 --> 00:17:48,700
showing off his power over Edward and
381
00:17:48,700 --> 00:17:51,039
could still easily beat more macho
men
382
00:17:51,039 --> 00:17:53,770
in tournaments
this was a recipe for a
383
00:17:53,770 --> 00:17:58,419
short life before his coronation
Edward
384
00:17:58,419 --> 00:18:00,250
married
Isabella the sister of the King
385
00:18:00,250 --> 00:18:03,250
of France then Gaveston was seen wearing
386
00:18:03,250 --> 00:18:06,610
Isabella's wedding
jewelry at the
387
00:18:06,610 --> 00:18:08,710
coronation he showed up carrying the
388
00:18:08,710 --> 00:18:11,640
crown wearing royal purple
and buttons
389
00:18:11,640 --> 00:18:14,590
some of the barons wanted to kill him on
390
00:18:14,590 --> 00:18:17,740
the
spot eventually of course they did
391
00:18:17,740 --> 00:18:19,659
kill
him here at blackwell hill in
392
00:18:19,659 --> 00:18:21,610
Warwickshire having chased the
King and
393
00:18:21,610 --> 00:18:24,880
peers around the country and then Robert
394
00:18:24,880 --> 00:18:27,429
Bruce
renegade King of Scotland said
395
00:18:27,429 --> 00:18:29,309
about completing his
war of independence
396
00:18:29,309 --> 00:18:32,409
he captured Edinburgh and besieged the
397
00:18:32,409 --> 00:18:37,179
last English stronghold Stirling in 1314
398
00:18:37,179 --> 00:18:41,309
edward ii set out to relieve the city
399
00:18:41,309 --> 00:18:44,559
the Battle of Bannockburn
just outside
400
00:18:44,559 --> 00:18:48,649
the castle
was a total disaster
401
00:18:48,649 --> 00:18:51,000
Edwards troubles were made worse by the
402
00:18:51,000 --> 00:18:52,919
fact that the climate which had been
403
00:18:52,919 --> 00:18:55,500
benign for about a
hundred years took a
404
00:18:55,500 --> 00:18:57,690
dramatic
and long-term turn for the
405
00:18:57,690 --> 00:19:03,000
worse
in 1315 as harvests failed as
406
00:19:03,000 --> 00:19:05,879
cattle died the Baron said that his
407
00:19:05,879 --> 00:19:08,070
extravagance
of lack of direction was
408
00:19:08,070 --> 00:19:08,879
intolerable
409
00:19:08,879 --> 00:19:13,139
so the grown-ups took over the Earl of
410
00:19:13,139 --> 00:19:15,330
Lancaster head of the council was now
411
00:19:15,330 --> 00:19:18,029
acting
as king keeping Edward on a daily
412
00:19:18,029 --> 00:19:22,470
allowance of ten pounds but he still had
413
00:19:22,470 --> 00:19:25,230
friends
he turns a Hugh Despenser and
414
00:19:25,230 --> 00:19:28,110
his son
dispenser was the only nobleman
415
00:19:28,110 --> 00:19:31,230
who had
supported Gaveston eventually
416
00:19:31,230 --> 00:19:32,789
they managed
to help him break free of
417
00:19:32,789 --> 00:19:34,230
the power of Leicester and the other
418
00:19:34,230 --> 00:19:37,500
great
Nobles but no one had a solution
419
00:19:37,500 --> 00:19:39,960
to the unending run of bad
harvests and
420
00:19:39,960 --> 00:19:41,850
the apparent enthusiasm of the
421
00:19:41,850 --> 00:19:44,220
Despenser's to enrich themselves made
422
00:19:44,220 --> 00:19:46,940
Edwards rule deeply unpopular especially
423
00:19:46,940 --> 00:19:51,419
with his Queen Isabella in 1325 she got
424
00:19:51,419 --> 00:19:53,700
away
to France and refused to come home
425
00:19:53,700 --> 00:19:56,269
unless the Despenser's were thrown out
426
00:19:56,269 --> 00:19:59,700
worse she'd fallen passionately in love
427
00:19:59,700 --> 00:20:02,370
with an ally of Leicester who was hiding
428
00:20:02,370 --> 00:20:06,320
out in front Roger Mortimer
429
00:20:06,320 --> 00:20:08,780
Isabella and Mortimer gathered an army
430
00:20:08,780 --> 00:20:12,530
and invaded England in September 13 26
431
00:20:12,530 --> 00:20:16,720
as homophobia
turned into mob rule
432
00:20:16,720 --> 00:20:19,400
Isabella and Mortimer work joyously
433
00:20:19,400 --> 00:20:23,480
welcome along
a few months it was all
434
00:20:23,480 --> 00:20:24,080
over
435
00:20:24,080 --> 00:20:27,050
the elder dispenser almost 90
years old
436
00:20:27,050 --> 00:20:29,600
was hanged without being given time to
437
00:20:29,600 --> 00:20:32,960
take off his armor the younger and his
438
00:20:32,960 --> 00:20:38,390
Kendrick cut off he was disemboweled the
439
00:20:38,390 --> 00:20:40,400
object was
that Isabella and Mortimer to
440
00:20:40,400 --> 00:20:43,000
rule in
the name of her 14 year old son
441
00:20:43,000 --> 00:20:45,950
but the boy refused to accept the crown
442
00:20:45,950 --> 00:20:49,400
without
his father's consent so Edward
443
00:20:49,400 --> 00:20:52,730
dressed
in black was deposed in a solemn
444
00:20:52,730 --> 00:20:55,250
ceremony
the steward of his household
445
00:20:55,250 --> 00:20:59,120
broke his STOVL office he broke down and
446
00:20:59,120 --> 00:21:01,630
cried
447
00:21:01,630 --> 00:21:03,890
he was
eventually moved to Berkeley
448
00:21:03,890 --> 00:21:07,160
castle where he was encouraged to die as
449
00:21:07,160 --> 00:21:09,470
soon as possible he was denied
450
00:21:09,470 --> 00:21:11,420
sufficient food
and clothing he was
451
00:21:11,420 --> 00:21:13,490
prevented
from sleeping he was crowned
452
00:21:13,490 --> 00:21:15,560
with a crown of hay and shaved with
453
00:21:15,560 --> 00:21:18,800
ditchwater Isabella generally known as
454
00:21:18,800 --> 00:21:21,560
the she-wolf of France reproved the
455
00:21:21,560 --> 00:21:24,710
guards for
their mild treatment since he
456
00:21:24,710 --> 00:21:27,140
would not die by himself he was murdered
457
00:21:27,140 --> 00:21:30,020
in his bed on the 21st of September it
458
00:21:30,020 --> 00:21:31,700
said that he
was raped with a red-hot
459
00:21:31,700 --> 00:21:32,330
poker
460
00:21:32,330 --> 00:21:35,990
his dying shrieks were heard throughout
461
00:21:35,990 --> 00:21:39,110
the castle a homophobia had allowed his
462
00:21:39,110 --> 00:21:39,590
Abela
463
00:21:39,590 --> 00:21:42,020
and her lover Mortimer
to brutally and
464
00:21:42,020 --> 00:21:45,080
illegally depose Edward the second that
465
00:21:45,080 --> 00:21:47,570
didn't make them
heroes for long Edward
466
00:21:47,570 --> 00:21:49,880
the
third in whose name they ruled was
467
00:21:49,880 --> 00:21:52,820
their
prisoner but in 1320 when he was
468
00:21:52,820 --> 00:21:55,970
18 he broke free they were staying in
469
00:21:55,970 --> 00:21:58,310
Nottingham
and he put together a plot to
470
00:21:58,310 --> 00:22:00,380
lead a band
of armed men into the castle
471
00:22:00,380 --> 00:22:02,210
through
an underground passage they
472
00:22:02,210 --> 00:22:05,270
seized Mortimer and Isabella
Mortimer
473
00:22:05,270 --> 00:22:06,110
was hanged
474
00:22:06,110 --> 00:22:08,630
Isabella
shut away in Castle rising in
475
00:22:08,630 --> 00:22:10,060
Norfolk
476
00:22:10,060 --> 00:22:13,190
[Music]
477
00:22:13,499 --> 00:22:18,249
and England had a king again
law and
478
00:22:18,249 --> 00:22:20,139
proper government would be resumed
under
479
00:22:20,139 --> 00:22:23,379
a handsome young man properly entitled
480
00:22:23,379 --> 00:22:26,200
to the
Thrones who also happened to be a
481
00:22:26,200 --> 00:22:28,299
fine chivalrous Knight who spoke English
482
00:22:28,299 --> 00:22:31,359
French and
German and who was already
483
00:22:31,359 --> 00:22:34,269
married with a baby son what could be
484
00:22:34,269 --> 00:22:38,289
better than
that how about a good walk
485
00:22:38,289 --> 00:22:40,899
Edward decided
on the most extraordinary
486
00:22:40,899 --> 00:22:43,960
and significant military campaign since
487
00:22:43,960 --> 00:22:47,679
the Norman Conquest
he announced that by
488
00:22:47,679 --> 00:22:50,019
the laws
of inheritance he was the
489
00:22:50,019 --> 00:22:52,179
rightful successor to the throne
of
490
00:22:52,179 --> 00:22:56,710
France he was rubbish wasn't but he
491
00:22:56,710 --> 00:23:00,070
certainly meant to you and in 1337 he
492
00:23:00,070 --> 00:23:03,159
began preparing his
invasion actually
493
00:23:03,159 --> 00:23:05,200
there were two genuine reasons for
this
494
00:23:05,200 --> 00:23:07,059
and neither had anything to do with the
495
00:23:07,059 --> 00:23:10,029
Lord's accession one was that the French
496
00:23:10,029 --> 00:23:12,099
were supporting the Scots
and so long as
497
00:23:12,099 --> 00:23:13,690
that continued the
King of England would
498
00:23:13,690 --> 00:23:16,409
never be master
of Scotland and Northern
499
00:23:16,409 --> 00:23:19,059
England would
be constantly threatened
500
00:23:19,059 --> 00:23:22,739
by
Raiders looters and Scottish armies
501
00:23:22,739 --> 00:23:25,330
the other was that England was
now a
502
00:23:25,330 --> 00:23:27,970
busy commercial country selling wool to
503
00:23:27,970 --> 00:23:31,539
Flemish
Weaver's in 1336 Philip of
504
00:23:31,539 --> 00:23:33,549
France
decided to take control of this
505
00:23:33,549 --> 00:23:36,970
trade he arrested all English merchants
506
00:23:36,970 --> 00:23:39,220
in
flanders and took away the privileges
507
00:23:39,220 --> 00:23:40,809
of the flemish towns and the craft
508
00:23:40,809 --> 00:23:43,299
guilds
english merchants pointed out
509
00:23:43,299 --> 00:23:45,429
that they've lost their income
the king
510
00:23:45,429 --> 00:23:48,759
had lost his customs
duties the kingdom
511
00:23:48,759 --> 00:23:51,030
had lost its foreign trade
512
00:23:51,030 --> 00:23:53,340
the coast on the far side of
the channel
513
00:23:53,340 --> 00:23:55,980
was vital to English security and
514
00:23:55,980 --> 00:23:58,560
prosperity
whatever the cost
515
00:23:58,560 --> 00:24:02,760
it must be kept open
the same imperative
516
00:24:02,760 --> 00:24:04,740
would force Britain to war against
517
00:24:04,740 --> 00:24:07,830
Napoleon
against the Kaiser against
518
00:24:07,830 --> 00:24:10,320
Hitler
Edward was the first to have to
519
00:24:10,320 --> 00:24:14,100
face him his
solution was to claim fraud
520
00:24:14,100 --> 00:24:18,450
and
breaking this little campaign is
521
00:24:18,450 --> 00:24:20,790
known to
history as the Hundred Years
522
00:24:20,790 --> 00:24:25,320
War
but this war actually changed the
523
00:24:25,320 --> 00:24:27,720
nature of
the Kings job because it
524
00:24:27,720 --> 00:24:30,690
required a new kind of army ever since
525
00:24:30,690 --> 00:24:32,700
William the Conqueror the idea had been
526
00:24:32,700 --> 00:24:34,770
that in exchange for their land holdings
527
00:24:34,770 --> 00:24:36,870
lords and knights were supposed to turn
528
00:24:36,870 --> 00:24:38,550
up
in arms and fight for the king when
529
00:24:38,550 --> 00:24:41,130
they were
needed but this didn't work
530
00:24:41,130 --> 00:24:44,490
very
well for a war overseas firstly a
531
00:24:44,490 --> 00:24:46,620
night service was only meant to be for
532
00:24:46,620 --> 00:24:49,290
40 days at a time that doesn't work with
533
00:24:49,290 --> 00:24:52,230
a
Hundred Years War secondly many
534
00:24:52,230 --> 00:24:53,490
Knights felt that they shouldn't be
535
00:24:53,490 --> 00:24:55,980
obliged to go overseas at all they were
536
00:24:55,980 --> 00:24:59,280
probably
right and thirdly they weren't
537
00:24:59,280 --> 00:25:02,280
necessarily fighting men anymore
so
538
00:25:02,280 --> 00:25:04,470
Edward needed to have a professional
539
00:25:04,470 --> 00:25:06,720
army
Knights who didn't want to serve
540
00:25:06,720 --> 00:25:09,660
didn't have to they could pay a tax
541
00:25:09,660 --> 00:25:12,240
called scooted that would allow Edward
542
00:25:12,240 --> 00:25:14,850
to hire professionals mercenaries were
543
00:25:14,850 --> 00:25:16,860
quick to
see the opportunity for plunder
544
00:25:16,860 --> 00:25:20,280
and ransom and joined up and freed from
545
00:25:20,280 --> 00:25:22,110
the need
to pander to Knightly good
546
00:25:22,110 --> 00:25:24,390
manners on the battlefield and would
547
00:25:24,390 --> 00:25:26,850
hired thousands of effective deadly
548
00:25:26,850 --> 00:25:29,940
archers from
the lower classes instead
549
00:25:29,940 --> 00:25:32,640
of being a feudal warlord
the king was
550
00:25:32,640 --> 00:25:35,960
now a professional commander
551
00:25:35,960 --> 00:25:39,530
he invaded Normandy in 1346
and his
552
00:25:39,530 --> 00:25:41,120
professionals destroyed the
553
00:25:41,120 --> 00:25:42,890
old-fashioned feudal
knights of France
554
00:25:42,890 --> 00:25:46,960
at crécy opening up that vital coast
555
00:25:46,960 --> 00:25:49,940
Calais
held out and when it eventually
556
00:25:49,940 --> 00:25:52,430
surrendered Edward announced that it
557
00:25:52,430 --> 00:25:56,030
must be
punished the city keys must be
558
00:25:56,030 --> 00:25:58,250
handed over by six leading
Berger's
559
00:25:58,250 --> 00:26:00,830
barefoot with
nooses around their necks
560
00:26:00,830 --> 00:26:04,970
to be hanged when they arrived the Queen
561
00:26:04,970 --> 00:26:07,460
publicly fell on her
knees and pleaded
562
00:26:07,460 --> 00:26:10,310
for the burghers lives which of course
563
00:26:10,310 --> 00:26:14,840
Edward granted this splendid pantomime
564
00:26:14,840 --> 00:26:17,840
was part
of the theater of royalty which
565
00:26:17,840 --> 00:26:19,520
Edward
was now developing to a
566
00:26:19,520 --> 00:26:23,090
magnificent art
the life of the king was
567
00:26:23,090 --> 00:26:24,880
being turned
into a public performance
568
00:26:24,880 --> 00:26:27,770
his court was the
home of chivalry and
569
00:26:27,770 --> 00:26:30,230
his lords and knights were given parts
570
00:26:30,230 --> 00:26:32,540
in the drama
it was a brilliant device
571
00:26:32,540 --> 00:26:35,690
for binding together war taxation and
572
00:26:35,690 --> 00:26:38,900
loyalty
the Queen was as important in
573
00:26:38,900 --> 00:26:41,270
this
as the King she led the ladies of
574
00:26:41,270 --> 00:26:43,460
the court the judges of chivalric
575
00:26:43,460 --> 00:26:46,720
behavior
and she was the source of mercy
576
00:26:46,720 --> 00:26:50,840
tempering her husband's justice this was
577
00:26:50,840 --> 00:26:53,120
a religious image people
were encouraged
578
00:26:53,120 --> 00:26:55,520
to show devotion to the Virgin Mary the
579
00:26:55,520 --> 00:26:57,560
Queen
of Heaven who would intercede and
580
00:26:57,560 --> 00:27:01,990
offer protection against divine judgment
581
00:27:01,990 --> 00:27:05,030
intercession was desperately
needed by
582
00:27:05,030 --> 00:27:07,850
people who believe that God punished
583
00:27:07,850 --> 00:27:10,630
them with death
584
00:27:10,690 --> 00:27:14,429
death arrived at Weymouth in June 13:48
585
00:27:14,429 --> 00:27:17,979
black death in less than a year the
586
00:27:17,979 --> 00:27:20,649
whole country was stricken
no one could
587
00:27:20,649 --> 00:27:23,320
have
understood what was happening once
588
00:27:23,320 --> 00:27:25,210
a
person was infected large
589
00:27:25,210 --> 00:27:27,820
foul-smelling
swellings developed in the
590
00:27:27,820 --> 00:27:30,879
groin neck and armpit
death followed
591
00:27:30,879 --> 00:27:34,239
within two or three days the disease
592
00:27:34,239 --> 00:27:35,769
killed more than
a third of the
593
00:27:35,769 --> 00:27:39,129
population
and by 1350 the population of
594
00:27:39,129 --> 00:27:43,239
England was half that
of 1315 in the
595
00:27:43,239 --> 00:27:45,580
midst of the dying
the theater of
596
00:27:45,580 --> 00:27:49,299
royalty grew grander
Edward created the
597
00:27:49,299 --> 00:27:51,609
Order of the Garter where two tournament
598
00:27:51,609 --> 00:27:53,889
teams played out in our fury
and drama
599
00:27:53,889 --> 00:27:56,549
based on some George's Chapel at Windsor
600
00:27:56,549 --> 00:28:01,389
the castle was rebuilt for the show with
601
00:28:01,389 --> 00:28:03,909
the nobility bound to him by
chivalric
602
00:28:03,909 --> 00:28:06,970
dreams and the Shires and towns granting
603
00:28:06,970 --> 00:28:09,970
funds
for the war in parliament the
604
00:28:09,970 --> 00:28:13,809
French war could still go on another
605
00:28:13,809 --> 00:28:16,419
decisive
victory of poitiers in 1356
606
00:28:16,419 --> 00:28:18,419
brought France to the point of
607
00:28:18,419 --> 00:28:23,109
disintegration but by now the war
608
00:28:23,109 --> 00:28:25,659
couldn't
be ended the nobility and
609
00:28:25,659 --> 00:28:28,629
troops saw endless vistas of plunder
610
00:28:28,629 --> 00:28:31,389
while the Kings only chance of income
611
00:28:31,389 --> 00:28:33,820
came not from his withered population
612
00:28:33,820 --> 00:28:35,470
but from rich ransoms
613
00:28:35,470 --> 00:28:41,799
this war would last a hundred years by
614
00:28:41,799 --> 00:28:45,190
the time
Edward died in 1377 65 years
615
00:28:45,190 --> 00:28:47,619
old
the townsmen and peasants of England
616
00:28:47,619 --> 00:28:51,399
was sick of
the whole thing the King's
617
00:28:51,399 --> 00:28:53,499
oldest son Edward the Black Prince had
618
00:28:53,499 --> 00:28:55,690
been the flower of chivalry
and hugely
619
00:28:55,690 --> 00:28:57,909
popular but
he died a year before the
620
00:28:57,909 --> 00:29:01,539
king the successor to the throne was the
621
00:29:01,539 --> 00:29:03,279
Black Prince his ten-year-old son
622
00:29:03,279 --> 00:29:07,269
Richard real power though lay with
623
00:29:07,269 --> 00:29:10,180
Richards Uncle John of Gaunt
624
00:29:10,180 --> 00:29:16,549
[Music]
625
00:29:16,730 --> 00:29:20,070
the war had by now turned against
626
00:29:20,070 --> 00:29:22,230
England
the French were ravaging the
627
00:29:22,230 --> 00:29:24,900
English coast
the shrunken working
628
00:29:24,900 --> 00:29:27,570
population
demanded proper wages they
629
00:29:27,570 --> 00:29:29,820
had no interest
in performing feudal
630
00:29:29,820 --> 00:29:32,430
duties on
the land while desperate
631
00:29:32,430 --> 00:29:34,590
landowners needed more than
ever to
632
00:29:34,590 --> 00:29:37,950
enforce them Gaunt's government needed
633
00:29:37,950 --> 00:29:40,590
money and tried to raise it from a poll
634
00:29:40,590 --> 00:29:43,140
tax
not understanding that the
635
00:29:43,140 --> 00:29:46,130
population was
far smaller than before
636
00:29:46,130 --> 00:29:48,720
when they failed
to raise the money they
637
00:29:48,720 --> 00:29:53,570
expected
they tried again and England
638
00:29:53,570 --> 00:29:59,610
erupted lords noble bishops get rid of
639
00:29:59,610 --> 00:30:04,320
them all who needs them when
Adam del de
640
00:30:04,320 --> 00:30:08,180
nieve spam who was then the gentle man
641
00:30:08,180 --> 00:30:11,540
the so-called peasants revolt of 1381
642
00:30:11,540 --> 00:30:13,980
was actually an uprising of the
643
00:30:13,980 --> 00:30:16,140
respectable people of towns and villages
644
00:30:16,140 --> 00:30:19,710
across England it aimed at least for the
645
00:30:19,710 --> 00:30:22,500
rebel
that captain London was an end to
646
00:30:22,500 --> 00:30:24,750
lordship in church and state
647
00:30:24,750 --> 00:30:28,070
just one
Archbishop and a king
648
00:30:28,070 --> 00:30:30,990
specifically not they added a king
649
00:30:30,990 --> 00:30:34,200
called
John they detested John of Gaunt
650
00:30:34,200 --> 00:30:36,769
who went into hiding
651
00:30:36,769 --> 00:30:39,210
the
dramatic moment of course was the
652
00:30:39,210 --> 00:30:40,889
meeting of Richard and the rebels at
653
00:30:40,889 --> 00:30:43,710
Smithfield on the 14th of June
the rebel
654
00:30:43,710 --> 00:30:46,259
leader
what Tyler was talking to the
655
00:30:46,259 --> 00:30:48,600
king when the Mayor of London cut him
656
00:30:48,600 --> 00:30:51,210
down the rebels immediately drew their
657
00:30:51,210 --> 00:30:54,360
bows and
the King now 14 years old rode
658
00:30:54,360 --> 00:30:59,009
forward
to calm them I will be your
659
00:30:59,009 --> 00:31:01,710
captain
come with me into the field and
660
00:31:01,710 --> 00:31:05,610
he shall have
all you ask and they
661
00:31:05,610 --> 00:31:08,460
dispersed as he told
them it was an
662
00:31:08,460 --> 00:31:10,860
astonishing
lesson in the mysterious
663
00:31:10,860 --> 00:31:14,970
power of
kingship the rebel should never
664
00:31:14,970 --> 00:31:16,919
have trusted him of course once the
665
00:31:16,919 --> 00:31:18,750
danger was past the ringleaders were
666
00:31:18,750 --> 00:31:22,259
hunted down
and killed Delaine he are
667
00:31:22,259 --> 00:31:27,509
and
villain he shall remain years later
668
00:31:27,509 --> 00:31:30,049
when Richard would need popular support
669
00:31:30,049 --> 00:31:34,710
he would find he had knife but Richard
670
00:31:34,710 --> 00:31:36,720
had been given a dramatic vision of
671
00:31:36,720 --> 00:31:39,179
himself he seems to have been convinced
672
00:31:39,179 --> 00:31:41,610
at the basis of his power lay in the
673
00:31:41,610 --> 00:31:44,389
special
authority of sovereignty
674
00:31:44,389 --> 00:31:46,889
he was the first English king to have
675
00:31:46,889 --> 00:31:49,950
portraits made instead of
wars
676
00:31:49,950 --> 00:31:52,230
he offered tournaments accompanied by
677
00:31:52,230 --> 00:31:54,480
music
and dancing with the ladies of the
678
00:31:54,480 --> 00:31:57,809
court but Richards choice of companions
679
00:31:57,809 --> 00:31:59,190
were not the
kind of men that most
680
00:31:59,190 --> 00:32:02,519
barons approved of and above all Richard
681
00:32:02,519 --> 00:32:04,889
abandoned the war with France leaving
682
00:32:04,889 --> 00:32:09,450
France in control of Flanders unpleasant
683
00:32:09,450 --> 00:32:12,059
references were made to
edward ii and
684
00:32:12,059 --> 00:32:15,330
look what happened to him
he found
685
00:32:15,330 --> 00:32:17,009
himself up against a group of noblemen
686
00:32:17,009 --> 00:32:18,889
who call themselves
the lords appellant
687
00:32:18,889 --> 00:32:21,779
appealing to have his closest advisors
688
00:32:21,779 --> 00:32:23,480
removed and take over
the government
689
00:32:23,480 --> 00:32:26,370
which is what happened Richard was
690
00:32:26,370 --> 00:32:28,860
effectively dethroned
he was able to
691
00:32:28,860 --> 00:32:32,429
recover power in 1397 as part of his
692
00:32:32,429 --> 00:32:35,070
efforts to secure his throne
he exiled
693
00:32:35,070 --> 00:32:37,049
Henry Bolingbroke John of Gaunt
694
00:32:37,049 --> 00:32:38,130
son
695
00:32:38,130 --> 00:32:40,440
but
Bolingbroke came back with a
696
00:32:40,440 --> 00:32:42,570
vengeance and Richard found that
697
00:32:42,570 --> 00:32:44,760
wherever
he turned for support it simply
698
00:32:44,760 --> 00:32:46,160
wasn't there
699
00:32:46,160 --> 00:32:49,200
Bolingbroke captured him demanded his
700
00:32:49,200 --> 00:32:51,900
voluntary
application and then sat on
701
00:32:51,900 --> 00:32:54,720
his throne Richard
702
00:32:54,720 --> 00:32:56,790
disappeared into
a prison in Pontefract
703
00:32:56,790 --> 00:33:00,180
castle
where he was murdered Richard had
704
00:33:00,180 --> 00:33:02,880
no children
the line of the Black Prince
705
00:33:02,880 --> 00:33:04,020
Edward the
thirds
706
00:33:04,020 --> 00:33:08,610
eldest son had come
to an end the proper
707
00:33:08,610 --> 00:33:11,070
heir to the throne
was an eight-year-old
708
00:33:11,070 --> 00:33:13,680
boy called
Edwin living in Ireland the
709
00:33:13,680 --> 00:33:16,200
great-grandson
of King Edward's second
710
00:33:16,200 --> 00:33:20,640
son Henry's father was the third son
so
711
00:33:20,640 --> 00:33:23,130
Henry
was certainly not heir to the
712
00:33:23,130 --> 00:33:35,160
throne
but he was a big man with a big
713
00:33:35,160 --> 00:33:38,460
red beard
and a big army and he was
714
00:33:38,460 --> 00:33:40,740
sitting
right there in England on the
715
00:33:40,740 --> 00:33:44,010
throne not in Ireland
not eight years
716
00:33:44,010 --> 00:33:46,470
old so Parliament decided that he was
717
00:33:46,470 --> 00:33:48,990
very
definitely fully entitled to be
718
00:33:48,990 --> 00:33:51,920
king of England oh yes
719
00:33:51,920 --> 00:33:54,000
Edmund spent the whole
of Bolingbroke
720
00:33:54,000 --> 00:33:57,840
trained as a well maintained prisoner
721
00:33:57,840 --> 00:34:00,100
Henry was
the first King to speak
722
00:34:00,100 --> 00:34:01,960
English as his native tongue
723
00:34:01,960 --> 00:34:04,300
he was personable brave and a very
724
00:34:04,300 --> 00:34:07,300
capable leader in battle but without
725
00:34:07,300 --> 00:34:10,090
legitimacy
he was clinging to power by
726
00:34:10,090 --> 00:34:12,909
his fingernails anyone who doubted
727
00:34:12,909 --> 00:34:14,739
Bolingbroke
tried to be King of England
728
00:34:14,739 --> 00:34:16,659
could expect to
be heart hanged and then
729
00:34:16,659 --> 00:34:18,550
have their intestines pulled
out before
730
00:34:18,550 --> 00:34:22,239
being
killed his regime became ever more
731
00:34:22,239 --> 00:34:24,699
oppressive as he became more worried
732
00:34:24,699 --> 00:34:26,949
there
was an uprising in the north which
733
00:34:26,949 --> 00:34:29,380
he put
down with real ferocity it was
734
00:34:29,380 --> 00:34:32,170
said that
he personally killed 30 men in
735
00:34:32,170 --> 00:34:35,110
battle and the air hung heavy with the
736
00:34:35,110 --> 00:34:37,449
smoke of burning flesh
as the English
737
00:34:37,449 --> 00:34:40,389
church under this new regime
began
738
00:34:40,389 --> 00:34:44,770
burning
heretics the usurper needed to
739
00:34:44,770 --> 00:34:47,770
rule by fear for the most frightened
740
00:34:47,770 --> 00:34:50,139
person
in England was him or who'd
741
00:34:50,139 --> 00:34:51,969
seized the throne
and killed King
742
00:34:51,969 --> 00:34:55,210
Richard was a frightened
man he made
743
00:34:55,210 --> 00:34:57,150
himself sick with worry
744
00:34:57,150 --> 00:35:00,910
sometimes he sank into a coma people
745
00:35:00,910 --> 00:35:03,670
said
he had leprosy government was taken
746
00:35:03,670 --> 00:35:06,700
over
by his son also called Henry a
747
00:35:06,700 --> 00:35:08,500
young man who'd grown
up fighting on his
748
00:35:08,500 --> 00:35:11,080
father's behalf in fact Parliament
749
00:35:11,080 --> 00:35:12,940
suggested
that the King abdicate in his
750
00:35:12,940 --> 00:35:16,530
son's favor which he refused to do in
751
00:35:16,530 --> 00:35:19,720
1413
the Grim Reaper came with a more
752
00:35:19,720 --> 00:35:20,890
convincing
offer
753
00:35:20,890 --> 00:35:24,700
he was only
45 years old and the 26-year
754
00:35:24,700 --> 00:35:27,550
old henry v was crowned in april in the
755
00:35:27,550 --> 00:35:38,170
snowstorm henry v did all he could to
756
00:35:38,170 --> 00:35:40,060
get the country back onto a stable
757
00:35:40,060 --> 00:35:42,700
footing he gave
richard ii remains of
758
00:35:42,700 --> 00:35:45,100
proper burial and
of course he got back
759
00:35:45,100 --> 00:35:47,380
to
the important business of invading
760
00:35:47,380 --> 00:35:51,490
France France was still in a
state of
761
00:35:51,490 --> 00:35:54,040
disintegration
ruled by Charles the
762
00:35:54,040 --> 00:35:56,020
sixth a man with a severe mental
763
00:35:56,020 --> 00:35:59,170
disturbance
in a fit of derangement he'd
764
00:35:59,170 --> 00:36:02,290
slaughtered his own attendants
now he
765
00:36:02,290 --> 00:36:04,120
believed that he was made of
glass and
766
00:36:04,120 --> 00:36:07,150
about to break he actually had iron rods
767
00:36:07,150 --> 00:36:10,619
stitched into his clothing it was easy
768
00:36:10,619 --> 00:36:12,869
and Henry's overwhelming victory
at
769
00:36:12,869 --> 00:36:16,529
Agincourt in 1415 destroyed much of
770
00:36:16,529 --> 00:36:19,650
france's aristocracy the English king
771
00:36:19,650 --> 00:36:23,309
was now in control of Paris
child very
772
00:36:23,309 --> 00:36:26,309
fragile agreed to acknowledge
Henry as
773
00:36:26,309 --> 00:36:28,049
heir to
the French throne
774
00:36:28,049 --> 00:36:30,869
this meant disinheriting his own son
the
775
00:36:30,869 --> 00:36:31,349
dope man
776
00:36:31,349 --> 00:36:34,049
and
Henry took Charles his sister
777
00:36:34,049 --> 00:36:38,670
Catherine de Valois as his bride what a
778
00:36:38,670 --> 00:36:41,369
great place
to end the story
779
00:36:41,369 --> 00:36:44,339
England's sake Edward the third plan to
780
00:36:44,339 --> 00:36:46,819
take over France
brought to fruition a
781
00:36:46,819 --> 00:36:49,769
genuinely popular King and they all
782
00:36:49,769 --> 00:36:52,609
lived
happily ever after
783
00:36:52,609 --> 00:36:59,269
not in 1422
henry v not yet 35 years old
784
00:36:59,269 --> 00:37:03,150
contracted dysentery and died england
785
00:37:03,150 --> 00:37:05,910
had a new
king henry in Catherine's son
786
00:37:05,910 --> 00:37:09,059
Henry the sixth
six weeks later the King
787
00:37:09,059 --> 00:37:11,759
of France
also died and Henry the sixth
788
00:37:11,759 --> 00:37:16,229
became King of France just one problem
789
00:37:16,229 --> 00:37:19,680
his Majesty King Henry the sixth was
790
00:37:19,680 --> 00:37:22,499
only
ten months of the Duke of Bedford
791
00:37:22,499 --> 00:37:24,299
was appointed
regent of France of the
792
00:37:24,299 --> 00:37:26,039
Duke
of Gloucester regent of England and
793
00:37:26,039 --> 00:37:29,190
the
babies kingdoms especially France
794
00:37:29,190 --> 00:37:31,810
were in
serious trouble
795
00:37:31,810 --> 00:37:35,679
[Music]
796
00:37:38,020 --> 00:37:41,119
the
dopher wanted his kingdom back and
797
00:37:41,119 --> 00:37:43,790
everything the
English had done ravaging
798
00:37:43,790 --> 00:37:45,950
the countryside destroying all authority
799
00:37:45,950 --> 00:37:47,839
and stability
it could have been
800
00:37:47,839 --> 00:37:50,000
calculated
to create a passion of
801
00:37:50,000 --> 00:37:53,420
nationalism
it was entirely natural for
802
00:37:53,420 --> 00:37:55,609
people to believe that Joan of Arc was
803
00:37:55,609 --> 00:37:58,190
on
a divine mission to drive the English
804
00:37:58,190 --> 00:38:00,290
out of France and give it its rightful
805
00:38:00,290 --> 00:38:04,220
king under
her inspirational leadership
806
00:38:04,220 --> 00:38:06,890
the defense forces took over a Leon and
807
00:38:06,890 --> 00:38:09,530
Reims
and he was crowned King of France
808
00:38:09,530 --> 00:38:15,260
in Reims in 1429 little Henry had still
809
00:38:15,260 --> 00:38:17,230
not been
crowned king of anything
810
00:38:17,230 --> 00:38:19,220
something obviously had to be done about
811
00:38:19,220 --> 00:38:21,980
that so later the same year now seven
812
00:38:21,980 --> 00:38:23,990
years old he had a coronation in
813
00:38:23,990 --> 00:38:24,980
Westminster Abbey
814
00:38:24,980 --> 00:38:27,319
the idea was then to get him to Reims
815
00:38:27,319 --> 00:38:29,030
where kings of France are supposed to be
816
00:38:29,030 --> 00:38:31,670
crowned but that just
wasn't safe so he
817
00:38:31,670 --> 00:38:33,500
ended up being crowned
King of France in
818
00:38:33,500 --> 00:38:35,450
Paris
it was all a mess
819
00:38:35,450 --> 00:38:37,579
in fact English
forces were now fighting
820
00:38:37,579 --> 00:38:40,130
a losing battle the new factor in the
821
00:38:40,130 --> 00:38:41,420
equation was gunpowder
822
00:38:41,420 --> 00:38:44,059
cannon and
hand guns change the whole
823
00:38:44,059 --> 00:38:48,049
nature of warfare and Henry did not grow
824
00:38:48,049 --> 00:38:50,960
up to be a warrior a quiet studious
825
00:38:50,960 --> 00:38:53,299
young man
he never felt it was his job
826
00:38:53,299 --> 00:38:56,559
to lead the English forces in battle
827
00:38:56,559 --> 00:38:59,299
they were finally destroyed at
Castilla
828
00:38:59,299 --> 00:39:05,530
in 1453
the Hundred Years War was over
829
00:39:05,530 --> 00:39:08,780
England
was left with no possessions in
830
00:39:08,780 --> 00:39:12,319
France except Calais but Henry's
831
00:39:12,319 --> 00:39:15,920
problems
had barely begun the taxes
832
00:39:15,920 --> 00:39:18,170
needed to fight
the war and corruption
833
00:39:18,170 --> 00:39:20,359
among royal officials meant the country
834
00:39:20,359 --> 00:39:22,790
was disheartened and
angry and the
835
00:39:22,790 --> 00:39:25,130
issues
of legitimacy that had lain
836
00:39:25,130 --> 00:39:27,380
pretty dormant
in England since Henry
837
00:39:27,380 --> 00:39:29,839
Bolingbroke usurped the throne were now
838
00:39:29,839 --> 00:39:33,799
coming out
of the woodwork richard ii
839
00:39:33,799 --> 00:39:36,290
had been the last
legitimate King of
840
00:39:36,290 --> 00:39:39,680
England if there was such a thing he'd
841
00:39:39,680 --> 00:39:41,540
been succeeded
by his murderer and
842
00:39:41,540 --> 00:39:44,150
rivalling Brook the father of Henry v
843
00:39:44,150 --> 00:39:44,910
the grand
844
00:39:44,910 --> 00:39:47,160
father of
Henry the sixth they were all
845
00:39:47,160 --> 00:39:49,140
descended from John of Gaunt Duke of
846
00:39:49,140 --> 00:39:51,690
Lancaster
but that wasn't the legitimate
847
00:39:51,690 --> 00:39:54,060
line of
descent John of Gaunt and an
848
00:39:54,060 --> 00:39:56,070
elder
brother whose descendants were
849
00:39:56,070 --> 00:39:58,620
still alive
the rightful king of England
850
00:39:58,620 --> 00:40:00,690
had not been Henry the fourth but Edmund
851
00:40:00,690 --> 00:40:03,330
the Earl of March and now that Edmund
852
00:40:03,330 --> 00:40:06,420
was dead it was his nephew
Richard Duke
853
00:40:06,420 --> 00:40:09,540
of York
Edmund had carefully and
854
00:40:09,540 --> 00:40:11,970
probably wisely never made a point of
855
00:40:11,970 --> 00:40:14,700
making his claim Henry the
fourth and
856
00:40:14,700 --> 00:40:17,250
Henry the fifth
had been seriously
857
00:40:17,250 --> 00:40:20,430
powerful
men but Henry the sixth wasn't
858
00:40:20,430 --> 00:40:23,070
in the same league
his interest was not
859
00:40:23,070 --> 00:40:25,380
in war
but in learning he founded Eton
860
00:40:25,380 --> 00:40:27,660
and King's College Cambridge and he was
861
00:40:27,660 --> 00:40:30,090
a gentle pious man
there were many who
862
00:40:30,090 --> 00:40:31,620
believed that
he was more a saint than a
863
00:40:31,620 --> 00:40:35,160
king Richard Duke of York now 40 years
864
00:40:35,160 --> 00:40:37,470
old
decided that it was time for the
865
00:40:37,470 --> 00:40:42,030
crown to fall
into his hands his claim
866
00:40:42,030 --> 00:40:43,830
was supported by most of the Barons of
867
00:40:43,830 --> 00:40:46,350
southern England
the northern barons
868
00:40:46,350 --> 00:40:49,170
felt all this was codswallop
they had
869
00:40:49,170 --> 00:40:51,420
the right
to choose their King not be
870
00:40:51,420 --> 00:40:54,330
passed like slaves to whoever inherited
871
00:40:54,330 --> 00:40:57,270
them and then quite suddenly in the
872
00:40:57,270 --> 00:41:02,430
summer of 1453
the King went mad he'd
873
00:41:02,430 --> 00:41:04,500
probably inherited the strain of madness
874
00:41:04,500 --> 00:41:06,570
in his
mother's family the illness that
875
00:41:06,570 --> 00:41:09,000
had
racked Charles the sixth the true
876
00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:11,550
legacy of a
gene core was not the crown
877
00:41:11,550 --> 00:41:14,940
of
France but a recurring disease that
878
00:41:14,940 --> 00:41:16,350
would
afflict members of the English
879
00:41:16,350 --> 00:41:19,440
royal family for centuries he lost his
880
00:41:19,440 --> 00:41:21,930
memory
he lost control of his body he
881
00:41:21,930 --> 00:41:24,390
lost
the ability to speak coherently or
882
00:41:24,390 --> 00:41:26,940
understand what
was said to him his wife
883
00:41:26,940 --> 00:41:30,240
gave
birth to their only son but he knew
884
00:41:30,240 --> 00:41:32,660
nothing about it with the King
885
00:41:32,660 --> 00:41:34,740
capacitative government needed to be
886
00:41:34,740 --> 00:41:36,690
handed to
a regent and the man with the
887
00:41:36,690 --> 00:41:38,580
backing in the south to take over the
888
00:41:38,580 --> 00:41:41,850
reins was Richard Duke of York the
889
00:41:41,850 --> 00:41:44,490
inevitable
and disastrous outcome was
890
00:41:44,490 --> 00:41:47,820
civil war
Lancaster against York their
891
00:41:47,820 --> 00:41:49,740
badges
the red rose of Lancaster and the
892
00:41:49,740 --> 00:41:51,990
White Rose of
York gave history the Wars
893
00:41:51,990 --> 00:41:53,220
of the Roses
894
00:41:53,220 --> 00:41:55,109
to begin
with it was a war for control
895
00:41:55,109 --> 00:41:58,530
not of the crown
but of the King Richard
896
00:41:58,530 --> 00:42:00,420
didn't want to be proud while
Henry was
897
00:42:00,420 --> 00:42:02,970
still alive nor did he want to kill him
898
00:42:02,970 --> 00:42:04,470
but he did want to control the
899
00:42:04,470 --> 00:42:06,450
government and be recognized as Henry's
900
00:42:06,450 --> 00:42:09,180
successor
the King made a partial
901
00:42:09,180 --> 00:42:11,640
recovery
but was quite incapable of
902
00:42:11,640 --> 00:42:14,070
taking charge of his own defense his
903
00:42:14,070 --> 00:42:16,470
queen made an impressive effort to do it
904
00:42:16,470 --> 00:42:19,440
for him Margaret commanded in the Battle
905
00:42:19,440 --> 00:42:22,380
of Wakefield in 1460
when Richard of
906
00:42:22,380 --> 00:42:28,470
York was killed Richard's son Edward of
907
00:42:28,470 --> 00:42:30,690
York had none of his father's qualms
908
00:42:30,690 --> 00:42:34,140
about taking
the crown in March 14 61
909
00:42:34,140 --> 00:42:36,030
Edward without any parliamentary
910
00:42:36,030 --> 00:42:39,420
approval had himself crowned Edward the
911
00:42:39,420 --> 00:42:41,100
4th
912
00:42:41,100 --> 00:42:44,210
[Music]
913
00:42:51,350 --> 00:42:52,930
[Music]
914
00:42:52,930 --> 00:42:57,289
Henry was still
alive a husk and became
915
00:42:57,289 --> 00:43:00,079
a refugee with his queen the deposed
916
00:43:00,079 --> 00:43:03,529
royal family hid in Scotland then Henry
917
00:43:03,529 --> 00:43:06,079
was captured and became a prisoner in
918
00:43:06,079 --> 00:43:11,599
London in 1470
an extraordinary upheaval
919
00:43:11,599 --> 00:43:13,700
backed by the
King of France drove
920
00:43:13,700 --> 00:43:16,489
Edward the
fourth from London and Henry
921
00:43:16,489 --> 00:43:18,319
was rescued from prison and restored
to
922
00:43:18,319 --> 00:43:22,099
his throne
it said that while Edward
923
00:43:22,099 --> 00:43:24,880
plotted
his return from exile in Holland
924
00:43:24,880 --> 00:43:28,069
Henry had a curious interview with one
925
00:43:28,069 --> 00:43:30,380
of his distant relatives a boy of
926
00:43:30,380 --> 00:43:35,180
fourteen Henry Tudor after the death of
927
00:43:35,180 --> 00:43:37,249
his
father Henry the sex mother
928
00:43:37,249 --> 00:43:39,829
Catherine de Valois had an affair with
929
00:43:39,829 --> 00:43:42,799
one of her servants a Welshman Owen at
930
00:43:42,799 --> 00:43:43,369
mellendorf
931
00:43:43,369 --> 00:43:46,549
up to
dog it was probably King Henry who
932
00:43:46,549 --> 00:43:47,930
arranged the marriage of
their son
933
00:43:47,930 --> 00:43:50,749
Edmund Tudor
to Margaret Beaufort's a
934
00:43:50,749 --> 00:43:53,200
great grandchild
of John of Gaunt
935
00:43:53,200 --> 00:43:56,390
Margaret became pregnant immediately but
936
00:43:56,390 --> 00:43:58,819
the Beaufort family
were disbarred by
937
00:43:58,819 --> 00:44:01,309
ancient
royal charters from ever
938
00:44:01,309 --> 00:44:05,390
succeeding to the throne
so why did she
939
00:44:05,390 --> 00:44:09,289
call her baby
Henry no Beaufort had ever
940
00:44:09,289 --> 00:44:12,529
been
called Henry no Tudor had ever been
941
00:44:12,529 --> 00:44:15,829
called Henry
it was a king's name it
942
00:44:15,829 --> 00:44:18,289
suggests
that Owen had great plans for
943
00:44:18,289 --> 00:44:20,690
the boy and that was obviously what
944
00:44:20,690 --> 00:44:23,119
Edward of York thought
as soon as he had
945
00:44:23,119 --> 00:44:26,749
Owen Tudor in his power
in 1461 he had
946
00:44:26,749 --> 00:44:28,910
his head chopped off his head
was
947
00:44:28,910 --> 00:44:31,309
displayed lit
up with a hundred candles
948
00:44:31,309 --> 00:44:35,299
and riku der h4 had been taken prisoner
949
00:44:35,299 --> 00:44:38,289
but now young Judah
was free and
950
00:44:38,289 --> 00:44:40,549
according
to latest stories was looked
951
00:44:40,549 --> 00:44:42,349
on as an important figure in the line of
952
00:44:42,349 --> 00:44:44,900
succession
according to Shakespeare
953
00:44:44,900 --> 00:44:46,880
Henry the sixth looked at the boy and
954
00:44:46,880 --> 00:44:50,660
said hello surely this is he to whom
955
00:44:50,660 --> 00:44:53,329
both we and our adversaries
shall
956
00:44:53,329 --> 00:44:56,230
hereafter give plates
957
00:44:56,230 --> 00:44:58,730
the following
year Edward the fourth
958
00:44:58,730 --> 00:45:01,520
made his
counter-strike King Henry's son
959
00:45:01,520 --> 00:45:03,170
was killed at
the Battle of Tewkesbury
960
00:45:03,170 --> 00:45:06,310
and Henry the six himself was captured a
961
00:45:06,310 --> 00:45:09,800
few days later
he was murdered in the
962
00:45:09,800 --> 00:45:12,589
Tower of London
the Wars of the Roses
963
00:45:12,589 --> 00:45:15,020
were over the competition
between
964
00:45:15,020 --> 00:45:16,670
England's barons
for control of the
965
00:45:16,670 --> 00:45:19,940
kingdom had ground to a bloody end with
966
00:45:19,940 --> 00:45:22,010
most
of the great families of mobile
967
00:45:22,010 --> 00:45:26,780
having been slaughtered Henry Tudor was
968
00:45:26,780 --> 00:45:29,270
now head of the House of Lancaster
969
00:45:29,270 --> 00:45:32,390
he had no claim
to the throne of course
970
00:45:32,390 --> 00:45:35,119
coming from the debarred Beaufort family
971
00:45:35,119 --> 00:45:37,640
so Edward should not have regarded him
972
00:45:37,640 --> 00:45:42,619
as
a threat in theory just to be on the
973
00:45:42,619 --> 00:45:46,160
safe side
he fled to Brittany but Henry
974
00:45:46,160 --> 00:45:48,710
Tudor would be back
and he would make
975
00:45:48,710 --> 00:45:50,869
sure he controlled how the story was
976
00:45:50,869 --> 00:45:54,260
written in
the next program we'll see
977
00:45:54,260 --> 00:45:56,359
how Henry
Tudor shaped our knowledge of
978
00:45:56,359 --> 00:45:58,849
what followed creating the story
of the
979
00:45:58,849 --> 00:46:02,240
most evil king in history and setting
980
00:46:02,240 --> 00:46:06,609
the stage
for the most heroic
981
00:46:08,580 --> 00:46:11,520
how much do you
know about Henry v sky
982
00:46:11,520 --> 00:46:13,890
digital
views press read and take our
983
00:46:13,890 --> 00:46:16,560
test the
turbulent reigns of the Tudors
984
00:46:16,560 --> 00:46:18,270
tonight at
10:00 coming up next
985
00:46:18,270 --> 00:46:20,280
protecting
u.s. bombers from German
986
00:46:20,280 --> 00:00:00,000
attacks
at p-51 Mustang decisive weapon
109797