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Over 66 million years ago...
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SCREECHING
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..our world was ruled...
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SNARLS
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ROARS
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..by dinosaurs.
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GROWLS
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BELLOWING
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The largest animals that have
ever walked the Earth.
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SCREECHES
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Today, dinosaur experts
across the globe
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are uncovering the bones
they left behind...
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..allowing us to imagine how
these extraordinary creatures
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00:01:05,280 --> 00:01:07,280
may have lived...
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..so that we can tell
their stories...
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..and they...
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..can walk again.
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ROARS
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Deep in the ancient forests
of Alberta, Canada...
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LOW CONVERSATION
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..a team of dinosaur hunters
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has come to unearth
an astonishing find.
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We've got at least three bones
sticking out here.
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Discovered on the edge
of a creek...
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..are the bones
of a pachyrhinosaurus...
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..a unique horned dinosaur.
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Lying here is a toddler...
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It's such a tiny little bone.
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..they call Albie.
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Don't think I've seen one
that small before.
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And he's not alone.
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He's part of one of the largest
dinosaur herds ever found...
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..numbering in the thousands.
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We have big adults,
we have little babies,
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we have every age in between.
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This was a huge herd
of animals.
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Why so many are buried here
is a mystery.
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But by studying the bones,
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we can begin to tell
their extraordinary story.
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73 million years ago.
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What will one day be
north-western Canada
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is part of a landmass
called Laramidia.
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Mountain ranges extend
for thousands of miles...
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WIND WHISTLES
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..towering over a wilderness
of dense forested valleys.
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BIRDSONG
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BELLOWING
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This vast terrain is roamed
by gigantic groups
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of plant-eating dinosaurs...
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..that, like today's caribou or elk,
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migrate each season.
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And by far the largest
of these prehistoric herds...
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..are the pachyrhinosaurus.
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A close relative of triceratops,
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these social dinosaurs have
spent the winter in the south.
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But with the land
now almost completely bare...
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..staying here
would mean starvation.
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So the herd is setting out on
an epic 400-mile trek north...
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..where, by summer,
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the vegetation
should be abundant.
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SNORTING AND GRUNTING
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It will be a gruelling journey...
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..especially if
you're one of the youngest...
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..like Albie.
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At less than a year old,
he's only half a metre tall...
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..which makes keeping up...
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..a bit of a challenge.
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HE YOWLS
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Even so, he must stay close
to his mother...
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HE YOWLS
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..because the herd aren't
the only ones that are hungry.
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SQUAWKING
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Following in their wake,
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00:06:51,000 --> 00:06:53,680
an azhdarchid pterosaur.
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With a six-metre wingspan
and estimated speed of 60mph...
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..a young pachyrhinosaurus
makes for an easy target.
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HE CALLS
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BELLOWS
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A close call.
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00:07:50,680 --> 00:07:54,000
But it's only the start of the
challenges they will face...
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00:08:02,480 --> 00:08:05,360
..as the search for food
takes them across
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the prehistoric wilderness.
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LOW CONVERSATION
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73 million years later...
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..the work to understand
this enormous herd
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is well under way.
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There's a pretty large
cluster of bones there.
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Seem to belong,
potentially, to a large animal.
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00:08:41,280 --> 00:08:42,800
It's a painstaking process...
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00:08:45,240 --> 00:08:47,640
..led by Dr Emily Bamforth...
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..who is piecing together
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the journey that brought
the herd here.
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And in one corner
of the site...
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Is that a little vertebra?
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..something has caught
her eye.
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00:09:07,800 --> 00:09:10,240
Oh, man, that is so little!
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Right in this corner.
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Baby bone,
baby bone, baby bone.
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Emerging from the rock
are not just Albie's bones,
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00:09:22,840 --> 00:09:25,240
but those of other youngsters.
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00:09:30,040 --> 00:09:32,240
And comparing their size...
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Juvenile vertebra is 7cm.
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That's another really young
animal.
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..reveals something
significant.
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- All of the juveniles here, these
are all about a year old.
- Wow.
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They're all the same age...
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..born around the same time.
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They have to have been born
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on the previous summer's
migration.
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That, to me, is interesting.
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00:10:01,920 --> 00:10:04,920
Emily's findings suggest
the herd was making
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00:10:04,920 --> 00:10:09,120
its yearly journey
for more than just food.
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00:10:19,120 --> 00:10:23,160
They were returning
to their summer nesting ground.
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00:10:30,640 --> 00:10:33,320
And joining them are thousands
more...
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..as every pachyrhinosaurus
on the continent...
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..heads north...
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..merging into one
of the greatest spectacles
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of the prehistoric world.
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00:11:03,800 --> 00:11:05,520
BELLOWS
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00:11:10,320 --> 00:11:12,680
But with such a colossal gathering...
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..tension is in the air.
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00:11:22,720 --> 00:11:24,760
Breeding season is upon them...
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..so bulls in the herd must compete
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00:11:28,920 --> 00:11:30,640
for their right to mate.
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00:11:31,680 --> 00:11:34,560
BELLOWS LOUDLY
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00:11:34,560 --> 00:11:36,600
From old veterans...
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..to their younger rivals.
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00:11:51,200 --> 00:11:52,720
And there's only one way...
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..to prove their worth.
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00:12:12,160 --> 00:12:14,360
In a contest as brutal as this...
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00:12:14,360 --> 00:12:16,080
ALBIE SQUEAKS
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00:12:16,080 --> 00:12:18,680
..Albie's mother
must keep a watchful eye...
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00:12:22,680 --> 00:12:26,280
..making sure he isn't
trampled, or even killed.
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00:12:41,640 --> 00:12:44,160
But as one of the youngest,
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curiosity gets the better of him.
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00:12:50,080 --> 00:12:51,880
ALBIE SQUEAKS
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00:13:00,920 --> 00:13:03,080
Using their thick armoured noses...
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00:13:08,320 --> 00:13:12,400
..each male seeks to deliver
a bone-shattering blow.
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00:13:19,120 --> 00:13:21,080
And the ultimate target...
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00:13:23,200 --> 00:13:26,280
..is behind the other's horned
armour.
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00:13:31,160 --> 00:13:32,680
The young rival...
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BELLOWS
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..gains the upper hand.
144
00:13:39,640 --> 00:13:42,000
GRUNTS
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00:13:46,880 --> 00:13:48,160
That is weird.
146
00:13:50,280 --> 00:13:53,800
At the dig site, uncovering
what appears to be
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the rib of a huge bull...
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00:13:57,120 --> 00:13:59,360
Seems like the rib
trends this way
149
00:13:59,360 --> 00:14:03,200
but then starts back up
that way.
150
00:14:03,200 --> 00:14:06,800
..Emily and her teammate
Max Scott
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00:14:06,800 --> 00:14:10,040
are finding evidence of a punishing
injury.
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00:14:13,480 --> 00:14:17,000
This part of the rib and that
part of the rib are slightly offset,
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so it looks as if this rib
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has actually been broken
in the middle.
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00:14:21,720 --> 00:14:25,560
Gosh. It seems like it was
almost shoved off to one side.
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00:14:26,680 --> 00:14:29,920
The rib is twice as thick
as a bear's.
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00:14:31,440 --> 00:14:32,760
The fact it snapped
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means this bull suffered
a potentially-fatal blow.
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00:14:38,400 --> 00:14:40,880
It would have to be
a considerable impact,
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00:14:40,880 --> 00:14:43,800
so either the opponent
striking it really hard,
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or when it fell sideways.
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Whatever happened,
it would have been very painful.
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Like, with an impact this size,
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00:14:49,880 --> 00:14:51,480
the rib could puncture
the lung.
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00:14:58,760 --> 00:15:02,800
But examining the fossil
reveals something curious.
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It's really bulgy there.
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00:15:04,680 --> 00:15:06,800
So I think that's a bone callus.
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Bone calluses form over a break
as part of the healing process.
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The bone has broken
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and has actually shifted sideways
while the animal was alive,
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and this big bony bump
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healed around it and set it.
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Would have been very painful
for the animal,
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but they would have
survived it.
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00:15:26,960 --> 00:15:28,760
It's really quite
an impressive feat.
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Really shows just how tough
he really was.
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The healed injury
is important evidence.
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LABOURED BREATHS
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It suggests the strongest
bulls in the herd...
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..were capable of
taking severe punishment...
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BELLOWING
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..and getting back on their feet.
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00:16:11,520 --> 00:16:13,720
BELLOWS
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00:16:28,280 --> 00:16:30,440
An ability they'd need...
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00:16:32,000 --> 00:16:33,840
..to come out on top.
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00:16:34,960 --> 00:16:37,280
BELLOWS
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00:16:42,200 --> 00:16:44,080
GRUNTS
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00:16:46,000 --> 00:16:48,520
With a winner firmly established...
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00:16:53,120 --> 00:16:57,520
..the monumental herd continues its
journey to the fertile north.
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00:17:07,600 --> 00:17:09,840
ALBIE SQUEAKS
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00:17:11,640 --> 00:17:13,920
But though the fighting may have
subsided...
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00:17:15,720 --> 00:17:20,120
..for Albie, the danger
is only just beginning.
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HE WHINES
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00:17:31,560 --> 00:17:33,320
In the chaos,
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he has become separated
from his mother...
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..and lost in the crowd.
197
00:17:47,320 --> 00:17:49,640
In a herd of this magnitude...
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00:17:51,600 --> 00:17:54,120
..finding her won't be easy.
199
00:18:12,840 --> 00:18:14,360
Look at this.
200
00:18:14,360 --> 00:18:15,800
But at the dig site,
201
00:18:15,800 --> 00:18:20,640
evidence is emerging that suggests
every one of this enormous herd
202
00:18:20,640 --> 00:18:22,480
may have looked unique.
203
00:18:24,520 --> 00:18:26,800
It looks like it's relatively
complete
204
00:18:26,800 --> 00:18:28,720
and this is a big one.
205
00:18:28,720 --> 00:18:32,600
Buried in the rock
is an incredibly rare find -
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00:18:32,600 --> 00:18:35,680
an adult's bony headdress...
207
00:18:36,840 --> 00:18:38,400
..known as the frill.
208
00:18:40,560 --> 00:18:43,400
This might be the front
and that's the back.
209
00:18:43,400 --> 00:18:45,360
Yeah, that's what I was thinking
too.
210
00:18:45,360 --> 00:18:47,440
So, like, the nose is over here
somewhere,
211
00:18:47,440 --> 00:18:49,640
and, like,
the body is back there.
212
00:18:49,640 --> 00:18:51,520
I don't think
I've ever seen any
213
00:18:51,520 --> 00:18:53,840
where one
of the middle horns
214
00:18:53,840 --> 00:18:56,600
is going the opposite direction
of the other.
215
00:18:58,520 --> 00:19:01,280
Given this frill's highly unusual
shape,
216
00:19:01,280 --> 00:19:05,760
Emily is keen to compare it
with others found in the creek.
217
00:19:09,480 --> 00:19:10,800
So, on this individual,
218
00:19:10,800 --> 00:19:14,200
the horns that stick out
the side of the frill,
219
00:19:14,200 --> 00:19:15,960
they're straight,
220
00:19:15,960 --> 00:19:17,600
whereas this one
is interesting.
221
00:19:17,600 --> 00:19:19,280
This is an asymmetrical frill,
222
00:19:19,280 --> 00:19:22,120
so this horn is straight
223
00:19:22,120 --> 00:19:25,040
and that one is curled.
224
00:19:28,560 --> 00:19:31,800
Each frill is distinct from the
other.
225
00:19:33,120 --> 00:19:35,320
It is very striking
that these frills,
226
00:19:35,320 --> 00:19:37,960
despite being from
almost exactly the same place
227
00:19:37,960 --> 00:19:40,880
in the bone bed, from
the same community of animals,
228
00:19:40,880 --> 00:19:43,720
like, they're still very
different from one another.
229
00:19:45,960 --> 00:19:49,280
Remarkably, no two frills
found at the site
230
00:19:49,280 --> 00:19:51,280
have ever looked the same...
231
00:19:54,360 --> 00:19:56,880
..leading the team to think their
variation
232
00:19:56,880 --> 00:19:59,320
served a crucial purpose.
233
00:19:59,320 --> 00:20:01,760
Based on the differences
in these frill horns,
234
00:20:01,760 --> 00:20:03,680
it would be very easy for
the individuals
235
00:20:03,680 --> 00:20:04,840
to recognise each other.
236
00:20:04,840 --> 00:20:07,360
Yeah. In a herd environment
like this,
237
00:20:07,360 --> 00:20:09,960
it's very important
to be able to recognise
238
00:20:09,960 --> 00:20:12,560
your friends and your family
easily.
239
00:20:20,280 --> 00:20:25,360
With every member of the herd
displaying their own unique frill...
240
00:20:27,280 --> 00:20:29,440
ALBIE YOWLS
241
00:20:29,440 --> 00:20:32,160
..it could help a youngster
like Albie...
242
00:20:34,040 --> 00:20:37,680
..pick out his mother from the
masses...
243
00:20:43,760 --> 00:20:45,880
..by scanning each and every one...
244
00:20:47,400 --> 00:20:49,680
..for her familiar features.
245
00:20:56,160 --> 00:20:57,880
HE CALLS
246
00:21:00,760 --> 00:21:04,840
But in the sea of pachyrhinosaurus
streaming past...
247
00:21:08,440 --> 00:21:09,760
..she is still...
248
00:21:11,240 --> 00:21:12,840
..nowhere to be seen.
249
00:21:17,440 --> 00:21:19,120
HE YOWLS
250
00:21:35,240 --> 00:21:37,560
Without his mother's protection...
251
00:21:38,920 --> 00:21:42,600
..he has little chance of surviving
the long journey...
252
00:21:43,920 --> 00:21:45,320
..alone.
253
00:21:57,520 --> 00:21:59,360
PLAINTIVE BELLOWS
254
00:22:07,120 --> 00:22:08,480
FOLIAGE SNAPPING
255
00:22:08,480 --> 00:22:09,800
Until...
256
00:22:09,800 --> 00:22:11,640
GENTLE GRUNT
257
00:22:11,640 --> 00:22:13,280
..finally...
258
00:22:14,560 --> 00:22:17,360
..the distinctive outline of a
frill...
259
00:22:19,760 --> 00:22:22,560
..he knows better than any other.
260
00:22:28,760 --> 00:22:32,520
And a mother relieved
to have found her young.
261
00:22:32,520 --> 00:22:34,880
YOWLS AND GRUNTS
262
00:22:36,960 --> 00:22:39,400
BOTH GRUNT SOFTLY
263
00:22:52,040 --> 00:22:53,880
But though reunited...
264
00:22:55,360 --> 00:22:58,160
..there is much danger
still ahead.
265
00:23:14,080 --> 00:23:17,120
30 miles from the main dig site...
266
00:23:24,720 --> 00:23:27,760
..Emily and palaeontologist Jackson
Sweder...
267
00:23:29,120 --> 00:23:31,880
..have travelled to the edge of a
forest.
268
00:23:38,440 --> 00:23:43,280
Here, ancient footprints
follow the herd's route.
269
00:23:44,840 --> 00:23:46,640
- That's a toe.
- Yeah.
270
00:23:46,640 --> 00:23:49,000
And that's a toe. You seen
the third one here?
271
00:23:49,000 --> 00:23:52,520
- See it again, missing that toe?
- Maybe... Yeah, missing.
- Yeah.
272
00:23:52,520 --> 00:23:53,560
Once you get your eye in,
273
00:23:53,560 --> 00:23:56,760
- they're actually all over the place.
- They're everywhere.
274
00:23:58,960 --> 00:24:03,000
And one stands out
from all the others.
275
00:24:03,000 --> 00:24:04,640
Clearly a carnivore.
276
00:24:05,840 --> 00:24:08,400
And you can even see the claws.
277
00:24:08,400 --> 00:24:10,240
That's a point.
278
00:24:11,320 --> 00:24:13,160
Big, big animal as well.
279
00:24:14,600 --> 00:24:18,280
- What, eight metres?
- Yeah.
280
00:24:23,840 --> 00:24:26,960
To confirm the identity of this
large predator...
281
00:24:28,320 --> 00:24:31,920
..Emily and Jackson
use liquid rubber
282
00:24:31,920 --> 00:24:36,680
to make a cast that reveals
how it moved.
283
00:24:39,800 --> 00:24:43,120
The back of the track is shallower
than these toes here.
284
00:24:43,120 --> 00:24:45,000
The toes are super deep.
285
00:24:45,000 --> 00:24:47,120
So it's moving on the front
of its feet,
286
00:24:47,120 --> 00:24:50,040
sort of like the fast animals
today, like cheetahs, would do.
287
00:24:50,040 --> 00:24:52,760
Definitely wider than it is deep,
288
00:24:52,760 --> 00:24:54,520
so it can move side to side
if it has to.
289
00:24:54,520 --> 00:24:58,440
So probably a very agile
animal as well.
290
00:24:59,560 --> 00:25:02,080
This kind of speed and agility
291
00:25:02,080 --> 00:25:04,960
belongs to only one predator
in the region.
292
00:25:07,160 --> 00:25:10,000
A terrifying relative of T-rex
293
00:25:10,000 --> 00:25:12,000
that hunted in packs.
294
00:25:13,720 --> 00:25:14,800
Those pachyrhinosaurus
295
00:25:14,800 --> 00:25:18,200
- definitely would have had to
worry about this animal.
- Yeah.
296
00:25:18,200 --> 00:25:21,360
It's very efficient at moving
long distances.
297
00:25:21,360 --> 00:25:23,080
It could follow them for miles
298
00:25:23,080 --> 00:25:24,760
and just wait for an opportunity.
299
00:25:27,400 --> 00:25:29,480
The gorgosaurus.
300
00:25:29,480 --> 00:25:31,200
QUIET SNARLING
301
00:25:39,240 --> 00:25:41,080
With exceptional hearing...
302
00:25:43,880 --> 00:25:48,240
..and a sense of smell more powerful
than any other dinosaur...
303
00:25:51,400 --> 00:25:54,080
..it's thought they could
track their prey
304
00:25:54,080 --> 00:25:56,960
from up to ten miles away...
305
00:26:05,880 --> 00:26:10,240
..allowing them to ambush
at a moment of their choosing.
306
00:26:26,560 --> 00:26:28,720
Unaware of the approaching threat,
307
00:26:28,720 --> 00:26:31,440
the herd moves deeper into the
forest.
308
00:26:35,520 --> 00:26:38,960
Surrounded by its narrow pathways...
309
00:26:44,640 --> 00:26:48,440
..an attack could come from any
direction.
310
00:26:51,560 --> 00:26:53,720
HE SNUFFLES
311
00:26:53,720 --> 00:26:55,120
BRANCH SNAPS
312
00:27:05,520 --> 00:27:08,760
But there is no sign of the
danger...yet.
313
00:27:17,760 --> 00:27:21,520
SNORING
314
00:27:23,200 --> 00:27:26,040
DISTANT BELLOWING
315
00:27:27,920 --> 00:27:29,640
SNORTS
316
00:27:34,040 --> 00:27:35,760
QUIET THUDDING
317
00:27:38,760 --> 00:27:42,120
DISTANT FOLIAGE SNAPPING
318
00:27:42,120 --> 00:27:43,960
The sound of intruders...
319
00:27:45,840 --> 00:27:48,760
..draws Albie away from the herd.
320
00:27:48,760 --> 00:27:51,160
FOLIAGE SNAPPING
321
00:27:56,240 --> 00:27:59,800
But these aren't the stealthy
footsteps of a gorgosaurus.
322
00:28:02,600 --> 00:28:06,360
Something else is closing in.
323
00:28:19,800 --> 00:28:21,560
Take care with your footing.
324
00:28:24,480 --> 00:28:27,560
Journeying along the herd's
migration route,
325
00:28:27,560 --> 00:28:30,960
Emily and her team have discovered
evidence
326
00:28:30,960 --> 00:28:33,800
of another mysterious dinosaur...
327
00:28:35,320 --> 00:28:39,360
..which has emerged on the edge
of what is now a river.
328
00:28:41,600 --> 00:28:42,880
Oh!
329
00:28:42,880 --> 00:28:45,720
- Yeah, it's a little chilly.
- Oh, yeah, it's cold.
330
00:28:49,200 --> 00:28:52,000
Exposed by receding water,
331
00:28:52,000 --> 00:28:56,440
its fossilised remains are all along
the river bank.
332
00:28:58,400 --> 00:29:00,000
It's huge.
333
00:29:02,160 --> 00:29:04,080
It's just packed with stuff.
334
00:29:04,080 --> 00:29:07,840
It's crazy that it's just kind of
sitting out here on the surface.
335
00:29:07,840 --> 00:29:09,280
Man, that's big.
336
00:29:11,600 --> 00:29:14,320
It definitely seems to be in a layer
here...
337
00:29:14,320 --> 00:29:16,280
Whatever this is.
338
00:29:19,880 --> 00:29:23,600
And it isn't long before the team
hits the jackpot.
339
00:29:24,640 --> 00:29:26,200
Oh, my goodness!
340
00:29:30,280 --> 00:29:32,160
That's a huge bone.
341
00:29:33,920 --> 00:29:38,920
Buried in the rock is part of
its gigantic hind limb.
342
00:29:38,920 --> 00:29:40,720
Do you have a measuring tape?
343
00:29:40,720 --> 00:29:42,720
Yeah, let's just take
a quick measurement.
344
00:29:42,720 --> 00:29:47,520
They can use this to estimate
the animal's full size.
345
00:29:49,000 --> 00:29:50,520
It's really long.
346
00:29:50,520 --> 00:29:51,960
Even if it's only to there,
347
00:29:51,960 --> 00:29:55,520
that's still definitely over a
metre.
348
00:29:55,520 --> 00:29:58,040
Yeah. I would say,
with legs like this,
349
00:29:58,040 --> 00:30:00,080
it's probably about the size
of a school bus,
350
00:30:00,080 --> 00:30:02,520
around nine metres long or so.
That's huge.
351
00:30:03,520 --> 00:30:06,640
There's not much
that gets bigger than this.
352
00:30:06,640 --> 00:30:09,720
Even larger
than a gorgosaurus...
353
00:30:10,920 --> 00:30:15,320
..its nine-metre length means
it could be only one dinosaur.
354
00:30:22,320 --> 00:30:25,720
And the forest is the ideal place
355
00:30:25,720 --> 00:30:28,720
for it to find its next meal.
356
00:30:28,720 --> 00:30:30,480
FOLIAGE SNAPS
357
00:30:32,360 --> 00:30:35,400
SNORTING
358
00:30:40,440 --> 00:30:43,000
MUNCHING
359
00:30:43,000 --> 00:30:45,760
But this isn't a killer.
360
00:30:45,760 --> 00:30:47,320
ALBIE SQUEAKS
361
00:30:50,560 --> 00:30:52,960
It's an Edmontosaurus...
362
00:30:52,960 --> 00:30:55,240
THUDDING STEPS
363
00:30:55,240 --> 00:30:56,560
MUNCHING
364
00:30:56,560 --> 00:31:01,000
..which, along with its herd,
is on the same migration north.
365
00:31:01,000 --> 00:31:02,680
BELLOWS
366
00:31:04,400 --> 00:31:07,520
As plant-eaters,
they pose no threat...
367
00:31:09,280 --> 00:31:11,800
..but these six-tonne giants...
368
00:31:11,800 --> 00:31:13,360
FOLIAGE SNAPS
369
00:31:14,440 --> 00:31:17,280
..make a lot of noise.
370
00:31:14,440 --> 00:31:17,280
FOLIAGE SNAPS
371
00:31:17,280 --> 00:31:20,000
FOLIAGE SNAPPING
372
00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:21,760
DISTANT SQUAWKING
373
00:31:25,280 --> 00:31:28,280
DISTANT ROARING
374
00:31:28,280 --> 00:31:30,440
RUMBLING GRUNTS
375
00:31:31,400 --> 00:31:34,600
..and it's drawing the
pack of hungry gorgosaurus
376
00:31:34,600 --> 00:31:36,840
straight towards them.
377
00:31:41,320 --> 00:31:43,200
GRUNTS
378
00:31:43,200 --> 00:31:44,920
BELLOWS
379
00:31:47,240 --> 00:31:48,880
BELLOWING
380
00:32:07,480 --> 00:32:09,360
SNARLING
381
00:32:11,280 --> 00:32:13,200
IT ROARS
382
00:32:16,480 --> 00:32:18,040
FOLIAGE SNAPPING
383
00:32:23,120 --> 00:32:25,360
MUNCHING
384
00:32:33,120 --> 00:32:36,400
For Albie, it's another
narrow escape.
385
00:32:50,400 --> 00:32:52,800
And as the herd pushes on,
386
00:32:52,800 --> 00:32:55,720
the aurora lighting up
the skies above...
387
00:32:57,040 --> 00:33:01,000
..is a sign their journey north is
almost over.
388
00:33:19,200 --> 00:33:21,200
- Do you have a chisel?
- Yep.
389
00:33:21,200 --> 00:33:23,160
Not far from
the main dig site...
390
00:33:26,400 --> 00:33:28,960
..Emily and Jackson are finding
evidence
391
00:33:28,960 --> 00:33:31,560
of exactly what the herd was looking
for.
392
00:33:33,440 --> 00:33:35,040
- That's huge.
- Yeah.
393
00:33:35,040 --> 00:33:39,440
An abundance of food
just waiting to be discovered.
394
00:33:39,440 --> 00:33:41,760
There's so many different
plants here,
395
00:33:41,760 --> 00:33:43,200
just on this one slab.
396
00:33:43,200 --> 00:33:46,040
Not just big leaves like this.
397
00:33:46,040 --> 00:33:49,080
Also lots of flowering plants
as well.
398
00:33:49,080 --> 00:33:52,600
All these things would be really
great food for pachyrhinosaurus.
399
00:33:53,880 --> 00:33:55,760
The plants in these rocks
400
00:33:55,760 --> 00:33:58,080
would have flourished
in the summer...
401
00:33:59,160 --> 00:34:02,080
..in time for the herd's
nesting season.
402
00:34:03,720 --> 00:34:05,360
Looking at all of these plants,
403
00:34:05,360 --> 00:34:08,760
there's enough food for the adults
and the juveniles.
404
00:34:08,760 --> 00:34:12,560
More than enough to draw the
pachyrhinosaurus up here.
405
00:34:12,560 --> 00:34:13,760
And when the babies hatch,
406
00:34:13,760 --> 00:34:15,760
there's food for the babies
as well.
407
00:34:18,040 --> 00:34:22,720
This place would mark the end
of the herd's long migration.
408
00:34:28,600 --> 00:34:30,280
A haven
409
00:34:30,280 --> 00:34:32,440
where they could settle
410
00:34:32,440 --> 00:34:34,120
and begin to nest.
411
00:34:34,120 --> 00:34:36,400
BIRDSONG
412
00:34:38,640 --> 00:34:40,680
LOWING AND GRUNTING
413
00:35:02,000 --> 00:35:05,160
But while the exhausting 400-mile
walk...
414
00:35:06,320 --> 00:35:07,840
..may finally be over...
415
00:35:12,240 --> 00:35:16,400
..there is one problem they haven't
left behind.
416
00:35:16,400 --> 00:35:18,840
NEARBY SNARLING
417
00:35:22,760 --> 00:35:25,720
The gorgosaurus have stayed close.
418
00:35:31,080 --> 00:35:33,040
BELLOWING
419
00:35:33,040 --> 00:35:37,280
And with the pachyrhinosaurus
backed up against the river...
420
00:35:41,160 --> 00:35:43,480
..it gives these ferocious predators
421
00:35:43,480 --> 00:35:45,600
the perfect opportunity...
422
00:35:46,920 --> 00:35:50,400
..to pick off one of the herd's
more vulnerable members.
423
00:36:02,320 --> 00:36:03,840
SQUEAKING
424
00:36:05,920 --> 00:36:07,560
ALBIE SQUEAKS
425
00:36:07,560 --> 00:36:08,760
SNARLS
426
00:36:08,760 --> 00:36:10,200
ROARS
427
00:36:10,200 --> 00:36:12,040
HE SQUEAKS
428
00:36:12,040 --> 00:36:14,240
But Albie is not alone.
429
00:36:14,240 --> 00:36:16,840
SHE BELLOWS
430
00:36:17,960 --> 00:36:22,000
His mother's instinct is to fight.
431
00:36:33,280 --> 00:36:37,760
But their confrontation is about
to pale into insignificance.
432
00:36:38,760 --> 00:36:41,000
THUNDER CRASHES
433
00:36:43,280 --> 00:36:44,800
Both predator...
434
00:36:46,640 --> 00:36:48,440
..and prey
435
00:36:48,440 --> 00:36:50,880
face a far greater threat.
436
00:37:12,080 --> 00:37:16,200
Investigating what happened
at the end of the herd's journey...
437
00:37:16,200 --> 00:37:19,800
OK, move to the next point.
438
00:37:20,920 --> 00:37:24,080
..and why so many are buried here...
439
00:37:25,280 --> 00:37:28,440
..Emily's team is mapping the bones.
440
00:37:29,520 --> 00:37:32,120
We've obviously got a pretty
large cluster in that corner.
441
00:37:32,120 --> 00:37:35,560
- Those two are so close together...
- They are so, so close together, man.
442
00:37:35,560 --> 00:37:37,440
- It's pretty much, like, right up
against...
- Yeah.
443
00:37:37,440 --> 00:37:39,480
- All right.
- Let's go.
444
00:37:43,760 --> 00:37:48,600
They can then scan to create
a full 3D model of the site.
445
00:37:54,080 --> 00:37:55,520
It's coming through really well.
446
00:37:55,520 --> 00:37:59,160
Yeah. You can see the patterning
on the surface of the bone.
447
00:38:00,200 --> 00:38:05,280
The imaging allows them to see
exactly how the fossils are laid out.
448
00:38:05,280 --> 00:38:08,080
You can see how the bones
are stacked
449
00:38:08,080 --> 00:38:09,800
on top of each other.
450
00:38:11,320 --> 00:38:14,360
Everything here is bone.
451
00:38:14,360 --> 00:38:16,760
There's actually very
little rock in between there.
452
00:38:16,760 --> 00:38:18,600
It's just a solid mass
of bone material.
453
00:38:18,600 --> 00:38:21,040
You can kind of see ribs
of just about every size,
454
00:38:21,040 --> 00:38:22,720
just even in this one pocket here.
455
00:38:22,720 --> 00:38:24,800
And they're clearly
all from different individuals,
456
00:38:24,800 --> 00:38:26,080
cos they're all different sizes.
457
00:38:27,040 --> 00:38:30,880
The bones of young and old
are jumbled together.
458
00:38:35,080 --> 00:38:37,640
And there's even more in the ground
459
00:38:37,640 --> 00:38:39,520
than the team first realised.
460
00:38:40,800 --> 00:38:43,520
You think of the sheer density of
bones
461
00:38:43,520 --> 00:38:46,120
in just this little area
that we've scanned
462
00:38:46,120 --> 00:38:48,200
and then put that together
with the grid mapping
463
00:38:48,200 --> 00:38:49,440
- Perfect.
- Perfect.
464
00:38:49,440 --> 00:38:53,160
..there's something like 100
to 300 bones per square metre.
465
00:38:53,160 --> 00:38:55,400
And then we know the bone bed
goes back into the hill
466
00:38:55,400 --> 00:38:56,840
for another kilometre.
467
00:38:56,840 --> 00:38:58,440
Good for now.
468
00:39:00,040 --> 00:39:02,960
Their findings bring their
estimate of pachyrhinosaurus
469
00:39:02,960 --> 00:39:04,360
preserved at the site...
470
00:39:06,120 --> 00:39:08,600
..into the tens of thousands.
471
00:39:11,240 --> 00:39:14,320
To have died in such large numbers,
472
00:39:14,320 --> 00:39:17,560
they must have faced
a catastrophic event.
473
00:39:19,320 --> 00:39:21,480
SAW BUZZES
474
00:39:29,640 --> 00:39:31,000
Looking for answers...
475
00:39:32,080 --> 00:39:36,640
..Emily and Max cut deep into
the rock that encases the herd.
476
00:39:38,840 --> 00:39:40,920
EMILY STRAINS
477
00:39:40,920 --> 00:39:42,480
Tilt it up.
478
00:39:42,480 --> 00:39:45,760
I just want to take a look
at the cross-section.
479
00:39:45,760 --> 00:39:48,760
It reveals a vital clue.
480
00:39:50,600 --> 00:39:52,920
Look at this piece!
All of that black,
481
00:39:52,920 --> 00:39:55,840
it's plant material
that's been shredded.
482
00:39:55,840 --> 00:39:57,800
Something has picked up the mud
483
00:39:57,800 --> 00:40:01,120
and has, like, twisted it with
enough energy
484
00:40:01,120 --> 00:40:02,480
to move the amount of material
485
00:40:02,480 --> 00:40:04,280
and to shred the plants up like
that.
486
00:40:04,280 --> 00:40:05,840
And that's right in with the bones.
487
00:40:09,000 --> 00:40:11,000
And all these swirls in here?
488
00:40:11,000 --> 00:40:14,080
Something dramatic has happened
that's involved water.
489
00:40:15,480 --> 00:40:17,320
You can see where
it's actually cut down
490
00:40:17,320 --> 00:40:20,680
into the rock underneath it,
like a fossilised wave.
491
00:40:20,680 --> 00:40:23,520
And so this was
a huge energy event.
492
00:40:26,120 --> 00:40:29,800
The evidence all points to one thing.
493
00:40:31,000 --> 00:40:33,320
THUNDER CRASHES
494
00:40:34,800 --> 00:40:37,160
PANICKED BELLOWING
495
00:40:37,160 --> 00:40:40,120
A devastating flash flood...
496
00:40:46,160 --> 00:40:48,240
..triggered by huge storms...
497
00:40:49,680 --> 00:40:51,680
..raging over the mountains.
498
00:41:00,720 --> 00:41:03,200
Water cascades into the valley...
499
00:41:04,840 --> 00:41:07,200
..swelling into an unstoppable
torrent...
500
00:41:09,520 --> 00:41:12,320
..that destroys everything in its
path.
501
00:41:27,880 --> 00:41:31,040
DEEP RUMBLING
502
00:41:31,040 --> 00:41:33,400
GRUNTING AND BELLOWING
503
00:41:43,840 --> 00:41:45,280
HE SQUEAKS
504
00:41:47,400 --> 00:41:49,040
As the floodwaters near...
505
00:41:51,240 --> 00:41:53,600
..the herd begins to panic.
506
00:41:58,520 --> 00:42:00,560
Mother and child...
507
00:42:01,760 --> 00:42:05,160
..waiting by each other's side.
508
00:42:05,160 --> 00:42:06,640
ALBIE YOWLS
509
00:42:16,320 --> 00:42:18,040
HE SQUEAKS
510
00:42:18,040 --> 00:42:20,360
WATER RUSHING
511
00:42:41,720 --> 00:42:45,440
Little could have withstood
a flood on this scale.
512
00:43:02,240 --> 00:43:05,480
And for Albie and much of his herd...
513
00:43:07,400 --> 00:43:09,680
..it marks a tragic end.
514
00:43:30,200 --> 00:43:32,560
But despite the devastation,
515
00:43:32,560 --> 00:43:36,080
this was perhaps not the end for
them all.
516
00:43:50,040 --> 00:43:53,360
Just under 30 miles
north of the main dig site...
517
00:43:53,360 --> 00:43:55,040
Come on, Esther.
518
00:43:56,240 --> 00:43:58,640
..Emily and Jackson
519
00:43:58,640 --> 00:44:02,760
have travelled out into the hills of
Canada's Grande Prairie...
520
00:44:05,040 --> 00:44:08,080
..to investigate an incredible find.
521
00:44:13,040 --> 00:44:16,600
So, there's three sites
that have been identified.
522
00:44:16,600 --> 00:44:19,000
- Right.
- I think that's one of them.
523
00:44:20,080 --> 00:44:22,560
And the other two...
524
00:44:22,560 --> 00:44:24,240
I think there's one over there
525
00:44:24,240 --> 00:44:26,880
and there's one behind us
as well.
526
00:44:32,120 --> 00:44:35,840
Across the area, a series of
fossils has been unearthed...
527
00:44:36,800 --> 00:44:39,840
..that point to an extraordinary
possibility.
528
00:44:42,320 --> 00:44:44,080
Looks like a toe bone.
529
00:44:46,200 --> 00:44:47,840
But absolutely tiny.
530
00:44:47,840 --> 00:44:50,960
That also is from
a very, very small animal.
531
00:44:50,960 --> 00:44:54,000
Like, that, to me, looks like
it's from an animal
532
00:44:54,000 --> 00:44:57,120
that has either just hatched,
like a hatchling,
533
00:44:57,120 --> 00:44:58,880
or is actually still in the egg,
534
00:44:58,880 --> 00:45:00,880
an embryonic dinosaur.
535
00:45:00,880 --> 00:45:03,800
An animal this size
has to have been born here.
536
00:45:04,880 --> 00:45:07,880
The young belong to both
pachyrhinosaurus
537
00:45:07,880 --> 00:45:09,920
and Edmontosaurus.
538
00:45:12,880 --> 00:45:15,960
Dinosaurs that were heading
for the same destination.
539
00:45:17,080 --> 00:45:20,640
To me, it's not a coincidence
that they're both here.
540
00:45:20,640 --> 00:45:25,040
We're only 30 or 40km away
from the site of the flood
541
00:45:25,040 --> 00:45:27,080
so surviving animals could
eventually
542
00:45:27,080 --> 00:45:28,480
have made their way here.
543
00:45:28,480 --> 00:45:30,440
This might have been
the nesting ground
544
00:45:30,440 --> 00:45:33,880
for both of these megaherbivores
after the flood.
545
00:45:37,080 --> 00:45:40,840
Emily and Jackson are continuing
to look for more evidence.
546
00:45:44,560 --> 00:45:47,040
But this remarkable discovery...
547
00:45:47,040 --> 00:45:48,440
SQUAWKING
548
00:45:48,440 --> 00:45:50,080
..means that maybe...
549
00:45:55,200 --> 00:45:57,440
..despite all the odds...
550
00:45:58,920 --> 00:46:01,560
..some of the herd did survive...
551
00:46:06,360 --> 00:46:11,480
..continuing on to find another
place to nest.
552
00:46:42,480 --> 00:46:44,160
Survivors...
553
00:46:44,160 --> 00:46:45,480
BELLOWS
554
00:46:45,480 --> 00:46:48,920
..with a chance
to pave the way...
555
00:46:52,600 --> 00:46:56,480
..for the next generation
to thrive.
556
00:47:09,480 --> 00:47:11,360
So that one day...
557
00:47:16,360 --> 00:47:19,760
..their herd can rise again.
558
00:47:21,560 --> 00:47:24,120
BELLOWS
559
00:47:33,200 --> 00:47:36,520
One of the largest dinosaurs ever to
walk the Earth...
560
00:47:39,080 --> 00:47:40,640
..goes looking...
561
00:47:40,640 --> 00:47:42,040
..for love.
562
00:47:43,440 --> 00:47:44,560
A quest...
563
00:47:45,680 --> 00:47:49,280
..that will become a
life-and-death struggle.
40671
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