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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:27,000 At this spot on the 25th of June, 1759, Britain's James Wolfe gets his first view of the French 2 00:00:27,000 --> 00:00:29,000 fortress of Quebec. 3 00:00:29,000 --> 00:00:31,000 He has 100 days to conquer. 4 00:00:35,000 --> 00:00:38,000 Today, it's Quebec's most famous park. 5 00:00:38,000 --> 00:00:44,000 Then, it was a Hilly Cal pasture owned by Abraham Martin. 6 00:00:45,000 --> 00:00:51,000 On these few Canadian acres, a battle was fought at the side of the fate of two new pirates. 7 00:00:52,000 --> 00:00:56,000 That's at the stage for the American evolution. 8 00:00:56,000 --> 00:01:02,000 The guarantee to be back with the French and the vastness of North America English. 9 00:01:02,000 --> 00:01:03,000 You fire! 10 00:01:03,000 --> 00:01:11,000 I think it resonates because it is a story full of larger-than-life characters, flawed characters, doomed characters. 11 00:01:11,000 --> 00:01:16,000 And there's so much legend woven into the story. 12 00:01:17,000 --> 00:01:24,000 For many Quebecers, this was a conquest that was so dreadful that Wolfe is still reviled as a workman. 13 00:01:38,000 --> 00:01:45,000 On the French side, the generals equally controversial did not come through victory away by insisting on a big army practice. 14 00:01:46,000 --> 00:01:58,000 Instead of the guerrilla warfare so successful for insurgencies, there is still a great mystery. 15 00:01:58,000 --> 00:02:08,000 How did the British move an army down river 14 kilometers and scaled its fifth with 4,500 men, virtually undetected? 16 00:02:09,000 --> 00:02:16,000 The team of scientists and historians will find some revealing answers. 17 00:02:27,000 --> 00:02:33,000 The battle fought here on the Hilly plains of Abraham is a decisive moment in a much larger war. 18 00:02:34,000 --> 00:02:39,000 Some call it the French and Indian War, others the Seven Years' War. 19 00:02:39,000 --> 00:02:43,000 But it's now clear that it is truly the first World War. 20 00:02:43,000 --> 00:02:52,000 Two superpowers, England and France, confront each other across continents and oceans, fighting for supremacy. 21 00:02:52,000 --> 00:02:59,000 Before it ends, the war will have spread from England and the European continent to India, Africa. 22 00:03:00,000 --> 00:03:03,000 The Americas and the Caribbean Sea. 23 00:03:06,000 --> 00:03:09,000 But the most crucial battle will be fought at Quebec. 24 00:03:19,000 --> 00:03:26,000 Our story begins in the French countryside with the retired French colonel whose luck has suddenly taken a turn for the better. 25 00:03:27,000 --> 00:03:37,000 On the 3rd of April 1756, at his country of state at Cansiac, France, Mancant bids his wife and five children goodbye. 26 00:03:38,000 --> 00:03:44,000 He has been a soldier since the age of nine, a regimental captain by 16. 27 00:03:44,000 --> 00:03:52,000 Wounded many times as he rose to the rank of colonel, he is not as sprightly as his earlier years. 28 00:03:53,000 --> 00:04:04,000 Historian and retired General of France Jean-Pierre Pusu says Mancant has chosen first for his bravery, but then it gets complicated. 29 00:04:05,000 --> 00:04:09,000 Mancant made a military and made a decision to defend the world. 30 00:04:09,000 --> 00:04:15,000 The first time I was born was in Canada, and the first time I was born was in Paris. 31 00:04:15,000 --> 00:04:17,000 I was a physician. 32 00:04:17,000 --> 00:04:20,000 I was born in Paris, and I was born in Paris. 33 00:04:20,000 --> 00:04:23,000 I was born in the French countryside. 34 00:04:47,000 --> 00:04:52,000 I was born in Paris, and I was born in Paris. 35 00:04:52,000 --> 00:04:56,000 I was born in Paris, and I was born in Paris. 36 00:04:58,000 --> 00:05:06,000 It is simple. 37 00:05:06,000 --> 00:05:11,000 Threatened at home, France can spare little to defend far away Canada. 38 00:05:11,000 --> 00:05:15,000 Mancant has no idea what he is in for. 39 00:05:18,000 --> 00:05:23,000 In France, I was born in Paris, and I was born in Paris. 40 00:05:23,000 --> 00:05:28,000 I was born in Paris, and I was born in Paris. 41 00:05:28,000 --> 00:05:34,000 I was born in France, and I was born in France. 42 00:05:38,000 --> 00:05:43,000 For 150 years the French were welcomed by the Indian nations. 43 00:05:44,000 --> 00:05:49,000 The French made treaties with them, traded furs, even intermarried with them. 44 00:05:50,000 --> 00:05:53,000 The rivers of North America are their highways. 45 00:05:53,000 --> 00:06:00,000 By 1759 the leadership of an estimated 150,000 Indians is allied with the French. 46 00:06:05,000 --> 00:06:11,000 New France dominates the map with Indian alliances and forts keeping at bay 13 English colonies 47 00:06:11,000 --> 00:06:16,000 with 1 million Americans along the eastern seaboard. 48 00:06:21,000 --> 00:06:27,000 In 1759 new France is dismissed as a few acres of snow by the French. 49 00:06:27,000 --> 00:06:30,000 Canada has become a drag. 50 00:06:30,000 --> 00:06:34,000 The fur trade is maintained to keep the Indians on side, 51 00:06:34,000 --> 00:06:39,000 but it's no longer the immensely profitable venture it once was. 52 00:06:39,000 --> 00:06:44,000 The country is not very false, the country is not very rich, 53 00:06:44,000 --> 00:06:47,000 but the party is not very rich. 54 00:06:47,000 --> 00:06:50,000 It's not very strategic. 55 00:06:53,000 --> 00:06:58,000 In all of New France, which stretches from Quebec to New Orleans, 56 00:06:58,000 --> 00:07:01,000 there are only 55,000 French-speaking citizens. 57 00:07:01,000 --> 00:07:04,000 The people of New France have no input. 58 00:07:04,000 --> 00:07:08,000 Their earth becomes strategic partners in a global war. 59 00:07:09,000 --> 00:07:22,000 The officer chosen by England to drive a sword through the heart of New France 60 00:07:22,000 --> 00:07:28,000 is the 32-year-old James Wolff, soon to be the youngest major general in the British Army. 61 00:07:28,000 --> 00:07:34,000 A renaissance man steeped in history, flew into the French and skilled with tactics. 62 00:07:35,000 --> 00:07:42,000 An officer since the age of 12, in battle after battle, he has proven himself a skillful strategist. 63 00:07:42,000 --> 00:07:47,000 His letter is demonstrated soldier who knows his profession inside her. 64 00:07:48,000 --> 00:07:51,000 But it's a week on that right side. 65 00:07:51,000 --> 00:07:52,000 More practice. 66 00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:53,000 Lots of water. 67 00:07:54,000 --> 00:07:55,000 Stop. 68 00:07:57,000 --> 00:08:00,000 You asked what your brother must study to become a good soldier. 69 00:08:00,000 --> 00:08:03,000 He may begin with the King of Prussia's regulations for horse and foot, 70 00:08:03,000 --> 00:08:09,000 saying a name for all the concerns artillery of the ancient Caesar, the Thucydides, 71 00:08:09,000 --> 00:08:13,000 Xenophon's life of Cyrus and the retreat of the 10,000 Greeks. 72 00:08:13,000 --> 00:08:18,000 Wolff is a very professional officer, and he is making waves. 73 00:08:19,000 --> 00:08:23,000 Artists are busy depicting his leadership of an amphibious landing 74 00:08:23,000 --> 00:08:26,000 which led to the capture of the French fortress at Louis-Bourg, 75 00:08:26,000 --> 00:08:29,000 a gateway to the St. Lawrence and Quebec. 76 00:08:34,000 --> 00:08:39,000 Wolff has cut the eye of Britain's grand imperialist, its parliamentary leader, 77 00:08:39,000 --> 00:08:41,000 William Pitt the Younger. 78 00:08:43,000 --> 00:08:47,000 Pitters ways England to spend a fortune building the best navy in the world, 79 00:08:47,000 --> 00:08:52,000 a navy that can ferry and fight with a new British army. 80 00:08:54,000 --> 00:08:57,000 This is the British Empire's creation moment, 81 00:08:57,000 --> 00:09:01,000 observed historian Colonel Roman Yara Movitz. 82 00:09:02,000 --> 00:09:05,000 The British can pick and choose and become strategic, 83 00:09:05,000 --> 00:09:09,000 like nailing them in India, sending Clive off to do great things 84 00:09:09,000 --> 00:09:12,000 and capturing a subcontinent, hitting them in the West Indies, 85 00:09:12,000 --> 00:09:16,000 all those sugar islands, and of course going after Canada. 86 00:09:16,000 --> 00:09:22,000 So it's a global war, not only in its size, but also its Olympian design. 87 00:09:22,000 --> 00:09:27,000 Its idea is strategically bold. 88 00:09:28,000 --> 00:09:33,000 England and Europe, he says, will be far forward in North America. 89 00:09:38,000 --> 00:09:41,000 Wolff is appointed to take command of the Quebec expedition, 90 00:09:41,000 --> 00:09:44,000 but Wolff is unsure he is up to the job. 91 00:09:45,000 --> 00:09:48,000 Illness is his Achilles heel. 92 00:09:49,000 --> 00:09:53,000 Some historians argue he is suffering from tuberculosis, consumption, 93 00:09:53,000 --> 00:09:55,000 from which there is no cure. 94 00:09:57,000 --> 00:10:04,000 I have this day signified to Mr. Pitt that he made his bows of my slight carcass as he pleases, 95 00:10:05,000 --> 00:10:09,000 and that I am ready for any undertaking within the reach of my skill and cunning. 96 00:10:13,000 --> 00:10:16,000 There are even rumours that Wolff is insane. 97 00:10:16,000 --> 00:10:21,000 What's that great line that the King of England gives when someone tells them 98 00:10:21,000 --> 00:10:24,000 well they are thinking of promoting Wolff, you can't possibly promote this man, 99 00:10:24,000 --> 00:10:27,000 he is mad, and the King says mad, is he? 100 00:10:27,000 --> 00:10:31,000 Well I hope he bites some of my generals, because Wolff performs. 101 00:10:37,000 --> 00:10:43,000 Before departing to assault Quebec, Wolff has conquered the heart of Catherine Lauther. 102 00:10:44,000 --> 00:10:48,000 She is from the nobility, beautiful and fabulously wealthy. 103 00:10:51,000 --> 00:10:56,000 Before he sails, Catherine gives him her portrait and a locket of her hair. 104 00:10:57,000 --> 00:11:00,000 On his safe return, they plan to marry. 105 00:11:03,000 --> 00:11:07,000 Wolff has the greatest reason in the world to stay alive, he is in love. 106 00:11:13,000 --> 00:11:33,000 It is the summer of 1758, a French army is awaiting the approach of an immense English force. 107 00:11:34,000 --> 00:11:40,000 These are called the Lace Wars, where how you looked was as important as how you fought. 108 00:11:41,000 --> 00:11:45,000 While Wolff was gaining fame capturing Fort Louis-Bourdes, 109 00:11:45,000 --> 00:11:54,000 Wolff was here on the banks of Lake Champlain at a Fort English called Taekonderoga, the French Carillon. 110 00:11:56,000 --> 00:12:01,000 Fort Carillon guards Lake Champlain and the western waterway to New France. 111 00:12:02,000 --> 00:12:07,000 If the French army breaks here, the path is open to Montreal and Quebec City. 112 00:12:11,000 --> 00:12:17,000 Montcom constructs an avenue of wood and rush, an 18th century version of barbed wire, 113 00:12:17,000 --> 00:12:20,000 and faces his army behind Mr. Finsport. 114 00:12:22,000 --> 00:12:26,000 The 16,000th front English friend packs his apparel. 115 00:12:28,000 --> 00:12:32,000 Montcom's forces are delivered for the world. 116 00:12:33,000 --> 00:12:44,000 The French fire-wrinkle-dish ranks, instead of the British, are shocked at these hands. 117 00:12:49,000 --> 00:12:55,000 France is General Busoul is an expert on Montcom, and with the French called the Battle of Carillon. 118 00:12:56,000 --> 00:13:01,000 The Battle of Carillon is a result of the growth of Montcom. 119 00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:08,000 The path of the world is a part of the world's world's world's world. 120 00:13:08,000 --> 00:13:11,000 The French army is a member of the Grand Valley. 121 00:13:14,000 --> 00:13:20,000 Letters and journals from the time reveal that pure rego de Vaudroy is not impressed with Montcom. 122 00:13:21,000 --> 00:13:26,000 Bournain Quebec, Vaudroy is the governor, appointed by France the overall commander. 123 00:13:27,000 --> 00:13:30,000 But France has put Montcom in charge of the army. 124 00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:34,000 Both men believe they are in command. 125 00:13:35,000 --> 00:13:36,000 Vaudroy is an army. 126 00:13:37,000 --> 00:13:38,000 It's a big deal. 127 00:13:39,000 --> 00:13:43,000 In the city, the French army is a part of the world's world's world. 128 00:13:43,000 --> 00:13:46,000 We couldn't Sandwell..... 129 00:13:47,000 --> 00:13:56,000 ...those communities and representation that were onlyThere mesh 130 00:13:57,000 --> 00:14:02,000 in Asia toKING into experience of their motivations. 131 00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:07,000 We are very tokenite. 132 00:14:07,000 --> 00:14:10,000 I am not a good person, but I am a good person. 133 00:14:10,000 --> 00:14:13,000 I am a good person, and I am a good person. 134 00:14:13,000 --> 00:14:14,000 I am a good person. 135 00:14:14,000 --> 00:14:16,000 I am a good person, and I am a good person. 136 00:14:16,000 --> 00:14:17,000 I am a good person. 137 00:14:17,000 --> 00:14:19,000 I am a good person. 138 00:14:19,000 --> 00:14:21,000 I am a good person. 139 00:14:21,000 --> 00:14:23,000 I am a good person. 140 00:14:23,000 --> 00:14:24,000 I am a good person. 141 00:14:24,000 --> 00:14:25,000 I am a good person. 142 00:14:25,000 --> 00:14:27,000 I am a good person. 143 00:14:27,000 --> 00:14:29,000 I am a good person. 144 00:14:29,000 --> 00:14:31,000 I am a good person. 145 00:14:31,000 --> 00:14:33,000 I am a good person. 146 00:14:33,000 --> 00:14:34,000 I am a good person. 147 00:14:34,000 --> 00:14:37,000 I am a good person. 148 00:14:37,000 --> 00:14:39,000 I am a good person. 149 00:14:39,000 --> 00:14:42,000 I am a good person. 150 00:14:45,000 --> 00:14:48,000 Guerrilla Warfare is called the Little Brother of War. 151 00:14:54,000 --> 00:14:57,000 The Europeans are appalled that they are Indian allies. 152 00:14:57,000 --> 00:15:00,000 Who sees scalping as a sacred act. 153 00:15:00,000 --> 00:15:02,000 Aah! 154 00:15:02,000 --> 00:15:05,000 Today it is called Asymmetrical Warfare. 155 00:15:05,000 --> 00:15:09,000 Using terror to unnerve a more powerful opponent. 156 00:15:12,000 --> 00:15:20,000 Vodroy was born in Canada who understands the Canadian Francais as well as the units there. 157 00:15:20,000 --> 00:15:25,000 It feels that this is perhaps the best way of conducting a war against a continental army. 158 00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:29,000 You see much the same thing again in Iraq and Afghanistan. 159 00:15:29,000 --> 00:15:31,000 How do you defeat superpowers? 160 00:15:31,000 --> 00:15:35,000 Well, you fight them in ways that they are not prepared to fight. 161 00:15:35,000 --> 00:15:37,000 I am a good person. 162 00:15:37,000 --> 00:15:39,000 I am a good person. 163 00:15:39,000 --> 00:15:40,000 I am a good person. 164 00:15:40,000 --> 00:15:42,000 I am a good person. 165 00:15:42,000 --> 00:15:44,000 I am a good person. 166 00:15:44,000 --> 00:15:45,000 Aah! 167 00:15:49,000 --> 00:15:51,000 Soar the Anglais. 168 00:15:54,000 --> 00:15:58,000 Mo'con does not comprehend what Vodroy knows. 169 00:15:58,000 --> 00:16:05,000 That without the Indians and their terror tactics, the war would have been lost decades earlier. 170 00:16:05,000 --> 00:16:11,000 The financial cutbacks imposed by the French court are making relations shaky. 171 00:16:11,000 --> 00:16:13,000 It's all done. 172 00:16:15,000 --> 00:16:17,000 I am a good person. 173 00:16:17,000 --> 00:16:19,000 I am a very good historian. 174 00:16:19,000 --> 00:16:21,000 I am a good person. 175 00:16:21,000 --> 00:16:23,000 I am a good person. 176 00:16:23,000 --> 00:16:25,000 I am a good politician. 177 00:16:25,000 --> 00:16:27,000 I am a good person. 178 00:16:27,000 --> 00:16:29,000 I am a good person. 179 00:16:29,000 --> 00:16:31,000 I am a good person. 180 00:16:32,000 --> 00:16:36,000 Indian leaders back the French because the French keep their word. 181 00:16:36,000 --> 00:16:43,000 They distrust the British American colonists who want their land and will lie, steal and kill together. 182 00:16:43,000 --> 00:17:00,000 In the spring of 1759, the first ship of the season has spotted coming up the St. Lawrence. 183 00:17:00,000 --> 00:17:04,000 It arrives with Antoine de Bouguerville. 184 00:17:04,000 --> 00:17:11,000 He brings captured documents showing that a giant English armada is on its way to Quebec. 185 00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:14,000 And there will be no help from France. 186 00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:20,000 The objective principle of the French is the favorite of Mo'con. 187 00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:23,000 Historian Denis Vourgeois. 188 00:17:41,000 --> 00:18:01,000 The armies that appear on the Battle of Quebec are basically European armies who have absolutely no interest or affection for Canada. 189 00:18:01,000 --> 00:18:04,000 The French have no love for the French Canadians. 190 00:18:04,000 --> 00:18:06,000 They don't particularly like them. 191 00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:08,000 They often treat them cruelly. 192 00:18:08,000 --> 00:18:10,000 The British couldn't care less. 193 00:18:10,000 --> 00:18:13,000 They are professional armies. They arrive. 194 00:18:13,000 --> 00:18:16,000 They could have been fighting south of Paris or London. 195 00:18:16,000 --> 00:18:18,000 They happen to be fighting outside of Quebec. 196 00:18:18,000 --> 00:18:20,000 Leave the vote. 197 00:18:20,000 --> 00:18:21,000 Leave the vote. 198 00:18:21,000 --> 00:18:27,000 De Bouguerville will one day become a great explorer, rivaling Britain's Captain Cook. 199 00:18:27,000 --> 00:18:30,000 He even has a flower named for him. 200 00:18:30,000 --> 00:18:35,000 He is only 29 and has the reputation of being quite a ladies man. 201 00:18:35,000 --> 00:18:37,000 They come in the game. 202 00:18:37,000 --> 00:18:41,000 Incredibly, it may put him and all of new friends in peril. 203 00:18:43,000 --> 00:18:45,000 We are going to go home. 204 00:18:50,000 --> 00:18:57,000 In early June, the British fleet had dressed St. Lawrence, beginning a 1,000 mile journey upriver to Quebec. 205 00:18:57,000 --> 00:19:07,000 This tall ship leads one of the biggest fleets assembled in British history. 206 00:19:07,000 --> 00:19:22,000 49 warships armed with 1,871 guns, manned by 13,500 soldiers and seamen, as well as 140 merchantmen, carrying the army's supplies. 207 00:19:23,000 --> 00:19:30,000 A board of 2,100 oil marines, equipped with 134 landing craft. 208 00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:38,000 The fleet is so vast, it stretches 100 miles downriver. 209 00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:44,000 In the far distance, Quebec is in sight, but there is a challenge. 210 00:19:47,000 --> 00:19:50,000 Coming upriver, Quebec is intimidating. 211 00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:53,000 The Indian word allegedly is where the river narrows and it does. 212 00:19:53,000 --> 00:20:00,000 Suddenly, the widest urban world becomes a doorway and a very narrow doorway. 213 00:20:01,000 --> 00:20:05,000 Near the French are counting on the river itself, for defence. 214 00:20:05,000 --> 00:20:14,000 They are convinced that the local service in treacherous currents and shoals will destroy the English ships, especially at traverse. 215 00:20:14,000 --> 00:20:19,000 Here the river splits. The upper channel to the north becomes impossible. 216 00:20:19,000 --> 00:20:26,000 The lore is dangerously narrow and below the surface a minefield of hidden reefs. 217 00:20:26,000 --> 00:20:29,000 The French have removed all marker boys. 218 00:20:29,000 --> 00:20:34,000 They did not count on the pamphlet and master James Cook. 219 00:20:35,000 --> 00:20:38,000 One day he will become legendary, mapping the Pacific. 220 00:20:39,000 --> 00:20:43,000 At Quebec, he is part of a team of navigators. 221 00:20:44,000 --> 00:20:52,000 They sail ahead of their motto, sounding the traverse from long boats, carefully mapping every hidden obstacle. 222 00:20:52,000 --> 00:20:55,000 A quarter less than seven! 223 00:20:58,000 --> 00:21:06,000 We're not used to the idea of a map affecting the course of history, but this one of the traverse opened the door to the back. 224 00:21:07,000 --> 00:21:16,000 The naval historian Victor Souther says Cook also found an ingenious solution for the fleet to navigate the narrow channel. 225 00:21:17,000 --> 00:21:23,000 They found the traverse, not much wider than the beam or the width across the largest warship, the 90 gun Neptune. 226 00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:29,000 And what he did was anchor the long boats themselves as buoys with their bows in and the sterns facing out. 227 00:21:30,000 --> 00:21:37,000 And the British warships had to sail through that very narrow line of long boats to soften the view of the L'Orlion. 228 00:21:38,000 --> 00:21:45,000 It must have been a majestic sight, one by one, these huge vessels moving up silently through this narrow channel. 229 00:21:46,000 --> 00:21:53,000 And when they arrived in the basin, there was a moment of astonishment for the French, who didn't expect that kind of naval achievement could occur. 230 00:21:54,000 --> 00:22:04,000 But it also was a moment of revelation for the British, because after ritually voyaging a thousand miles into the interior of the continents, suddenly there was their objective. 231 00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:10,000 There was the citadel sitting ahead of them, seemingly impregnable, glittering in the distance as it were. 232 00:22:11,000 --> 00:22:18,000 So for both sides it was a moment of dread or surprise or revelation, but certainly a moment of high emotion. 233 00:22:19,000 --> 00:22:28,000 And it is certainly a moment of high emotion from Montkomm, who has been assured such an English feat is impossible. 234 00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:34,000 By the best seaman and pilots, he says, seem to be either liars or ignoramuses. 235 00:22:36,000 --> 00:22:45,000 Wolf is not happy either. He was planning to attack the shoreline at Baupour, beside the city, but discovers that the French have it well defended. 236 00:22:49,000 --> 00:23:00,000 Wolf has 100 days to conquer Quebec. After that, the fleet must sail for England to escape being iced inland. 237 00:23:01,000 --> 00:23:09,000 Montkomm has to keep the English at bay off balance, even get lucky and earn their fleet. 238 00:23:11,000 --> 00:23:15,000 For the wooden ships of the time, fire is the greatest peril. 239 00:23:16,000 --> 00:23:23,000 Two nights after the English arrive, the French slathered seven old ships with tar and sent them a fire. 240 00:23:24,000 --> 00:23:27,000 It's unable to story, I think, to suffer. 241 00:23:28,000 --> 00:23:37,000 Fire ships were assembled up near the most of the St. Charles River, and then on the Ebbtide, they were let loose to come down through here. 242 00:23:37,000 --> 00:23:40,000 Nydia was, they would sweep down on the British vessels. 243 00:23:41,000 --> 00:23:51,000 In each case, the French ignited them too soon, and the British sailors were actually, in one case, able to row up with their longboats, put grapples into them, tow them off onto the shore. 244 00:23:52,000 --> 00:24:00,000 And the longboats managed to haul them out just in time, saying things like, damn Jack, do you ever take hell in tow before? 245 00:24:02,000 --> 00:24:08,000 Montkomms are, donically, observes that it is the most expensive firewood he has ever watched. 246 00:24:11,000 --> 00:24:17,000 The French 247 00:24:18,000 --> 00:24:23,000 Ongoing archaeological digs at Quebec City reveal history's small details. 248 00:24:26,000 --> 00:24:31,000 Bombarded and burnt walled from Wolf's siege of the city in 1759. 249 00:24:32,000 --> 00:24:39,000 Montkomms army is entrenched in the north of Quebec. 250 00:24:40,000 --> 00:24:49,000 Wolf lands his army in cannons across the St. Lawrence, and begins in bombardment so fierce, before shadows the Heriot bomb in Germany in the Second World War. 251 00:24:50,000 --> 00:24:56,000 Wolf does what bomber Harris does to Germany Wolf does to Quebec. 252 00:24:57,000 --> 00:24:59,000 Basically, we'll start off with the heavy bombardment. 253 00:25:00,000 --> 00:25:08,000 Batteries of troops leveling the city, what possible military use is it to level Quebec, and to blast these buildings apart. 254 00:25:09,000 --> 00:25:13,000 You're not killing any of Montkomms troops, but you are forcing the people to leave. 255 00:25:13,000 --> 00:25:14,000 You're destroying homes. 256 00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:19,000 The constant shelling of Quebec, the fires, that is demoralizing. 257 00:25:26,000 --> 00:25:33,000 By the time it's over, the cathedral and half the city will be reduced to blackened stone and burnt timbers. 258 00:25:36,000 --> 00:25:38,000 Historian Denis Vojuire 259 00:25:39,000 --> 00:25:42,000 The city of Paris is the first place to be. 260 00:25:43,000 --> 00:25:47,000 It's the first place to be in Paris, and it's the first place to be. 261 00:25:48,000 --> 00:25:51,000 It's the first place to be in the city. 262 00:25:52,000 --> 00:25:57,000 If you summon the place to surrender and it doesn't surrender, then you can bombard it. 263 00:25:58,000 --> 00:26:01,000 And the civilians in Quebec have been evacuated as French sources themselves tell us. 264 00:26:02,000 --> 00:26:07,000 By the time Wolf was really subjecting Quebec to a heavy bombardment, there were very few civilians in it. 265 00:26:08,000 --> 00:26:12,000 So I think if you're going to accuse Wolf of War crimes, we have to get this into proportion, 266 00:26:12,000 --> 00:26:17,000 and to think what a war crime really is, otherwise you're diluting the term. 267 00:26:33,000 --> 00:26:37,000 He did it because he was hoping that by doing this he would force Montkomm to come out, 268 00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:41,000 and do something to stop the ravage as he described it in his letter to Pitt. 269 00:26:42,000 --> 00:26:44,000 So there was actually a reason for what was done. 270 00:26:45,000 --> 00:26:47,000 Now, did Wolf massacre civilians? 271 00:26:47,000 --> 00:26:50,000 Was there some bloody rampage through the St. Lawrence Valley? 272 00:26:50,000 --> 00:26:52,000 No, it wasn't. There's no evidence for that at all. 273 00:26:53,000 --> 00:26:56,000 What there is evidence for is that Wolf specifically mentioned, 274 00:26:56,000 --> 00:27:02,000 repeated in his official army orders, any man who harms a woman or child will face death. 275 00:27:02,000 --> 00:27:11,000 Precipitated by his own officers, Wolf is about to face a leadership crisis. 276 00:27:18,000 --> 00:27:22,000 Mid-summer, Wolf's frustration is mounting. 277 00:27:23,000 --> 00:27:27,000 My antagonist has wisely shut himself up in inaccessible entrenchments, 278 00:27:27,000 --> 00:27:34,000 so that I can't get at him without spilling a torrent of blood, and that perhaps too little purpose. 279 00:27:44,000 --> 00:27:47,000 Montkomm is at the head of a great number of bad soldiers, 280 00:27:47,000 --> 00:27:53,000 and I am at the head of a small number of good ones that wish for nothing so much as to fight him. 281 00:27:57,000 --> 00:28:04,000 The 31st of July, 1759, Wolf looks for a weak point in the Quebec defences. 282 00:28:05,000 --> 00:28:09,000 He launches an attack at Montmorasi Falls, 283 00:28:11,000 --> 00:28:15,000 and able to get his big ships with her cannon close enough to protect the landing, 284 00:28:15,000 --> 00:28:17,000 everything goes wrong. 285 00:28:18,000 --> 00:28:23,000 It has his fears. A torrent of British blood is spilled. 286 00:28:24,000 --> 00:28:27,000 210 killed, 230 wounded. 287 00:28:31,000 --> 00:28:35,000 The stress on the 32-year-old Wolf begins to tell. 288 00:28:36,000 --> 00:28:38,000 I am not willing. 289 00:28:40,000 --> 00:28:46,000 Montkomm is holding her brilliantly. Wolf's health is not. 290 00:28:48,000 --> 00:28:54,000 Preparing to fight a battle that will settle the fate of North America, Wolf is in constant pain. 291 00:28:57,000 --> 00:29:02,000 From his early twenties, Wolf is suffering from what his contemporaries refer to as the gravel, 292 00:29:02,000 --> 00:29:07,000 which is an accumulation of crystals in the bladder, something akin to kidney stones. 293 00:29:09,000 --> 00:29:14,000 We know from Wolf's own journal he has been tormented. His bladder is sadly racked. 294 00:29:15,000 --> 00:29:17,000 He is suffering this terrible pain. 295 00:29:23,000 --> 00:29:25,000 Francois, a table of blood. 296 00:29:25,000 --> 00:29:35,000 We know from a contemporary report which is sent back to one of Wolf's friends in England, 297 00:29:36,000 --> 00:29:43,000 that soon after arriving in Quebec, Wolf was passing bloody water. His urine was tainted with blood. 298 00:29:46,000 --> 00:29:51,000 Some historians argue Wolf is slowly dying of consumption, impurable tuberculosis, 299 00:29:51,000 --> 00:29:57,000 and so was suicidal, seeking a quick end, a glorious battlefield death. 300 00:30:02,000 --> 00:30:08,000 Historian Bromwell says this portrait, done at the time, is not the picture of a dying man. 301 00:30:10,000 --> 00:30:16,000 If you die of consumption, you don't get sent to Quebec in command of a major operation. 302 00:30:17,000 --> 00:30:25,000 So, he wasn't well, but whatever it was that was afflicting him, he'd learn to deal with, he'd learn to contain. 303 00:30:31,000 --> 00:30:35,000 Wolf's trio of second-in-command officers doubts his leadership. 304 00:30:36,000 --> 00:30:39,000 Brigadier's Mundt in Murray and Townsend. 305 00:30:40,000 --> 00:30:47,000 The ambitious, artistic Townsend did these cartoons of the Red-Herd Wolf and circulated them among the officers. 306 00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:56,000 Some reek of Townsend's upper-class view of the middle-class wolf and a certain amount of jealousy. 307 00:30:57,000 --> 00:31:12,000 The 308 00:31:13,000 --> 00:31:18,000 Imagine One of Caesar's legionnaires showing cheap and snotty-dirressive cartoons. 309 00:31:19,000 --> 00:31:25,000 It's unthinkable. And here, one of the great commanders of the British Army in his own officers' mess, 310 00:31:26,000 --> 00:31:32,000 trusted Brigadier's passing around insulting creatures at Pope, fun and ridicule his commanding officer. 311 00:31:33,000 --> 00:31:35,000 They're a difficult group to command and control. 312 00:31:36,000 --> 00:31:40,000 They probably could be brought to heel if Wolf had a plan to produce results. 313 00:31:41,000 --> 00:31:46,000 Wolf does it. His first major operational effort is basically D.E.P. 314 00:31:47,000 --> 00:31:49,000 landing at the Bocorchour and being massacred. 315 00:31:50,000 --> 00:31:59,000 Wolf is concentrating his operations below Quebec because his big ships and their cannons cannot get up the narrows of the St. Lawrence past the city. 316 00:32:00,000 --> 00:32:07,000 The French and their cannons command the Heights and the prevailing wind is blowing west in the wrong direction. 317 00:32:08,000 --> 00:32:21,000 Right now we're passing through the narrows, which are right below the bluffs of Quebec, the highest point of the Iraqi formation, which the fortifications were built. 318 00:32:22,000 --> 00:32:30,000 And this was the most dangerous point. It was here that homes, our rear-endable homes, attempted to move some of the ships upriver into a landing upriver. 319 00:32:31,000 --> 00:32:39,000 Using flood tides, using east winds at night, they managed to get vessels as large as a subtlety, and other smaller frigates upriver, at least as far as Cap Rouge. 320 00:32:43,000 --> 00:32:52,000 Mocom was now defended territory stretching from the Bocorchour on the east, Quebec City and the centre, and Cap Rouge to the west. 321 00:32:53,000 --> 00:32:54,000 The Sevens are 322 00:32:59,000 --> 00:33:07,000 The Board of Sloopness typically means the terror of France, Wolf is searching for a place to land his army. 323 00:33:10,000 --> 00:33:13,000 He goes back to a spot discovered earlier in the summer. 324 00:33:14,000 --> 00:33:18,000 Master Koch, what must the possibilities be of a landing over there? 325 00:33:19,000 --> 00:33:24,000 The cliff is steep, but it's close to the city, and Wolf is desperate. 326 00:33:25,000 --> 00:33:27,000 I think they might do the job, sir. 327 00:33:29,000 --> 00:33:36,000 On the St Lawrence, just to the west of Quebec City, Wolf's landing spot, the Foulon Cove. 328 00:33:38,000 --> 00:33:46,000 It's so dangerously steep that the French officer commanding atop the cliff is convinced, like his superiors, that there is no threat. 329 00:33:46,000 --> 00:33:52,000 It's a very difficult place to land, and it's a very difficult place to land. 330 00:33:53,000 --> 00:33:55,000 There is the plan. 331 00:33:56,000 --> 00:34:12,000 While some Navy ships launch fake attacks along the Bocorchour, pinning down Mocom and most of his army, Wolf will float on the tie in a series of longboats from the anchorage at Cap Rouge to the landing spot at Foulon Cove. 332 00:34:13,000 --> 00:34:17,000 Split by Townsend, the generals derive Wolf's plan. 333 00:34:18,000 --> 00:34:22,000 Everyone down the line, I think, at some point, went, we're going to go where? 334 00:34:23,000 --> 00:34:26,000 At night? And do what? 335 00:34:27,000 --> 00:34:31,000 Okay, and your plan is... 336 00:34:32,000 --> 00:34:33,000 What is that? 337 00:34:34,000 --> 00:34:37,000 Sir, the latest rubbish being passed around. 338 00:34:43,000 --> 00:34:45,000 My brigadiers... 339 00:34:46,000 --> 00:34:48,000 ...to cowards in a villain. 340 00:34:50,000 --> 00:34:54,000 One of the great unanswered questions of history, how did Wolf do it? 341 00:34:55,000 --> 00:34:57,000 I calculate that from this point. 342 00:34:58,000 --> 00:35:03,000 Wolf has intelligence from a French desert, that he is not sharing with his brigadiers. 343 00:35:04,000 --> 00:35:07,000 Half of Mocom's army is at Cap Rouge with the Wuggenville. 344 00:35:08,000 --> 00:35:13,000 At the Foulon Cove, most of the French Guard has been allowed to go home to collect the harvest. 345 00:35:16,000 --> 00:35:25,000 As well, there is a radical new theory about Wolf's approach to the attack, and why he picked the night of September 12, 1759 to carry it out. 346 00:35:27,000 --> 00:35:31,000 A number of historians were concerned with Wolf's reputation. 347 00:35:32,000 --> 00:35:41,000 The fact that many people had written about him as being a largely inept commander, who had largely stumbled on his victory, really needed to be put to rest. 348 00:35:44,000 --> 00:35:57,000 Some 250 years later, when the river conditions were exactly the same as the eve of the invasion, a boatload of nautical scientists and historians proved that Wolf's maneuver was far more than a piece of luck. 349 00:35:58,000 --> 00:36:05,000 So what these historians did was, using modern technology, including GPS technology, they essentially recreated that voyage. 350 00:36:06,000 --> 00:36:17,000 They departed from the anchorage at St. Niccolo at approximately the same time, on a night where you had the same conditions of moonlight, same conditions of tidal flow that Wolf had on September 12, 1759. 351 00:36:18,000 --> 00:36:26,000 And they found that they arrived at the Ansu Foulon landing site at exactly the time when Wolf, in fact, arrived, and as Wolf probably had planned. 352 00:36:27,000 --> 00:36:34,000 I'd suggest that there was far more intelligence and planning on Wolf's part the night of September 12, that has been recognized up until now. 353 00:36:39,000 --> 00:36:52,000 Conditions on the night in question were unusually good for exactly the kind of operation that was planned, and the position of the moon was also very favorable for troops coming down the river. 354 00:36:53,000 --> 00:37:08,000 Beyond the French fortifications, the moon rose illuminating most of the river, but the shoreline on the left is shadowed by the cliffs. This is where Wolf's flotilla come. 355 00:37:10,000 --> 00:37:21,000 Wolf's selection of the night of September 12 was masterly. He picked out only the appropriate time for tides. He also picked the night when the moon, in fact, it would be a mast, as operations were planned. 356 00:37:22,000 --> 00:37:24,000 And then the wind was 357 00:37:24,000 --> 00:37:27,000 from the vision of any watching sentries. It was a remarkable stroke. 358 00:37:30,000 --> 00:37:39,000 Wolf writes his fiancée, sending back to portrait and lock of her hair. Some say he was either suicidal or had a premonition. 359 00:37:43,000 --> 00:37:51,000 Any idea that the Foulon operation was some kind of hair-brained suicide mission, some kind of wolf death wish, just doesn't really stand up. 360 00:37:52,000 --> 00:38:05,000 It is a carefully planned risky, but carefully planned highly professional operation, which is a gamble and will depend on luck, but then again which military operation doesn't depend on luck. 361 00:38:06,000 --> 00:38:21,000 The Brahma has poetry. Wolf admires a poem called Grey's Elegy. His fiancée had given him a copy. His officers testify that on the eve of the battle, he recited the poem from memory. 362 00:38:22,000 --> 00:38:35,000 With a surprising finale. The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, and all that beauty, all that welfare gave, a waiter like the inevitable hour. 363 00:38:36,000 --> 00:38:40,000 Pals of glory lead butt to the grave. 364 00:38:44,000 --> 00:38:49,000 I would rather have written those words and take me back upon the morrow. 365 00:38:52,000 --> 00:39:15,000 A single lamp is lit on the flagship. The signal for Wolf's force to bore their landing craft. The signal to slip down River T 366 00:39:15,000 --> 00:39:32,000 is a plan of very human soldiers. For even the bravest, the prospect of battle triggers a well-known response. A blow or bullet to a full bladder boosts the risk of infection if it bursts. 367 00:39:36,000 --> 00:39:40,000 The action shows the tide has turned towards Quebec City. 368 00:39:40,000 --> 00:39:43,000 I believe we have our tide. 369 00:39:44,000 --> 00:39:53,000 With precision and in silence, both carrying the lead force of 1800 British soldiers begin a journey into history. 370 00:39:54,000 --> 00:39:59,000 The next few hours will decide who will rule North America and most of the world. 371 00:40:01,000 --> 00:40:04,000 While Wolf is approaching above Quebec, 372 00:40:04,000 --> 00:40:14,000 Montcom's force below this is firing away at the fate of English attacks designed to confuse the French general and but where the real assault is going to come. 373 00:40:21,000 --> 00:40:30,000 Montcom has called the old Fox, but as the hours march towards a decision, he has no idea what Wolf is up to. 374 00:40:31,000 --> 00:40:57,000 In 1788 aWhat does it mean to be a bit more forms going forward enough through all contracts and work really in La 375 00:40:57,000 --> 00:41:01,000 I want to make you swallow 376 00:41:01,000 --> 00:41:03,000 Good, good g cliché gracious! 377 00:41:03,000 --> 00:41:06,000 We both live this world now too, 378 00:41:06,000 --> 00:41:26,000 and we know that I am ZULO 379 00:41:26,000 --> 00:41:30,000 Suddenly a wall of rock and trees lunes up before them. 380 00:41:30,000 --> 00:41:34,000 Out of the night comes a challenge from a French century. 381 00:41:34,000 --> 00:41:35,000 Chiviv. 382 00:41:35,000 --> 00:41:38,000 Yelles of French century. Who goes there? 383 00:41:38,000 --> 00:41:41,000 La France. Viv La Roire. 384 00:41:41,000 --> 00:41:43,000 Answers the Fraser Highlander. 385 00:41:50,000 --> 00:41:53,000 Through a combination of luck and chance, 386 00:41:53,000 --> 00:41:57,000 the French had been planning to send a convoy of supply boats down river 387 00:41:57,000 --> 00:41:59,000 on the same night. 388 00:41:59,000 --> 00:42:02,000 And the contractor who was sending the boats down 389 00:42:02,000 --> 00:42:05,000 cancelled that voyage at the very last moment. 390 00:42:05,000 --> 00:42:09,000 But what he didn't forgot to do was to send a message to the French Commander 391 00:42:09,000 --> 00:42:12,000 Bougainville, Upper River, and who would pass it on to the centuries 392 00:42:12,000 --> 00:42:17,000 that the trip was cancelled so the centuries were expecting a passage of French boats. 393 00:42:24,000 --> 00:42:29,000 An officer records the exact moment of the landing, 404 a.m. 394 00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:34,000 The first English boats overshoot their landing beach by 400 paces 395 00:42:34,000 --> 00:42:40,000 and land on a rock beach basing a cliff so steep it seems straight up. 396 00:42:40,000 --> 00:42:43,000 I do not think we can buy any possible means here up here. 397 00:42:43,000 --> 00:42:46,000 It might indeed be a full-on hook. 398 00:42:46,000 --> 00:42:48,000 We must use our best endeavor. 399 00:42:49,000 --> 00:42:53,000 Softly, gentlemen. Softly. 400 00:43:00,000 --> 00:43:05,000 I'm dondered. The young Scots are unpractically bound up the start 401 00:43:05,000 --> 00:43:10,000 and then relentlessly pull themselves and two canons off the shale face. 402 00:43:10,000 --> 00:43:14,000 Their mood slipping, but holding on to shrubs and branches. 403 00:43:19,000 --> 00:43:24,000 This landing place ever since no one has wolves cold 404 00:43:24,000 --> 00:43:29,000 has less than three kilometers from the walls of Bougainville. 405 00:43:29,000 --> 00:43:50,000 They are climbing into the belly of the enemy, led by their general. 406 00:43:50,000 --> 00:43:55,000 These afflictions have been swept away in the surge of a drum. 407 00:44:00,000 --> 00:44:04,000 Carpe by surprise, defenders die on the spot. 408 00:44:04,000 --> 00:44:09,000 One escapes, they turn into a worth more calm. 409 00:44:10,000 --> 00:44:15,000 The next day, we are going to explore the next day. 410 00:44:15,000 --> 00:44:17,000 We are going to explore the city of Paris. 411 00:44:17,000 --> 00:44:21,000 We are going to explore the city of Paris, 412 00:44:21,000 --> 00:44:24,000 and we are going to explore the city of Paris. 413 00:44:24,000 --> 00:44:51,000 And at the end, we are going to look at the 414 00:44:54,000 --> 00:45:01,000 A cross Abraham Martin's pasture, Wolf sets out with a screen of soldiers to find the 415 00:45:01,000 --> 00:45:07,000 best place to confront the French, where the French about to spring some trap. 416 00:45:07,000 --> 00:45:12,000 Some thought Wolf was digging his own grave, putting himself between Bougainville and Cap Rouge 417 00:45:12,000 --> 00:45:15,000 and Montcomme at Quebec City. 418 00:45:15,000 --> 00:45:17,000 Or would he bury the French in that grave? 419 00:45:17,000 --> 00:45:20,000 We're in God's name of the French. 420 00:45:20,000 --> 00:45:24,000 And finally, after all these months, forcing them into battle. 421 00:45:50,000 --> 00:45:58,000 This soldier has run eight kilometers from the spot where Wolf landed. 422 00:45:58,000 --> 00:46:08,000 His message that Wolf and his army are ashore is not welcome. 423 00:46:08,000 --> 00:46:13,000 By 7 a.m. Wolf has landed 1500 soldiers. 424 00:46:13,000 --> 00:46:20,000 By 9 a.m. with the support of the big warships, the Navy is ferrying in other 3000 Redcoats, 425 00:46:20,000 --> 00:46:28,000 across the St. Lawrence, where they climbed the battlefield above. 426 00:46:28,000 --> 00:46:32,000 Governor Vodroy prepares a dispatch, alerting Bougainville of the landing. 427 00:47:02,000 --> 00:47:16,000 Montcomme was heard to whisper, 428 00:47:16,000 --> 00:47:19,000 they're the British stand where they ought not to be. 429 00:47:19,000 --> 00:47:23,000 They're not the only ones who are here. 430 00:47:23,000 --> 00:47:24,000 They're the only ones who are here. 431 00:47:24,000 --> 00:47:28,000 But they're not the only ones who are here. 432 00:47:28,000 --> 00:47:34,000 They're the only ones who are here, they're the only ones who are here. 433 00:47:34,000 --> 00:47:40,000 They're the only ones who are here, they're the only ones who are here. 434 00:47:40,000 --> 00:47:46,000 They're the only ones who are here, they're the only ones who are here. 435 00:47:49,000 --> 00:48:06,000 Captain All Night by Wolf's faken packs, Montcomme's exhausted army marches the battlefield. 436 00:48:06,000 --> 00:48:11,000 This original map referring to the heights of Abraham depicts the position of the opposing 437 00:48:11,000 --> 00:48:12,000 armies. 438 00:48:12,000 --> 00:48:19,000 Wolf's 4,500 men in red, and in front of the walls of Quebec, Montcomme's army in 439 00:48:19,000 --> 00:48:26,000 blue, with a force of similar size. 440 00:48:26,000 --> 00:48:53,000 justice, his 441 00:48:53,000 --> 00:49:05,000 37, 38, 39, 40. 442 00:49:05,000 --> 00:49:12,000 40 paces from the British line of stake marks the killing zone. 443 00:49:12,000 --> 00:49:21,000 No matter how many are shot down, the British troops will not fire until a French reach this spot. 444 00:49:23,000 --> 00:49:43,000 We only Acc toe Spo Greene did the exact same thing but could go for some line of stake marks. 445 00:49:43,000 --> 00:49:52,000 If on June 28, Lincoln undermined his line of stake marks, 446 00:49:52,000 --> 00:49:56,000 in its land is the biggest 447 00:49:57,000 --> 00:49:59,000 Free juices that infancy has grown 448 00:50:07,000 --> 00:50:09,000 How can other nations keep colour from the British? 449 00:50:13,000 --> 00:50:19,000 Crane will die, or be wounded before the battle begins 450 00:50:22,000 --> 00:50:33,000 But what the British plot could particularly, to the whole fashion of linear tactics, was 451 00:50:33,000 --> 00:50:39,000 an enormous discipline, the capacity to remain patiently waiting in an ordered formation, 452 00:50:39,000 --> 00:50:41,000 even while you're under fire. 453 00:50:41,000 --> 00:50:46,000 The British were supreme masters of that. 454 00:50:46,000 --> 00:50:55,000 The French and Indian sniping did the most damage at the far ends of the British line. 455 00:50:55,000 --> 00:51:01,000 Wolf promenade is nonchalance, steadies the men. 456 00:51:01,000 --> 00:51:04,000 He walks the front line, chatting casually. 457 00:51:04,000 --> 00:51:10,000 Wolf demonstrates absolutely no concern in the face of enemy fire. 458 00:51:34,000 --> 00:51:44,000 bones. 459 00:51:44,000 --> 00:51:46,000 Freyzers rise up. 460 00:51:46,000 --> 00:51:48,000 Here, you little gunner! 461 00:51:48,000 --> 00:51:50,000 Clear that brush! 462 00:52:04,000 --> 00:52:07,000 He is the moment of decision for Mulkam. 463 00:52:07,000 --> 00:52:11,000 Does he wait for a Bougainville and his elite force, 464 00:52:11,000 --> 00:52:14,000 or does he attack before the British are entrenched? 465 00:52:15,000 --> 00:52:18,000 That first rider that was finally caught up with him... 466 00:52:18,000 --> 00:52:20,000 was brought to Numberson of the translator, 467 00:52:20,000 --> 00:52:23,000 who outlooks his life hip-hop connection with the organization in New York. 468 00:52:23,000 --> 00:52:25,000 Is that a Latino? 469 00:52:25,000 --> 00:52:26,000 Let me just say. 470 00:52:26,000 --> 00:52:30,000 They are celebrated in the world about creating a library of buildings, 471 00:52:30,000 --> 00:52:39,000 this could not be 472 00:52:39,000 --> 00:52:43,000 produced in polls with the persones with if he was Teaching me. 473 00:52:43,000 --> 00:52:48,000 There is a great unresolved mystery. 474 00:52:48,000 --> 00:52:50,000 Where was Bougainville? 475 00:52:50,000 --> 00:52:57,000 With 2,000 soldiers, his headquarters is at Cap Rouge. 476 00:52:57,000 --> 00:53:05,000 He is responsible for defending the territory, where Wolf is landing at the full on cold. 477 00:53:05,000 --> 00:53:20,000 When popular legend is Bougainville far from his post, in the arms of another man's wife, a certain madame to Vien. 478 00:53:21,000 --> 00:53:33,000 Moving after spending weeks of great attention to duty, left Cap Rouge on the night of September 12th to have dinner, and perhaps more with Madame de Vien. 479 00:53:33,000 --> 00:53:37,000 And that night, Wolf picked to make us landing. 480 00:53:38,000 --> 00:53:44,000 General Troussou supports the official story, where it takes time to get an army marching. 481 00:53:45,000 --> 00:53:55,000 Bougainville magnates as he combines with the most powerful troops under the borders of his army. 482 00:53:56,000 --> 00:54:04,000 Once Bougainville BenjaminongPs cast victory for his angle, he begins the fight against other troops and his soldiers arguments at the appropriately speaking army. 483 00:54:04,000 --> 00:54:07,000 America 484 00:54:10,000 --> 00:54:13,000 There are many here in Russia 485 00:54:13,000 --> 00:54:15,000 who have taken such a long time 486 00:54:19,000 --> 00:54:21,000 And never until all night 487 00:54:22,000 --> 00:54:25,000 There is a EdgeoreAnd 488 00:54:25,000 --> 00:54:29,000 in which people are familiar with their heads 489 00:54:29,000 --> 00:54:32,000 This is a excellent invented 490 00:54:32,000 --> 00:54:34,000 When others go years, 491 00:54:34,000 --> 00:54:37,000 the fear of having a bullying could cause drama. 492 00:54:37,000 --> 00:54:39,000 I wasses naturally and nasty. 493 00:54:40,000 --> 00:54:43,000 But I find it more attractive to families 494 00:54:43,000 --> 00:54:46,000 to cruise around the festers withING. 495 00:54:46,000 --> 00:54:50,000 Governments always believe God. 496 00:55:02,000 --> 00:55:05,000 Really,ères, in this pouch, in this pouch. 497 00:55:08,000 --> 00:55:09,000 Run! 498 00:55:09,000 --> 00:55:09,000 A jump 499 00:55:14,000 --> 00:55:32,000 May the 500 00:55:32,000 --> 00:55:33,000 Get in! 501 00:55:45,000 --> 00:55:46,000 Get fire! 502 00:55:52,000 --> 00:55:57,000 The battle of the plains of Abraham is often seen as a triad for controlled British firepower. 503 00:55:57,000 --> 00:56:04,000 In the centre of the line, two of the battalions, some sort of 700 men there, apparently delivered their fire as one mast folly. 504 00:56:04,000 --> 00:56:09,000 Each musket was loaded with two balls. Each of those balls weighed more than an ounce. 505 00:56:10,000 --> 00:56:18,000 I'm not a mathematician, but you think about it, 40 yards range of pouring in a heavy amount of lead into those oncoming columns. 506 00:56:20,000 --> 00:56:26,000 So in many respects it had the same effect as the machine gun did in the first World War. 507 00:56:27,000 --> 00:56:34,000 Wolf has made too good a target, although it smashes him in the wrist. 508 00:56:39,000 --> 00:56:40,000 Get the advance! 509 00:56:41,000 --> 00:56:42,000 Careful! 510 00:56:42,000 --> 00:56:43,000 Attack! 511 00:56:43,000 --> 00:56:44,000 Attack! 512 00:56:44,000 --> 00:56:45,000 Attack! 513 00:56:45,000 --> 00:56:46,000 Attack! 514 00:56:48,000 --> 00:56:50,000 There are differing accounts of the enemy. 515 00:56:51,000 --> 00:56:56,000 It could have been snipers, but more likely a cannon loaded with golf ball-sized shot. 516 00:56:57,000 --> 00:57:04,000 Wolf has struck in the groin and squared in the chest. 517 00:57:05,000 --> 00:57:09,000 Don't let the men see me down, he said. 518 00:57:11,000 --> 00:57:17,000 Wolf has carried off the field, but after 100 meters, he cannot go on. 519 00:57:19,000 --> 00:57:23,000 On the battlefield, it is a decisive moment. 520 00:57:24,000 --> 00:57:29,000 As Wolf lies down, the French line breaks. 521 00:57:30,000 --> 00:57:40,000 French Canadian militia used to grill the warfare, and our treaty will blank with these long-term, constant towns, and build your main style. 522 00:57:41,000 --> 00:57:48,000 By the time the smoke cleared from the third volley, it was evident that the discipline British fire had essentially destroyed the French formations. 523 00:57:49,000 --> 00:57:54,000 It had only taken ten minutes, but it was ten minutes that decided to fade of North America. 524 00:57:55,000 --> 00:57:56,000 They run. 525 00:57:59,000 --> 00:58:01,000 Look how they run. 526 00:58:01,000 --> 00:58:02,000 Oh, all runs. 527 00:58:02,000 --> 00:58:03,000 The enemies! 528 00:58:04,000 --> 00:58:06,000 They give way everywhere. 529 00:58:11,000 --> 00:58:13,000 Now I die, content. 530 00:58:18,000 --> 00:58:19,000 Why not? 531 00:58:21,000 --> 00:58:22,000 You're the Colonel, back. 532 00:58:22,000 --> 00:58:30,000 Wolf's final order is a command to Colonel Burton, telling him to march a regiment down to the river and cut off the French retreat. 533 00:58:34,000 --> 00:58:36,000 No, don't be brave. 534 00:58:37,000 --> 00:58:39,000 I die in peace. 535 00:58:39,000 --> 00:58:52,000 The law of his Majesty's ship, Louis Tauft, recorded how it went today. 536 00:58:53,000 --> 00:58:56,000 At seven landed all our troops on the North Shore. 537 00:58:56,000 --> 00:59:00,000 At ten, our troops began a general action with the French. 538 00:59:01,000 --> 00:59:05,000 At eleven, it was brought on board the corpse of General Wolf. 539 00:59:09,000 --> 00:59:18,000 After a long time ago, the enemy, the enemy, the enemy, the enemy, the enemy, the enemy, the enemy, the enemy, the enemy, the enemy, the enemy, the enemy, the enemy. 540 00:59:19,000 --> 00:59:26,000 The Fraser Hyung and the closing uncle back, when they suddenly went to the river in fire, the French Canadian militia and the Indians. 541 00:59:27,000 --> 00:59:32,000 They stopped their time, and to the moment, they saved the city. 542 00:59:33,000 --> 00:59:36,000 But the battle is lost. 543 00:59:36,000 --> 00:59:39,000 You are here. 544 00:59:39,000 --> 00:59:49,000 That is your territory targets mine card. 545 00:59:49,000 --> 00:59:52,000 Slap not tears into his stomach and thaw, but my wolf. 546 00:59:52,000 --> 00:59:56,000 He tries to disguise the severity of the wound. 547 00:59:56,000 --> 00:59:59,000 In fact, he will not believe today. 548 00:59:59,000 --> 01:00:04,000 His soldiers keep him in the saddle as he enters correct for the west hunt. 549 01:00:05,000 --> 01:00:10,000 Morgan Miller rises at the battlefield just ahead of his elite force. 550 01:00:10,000 --> 01:00:12,000 Far too late. 551 01:00:35,000 --> 01:00:41,000 This painting depicts Moan Khan expiring as he lies on a mattress in the middle of the battlefield, 552 01:00:41,000 --> 01:00:44,000 a rendition comically inaccurate. 553 01:00:45,000 --> 01:00:51,000 In fact, even the best known painting of Moan Khan was done after he died, 554 01:00:51,000 --> 01:00:55,000 based on his wife's remembrance of what he looked like. 555 01:00:59,000 --> 01:01:03,000 This is the most accurate rendition of the death scene. 556 01:01:04,000 --> 01:01:19,000 As Moan Khan lies dying, he is tormented with panicked requests for advice from Fort Roy. 557 01:01:19,000 --> 01:01:22,000 We eventually flees to much at all. 558 01:01:22,000 --> 01:01:24,000 We are now in the middle of the 559 01:01:24,000 --> 01:01:26,000 tradition of that. 560 01:01:32,000 --> 01:01:37,000 About noon, Moan Khan has informed that he has only hours to live. 561 01:01:37,000 --> 01:01:42,000 He has told the French will formally surrender Quebec on the moral. 562 01:01:42,000 --> 01:01:45,000 He has last recorded words. 563 01:01:45,000 --> 01:01:50,000 We are now in the area of Paris. 564 01:01:50,000 --> 01:01:53,000 We are now in the area of Paris. 565 01:01:53,000 --> 01:01:54,000 That's good. 566 01:01:54,000 --> 01:01:57,000 I won't be alive to see the English, enter Quebec. 567 01:02:01,000 --> 01:02:04,000 Moan Khan dies in the arms of his church, 568 01:02:04,000 --> 01:02:08,000 but it is also the death of the French regime in North America. 569 01:02:16,000 --> 01:02:19,000 Keep me a key, Piaude. 570 01:02:32,000 --> 01:02:38,000 Today, the battle is regarded by many as one of the key moments in the creation of the British Empire. 571 01:02:38,000 --> 01:02:41,000 France renounces all claims to Canada. 572 01:02:42,000 --> 01:02:46,000 The enormity of New France is no more. 573 01:02:46,000 --> 01:02:55,000 The most important thing is that the French government is not going to be able to do it. 574 01:02:57,000 --> 01:03:01,000 England goes wild at the news of Wolf's Victory. 575 01:03:02,000 --> 01:03:08,000 Ironically, the cost of the seven years war leads England to tax the American colonies to pay for it. 576 01:03:09,000 --> 01:03:16,000 They revolt, and in 1776, with help from France, stage a winning revolution. 577 01:03:18,000 --> 01:03:21,000 Wolf's fiancé is devastated. 578 01:03:21,000 --> 01:03:25,000 Catherine Lather receives back the locket of her hair, 579 01:03:25,000 --> 01:03:28,000 and portrait Wolf gave her on the eve of the battle. 580 01:03:28,000 --> 01:03:33,000 In her grief, she burns all his letters. 581 01:03:34,000 --> 01:03:37,000 I remember his Quebec's official motto, 582 01:03:37,000 --> 01:03:42,000 but what is remembered about the battle fought on his hilly past your outside Quebec? 583 01:03:42,000 --> 01:03:45,000 Depends on where you stand. 584 01:03:56,000 --> 01:03:58,000 Wolf remains controversial. 585 01:03:59,000 --> 01:04:04,000 It is little no one that before the battle, the young general fluent in French, 586 01:04:04,000 --> 01:04:07,000 wrote out generous terms of surrender, 587 01:04:07,000 --> 01:04:12,000 guaranteeing Quebec's institutions, which have remained French to this day. 588 01:04:19,000 --> 01:04:23,000 This is at a time when Catholicism cannot even be practiced in Britain. 589 01:04:24,000 --> 01:04:29,000 And it scarcely says to me, someone who regarded Canadians as vermin, 590 01:04:29,000 --> 01:04:35,000 hated Canadians with a passion, and wanted nothing more than to humiliate or to annihilate them. 591 01:04:35,000 --> 01:04:40,000 What we've got here is a continuity of key French-Canadian institutions. 592 01:04:46,000 --> 01:04:49,000 This monument was inscribed with the words, 593 01:04:49,000 --> 01:04:52,000 Heredied Wolf, victorious. 594 01:04:52,000 --> 01:04:55,000 The monument became the target of nationalists, 595 01:04:55,000 --> 01:04:59,000 and in 1963 was blowing up. 596 01:04:59,000 --> 01:05:04,000 A new monument was erected, but this time the words were changed to read simply, 597 01:05:04,000 --> 01:05:09,000 Heredied Wolf, the word victorious, was dropped. 598 01:05:13,000 --> 01:05:16,000 While nationalists blew up his statue, and in Quebec, 599 01:05:16,000 --> 01:05:19,000 some history books have tried to blow up his reputation. 600 01:05:19,000 --> 01:05:24,000 England peated over the bat and turned him into a mythic figure. 601 01:05:27,000 --> 01:05:32,000 The painting by Benjamin West, a very famous iconic painting that the death of General Wolf, 602 01:05:32,000 --> 01:05:39,000 is a very good example of the saying that truth is the first casualty of war. 603 01:05:39,000 --> 01:05:45,000 We start to gradually eliminate who we would regard as the intruders, the imposters, 604 01:05:45,000 --> 01:05:48,000 the soldier in green, the ranger. 605 01:05:48,000 --> 01:05:51,000 We know that Wolf had rangers at Quebec, but on the 13th September, 606 01:05:51,000 --> 01:05:55,000 his rangers were all downriver on a kind of a ravaging expedition burning farmhouses, 607 01:05:55,000 --> 01:05:58,000 so we can eliminate that ranger. 608 01:05:58,000 --> 01:06:03,000 The figure who we know to be Robert Moncton, who has his hand inside his tunic, 609 01:06:03,000 --> 01:06:06,000 where we know actually Moncton had been shot through the lava. 610 01:06:06,000 --> 01:06:11,000 Only four of the men depicted in this painting were actually present when Wolf died. 611 01:06:12,000 --> 01:06:15,000 The rest paid the artist to become part of history. 612 01:06:25,000 --> 01:06:31,000 The battlefield is a stirring place for Quebec City's chief archaeologist, William Moss. 613 01:06:31,000 --> 01:06:34,000 I'm very moved being here to know that the battle took place here. 614 01:06:34,000 --> 01:06:38,000 Several hundred French soldiers killed here. 615 01:06:38,000 --> 01:06:44,000 A hundred or so British soldiers killed thousands of soldiers in both caps, wounded, severely wounded. 616 01:06:44,000 --> 01:06:49,000 All around us now. That really touches me as an archaeologist and as a historian. 617 01:06:52,000 --> 01:06:59,000 In 2002, a new memorial was dedicated to the soldiers who died fighting this battle. 618 01:07:00,000 --> 01:07:04,000 This sculpture depicts two men fighting to the death, 619 01:07:04,000 --> 01:07:09,000 and below a boat waits to take them across the river of death. 620 01:07:15,000 --> 01:07:22,000 In a trench-like memorial, the names of French soldiers who died in the Seven Years' War are carefully carved. 621 01:07:22,000 --> 01:07:27,000 There are even one or two British, Scots who happen to be Catholic. 622 01:07:28,000 --> 01:07:36,000 Bones and a skull thought to be Moncton's were moved to this tomb in a ceremony led by the Premier of Quebec. 623 01:07:36,000 --> 01:07:44,000 It is little known that testing later showed that the skull and most of the bones are not Moncton's. 624 01:07:48,000 --> 01:07:53,000 While the French who died on the battlefield are remembered with grace and dignity, 625 01:07:53,000 --> 01:07:57,000 those who died capturing Quebec have met a different end. 626 01:07:58,000 --> 01:08:04,000 The hospital gardens where the English soldiers are buried have been paved over. 627 01:08:05,000 --> 01:08:08,000 Fifty-eight British soldiers were killed on the plains of Abraham. 628 01:08:08,000 --> 01:08:16,000 Ten times as many died over the winter, so they were put in mass graves in the gardens of the monastery complex, 629 01:08:16,000 --> 01:08:20,000 which is where we are now. The gardens were here in the 18th century. 630 01:08:20,000 --> 01:08:24,000 So the mass graves and the British soldiers are under our feet, 631 01:08:24,000 --> 01:08:26,000 and are very near to where we are presently. 632 01:08:32,000 --> 01:08:39,000 The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, and all the beauty all that wealth air gave, 633 01:08:39,000 --> 01:08:42,000 a way to like the inevitable hour. 634 01:08:43,000 --> 01:08:47,000 The paths of glory lead back to the grave. 635 01:08:51,000 --> 01:08:56,000 History sometimes remembers vectors and their paths of glory. 636 01:08:57,000 --> 01:09:05,000 As wolf studied Caesar, so generals who followed wolf studied his amphibious tactics of the plains of Abraham. 637 01:09:12,000 --> 01:09:19,000 Officers like five star general Douglas MacArthur, who planned a bold landing behind enemy lions. 638 01:09:20,000 --> 01:09:25,000 In the Korean War, saying, I will surprise them. 639 01:09:26,000 --> 01:09:29,000 Like wolf at Quebec. 640 01:10:20,000 --> 01:10:27,000 . 63214

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