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Over 66 million years ago...
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SCREECHING
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..our world...
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..was ruled...
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..by dinosaurs...
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SNARLS
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..the largest animals
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that have ever walked the Earth.
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Today, dinosaur experts
across the globe
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are uncovering the bones
they left behind...
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..allowing us to imagine
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00:01:02,720 --> 00:01:06,320
how these extraordinary
creatures may have lived...
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..so that we can tell
their stories...
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..and they...
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..can walk again.
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ROARS
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Amongst the jagged
mountain peaks...
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..majestic valleys...
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..and scattered hill towns
of central Portugal...
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..an astonishing discovery
has been made...
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A find so remarkable
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it's drawn
a team of dinosaur hunters
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from across Europe.
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Buried here are the remains
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of a colossus.
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A monumental
long-necked Lusotitan.
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Known as Old Grande...
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..he's one of
the largest dinosaurs
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ever to have lived.
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00:03:03,920 --> 00:03:05,799
And using his bones,
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00:03:05,800 --> 00:03:09,840
we can begin to imagine
this giant's story.
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In the Late Jurassic,
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our planet looks
very different.
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Amongst
its shifting continents,
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a small landmass
known as the Iberian Meseta,
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that one day
will include Portugal,
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lies surrounded by ocean.
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An island cut off
from the rest of the world.
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CHIRPING
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Dense coniferous forest
covers much of the land...
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..giving way to windswept
beaches on the coast.
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SQUAWKING
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MUNCHING
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Here, if you're in luck...
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..an easy lunch can be found.
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For torvosaurus,
the island's top predator,
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it's an opportunity
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worth fighting for.
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SNARLS
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LOW GROWLING
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THUDDING
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But even
these four-tonne carnivores...
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..are no match
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for the enormous Lusotitan -
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Old Grande.
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LOW GRUNTING
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At a staggering 40 tonnes...
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..he is the undisputed
king of the island.
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But as a herbivore,
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he isn't on the hunt for food.
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He's been drawn
to the beach by the allure...
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BELLOWS GENTLY
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..of a female.
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BELLOWS GENTLY
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As an ageing male,
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this may be his last chance
to mate.
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But female Lusotitans
are only receptive
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for a few weeks of the year...
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..so he doesn't have long
to make an impression.
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150 million years later...
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..the true scale of Old Grande
is emerging
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from deep beneath the ground.
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As the most complete
Lusotitan ever found,
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his remains allow the team,
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led by
Professor Francisco Ortega
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and Drs Elisabete Malafaia
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and Pedro Mocho...
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..to piece together the
extraordinary dimensions
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of this animal.
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They're starting
with how tall he was...
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..which they can estimate
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using the bones
from his gigantic front limb.
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Their calculations make
Old Grande
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one of the tallest of
his species ever discovered...
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..which is certainly one way
to impress a mate.
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Female Lusotitans
may have been most attracted
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to the biggest males...
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SNORTS
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..a sign their offspring
will be healthy and strong.
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00:09:44,640 --> 00:09:48,720
So it should be easy for
Old Grande to make his mark.
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00:10:06,880 --> 00:10:08,960
But it's not all about him.
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Before they will mate,
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female Lusotitans must first
wait for the seasonal rains...
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..making sure there is enough
fresh vegetation
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for their young.
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00:10:31,760 --> 00:10:34,640
And this year,
the rains are late.
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Old Grande has no choice
but to wait.
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He must guard her closely
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and hope there is
no other suitor close by.
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LOWING
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00:11:07,840 --> 00:11:11,600
But love rarely runs smoothly.
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Three miles from
where Old Grande was found,
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the team has made
an important discovery.
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The fossilised rib is
a similar size to Old Grande's.
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But given its distance
from the main dig,
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it's unlikely to be his.
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Unearthing two Lusotitans
so close together
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is unheard of.
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So the team is keen
to learn more.
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00:12:43,360 --> 00:12:46,680
They cover the sections of rib
in a layer of plaster...
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..so they can be removed safely...
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..and examined in one piece,
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which is a massive 3m long.
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Like elephants
and rhinos today,
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Lusotitan bulls
were likely solitary
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and very territorial.
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Just like Old Grande,
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this rival male would have been
searching for a mate,
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creating the potential...
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..for a dangerous
confrontation.
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LOW GROWL
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Although this contender may be
younger than Old Grande...
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..he's not afraid
to challenge him
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for the attentions
of the female.
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00:14:26,040 --> 00:14:28,200
GROWLS
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GROWLS
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Old Grande
is a seasoned fighter
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and the largest bull
on the island.
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A stern warning...
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..should be enough
to make this upstart back off.
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But all is fair in love...
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..and war.
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BELLOWING
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00:15:39,640 --> 00:15:44,239
The surprise attack leaves
Old Grande seriously hurt...
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GRUNTING
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..his leg badly injured.
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Struggling under
his colossal weight...
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..he is unable
to right himself.
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He can only watch...
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..as the rival takes his place
at the female's side.
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For a dinosaur of his size,
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a badly damaged leg
could mean the end of the road.
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00:16:58,560 --> 00:17:02,040
So could a Lusotitan survive
this kind of injury?
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00:17:13,960 --> 00:17:18,360
On the coast, a significant piece of
evidence might provide the answer.
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00:17:22,400 --> 00:17:24,840
But reaching it
won't be easy...
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..because what was once
flat ground during the Jurassic
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is now a near-vertical
cliff face.
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So Francisco must descend over 100m.
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Etched into the cliff face
are footprints
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thought to have been made
by a large Lusotitan.
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And they reveal
something surprising.
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00:19:48,560 --> 00:19:51,599
The discovery
of a limping Lusotitan
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is important evidence.
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It suggests that injuries
to their enormous limbs...
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..were survivable.
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Even so,
Old Grande is still weak...
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..and won't last long
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on a damaged leg.
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But he does have
a remarkable way...
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..to speed up
the healing process.
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It's known as osteophagia.
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Like modern-day giraffes,
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he supplements his diet
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by breaking apart
and swallowing
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the skeletons
of dead animals.
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00:21:11,520 --> 00:21:14,799
Like the carcass
of this pliosaur,
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whose bones are rich
in the minerals he needs...
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..to repair his own body.
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00:21:32,280 --> 00:21:34,400
But he's still a long way
from recovery...
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..and a limp like his...
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..may not have gone unnoticed.
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Following the path
of the Lusotitan footprints...
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..something has caught
Francisco's eye.
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The second set of prints
is another 85m
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down the sheer cliff face.
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Unable to reach
the prints by land,
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the team decides...
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..to take to the air.
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Whoa, whoa, whoa.
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I think...
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Oh...
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See?
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00:23:36,320 --> 00:23:37,400
Yeah.
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00:23:44,520 --> 00:23:47,399
The second set of prints
follows the same path
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as the Lusotitan.
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00:23:51,920 --> 00:23:54,039
But from
their distinctive shape,
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00:23:54,040 --> 00:23:57,000
it's clear they've been made
by a different species.
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Theropods are a group of
dinosaurs that includes T-rex.
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But on this island,
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00:24:26,880 --> 00:24:29,920
the prints are likely
to come from a predator...
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..Old Grande would be
much more familiar with.
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The torvosaurus.
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10m long and over 3m tall,
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this adult female would
normally be no match
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for a heathy Lusotitan.
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But the pain
in Old Grande's leg
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has become unbearable.
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And he must rest
until he can recover.
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00:25:16,360 --> 00:25:20,119
It could mean days
without food or water,
200
00:25:20,120 --> 00:25:21,640
leaving him exhausted...
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..and vulnerable.
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An opportunity this big...
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00:25:40,040 --> 00:25:41,799
..is rare.
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LOW GROWL
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00:25:45,720 --> 00:25:48,240
But Old Grande is too strong
to take on now.
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00:25:54,800 --> 00:25:57,280
So she's prepared
to stay close...
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00:25:58,640 --> 00:26:00,320
..and wait.
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00:26:24,600 --> 00:26:26,400
As the days pass...
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00:26:27,680 --> 00:26:29,719
..Old Grande rests.
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00:26:29,720 --> 00:26:31,800
LOW GRUNTING
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00:26:50,640 --> 00:26:52,360
The torvosaurus...
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00:26:53,360 --> 00:26:55,080
..risks an approach.
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00:27:08,960 --> 00:27:11,000
SCREECHES
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00:27:12,320 --> 00:27:14,360
ROARS
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00:27:15,680 --> 00:27:17,240
A close call.
216
00:27:18,840 --> 00:27:20,920
BELLOWING
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00:27:23,400 --> 00:27:26,519
Old Grande must recover soon,
218
00:27:26,520 --> 00:27:28,999
because next time
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00:27:29,000 --> 00:27:30,960
he may not be so lucky.
220
00:28:23,120 --> 00:28:25,160
BELLOWING
221
00:28:35,880 --> 00:28:37,640
At long last...
222
00:28:39,840 --> 00:28:42,880
..Old Grande's leg
is finally on the mend...
223
00:28:54,880 --> 00:28:58,639
..and he has
unfinished business -
224
00:28:58,640 --> 00:29:01,840
finding the female
that left him behind.
225
00:29:08,560 --> 00:29:12,800
But both she and his rival
are now miles away...
226
00:29:14,400 --> 00:29:16,640
..and the clock is ticking.
227
00:29:24,320 --> 00:29:26,800
He must move
as quickly as he can.
228
00:29:33,400 --> 00:29:35,880
150 million years later...
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00:29:37,560 --> 00:29:40,199
..the team has made
a discovery
230
00:29:40,200 --> 00:29:42,519
that could reveal how fast
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00:29:42,520 --> 00:29:45,200
a giant like Old Grande
travelled.
232
00:30:03,960 --> 00:30:08,039
The new find gives the team
an almost-complete profile
233
00:30:08,040 --> 00:30:10,880
of Old Grande's front limb.
234
00:30:27,440 --> 00:30:29,479
Putting these measurements
together
235
00:30:29,480 --> 00:30:32,320
with their findings from
the cliff-side footprints...
236
00:30:38,120 --> 00:30:40,480
..they can now calculate
his speed.
237
00:30:55,480 --> 00:30:59,199
It may sound slow,
but like modern elephants,
238
00:30:59,200 --> 00:31:01,839
it's thought Lusotitans
could keep up this pace
239
00:31:01,840 --> 00:31:04,160
over huge distances.
240
00:31:17,920 --> 00:31:22,279
This is just
what Old Grande needs to do
241
00:31:22,280 --> 00:31:26,319
as he travels miles
across the island,
242
00:31:26,320 --> 00:31:28,280
looking for the female.
243
00:31:39,000 --> 00:31:41,119
But he's almost out of time.
244
00:31:41,120 --> 00:31:43,160
THUNDER RUMBLES
245
00:31:49,680 --> 00:31:52,559
A distant storm
246
00:31:52,560 --> 00:31:55,520
heralds the arrival
of the seasonal rains.
247
00:31:57,640 --> 00:31:59,680
LOWING
248
00:32:01,240 --> 00:32:03,320
THUNDER CRACKS
249
00:32:06,440 --> 00:32:09,440
The female will finally
be ready to mate...
250
00:32:10,880 --> 00:32:15,240
..leaving Old Grande in danger
of missing out to his rival.
251
00:32:19,800 --> 00:32:21,919
THUD RESOUNDS
252
00:32:21,920 --> 00:32:24,920
But he's not just relying
on his pace alone.
253
00:32:29,040 --> 00:32:33,720
He's using an extraordinary
ability to locate the female...
254
00:32:37,800 --> 00:32:41,040
..one he's thought to share
with modern-day elephants.
255
00:32:45,520 --> 00:32:49,399
His stomps send
powerful seismic waves
256
00:32:49,400 --> 00:32:50,920
through the ground.
257
00:32:56,200 --> 00:32:58,240
SNORTS
258
00:32:59,320 --> 00:33:01,360
QUIET LOWING
259
00:33:03,160 --> 00:33:04,999
Many miles away,
260
00:33:05,000 --> 00:33:07,480
she feels the earth move...
261
00:33:08,640 --> 00:33:11,320
..through specialised
nerve endings in her feet...
262
00:33:12,720 --> 00:33:14,879
LOWING
263
00:33:14,880 --> 00:33:17,000
BELLOWS QUIETLY
264
00:33:18,400 --> 00:33:20,519
..and she answers...
265
00:33:20,520 --> 00:33:22,719
..her suitor's call.
266
00:33:22,720 --> 00:33:24,760
THUNDER RUMBLES AND RAIN FALLS
267
00:33:28,720 --> 00:33:31,279
Detecting her response
268
00:33:31,280 --> 00:33:34,600
keeps Grande
heading in the right direction.
269
00:33:38,360 --> 00:33:40,519
THUNDER CRACKS
270
00:33:40,520 --> 00:33:44,360
But he must reach her
before he misses his chance.
271
00:33:53,040 --> 00:33:56,839
At the dig site, a new section
of Old Grande's bones
272
00:33:56,840 --> 00:33:58,560
is emerging from the rock.
273
00:34:00,760 --> 00:34:02,199
- ..this vertebra.
- OK.
274
00:34:02,200 --> 00:34:03,520
So perhaps, OK, this is...
275
00:34:08,080 --> 00:34:11,920
..including fossils
that belong to his giant tail.
276
00:34:18,280 --> 00:34:20,750
But laying them out from
the biggest on the right...
277
00:34:21,640 --> 00:34:24,159
..to the tip on the left,
278
00:34:24,160 --> 00:34:26,520
Pedro has noticed
something unusual.
279
00:34:38,040 --> 00:34:41,799
One of the bones doesn't belong
in the sequence,
280
00:34:41,800 --> 00:34:44,640
and it's too small
to be part of Old Grande.
281
00:34:56,880 --> 00:34:58,760
It's a significant find...
282
00:35:00,160 --> 00:35:03,799
..because a second adult
so close to Old Grande
283
00:35:03,800 --> 00:35:06,800
could mean
he did find his mate.
284
00:35:23,600 --> 00:35:25,680
After miles of walking...
285
00:35:27,360 --> 00:35:29,119
..he's reached the area
286
00:35:29,120 --> 00:35:31,640
where the female
last responded to his call.
287
00:35:33,800 --> 00:35:35,960
BELLOWS QUIETLY
288
00:35:46,120 --> 00:35:48,360
BELLOWING
289
00:35:57,360 --> 00:35:59,640
DISTANT BELLOW
290
00:36:09,320 --> 00:36:11,200
Reunited at last.
291
00:36:20,840 --> 00:36:22,880
DISTANT BELLOW
292
00:36:25,640 --> 00:36:27,320
But the moment...
293
00:36:28,600 --> 00:36:30,279
..is short-lived.
294
00:36:30,280 --> 00:36:32,520
THUDDING
295
00:36:43,880 --> 00:36:46,000
BELLOWING
296
00:36:48,360 --> 00:36:51,000
The rival male
has stayed close...
297
00:36:52,360 --> 00:36:55,240
..and he isn't going
to give up without a fight.
298
00:36:56,840 --> 00:36:58,960
BELLOWING
299
00:37:01,400 --> 00:37:03,480
THUNDER RUMBLES
300
00:37:11,480 --> 00:37:14,440
Each bull uses
his colossal weight...
301
00:37:16,040 --> 00:37:17,720
..as a battering ram.
302
00:37:29,800 --> 00:37:32,640
But these giants
are too closely matched.
303
00:37:39,040 --> 00:37:40,800
So, changing tactics...
304
00:37:42,840 --> 00:37:45,519
..they use their teeth
305
00:37:45,520 --> 00:37:47,680
to inflict intense pain.
306
00:37:54,680 --> 00:37:57,240
But neither is backing down.
307
00:38:07,880 --> 00:38:10,319
Taking his chance,
308
00:38:10,320 --> 00:38:12,400
the rival pins Old Grande.
309
00:38:14,240 --> 00:38:16,400
BELLOWING
310
00:38:21,320 --> 00:38:24,400
Rearing up to the height
of a four-storey building...
311
00:38:27,280 --> 00:38:30,320
..he bears down
with his enormous weight.
312
00:38:41,720 --> 00:38:43,280
But this time...
313
00:38:45,560 --> 00:38:48,360
..Old Grande
refuses to go down.
314
00:38:57,160 --> 00:38:59,360
GROANS
315
00:39:05,840 --> 00:39:08,439
A decisive victory.
316
00:39:08,440 --> 00:39:10,640
BELLOWING
317
00:39:21,200 --> 00:39:24,760
But Old Grande still faces
one last challenge.
318
00:39:27,440 --> 00:39:29,000
Persuading the female...
319
00:39:30,240 --> 00:39:32,840
..he really is
the bull for her.
320
00:39:38,560 --> 00:39:40,720
MACHINERY WHIRS
321
00:39:45,880 --> 00:39:49,599
And it could be that Francisco
has discovered the key
322
00:39:49,600 --> 00:39:52,440
to what made Old Grande
irresistible.
323
00:40:03,160 --> 00:40:06,519
It's a series
of disc-shaped vertebrae
324
00:40:06,520 --> 00:40:09,360
that once formed
part of his long neck.
325
00:40:20,160 --> 00:40:22,920
The bones
are incredibly fragile...
326
00:40:25,040 --> 00:40:27,800
..so the team covers them
in a protective membrane.
327
00:40:41,120 --> 00:40:43,439
But these neck bones
are not delicate
328
00:40:43,440 --> 00:40:45,320
simply because of their age.
329
00:40:48,520 --> 00:40:51,679
Each one has
a hollow structure,
330
00:40:51,680 --> 00:40:54,600
which may have served
a vital purpose.
331
00:41:25,960 --> 00:41:29,559
This dynamic movement
would have allowed Old Grande
332
00:41:29,560 --> 00:41:33,960
to walk, fight,
and, crucially, display.
333
00:41:41,320 --> 00:41:45,240
It's exactly what he needs
to charm the female...
334
00:41:48,200 --> 00:41:50,759
..because he hasn't won her over
yet.
335
00:41:50,760 --> 00:41:52,800
LOWING
336
00:42:11,000 --> 00:42:12,760
Like many birds today...
337
00:42:14,240 --> 00:42:17,639
..it's thought he would use
his long, lightweight neck
338
00:42:17,640 --> 00:42:19,519
and flexible tail
339
00:42:19,520 --> 00:42:21,920
in an elaborate
courtship display...
340
00:42:30,640 --> 00:42:32,759
..with every move he makes
341
00:42:32,760 --> 00:42:37,560
carefully assessed by
this most discerning of judges.
342
00:42:43,280 --> 00:42:45,400
And she responds.
343
00:42:51,320 --> 00:42:54,080
Staying in sync
with each other's moves...
344
00:42:56,360 --> 00:42:59,680
..will be crucial
to proving they're compatible.
345
00:43:13,280 --> 00:43:15,680
But just as everything
was going so well...
346
00:43:19,240 --> 00:43:22,760
..Old Grande
gets a little overexcited.
347
00:43:37,920 --> 00:43:39,959
GRUNTS
348
00:43:39,960 --> 00:43:42,000
LOWING
349
00:43:43,320 --> 00:43:47,240
Fortunately, he has
one last trick up his sleeve.
350
00:44:02,040 --> 00:44:04,680
Just like modern birds
such as frigates...
351
00:44:06,200 --> 00:44:10,200
..Old Grande has an inflatable
sac to attract attention.
352
00:44:34,800 --> 00:44:36,760
It seems to have worked.
353
00:44:41,360 --> 00:44:43,480
LOWING
354
00:44:59,760 --> 00:45:02,279
And in the hills
of central Portugal,
355
00:45:02,280 --> 00:45:05,439
Pedro, Elisabete,
356
00:45:05,440 --> 00:45:08,640
and Francisco have
also completed their mission...
357
00:45:11,320 --> 00:45:13,199
..finishing this year's dig
358
00:45:13,200 --> 00:45:15,240
with a treasure trove
of fossils.
359
00:45:29,560 --> 00:45:33,079
Even as they pack up,
they're already making plans
360
00:45:33,080 --> 00:45:34,520
to return next year.
361
00:45:47,920 --> 00:45:52,040
While they may never know
how Old Grande met his end...
362
00:45:55,160 --> 00:45:58,279
..his bones appear
to be entwined
363
00:45:58,280 --> 00:46:00,640
with a female Lusotitan.
364
00:46:08,960 --> 00:46:10,919
And so, just maybe,
365
00:46:10,920 --> 00:46:15,040
with her, he was able
to secure his legacy.
366
00:46:30,760 --> 00:46:33,360
A batch of giant eggs.
367
00:47:08,920 --> 00:47:11,520
Buried safely
beneath the ground...
368
00:47:13,160 --> 00:47:15,800
..this next generation
of Lusotitans...
369
00:47:17,480 --> 00:47:19,519
CRACKING
370
00:47:19,520 --> 00:47:22,280
..will soon begin
their own story.
371
00:47:22,330 --> 00:47:26,880
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