All language subtitles for Walking With Dinosaurs s01e04 The Pack.eng

Over 66 million years ago...

SCREECHING WAIL

..our world...

HIGH-PITCHED CLUCKS

..was ruled...

DEEP SNORT

..by dinosaurs.

DEEP BELLOW

HISSES

The largest animals that have
ever walked the Earth.

ROARS

Today, dinosaur experts
across the globe

are uncovering the bones
they left behind...

..allowing us to imagine how these
creatures may have lived...

..so that we can tell
their stories, and they...

..can walk again.

Western Canada.

Today, a majestic landscape
of snow-capped peaks...

..turquoise lakes...

..and mighty rivers...

..that erode the ancient bedrock.

The perfect conditions
for dinosaur-hunting.

Here, on the banks of
Red Deer River...

..palaeontologists from
the University of Alberta...

..are unearthing the final resting
place of a super-predator.

Oh, wow. Yeah, that's really nice.

- Looks like a toe claw.
- Wonderful find.

Albertosaurus -
T-rex's deadly cousin.

These are the remains of a teenager.

The team calls her Rose.

Holy cow!

- Oh, wow.
- It keeps going.

Inspired by their discoveries...

..we can imagine her story.

In the Late Cretaceous,

North America is split in two
by a vast inland sea.

On its western shores,
a sprawling expanse of dense forests

and rugged coastlines.

Laramidia.

A land in crisis.

Atmospheric changes have forced
temperatures down by two degrees.

A seemingly small change,

but enough to push the delicate
ecosystem out of balance.

SQUAWKS

SHRIEKING CRIES

Food is scarce.

Even...

..for an apex predator.

RUMBLING BREATHS

Standing two-and-a-half metres tall,

and weighing in at one tonne...

..this is Rose...

..the Albertosaurus.

It's been a week
since she last ate.

But in her sights...

..an arrhinoceratops,

an older cousin of triceratops.

A chance for Rose
to satisfy her hunger.

Rose might just be the fastest
land predator on the planet...

..sprinting at up to 30mph.

BELLOWS

ROARS

But Rose has miscalculated.

At two tonnes, her target
is twice her weight...

..with horns almost a metre long.

Rose is starving.

But the risk of injury
is just too great.

Dinner will have to wait.

71 million years later,

this team of palaeontologists...

- Hey, guys, how's it going?
- Hey, Mark, look at this.

..led by Mark Powers,

is uncovering Rose's secrets...

- Found new bones!
- Whoa, no way!

..piece by piece.

You couldn't ask for better...

- No.
- ..better separation. - You really couldn't.

Each day, more remains emerge
from the ground.

- Ohh!
- Whoa! - Oh, my God.

Yeah! Yeah, clean it off.

There it is!

CHEERING

Today's discovery -
Rose's leg bones.

Oh, that's so cool.

Each fossil is exposed and restored,

allowing the team to delve deeper
into the story of

this long-lost super-predator.

This is looking really good.

Mark works with limb specialist
Christiana Garros

to examine the bones
from Rose's shin.

The tibia is not actually that huge,

- compared to some of the bigger
ones I've seen, at least. - No.

Albertosaurus is an older relative
of Tyrannosaurus Rex...

- It's about 79cm.
- OK.

Something like that.

..but it's becoming clear
she was a very different beast

to her more famous cousin.

So, long limbs, but the ones of
T-rex are quite a bit bulkier,

- aren't they?
- Absolutely.

Rose kind of really embodies
what Albertosaurus is.

It's a very legsy animal, especially
compared to things like T-rex,

- which was incredibly huge.
- Yeah. - Incredibly chunky.

Quick, fast, dangerous.

- Still has powerful jaws.
- Yeah.

Maybe the optimal amount
of scary for my taste,

- that's for sure.
- Absolutely.

But speed was far from
the only weapon

in the Albertosaurus arsenal.

More bones are coming
out of the ground.

Oh, that's bone.

But these don't belong to Rose.

It does look like a bone from
one of the digits.

And that's definitely
Albertosaurus, right?

Yeah, absolutely.

And each bone seems to come from
a different-sized Albertosaurus.

This is a huge one.

Dinosaur hunters have discovered

as many as 26 individuals
buried here.

To try and say any piece belongs
to any one individual

is kind of tough to do,
cos there are so many of them.

It's clearly a mass grave
of Albertosaurus,

where many individuals died
together in this spot.

And if they died together...

..they likely lived together, too.

LOW GROWLING

In the cave Rose calls home,

she's far from alone.

SNIFFS

GRUNTS

Albertosaurus are social animals.

They live and hunt together,

forming strong, intimate bonds.

Rose has paired with this male
Albertosaurus the same age.

A source of comfort...

..in times of scarcity.

It's been over a week since
the Albertosaurus last made a kill.

And starvation isn't the only
threat hanging over Rose.

RUMBLING GRUNT

The matriarch.

Racked with intense hunger,

she could turn on her own.

And Rose is bottom of
the pecking order.

If she hopes to survive,

she'll have to prove herself
when it matters most.

It's time to go hunting.

- Ready?
- Let's go.

Mark's teamed up with dinosaur
anatomy specialist Henry Sharpe.

They're venturing further up
Red Deer River

on the hunt for more giants.

There's some wonderful
prospecting rocks up there.

They reach an ancient river system,

dating from the same time
period as Rose.

And the first clue...

We got a rib here.

..to what might have fed
the Albertosaurus pack.

Given its cross-section and
its size, maybe Edmontosaurus.

I'd say Edmontosaurus, yeah.

Edmontosaurus - a plant-eating,
duck-billed dinosaur.

Edmontosaurus can get up
to 30 feet long.

- Ten metres here.
- Jeez!

Yeah. These things were huge.

But a single Edmontosaurus

wouldn't feed a hungry pack of
Albertosaurus for long.

Holy cow!

- PANTING:
- Oh, my God.

At the top of an escarpment...

Look at the size of these honkers!

..more fossils.

Not bone...

..but footprints.

You can see, they got
the big front toe

and the two toes on the side.

It's much wider than it is long,

which is classic Edmontosaurus,
duck-billed dinosaur.

From the pattern of these prints,

it looks as though these trackways
couldn't have been made

by a single creature.

I've got about 16-17 tracks
exposed here.

Today, there are just
a few footprints.

But when they were created,

there would have been many,
many more.

We have lots of footprints from
various different individuals,

various different ages
all congregating together,

so they definitely moved
in herds, lived in herds.

Yeah. You imagine, like,
herds of wildebeest,

and these animals were the size
of one to two elephants.

These fossilised footsteps suggest

this corner of Canada
once played host...

TRUMPETING ROARS

..to one of the most remarkable
sights in Earth's history.

A migrating Edmontosaurus herd.

Thousands of plant-eating dinosaurs
moving as one.

But an individual adult
Edmontosaurus can be

three times the weight of even
the largest Albertosaurus.

BIRDSONG

Working as a pack is the only way
to take down such colossal prey.

Higher ground will provide
the perfect vantage point...

..to mount an attack.

At this time of year,

this area should be teeming
with Edmontosaurus...

..but the herds are nowhere
to be seen.

LOW GROWLING

ROARS

This is a time of intense
geological upheaval.

As the continents move...

..the land buckles and splits.

Lava and ash engulf the landscape...

..forcing this Edmontosaurus herd

to take a much longer route
north this year.

They're still many miles away
from the starving Albertosaurus.

For the pack,
the delay spells disaster.

But on the horizon...

..Rose spots an opportunity.

From the wind-carved rocks
by Rose's dig site,

palaeontologist Colton Coppock
has made an important discovery.

Yeah.

So, here's a bit of the shaft.

Tiny fragments of finger bone

belonging to one of the most bizarre
creatures of the Cretaceous...

- And here's the condyle.
- What?!

So, it looks like
it might be from a digit.

- There's a condyle?
- Yeah.

..including a rare condyle,
part of the knuckle joint.

- Very nice.
- I'm afraid to touch it.

- Yeah. It's just so small
and so delicate. - Yeah.

You can see the internal structure
of the bone right there.

The fossil's paper-thin exterior

tells Mark this bone was
built for flying.

But this was no bird.

Even in birds, the bone is usually
a lot thicker on the outer surface.

This is very strange.

It can only belong to one creature.

SQUAWKING

A colossal flying reptile with
a six-metre wingspan.

Cryodrakon - a giant pterosaur.

They feed on an enormous ammonite
washed up on the spring tide.

SQUAWKS

The cryodrakon would make a fine
meal for Rose and her mate...

..if they can catch one.

SQUAWKS

Approaching from downwind,

and with the pterosaurs'
attention on their meal...

..the youngsters close in.

SQUAWKING

SCREECHES

At last, a chance to feed.

But the pair's absence
from the pack...

..hasn't gone unnoticed.

RUMBLING GRUNT

Life in an Albertosaurus pack
was fraught with brutality.

And 71 million years later,

this violence is still written
in the bones.

Mark and anatomist Dr Greg Funston
examine the jawbones of

one of the largest
Albertosaurus ever discovered.

We do actually get
a few scars along here,

and they're kind of evenly spaced.

Some are raised,
and some are deep gouges.

So, could these be bite marks?

An astonishing 65% of
Albertosaurus skulls found here

have teeth marks scratched
into the bone itself.

Near your finger, there's a
little gouge in that one, too.

- Look at that.
- That's deep. - Yeah.

It actually looks like the tooth
came down from over the top.

That would've required
tremendous amount of force,

from this diving angle, to actually
remove that piece of bone.

Only another Albertosaurus
could inflict this injury.

The biggest predator
in this ecosystem,

and it's still getting
beaten up day to day.

They're maybe tussling for food,

like you see on the savanna today,

where lions will eat in
a certain order.

You got two hungry Albertosaurus.

One of them is going to
want to eat first.

Only one can.

RUMBLING GROWL

As pack leader...

..the matriarch is eyeing up
the youngsters' kill.

GROWLING

Rose is determined
to defend her prize.

But the matriarch...

..leaves her in no doubt
who's in charge.

GRUNTS

Hungry and badly wounded,

Rose has learnt a painful lesson.

She'll have to play by the rules

if she wants to survive.

But the evidence coming out
of the ground suggests

not all of the Albertosaurus
behaviour was violent.

Mark and Henry examine one of
the most intriguing discoveries.

Rose's tiny, fossilised arm bones.

So, we got the upper arm here,
and the forearm down there.

And up here, this is the hand,
right?

This is like the palm of the hand.

Nobody's quite sure
what Albertosaurus used

its minuscule arms for...

..but the strange positioning
has given Mark an idea.

It's quite possible
the resting position of the arm

was to have a more flared finger,

sticking outwards rather than,
you know, kind of down by the side,

like a chicken wing.

So, if this was my arm, it would
kind of be flared out like that?

Yeah, you'd be kind of doing
one of these things.

- Almost jazz hands.
- Yeah, exactly.

So, Albertosaurus is clearly
using its arms for something.

I mean, modern birds have
a wide variety of mating displays

- and behaviours.
- Mm-hm, yeah.

Mark believes these seemingly
useless arms may have been

vital tools for bonding.

So, if you're going to live in
a group, you've got to have ways

of communicating with one another
that go beyond just, you know,

grunting and staring at each other,

so maybe they're using their hands
side by side on the flank,

reassuring one another.

Telling each other,
"It's going to be OK, it's fine".

- A morale boost.
- Yeah, exactly. - Yeah.

SNORTS AND GRUNTS

Starving, shaken,
and badly wounded...

..Rose needs comfort.

DEEP GRUNT

The young Albertosaurus take
time out together to groom.

A soothing ritual...

SOFT GRUNTS

..that strengthens their bond.

As a new day dawns...

..the pack's luck
may be about to change.

The Edmontosaurus
have finally made it to

their summer feeding ground.

Not a moment too soon for
the starving Albertosaurus.

And despite their young age,
Rose, her mate,

and the other youngsters will play
a crucial role in the hunt.

The fate of the whole pack
depends on them.

Close to Rose's dig site,

a remarkable new fossil is emerging.

Wow.

Very cool.

An Edmontosaurus jawbone.

Maybe this is the dentary
going in here?

That could be the back part,
yeah.

But this fossil holds
another secret.

What have we got up here?

That looks like enamel.

Look here - serrations.

That's incredible.

This is no Edmontosaurus tooth.

This came from a meat-eater.

Albertosaurus tooth?

I think you're right.

And, since we don't have
much of the root,

it was probably lost during feeding.

That is an awesome find.

It's clear evidence
that the Albertosaurus pack

did feast on Edmontosaurus.

But it doesn't help explain how they
bought down such enormous prey...

..and what role Rose might
have played in the hunt.

These are Rose's metatarsals
from the right leg.

Quite narrow and compact for
an animal that people usually

envision as being huge, huh?

Mark and Christiana investigate
Rose's foot bones...

They get a heck of a lot bigger.

..comparing them with the outer foot
bones of a fully-grown adult.

While they're similar in length,
they're a very different thickness.

So, we can see this one
is only about

three-and-a-half centimetres
in width,

whereas, we look at this one,

we have...almost double that.

So, it's about 6cm in width.

Absolutely a beast -
and the same thing can be said

about the other metatarsal.

Rose was almost as tall
as the largest Albertosaurus,

but just half the weight.

She was definitely going to be
much more agile and quick

than these big individuals,

which probably had a lot more
difficulty picking up speed.

Large Albertosaurus were unlikely
to reach high speeds

due to their enormous weight.

Meaning Rose and the
other youngsters must take on

the most dangerous of jobs.

LOW GROWLING

Rose and her mate
split off from the pack.

As the swiftest runners,
they must identify a target...

..and separate it from the herd.

But they're a fraction of the weight
of the largest Edmontosaurus.

HISSING

Impulsive and inexperienced,

Rose's mate blindly charges
into the herd...

BELLOWING

..trying to take down one of
these enormous creatures alone.

DISTANT ROAR

DISTANT ROAR
SCREECHES

Rose has lost her closest companion.

And each failed hunt brings her
and the rest of the pack

closer to starvation.

BIRDS CALL

But Albertosaurus were successful,

even in times of adversity.

They were the dominant predator
in Western Canada

for over three million years.

At Rose's dig site,

part of the reason behind
their success might be emerging.

This bit right here.

An unassuming fragment of bone.

It looks interesting.

I thought it was a rock, actually.

But it's got a pretty
interesting texture.

It looks like Albertosaurus.

And this roughened area looks to me
like the border of an eye socket.

Is this a part of Rose's skull?

That is part of the skull.

It's probably an indication that the
skull is in several pieces at least,

so we'll have to keep our eyes out
for any loose skull bones

that might be scattered about
amongst the site.

Whoa!

It's Rose's ghost!

The team estimates Rose's skull
would have been about

two-thirds of a metre long.

Big, but not big enough to take down
huge prey like Edmontosaurus.

But maybe she didn't have to.

Mark and Colton re-examine
the jawbones of one of

the largest Albertosaurus.

Just look how big
and robust this jaw is.

It's absolutely crazy.

There's quite a few tooth sockets
on this side.

It's the final piece of the puzzle,

revealing the pack's
sophisticated hunting strategy.

Altogether, 68 teeth in the jaw.

Lots of points of entry
into the body,

so, basically, instead of using
the arms to grapple with prey,

it's all about the head.

These jaws were built to
apply brutal force.

A bite force that's probably
upwards of several tonnes.

There's not much that can, you know,
protect itself from that,

- once they have their eyes on you.
- Yeah.

Rose's speed and the bite force
of these bigger animals...

..make for a deadly combination.

We could say that Rose was
the runner, and this was the muscle.

When Rose got the animals
out on their own,

big predator like this
probably would've come out

and just finished the job.

LOW GRUNTING

Rose may have lost her mate

but she must now work with
the other youngsters

to find the easiest target.

But with one failed hunt already,

the pressure is on.

SNORTS

BELLOWS

Rearing up on their hind legs,

the Edmontosaurus are too powerful.

BELLOWS

But Rose bides her time...

..until she spots
an older individual.

One that might be weaker
than the others.

BELLOWS

BELLOWS

Rose can't take this
Edmontosaurus down alone.

But she can steer her prey...

..right towards the killing jaws

of the matriarch.

BELLOWS
SNARLS

But there's still fight
in this old bull.

SCREECHES

GROWLS

Rose has played her part
to perfection.

Finally, the pack can feed.

And this time...

...Rose gets her share
of the spoils.

All right. Who's ready to jacket?

Coming your way!

Grab those.

The team is eager to get
their finds back to the lab...

...to learn more about this
extraordinary creature.

They carefully wrap their
discoveries in protective plaster.

Sorry, everyone in the vicinity
is going to receive plaster

on their clothes and body, so...

One, two, three.

Oh-oh-oh...

It's OK, it's OK, there's lots
of rock, there's lots of rock.

They flip them, ready for
transport back to base.

Perfect. Beautiful.

Now just the third one.

Go! Flip.

Watch your feet, watch your feet.

But some of Rose's remains
are too heavy

to carry down the hillside.

So, Mark has called in
a little help.

Oh...love that sound.

Hold on to your hats!

One false move, and all the team's
work would be destroyed.

With ropes attached...

..Rose soars through the air.

- Go, Rose!
- Yeah!

But these ancient lands hold
one final surprise

for the dino hunters.

What have you got there, champ?

Colton has made a
once-in-a-lifetime discovery.

- Oh, what?
- What is that?

- Wait, hold on, that's a...
What?! - Whoa.

A tiny jawbone.

What's this a jaw of?

It's an Albertosaurus.

It's so tiny.

This is a baby Albertosaurus.

- That's beautiful.
- Like a baby.

Yeah, probably only about
a year old.

Think this is the youngest
individual we have.

I mean, I had to put it down
for a sec to make sure

I wasn't hallucinating.

CHRISTINA LAUGHS

- Just scratch it like a puppy.
- Yeah. - Look.

THEY LAUGH

It's more evidence of the success
of the Albertosaurus.

And maybe, the baby belonged to
one of the pack females.

Perhaps even Rose herself.

LOW GROWLING

As to how Rose died,
we may never know.

Show-and-tell time.

Causes of death rarely fossilise.

- So cute!
- That's awesome.

- Wow, the comparison really
pulled it together. - Yeah.

It's not even as long as the tooth.

Oh, my God!

And, though her death
is a mystery...

..now at least,
we can tell the story

of how she may have lived.

Rose, the young Albertosaurus...

..earned her rightful place...

..hunting and surviving...

..with her pack by her side.

Next time...

..a toddler makes a perilous
journey...

..joining one of
the largest dinosaur herds

that ever lived...

..in its fight for survival.

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