All language subtitles for Walking With Dinosaurs s01e03 The Band of Brothers.eng

Over 66 million years ago...

SCREECHING WAIL

..our world...

HIGH-PITCHED CLUCKS

..was ruled...

SHRIEKS

..by dinosaurs.

DEEP BELLOW

HISSES

GRUNTS

The largest animals that
have ever walked the Earth.

Today, dinosaur experts
across the globe

are uncovering the bones
they left behind...

..allowing us to imagine how
these extraordinary creatures

may have lived...

..so that we can tell
their stories...

..and they...

..can walk again.

ROARS

Utah - in the heart
of the American West.

Home to some of the most
spectacular scenery on Earth.

And the forces that shaped
the landscape

also make it a paradise...

..for dinosaur hunters.

In a remote part of the desert,

palaeontologists
Dr Jim Kirkland...

..and Dr Josh Lively...

..have made
a remarkable discovery.

So we've exposed
quite a bit of bone, Jim.

Yeah.

The bones of one of the most
heavily armoured dinosaurs...

..that ever lived...

Oh, that's cool.

..a gastonia.

Yeah, you might have a leg
there.

Using their discoveries,

we can imagine how this
youngster lived and died...

..113 million years ago.

In the Early Cretaceous
period...

..the land that will become Utah

was warmer and wetter.

BIRDSONG

And what is desert today

is covered by conifer forests...

..and rolling meadows of ferns.

DEEP ROAR

Plentiful food...

..for groups
of plant-eating gastonia...

..including youngster...George.

LOW BELLOWING

Like all young gastonia,

he must stick close to his
parents...

..because danger...

..is never far away.

CHITTERING

CHITTERING

Utahraptor.

SNARLS

A heavyweight cousin
of velociraptor,

the size of a grizzly bear.

And they hunt
vulnerable young gastonia.

The ferns providing ideal cover

for a surprise attack.

Just yards away,

George and his family
are oblivious...

..to the approaching danger.

SNARLING

With the raptors
within striking distance,

the gastonia get a lucky break.

CRUNCH

SHRIEKING AND ROARING

Like many modern herd animals,

the adults form a defensive
ring around their young.

Weighing over a tonne each,

covered in thick armour...

..a group of adult gastonia
is virtually invulnerable.

With one of their group injured,

the raptors cut their losses.

But George can't rely on
the safety of the herd

for much longer.

He's reached adolescence, when,
like all young male gastonia,

it's thought he'll be pushed
out of the group.

SOLITARY BELLOW

George must now grow up

without his family to protect him.

We'll probably do Dakota,

and at least one other person too.

At the dig, the team is
starting to uncover evidence...

Is there a bone there
coming up from somewhere?

Try and get your fingers under
that if you can reach over.

..that might explain
how young gastonia like George

survived to adulthood...

- You got one over there.
- There's a big guy here.

Oh, OK.
Looks like a limb bone.

Might connect to
some of this bone right here.

..and the clues are coming
thick and fast.

- Beautiful!
- That's bone.

Looks like the rib
might go into this one.

Everywhere they dig,

bone after bone emerges
from the ground.

Found a couple of ribs right here,

going over top of a vertebra,

and then several pieces
of armour.

A ton of bones
just in this small spot.

It's too many to be
from just one individual.

Got these
thin rib-like sections.

- Right.
- I mean, so far, you know, right in here,

there's probably parts
of two animals.

And, intriguingly, all the gastonia
found across the site

appear to be of a similar age.

From looking at skeletal remains,

we're looking at
half-grown individuals,

you know,
sub-adults to full adults.

- Kind of analogous to teenagers,
right? - Yeah.

All these teenagers found together

suggests something unexpected.

BELLOWS

Since leaving his family group,

George has been living
on his own...

..keeping deep in the forest...

..where it's easier
to hide from predators.

SNUFFLES AND GRUNTS

But it's not long
before he comes face-to-face...

..with another young male.

GRUMBLING ROARS

And it looks...

..like he means business.

Gastonia's skulls and necks
are specially adapted

to act like shock absorbers.

But this isn't a fight.

This is how gastonia make friends.

Of all the armoured dinosaurs...

..they're one of
the only known social species.

George has just joined a group.

It's a huge step forward,

dramatically increasing his chances

of making it to adulthood.

This gang of teenage boys
will stay together

until they're tough enough
to fend for themselves...

..because until their armour
is fully developed,

they're vulnerable.

Just working our way around
these elements,

trying to get around
this big femur here.

At the dig, amongst
the gastonia bones....

Hey, Josh?
Check this out. What is that?

..the team makes
an unexpected discovery.

Oh, wow.

That's really neat.

It's definitely not gastonia.

- Hey, Jim?
- Yeah.

Heather found
something interesting

and, uh, I'm wondering
if you could tell me

whether or not
it is what I think it is.

A nice curve.

Yeah, that's a small

therapod metacarpal end bone.

Could be a juvenile Utahraptor.

Utahraptor bones found
alongside the young gastonia...

All right, I was right!
It's a therapod metacarpal.

Yeah, confirm.

..suggest that throughout
the gastonia's adolescence...

CHUCKLES

..Utahraptor was
an ever-present threat.

TAPPING

And Josh and Jim
have evidence that shows

just how deadly they could be.

A cast of a Utahraptor toe claw.

You know, you put
the claw itself - you know,

this is the bone underlying it.

Just to be conservative,
we could say it comes out

- to about there, you know,
in length. - Yeah.

30cm long,

these killing claws were
Utahraptor's primary weapon.

This thing might be kicking
through inch-thick hide,

so fast you can barely see it.

Wam-wam-wam-wam! This thing's
just punching lots of holes,

which would do a lot of damage.

These claws are the perfect tool

for puncturing the weak armour
of young gastonia.

Maybe you have to think of it
more as a can-opener.

Yeah, if it can flip it over,

use that to slice open the belly.

Yeah. These things are one of
the most formidable predators

that ever lived.

Holding their toe claws
off the ground

to keep them razor-sharp...

HISSES

..Utahraptor...

..is a finely tuned
killing machine.

GRUNTS

SCREECHES

And this adult male...

..and the group he leads

have just entered the forest...

LOW BELLOWING

..following the trail of
George and the gastonia gang.

But hidden beneath
the thick undergrowth...

SCREECHES

..finding them won't be easy.

So the young raptors streak ahead...

SQUAWKING

..to try and flush them out...

..while the adults follow behind,

ready to make the kill.

With Utahraptor's eyesight

as sharp as modern birds of prey...

..even the slightest movement...

..could be fatal.

HISSES

So when they hear
the raptors coming...

SCREECH

..the gastonia freeze.

LOW GRUNTING

The juveniles have missed them.

PANTS

But George must hold his nerve

because the deadliest threat
is still to come.

SNUFFLING GRUNT

THUDDING FOOTSTEPS

The group leader.

HISSES

GRUNTS

It's a close call.

GRUNTS QUIETLY

But every day
George and the gang survive

is a day closer
to the safety of adulthood.

And emerging from the ground...

..clues that reveal
even young gastonia...

..would have been no pushover.

BLOWS

Well, you should be
getting close, I think.

Hey, Josh.

Get in my section,
tell me what you think.

So...

There's so much here.

Plenty of osteoderms.

- And they're coming out
pretty solid, then? - Yeah.

Osteoderms are the bones that
made up the gastonia's armour.

- That's a real nice one.
- Oh, yeah.

So you can kind of see on this one
that kind of ridge right there,

that keel, that would point up.

- Makes for a spikey dinosaur.
- It really does, yeah.

In life, each osteoderm was
covered by a thick scale...

Now, this is one of the nicest
ones we've had so far.

This would have been
on the back of the animal.

..which would have
created an armoured plate.

Where you see the hollow
base that these have,

they're for blood vessels,

bringing nutrients up
into this bone,

to grow that big scale
that was on top.

There's a lot of armour
on these animals.

It's a discovery that reveals
the gastonia's armour

was nearly fully formed.

But the team has evidence

Utahraptor was one step ahead.

Revealed by an astonishing
fossil found near the site

and taken to the lab for analysis.

Ah, it's a gold mine.

- Yeah.
- It really is.

Entombed in this nine-ton
block of sandstone...

..the team has discovered
the remains of an entire group

of Utahraptors.

And over here,

we've got the string
of articulated vertebrae.

Yeah. I mean,
that's just beautiful.

And hidden amongst the hundreds

of perfectly preserved
teeth and claws and bones...

Yeah, that's the great thing
about this block.

We'll have so much material.

..curator Don DeBlieux has
found something that could be

Utahraptor's deadliest weapon.

We got this beautiful
little top of a skull,

and then we flipped it over.

Right here is the impression
of the brain.

For a dinosaur,

this young Utahraptor brain
is very large.

Yeah, certainly remarkable,
given the size.

Yeah, that would be
a very intelligent animal.

They would have been the most
intelligent animal of its time.

Oh, certainly. Utahraptor
would have been capable of

some pretty complex behaviours.

Spring has turned to summer.

And as the dry season sets in...

GRUNTING

..George and the gastonia gang
leave the forest to find water.

They're still unruly teenagers...

GRUNTING

..but now in near-adult bodies.

And at the edge
of the water hole,

clay-rich soil provides the gang

with essential minerals...

..vital for strengthening
their armour.

And now the gastonia
are tougher,

they're no longer an easy kill.

So the raptors change tactics.

DEEP BELLOWING

The group leader
attracts their attention.

HISSES

..and uses his brightly
coloured wing feathers...

..to create...

..a diversion.

Like a fox in a henhouse...

..the kill triggers the leader's
predatory instinct.

SCREECHES

Trapped at the water's edge...

..it looks like George's luck
has run out.

GRUNTS

INDISTINCT CONVERSATION

But at the dig,

Josh and the team
have made a discovery.

They've come to retrieve a fossil

that may shed light on
events that happened here

130 million years ago.

So, Don,
I was originally thinking

it was down this drainage,

but looking at it now,
I actually think

- it's further over that way.
- Yeah, I think you're right.

But collecting it
from the steep cliff face...

Damn! This is going to be tough.

..won't be easy.

It might be further that way,
that's the thing.

- Oh, there it is.
- Yeah, that's totally it.

- Yeah.
- So, Don, I think

if you want to bring
the back board over here

and then we can go ahead
and start strapping it down.

- With your legs.
- Do it.

This is a fossilised foot cast.

- Big man on campus.
- All right.

- All right, you got it. March on.
- Got it.

It formed when
a dinosaur footprint

filled with silt and dust,

but over millions of years was
compressed into solid rock...

Like that, OK? Just like that.

Luckily,
it's not super fragile.

..creating a cast
of the foot that made it.

All right.

- One, two, three.
- It definitely gets easier up here.

OK.

OK.

But which dinosaur does it
belong to?

Wow.

That's really cool.

We've got three big, wide toes
on this footprint,

so that eliminates a couple
dinosaurs right off the bat.

Yeah.

If it was gastonia,
it'd have four toes.

And it's unlikely to be a predator

because there are no claws.

Most likely a plant-eater.

Yeah, I think a good candidate
could be some sort of bipedal

plant-eating dinosaur,
kind of like planicoxa.

Right, we're at
the right level for those guys.

- Or close.
- Absolutely.

Planicoxa were beaked, stocky
dinosaurs that lived in herds.

You can imagine them
travelling together

and moving long distances.

- For sure.
- Maybe gastonia was year-round

and these dinosaurs
were more seasonal.

All right.

You guide us, Steph.

Finding planicoxa footprints here

is an important discovery...

..because it suggests they migrated
through this landscape.

BELLOWING

SNARLS

BELLOWS

As the group leader closes in
on George...

HIGH-PITCHED ROARING

..a herd of planicoxa pass close by.

HIGH-PITCHED ROARING

And without any armour,

they're a much easier kill...

GRUNTING

..handing George...

..a very lucky escape.

But as the dry season intensifies,

the planicoxa herds will move on.

So, as George and the gastonia
gang return to the forest,

they know it won't be long

until the raptors are hunting
them down once more.

But coming out of the ground...

Let's see how long this is.

..further evidence
the gastonia buried here...

We're looking at about 31.5cm long.

..were more than capable
of defending themselves.

The proximal width,
where it attaches to the tail,

- looks like about 17.5cm wide.
- Yeah.

So, yeah, this is one of
these specialised spikes

- along the tail.
- Like, sticking out?

Yeah, yeah.
So it'll be sticking out

from the sides of the tail.

You can imagine this with
a big scale over top of it,

a bit piece of keratin,

so this would have come to
a very sharp point.

And these, we think,
were used as a weapon.

These blade-like spikes

were positioned
along the entire length

of the gastonias' tails.

And Jim and Don
have uncovered something

that shows just how
these weapons were used.

And then, as I was trying
to work on that,

I hit something over here.

So this is a femur,
the upper-leg bone.

That's a pretty sizeable femur.

And then as I dug around,

I see we have a complete tibia,
lower-leg bone.

Yeah.

You can see how short,
you know, the lower leg is,

while the upper leg,
about half the length...

- Right.
- ..which is, you know, the exact opposite

than what you see
in a running animal.

Gastonia had a top speed
of around 5mph...

..because their hind legs
weren't built for running.

They were adapted for
a very different purpose.

Certainly, these things
are not just simple bones.

They have huge
muscle attachment points,

so they've developed
powerful legs for serious,

- strong manoeuvrability.
- Stocky guys,

just standing their ground.

You just see these things
just holding on the ground

and swinging their tail
with those big blades,

just like the one over there
they already pulled out.

Yeah, that big boy.

Yeah. Slashing across,

and probably reach
head-high easily,

and literally slap a Utahraptor,
you know, right in the face.

Gastonia's powerful hind legs
and spiked tails...

..mean George and the gang
are now formidable adversaries.

RUNNING STEPS

But with the dry season
now at its height,

and the planicoxa gone...

..the raptors are starving.

Desperate for food, they must
take any opportunity...

..to make a kill.

But now nearly fully grown,

the gastonia gang
will stand and fight.

HISSES

BELLOWING

HISSES

And this time,

they've got the weapons
to defend themselves.

The gastonia now have
the upper hand.

But driven by hunger,

the raptors have no choice
but to attack.

HISSES

BELLOWS

With the group leader
fatally wounded...

..the remaining raptors back down.

BELLOWS

But George's moment of triumph
will be short-lived.

The hot summer months
bring a new danger.

Something revealed by

a completely different type
of evidence...

..found alongside
the gastonia bones.

Palaeobotanist Dr Carol Hotton

is an expert in ancient pollen.

- Howdy, Carol.
- Hey, Jim, take a look.

There's some interesting grains
right in the centre.

So, if you see
those little round grains

that look like flat tyres,

that's pollen
from an extinct conifer.

And, um, there's another grain.

That's a member
of the cypress family.

Hmm.

That was well adapted
to dry conditions.

All the pollen
Carol has identified

belongs to trees that lived
in a parched, arid environment.

130 million years ago,

the forest that covered the dig site
was a tinder box.

You can see
all through the field

- black pieces.
- Yeah, little shards.

- Yeah, little shards.
- Twiggy-looking things

that are pretty small for twigs.

Right. In all probability,
they represent charcoal.

It's unlikely to be anything else,

and I see that
in all my pollen samples.

There's only one thing

that could have produced
so much charcoal.

THUNDER ROLLS

The long, dry summer months

have created a time bomb.

As wildfire rages through
the parched forest...

..it threatens the gastonia

and the surviving raptors.

CHITTERS

SCREECHES

BELLOWING

But George is slow
to react to the danger.

BELLOWS

SQUAWKS

With a top speed around 20mph,

the raptors soon reach
a clearing in the forest.

SQUAWKS

But they're trapped
between the flames

and a treacherous marshy swamp.

And George and the gastonia
gang aren't far behind.

The flames driving the two
mortal enemies together...

..for one final showdown.

GRUNTS

This one is...

But back at the lab...

Oh, that's just...

..the sandstone block
filled with raptor bones...

Now, this one here...

..has one last secret to reveal.

..right size...

Nice little jaw right there.

Oh, yeah. I see the teeth on that.

The amazing thing is that
all these delicate little teeth

are all still in place
in their sockets.

Oh, it's really remarkable
to have it so well preserved.

Such high levels of preservation...

- Hard to tell.
- And certainly this,

you know,
still has the teeth included.

..tell the team the bones
have not been disturbed.

The block captures the very
moment the raptors died.

And interesting that

all the best-preserved bones
all seem to be in this sand.

Yeah. It suggests that sand
is part of why they died,

why they're so well preserved.

Although the sand is solid today,

Jim believes
that when the raptors died,

it was liquid.

You know, what killed them
is what buried them.

Given the geology of the setting,

most likely we're looking at
a mass mortality tied to quicksand.

SQUAWKS

BELLOWS

HISSING

SHRIEKS

SQUAWKING

Panicked,
the raptors run into trouble.

BLEATS

With the raptors out of the way...

..George has the chance to escape.

LOW BELLOWING

But they're struggling.

The very things that protected
them from the raptors...

..heavy armour
and short, stocky legs...

GRUNTS AND PANTS

..mean George and the gang

are too slow to escape the fire.

PANTS

One by one...

..the smoke takes its toll.

Buried where they fell...

..the landscape is transformed
around them.

Layer upon layer of rock
builds up...

..as the aeons pass...

..and the continents silently drift
across the face of the Earth...

..until George and the gang
are finally found...

..130 million years later.

Next time...

..T-Rex's lethal, faster cousin.

A young hunter
fighting for her place

in the most ferocious pack on Earth.

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