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00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:03,280
Deadly dinos, laser beams
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00:00:03,280 --> 00:00:04,520
Putrid plants, cool machines
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00:00:04,520 --> 00:00:05,840
Potty planets, moody moons
4
00:00:05,840 --> 00:00:07,080
Strange sights, big booms
5
00:00:07,080 --> 00:00:08,640
Experiments that make you hurl
6
00:00:08,640 --> 00:00:09,960
Visitors from other worlds
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Earth's core, stinky space
8
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The future of the human race
9
00:00:12,680 --> 00:00:14,040
Science that did not go right
10
00:00:14,040 --> 00:00:15,280
Things to keep you up at night
11
00:00:15,280 --> 00:00:16,720
Biology with stings and fangs
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Chemistry that stinks and bangs
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00:00:18,240 --> 00:00:20,680
Freaky physics, we do that
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00:00:20,680 --> 00:00:23,520
Quantum gravity, what's that?
15
00:00:23,520 --> 00:00:26,360
Weird and gross stuff you should
know
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00:00:26,360 --> 00:00:31,640
Welcome to
The Horrible Science show!
17
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Horrible Science viewers, ready?
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00:00:41,320 --> 00:00:44,160
Gladiators, ready?
They're big, they're bad,
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00:00:44,160 --> 00:00:46,840
and they make up everything
in the known universe.
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{\an8}Meet the Elemental Gladiators.
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00:00:53,880 --> 00:01:00,120
{\an8}I'm Hydrogen. I'm Gold. I'm Helium.
Introducing Carbon.
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{\an8}This element is an all-rounder.
Carbon can be as hard as a diamond -
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{\an8}not the Gladiator, an actual
diamond -
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{\an8}and she can be as brittle
as the graphite in a pencil.
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{\an8}A real crowd-pleaser,
Carbon gets everywhere.
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{\an8}Not just in the arena, in every cell
in your body.
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{\an8}HE GROWLS
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{\an8}This metal monster is Potassium.
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{\an8}"K" for...Potassium.
Am I in the right suit?
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{\an8}This legend is glittery,
soft and explodes into lilac flames
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{\an8}when he comes into contact
with water.
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{\an8}HE GROWLS
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{\an8}So taking on the gauntlet better be
no sweat for him,
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00:01:38,000 --> 00:01:39,800
{\an8}or there could be fireworks.
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{\an8}Potassium is like a dangerous
flamingo made of burning metal.
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{\an8}And brightening
up the darkness is Neon.
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00:01:48,480 --> 00:01:52,040
{\an8}The audience love it
when Neon lights up the arena,
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00:01:52,040 --> 00:01:54,160
{\an8}but sadly, that's pretty much
all she does.
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{\an8}Neon's an inert gas.
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She can't react with anything.
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When she hangs tough,
she just hangs there. Boring!
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Oh, well, they can't all be winners.
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{\an8}BOOING
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{\an8}And listen to the boos!
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{\an8}No, he's not Viper.
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{\an8}Here comes Polonium.
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{\an8}Polonium is radioactive,
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glows in the dark,
and on a really bad day,
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00:02:14,200 --> 00:02:18,840
can unleash a nuclear reaction
that spreads destruction for miles.
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00:02:21,400 --> 00:02:24,400
Well, that'll stop all the booing
and foam finger pointing.
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{\an8}Hang on a minute, isn't that Steel?
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{\an8}Not on Elemental Gladiators!
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{\an8}That's Oganesson,
the heaviest element of all.
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More unstable than the cargo net
in the Eliminator,
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Oganesson is incredibly rare.
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No wonder the fans are going wild!
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Oops! I told you Oganesson was heavy.
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{\an8}The Elemental Gladiators -
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{\an8}they're not just coming soon,
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00:02:48,560 --> 00:02:51,280
{\an8}they're already everywhere
in the universe.
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00:02:53,480 --> 00:02:57,920
Welcome to our materials and
states special.
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You know, I would make a great
Gladiator. I might be small,
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{\an8}but I am super brave. Ha...!
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{\an8}PARP!
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{\an8}Oh, ha-ha, oh...
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Pardon me. Well, I still rock
the outfit, don't I?
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00:03:12,840 --> 00:03:14,520
So we've met the elements,
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00:03:14,520 --> 00:03:15,720
now let's see what happens
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00:03:15,720 --> 00:03:19,880
when you start mixing them together
in chemicals.
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00:03:19,880 --> 00:03:22,480
Do I get to keep the outfit? No!
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00:03:22,480 --> 00:03:26,240
Wicked plan number 78 -
use chemicals for evil!
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00:03:26,240 --> 00:03:28,320
At last I, Dr Big Brain,
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00:03:28,320 --> 00:03:33,320
have perfected my spray of doom.
And with it, I shall melt the world.
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Ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha!
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You'll never get away with this,
Professor Big Brain.
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00:03:38,600 --> 00:03:41,360
It's Dr Big Brain. Mm.
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00:03:41,360 --> 00:03:44,280
I would have gone with professor,
it's kind of more impressive.
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00:03:44,280 --> 00:03:47,720
Yes, I know, but there already is
a Professor Big Brain.
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00:03:47,720 --> 00:03:50,560
She teaches business management
in Macclesfield.
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00:03:50,560 --> 00:03:52,040
She's got a website and everything.
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00:03:52,040 --> 00:03:54,040
I swear she gets sent half
the ransoms
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00:03:54,040 --> 00:03:55,960
from my evil plans by mistake.
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00:03:55,960 --> 00:03:57,920
Peter, it's time.
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00:03:57,920 --> 00:04:01,200
Fill the spray of doom with one of
my deadly substances.
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00:04:01,200 --> 00:04:02,240
Righto.
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00:04:03,280 --> 00:04:04,920
Which one, boss? Either will do.
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00:04:04,920 --> 00:04:06,800
One is a very strong acid -
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00:04:06,800 --> 00:04:09,760
sour, eats through metal
and human flesh, leaving any mush.
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00:04:09,760 --> 00:04:12,720
The other is a very strong alkali -
a bit more slimy,
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00:04:12,720 --> 00:04:15,480
also eats through metal
and human flesh, leaving only mush.
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00:04:15,480 --> 00:04:16,520
How charming.
92
00:04:16,520 --> 00:04:19,160
My ransom demands are already
on their way to the White House.
93
00:04:19,160 --> 00:04:21,520
They'll never give
in to your wild demands.
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00:04:21,520 --> 00:04:25,080
Hey! You haven't even heard
what my demands are.
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00:04:25,080 --> 00:04:29,120
I want $10 billion
and the president to be replaced by
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a tennis racquet with
a face drawn on it.
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00:04:31,560 --> 00:04:34,360
So not that wild at all, then?
Spray of doom ready.
98
00:04:34,360 --> 00:04:38,880
Aha! My machine is full
and ready to use.
99
00:04:38,880 --> 00:04:41,080
Say goodnight, Agent Goodie.
100
00:04:41,080 --> 00:04:44,520
Ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha!
101
00:04:44,520 --> 00:04:48,560
Peter, I'm laughing alone again.
Ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha!
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00:04:48,560 --> 00:04:51,640
Better. Now, what's the time?
Oh, looksy,
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00:04:51,640 --> 00:04:55,960
it's half-past TIME-TO-DIE!
Ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha!
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00:04:55,960 --> 00:05:01,880
Spray of doom on.
No! No, no, no, no!
105
00:05:01,880 --> 00:05:04,160
Ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha!
106
00:05:07,560 --> 00:05:09,280
It's just water.
107
00:05:09,280 --> 00:05:13,000
I think you'll find your flesh
is melting whilst your insides...
108
00:05:14,080 --> 00:05:17,600
No. Definitely water. Salty water.
109
00:05:17,600 --> 00:05:18,960
Peter,
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00:05:18,960 --> 00:05:20,120
could you come here, please?
111
00:05:22,360 --> 00:05:26,280
Peter, did you put the strong acid
or the strong alkali
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00:05:26,280 --> 00:05:27,760
into my spray of doom?
113
00:05:27,760 --> 00:05:32,480
Well, what would you say
if I said I used both?
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00:05:32,480 --> 00:05:34,280
I'd say "Bad Peter!"
115
00:05:34,280 --> 00:05:37,760
No, no!
Because two deadly liquids -
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00:05:37,760 --> 00:05:42,720
double deadly. No, because whilst
they are individually very dangerous,
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00:05:42,720 --> 00:05:49,320
if you mix them together, the alkali
and the acid cancel each other out
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00:05:49,320 --> 00:05:53,360
and the chemicals turn into water
and salt.
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00:05:55,160 --> 00:05:57,280
Ooh, that's nice.
120
00:05:57,280 --> 00:06:00,200
Oh, no, something terrible's going
to happen to me now, isn't it?
121
00:06:01,800 --> 00:06:03,800
Take a walk with me, Peter. Oh.
Don't worry,
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00:06:03,800 --> 00:06:07,240
I'm not cross. I just need someone
to quickly check... Bye!
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00:06:07,240 --> 00:06:10,360
..the inside
of my industrial flattening machine.
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00:06:10,360 --> 00:06:11,680
Oh, right.
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00:06:11,680 --> 00:06:13,440
ARGH!
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00:06:13,440 --> 00:06:15,360
DR BIG BRAIN CRIES
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00:06:15,360 --> 00:06:19,160
So sad! I don't
think I'll ever get over his death.
128
00:06:20,560 --> 00:06:25,160
Now, where were we? Oh!
It worked! She melted!
129
00:06:25,160 --> 00:06:26,520
Oh, no, she escaped.
130
00:06:29,000 --> 00:06:33,800
Oh, they don't know she escaped yet.
You win, Big Brain.
131
00:06:33,800 --> 00:06:36,400
We've transferred $10 billion
into your
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00:06:36,400 --> 00:06:40,680
Professor Big Brain account in
Macclesfield. Yes, we did...!
133
00:06:40,680 --> 00:06:42,880
Wait, Professor Big Brain?
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00:06:42,880 --> 00:06:44,800
Oh, come on!
135
00:06:46,600 --> 00:06:48,920
Take a walk with me, Peter. Again.
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00:06:51,240 --> 00:06:53,960
{\an8}I'm Potassium. And I'm Oganesson.
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00:06:55,080 --> 00:06:57,720
Really? I thought you were the
Gladiator Steel.
138
00:06:57,720 --> 00:07:00,400
I'm acting. Just do the question.
Oh, right. OK, yeah. Sorry.
139
00:07:01,560 --> 00:07:06,360
Ahem! I'm Potassium, and he's
Oganesson. We're both elements.
140
00:07:06,360 --> 00:07:10,160
An element is a substance which
is made up of only one kind of atom.
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00:07:10,160 --> 00:07:13,360
It can't be broken
down into any other substance.
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00:07:13,360 --> 00:07:17,920
There are over 100 elements.
But which of these ISN'T an element?
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00:07:23,480 --> 00:07:25,320
I mean, there's an element
standing right next to me,
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00:07:25,320 --> 00:07:28,040
so maybe there's a clue there.
OK, right.
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00:07:28,040 --> 00:07:29,320
Time's up!
146
00:07:29,320 --> 00:07:30,760
The answer is...
147
00:07:30,760 --> 00:07:32,200
..C, steel.
148
00:07:32,200 --> 00:07:34,560
Yes, steel ISN'T an element.
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00:07:34,560 --> 00:07:37,360
Wait, you literally just said...
150
00:07:37,360 --> 00:07:39,280
Oh, no, sorry, you're pretending.
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00:07:39,280 --> 00:07:41,320
{\an8}Yes, steel is actually a combination
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00:07:41,320 --> 00:07:43,200
{\an8}of two elements - iron and carbon.
153
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{\an8}So it's not an element itself.
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{\an8}Other elements include me,
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Potassium!
And me, Oganesson.
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00:07:51,120 --> 00:07:55,320
Sorry, I'm so confused.
Can we just use Viper instead?
157
00:07:58,120 --> 00:08:01,680
Ah! Stole my money.
I'm Sir Isaac Newton.
158
00:08:01,680 --> 00:08:05,480
I'm at a theme park,
and this is Science At Speed.
159
00:08:05,480 --> 00:08:06,720
Yeah, let's do this.
160
00:08:06,720 --> 00:08:10,120
I'm a thrill-seeker and I'm ready
for anything.
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00:08:10,120 --> 00:08:12,600
SCREAMING
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00:08:13,960 --> 00:08:16,200
Don't they do pony rides
or anything like that?
163
00:08:23,120 --> 00:08:25,120
Today on Science At Speed...
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00:08:26,880 --> 00:08:28,760
{\an8}And I shall be answering
the question...
165
00:08:31,520 --> 00:08:34,640
{\an8}Let's go! What is that sound?
166
00:08:31,520 --> 00:08:34,640
{\an8}RUMBLING
167
00:08:34,640 --> 00:08:37,280
{\an8}Oh, this is fairly pleasant.
168
00:08:37,280 --> 00:08:42,520
{\an8}Now, a chemical reaction happens
when substances combine
169
00:08:42,520 --> 00:08:44,880
{\an8}and their atoms rearrange
170
00:08:44,880 --> 00:08:48,320
{\an8}to create one or more new substances.
171
00:08:48,320 --> 00:08:53,240
{\an8}When a chemical reaction happens,
sometimes they may release bubbles
172
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{\an8}and sometimes they might
change colour!
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{\an8}ARGH! Like I'm doing now! A-A-ARGH!
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{\an8}PARP!
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00:09:00,880 --> 00:09:04,200
{\an8}Oh, I just released
a few of my own bubbles.
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PARP!
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00:09:04,200 --> 00:09:05,720
Sorry back there.
178
00:09:05,720 --> 00:09:08,960
{\an8}ARGH! Ooh, lots of chemical
reactions
179
00:09:08,960 --> 00:09:11,240
{\an8}give off...
180
00:09:11,240 --> 00:09:14,480
{\an8}..ENERGY! Like heat...
181
00:09:14,480 --> 00:09:16,600
{\an8}..and light...
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{\an8}..and sick.
183
00:09:18,360 --> 00:09:21,080
{\an8}Now, many chemical reactions
are irreversible,
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00:09:21,080 --> 00:09:25,360
{\an8}which means that they cannot go back
to how they were before.
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00:09:25,360 --> 00:09:29,320
{\an8}To be honest, I wish I could.
A-AARGH!
186
00:09:30,640 --> 00:09:33,400
{\an8}A-A-A-ARGH! ARGH!
187
00:09:33,400 --> 00:09:36,080
{\an8}Why would people go on this
voluntarily?
188
00:09:36,080 --> 00:09:37,840
Ah-ha-ha-ha!
189
00:09:39,520 --> 00:09:42,960
That. Was. Hell.
190
00:09:50,680 --> 00:09:52,640
You humans don't know
what you're missing -
191
00:09:52,640 --> 00:09:54,960
living up there on
the Earth's surface.
192
00:09:54,960 --> 00:09:57,960
"Oh, but we like looking at the sky
and that."
193
00:09:57,960 --> 00:10:02,720
"Ooh, a rainbow!"
Pffft, boring! Trust a vole.
194
00:10:02,720 --> 00:10:05,000
Under the ground is where it's at.
195
00:10:05,000 --> 00:10:07,360
It's not just rocks and worm plops,
196
00:10:07,360 --> 00:10:11,040
our planet's got loads of layers
all the way to the centre.
197
00:10:11,040 --> 00:10:13,920
Think of the Earth
as a massive round trifle,
198
00:10:13,920 --> 00:10:17,600
but with layers of burning rocks
and gold and steam and gases and...
199
00:10:17,600 --> 00:10:19,920
PARP!
200
00:10:17,600 --> 00:10:19,920
Ooh. Yeah, OK,
201
00:10:19,920 --> 00:10:21,400
there's quite a lot of worm plops,
202
00:10:21,400 --> 00:10:26,280
but only near the surface!
Go deeper and things get way cooler.
203
00:10:26,280 --> 00:10:27,480
Or should I say hotter?
204
00:10:30,360 --> 00:10:34,560
This is the big one.
The heist to end all heists.
205
00:10:34,560 --> 00:10:36,920
Luckily, you lot are the best of
the best...
206
00:10:38,320 --> 00:10:40,560
..that were available at short
notice.
207
00:10:40,560 --> 00:10:45,280
{\an8}Welcome to the biggest gold heist
in the world.
208
00:10:45,280 --> 00:10:48,280
Hoo-hoo! Sounds extremely dangerous.
I'm in.
209
00:10:48,280 --> 00:10:49,880
Where's the gold, boss?
210
00:10:49,880 --> 00:10:53,280
I just told you! In the Earth.
211
00:10:53,280 --> 00:10:57,680
{\an8}We're going to drill down to the
Earth's core and come back rich.
212
00:10:59,160 --> 00:11:00,240
Wait, boss.
213
00:11:00,240 --> 00:11:02,080
How much gold is actually
down there, though?
214
00:11:02,080 --> 00:11:05,880
1.6 quadrillion tonnes.
215
00:11:05,880 --> 00:11:08,520
{\an8}That is enough to cover
the entire planet
216
00:11:08,520 --> 00:11:11,280
{\an8}in a layer of gold half
a metre thick.
217
00:11:11,280 --> 00:11:14,240
Oh, I like it! But what's the plan,
boss?
218
00:11:14,240 --> 00:11:15,280
Well...
219
00:11:16,200 --> 00:11:19,040
{\an8}..first we're going to break through
the Earth's crust.
220
00:11:19,040 --> 00:11:21,880
{\an8}We'll hit them on the ocean floor
where it's thinnest.
221
00:11:21,880 --> 00:11:24,400
{\an8}Hope you brought your swimwear,
Boris. That's you.
222
00:11:24,400 --> 00:11:28,000
You're going to have to dig down
about five or ten... Centimetres?
223
00:11:28,000 --> 00:11:30,320
Kilometres. Huh?!
224
00:11:30,320 --> 00:11:32,480
Then we're through the crust and
we're in.
225
00:11:32,480 --> 00:11:35,120
And then we get the gold. Not yet!
226
00:11:36,400 --> 00:11:38,040
{\an8}Now we're in the mantle -
227
00:11:38,040 --> 00:11:41,280
{\an8}a mush of very hot rock
and minerals.
228
00:11:41,280 --> 00:11:43,800
Norris, you're going to find us
a way through.
229
00:11:43,800 --> 00:11:46,440
Now, there is some gold
in the mantle -
230
00:11:46,440 --> 00:11:50,760
about 10 billion tonnes -
but don't get distracted!
231
00:11:50,760 --> 00:11:52,600
The real prize is in the core.
232
00:11:52,600 --> 00:11:54,560
You're going
to work your way through around
233
00:11:54,560 --> 00:11:59,360
{\an8}1,800 miles of dense rock.
Oh, and it's warm down there.
234
00:11:59,360 --> 00:12:03,880
Gets up to around 3,500 degrees
Celsius. What?!
235
00:12:03,880 --> 00:12:06,880
Once we're through the mantle,
we're into the core.
236
00:12:06,880 --> 00:12:09,680
And then the gold, innit, boss?
Not yet!
237
00:12:09,680 --> 00:12:11,160
Harris, you're going to have
238
00:12:11,160 --> 00:12:13,720
to punch your way through
the outer core.
239
00:12:13,720 --> 00:12:16,960
{\an8}It's filled with molten iron
and nickel.
240
00:12:16,960 --> 00:12:20,400
You want to punch through metal
that's 3,500 degrees hot?
241
00:12:20,400 --> 00:12:21,760
No! Phew!
242
00:12:21,760 --> 00:12:24,400
{\an8}3,500 degrees is the mantle.
243
00:12:24,400 --> 00:12:27,880
{\an8}The outer core gets
up to around 5,500 degrees.
244
00:12:27,880 --> 00:12:30,040
What?! And it's spinning. Pardon me?!
245
00:12:30,040 --> 00:12:31,640
And once we're through that,
246
00:12:31,640 --> 00:12:33,560
{\an8}we're into the inner core -
247
00:12:33,560 --> 00:12:36,000
{\an8}and that's
where the gold we want is.
248
00:12:36,000 --> 00:12:39,360
We just have to put up with
the intense physical pressure of
249
00:12:39,360 --> 00:12:42,320
the entire planet and its atmosphere
above us.
250
00:12:42,320 --> 00:12:44,680
It's going to feel like we've got
around - hyeurgh -
251
00:12:44,680 --> 00:12:47,720
750,000 elephants sitting on us.
252
00:12:47,720 --> 00:12:51,000
I hate elephants.
So we get in, we grab the gold -
253
00:12:51,000 --> 00:12:53,480
next stop, Bahamas. Who's with me?
254
00:12:56,880 --> 00:12:58,080
No.
255
00:12:58,080 --> 00:13:00,400
Or we just rob another bank.
Great idea, boss.
256
00:13:00,400 --> 00:13:02,800
Yeah, that's lit.
Let's just do that.
257
00:13:02,800 --> 00:13:04,240
You're so predictable.
258
00:13:07,880 --> 00:13:12,360
Forever water. Not just a drink,
a drinking experience.
259
00:13:14,240 --> 00:13:16,360
Forever water contains all the
natural things
260
00:13:16,360 --> 00:13:18,400
found in the purest mineral water.
261
00:13:23,120 --> 00:13:24,360
What was that last one?!
262
00:13:24,360 --> 00:13:26,320
S-Sodium? No, after that.
263
00:13:26,320 --> 00:13:27,760
Magnesium. Come on.
264
00:13:27,760 --> 00:13:29,720
Calcium. You know the one I mean.
265
00:13:29,720 --> 00:13:33,800
Um, dinosaur wee.
I'm not drinking dinosaur wee!
266
00:13:33,800 --> 00:13:36,240
Oh, it's in my hair!
267
00:13:36,240 --> 00:13:39,600
Dinosaur wee is in almost
all the water on the planet.
268
00:13:39,600 --> 00:13:41,160
The same amount of natural water
269
00:13:41,160 --> 00:13:45,120
has been with us on Earth
for over 4 billion years.
270
00:13:45,120 --> 00:13:48,440
Constantly evaporating,
forming clouds, raining,
271
00:13:48,440 --> 00:13:52,400
snowing, flowing, flushing...
Flushing?!
272
00:13:52,400 --> 00:13:54,200
..collecting and evaporating again,
273
00:13:54,200 --> 00:13:55,840
and all the while constantly mixing
274
00:13:55,840 --> 00:13:58,920
and going back into the great
cycle of our planet's water.
275
00:13:58,920 --> 00:14:01,120
OK, well,
that bit sounds pretty cool.
276
00:14:01,120 --> 00:14:04,200
Like, we're drinking the same water
the dinosaurs drank.
277
00:14:04,200 --> 00:14:06,840
And weeing out the same wee
the dinosaurs weed.
278
00:14:06,840 --> 00:14:08,920
I'm just going to focus on
the drinking, thanks.
279
00:14:08,920 --> 00:14:12,360
Whatever. All the water on the planet
is the same forever water.
280
00:14:12,360 --> 00:14:16,440
Ice, snow, oceans, sweat,
showers, tears, bathwater,
281
00:14:16,440 --> 00:14:20,480
tooth brushing, spit, toilet water
all mixing as molecules together...
282
00:14:20,480 --> 00:14:23,120
Maybe just don't give me
all the details.
283
00:14:23,120 --> 00:14:25,840
{\an8}Forever water -
rain water, sea water,
284
00:14:25,840 --> 00:14:29,160
{\an8}dog water, your water,
your mum's water, one water,
285
00:14:29,160 --> 00:14:31,640
all water, forever water.
And now available,
286
00:14:31,640 --> 00:14:34,560
the purest water of all -
glacier water...
287
00:14:34,560 --> 00:14:36,520
Why didn't you just give me
that one to start with?
288
00:14:37,720 --> 00:14:40,280
..which obviously also
contains dinosaur wee.
289
00:14:47,080 --> 00:14:51,120
Hey, babes, your gal T-Rex here.
Just chilling on my hols,
290
00:14:51,120 --> 00:14:53,280
getting some T-Rest.
291
00:14:53,280 --> 00:14:56,120
And this ice cream's making
a nice change from eating,
292
00:14:56,120 --> 00:14:58,720
you know, everything that can't
run faster than me.
293
00:14:58,720 --> 00:15:00,640
But what is going on with this thing?
294
00:15:00,640 --> 00:15:01,880
I'm totally chilled,
295
00:15:01,880 --> 00:15:05,520
but my ice cream is getting hotter
and it's just melting.
296
00:15:05,520 --> 00:15:07,400
The sun
is turning my vanilla whip from
297
00:15:07,400 --> 00:15:11,880
a solid into a liquid,
and my smoothie's totally evaporated.
298
00:15:11,880 --> 00:15:16,080
It's gone from a liquid to a gas.
This holiday couldn't get any worse.
299
00:15:16,080 --> 00:15:17,680
CREAK!
300
00:15:16,080 --> 00:15:17,680
Argh!
301
00:15:20,480 --> 00:15:24,000
Let's play Solid, Liquid, Gas!
302
00:15:20,480 --> 00:15:24,000
CHEERING
303
00:15:24,000 --> 00:15:27,160
{\an8}Welcome to Solid, Liquid, Gas,
304
00:15:27,160 --> 00:15:30,800
where our contestants decide if
something's physical state is...
305
00:15:30,800 --> 00:15:33,280
CROWD: Solid, liquid or gas!
306
00:15:33,280 --> 00:15:36,240
Let's meet today's contestant.
And you are?
307
00:15:36,240 --> 00:15:37,360
Mostly solid,
308
00:15:37,360 --> 00:15:39,960
but also some liquid
and a little bit of gas.
309
00:15:39,960 --> 00:15:41,120
PARP!
310
00:15:42,280 --> 00:15:44,120
I'm so sorry.
That happens when I get nervous.
311
00:15:44,120 --> 00:15:45,560
PARP!
312
00:15:46,640 --> 00:15:49,160
Thought I got away with that one.
Hm-hm, you didn't.
313
00:15:50,720 --> 00:15:52,280
Best of luck. Question one -
314
00:15:52,280 --> 00:15:54,600
an ice lolly? Um, well...
315
00:15:54,600 --> 00:15:56,080
..it's a frozen liquid,
316
00:15:56,080 --> 00:15:57,560
so that makes it a solid!
317
00:15:58,880 --> 00:16:01,600
Correct! Ice is the frozen solid
state of water.
318
00:16:01,600 --> 00:16:03,760
Next question - lava.
319
00:16:03,760 --> 00:16:04,840
Liquid!
320
00:16:06,080 --> 00:16:08,640
But lava's liquid rock.
Yes, but we meant
321
00:16:08,640 --> 00:16:11,200
the lava that's just been cooled
and become solid rock.
322
00:16:11,200 --> 00:16:13,560
Oh, that's a bit unfair, isn't it?
No!
323
00:16:13,560 --> 00:16:16,200
Clouds. Gas, they're in the air.
324
00:16:18,280 --> 00:16:21,720
Clouds are made
of tiny droplets of liquid water.
325
00:16:21,720 --> 00:16:25,400
And finally in this round,
a lovely chilled moose.
326
00:16:25,400 --> 00:16:28,000
Oh! I know this one.
I love a chocolate mousse!
327
00:16:29,040 --> 00:16:30,800
It's actually a semi-solid.
328
00:16:30,800 --> 00:16:34,120
It's a pudding made of gas bubbles
surrounded by liquid,
329
00:16:34,120 --> 00:16:36,560
all in a kind of semi-solid form.
330
00:16:36,560 --> 00:16:40,480
A very clever answer, but sadly
an incorrect one.
331
00:16:40,480 --> 00:16:44,640
We meant this lovely chilled moose.
What?! Moose!
332
00:16:44,640 --> 00:16:46,800
So much easier
when you're playing along at home.
333
00:16:46,800 --> 00:16:48,880
Quick fire round now.
Jelly. Liquid!
334
00:16:50,040 --> 00:16:52,720
Once it's set, it's solid.
A gas cylinder.
335
00:16:52,720 --> 00:16:54,840
Gas! The cylinder is solid.
336
00:16:54,840 --> 00:16:57,040
But what about what's inside
the gas cylinder?
337
00:16:57,040 --> 00:16:59,720
Gas! We filled it with milk.
338
00:17:00,680 --> 00:17:04,160
What?! And finally, time for
the million pound question.
339
00:17:04,160 --> 00:17:08,280
1 million! This is
for the jackpot prize.
340
00:17:08,280 --> 00:17:13,360
Is it a solid, a liquid or a gas?
Best of luck.
341
00:17:14,480 --> 00:17:18,600
Lightning. Uh... Right, well, it's
not a solid.
342
00:17:18,600 --> 00:17:19,720
And it's not liquid.
343
00:17:20,720 --> 00:17:21,840
So it must be a gas!
344
00:17:21,840 --> 00:17:23,840
INCORRECT BUZZER
345
00:17:21,840 --> 00:17:23,840
Oh, bad luck!
346
00:17:23,840 --> 00:17:26,760
Lightning is a fourth physical
state called plasma.
347
00:17:26,760 --> 00:17:29,000
What?! Plasma wasn't even an option!
348
00:17:29,000 --> 00:17:30,080
It's a bit like a gas
349
00:17:30,080 --> 00:17:33,800
and it can be found in flames
and lightning.
350
00:17:33,800 --> 00:17:36,000
Can't just change the rules!
Yes, we can.
351
00:17:36,000 --> 00:17:37,880
And that's all we got time for!
352
00:17:37,880 --> 00:17:39,840
You'll be going home with a solid...
353
00:17:41,760 --> 00:17:43,760
Great. I'll buy myself an ice lolly.
354
00:17:43,760 --> 00:17:46,480
Join us again next time
for another game of...
355
00:17:46,480 --> 00:17:49,760
CROWD: Solid, Liquid or Gas!
And plasma, apparently.
356
00:17:49,760 --> 00:17:50,960
Give us a solid wave.
357
00:17:59,400 --> 00:18:01,960
Sorting out the science beefs of
the past...
358
00:18:01,960 --> 00:18:04,920
I don't care if we ARE related to
chimpanzees, Mr Darwin...
359
00:18:04,920 --> 00:18:07,040
..with the justice of today.
360
00:18:07,040 --> 00:18:09,040
..that's no reason
to bring one into my courtroom.
361
00:18:10,160 --> 00:18:11,200
Welcome to...
362
00:18:15,120 --> 00:18:18,720
{\an8}18th century chemists Joseph
Priestley and Antoine Lavoisier
363
00:18:18,720 --> 00:18:21,240
both believed they discovered
oxygen first.
364
00:18:21,240 --> 00:18:25,680
Can Judge Rinder decide which one is
the actual gas giant?
365
00:18:25,680 --> 00:18:29,360
So, Priestley, let's start with you.
We all breathe oxygen every day.
366
00:18:29,360 --> 00:18:31,800
What on earth makes
you think you discovered it?
367
00:18:31,800 --> 00:18:34,760
Because I did. Ha-ha!
In August 1774,
368
00:18:34,760 --> 00:18:37,240
I stumbled upon a gas
in which things burned
369
00:18:37,240 --> 00:18:41,760
more furiously than in regular air.
I called it Dephlogisticated air.
370
00:18:41,760 --> 00:18:43,280
Ah-h-h! Fake yawn.
371
00:18:43,280 --> 00:18:44,520
You're certainly sucking
372
00:18:44,520 --> 00:18:49,120
the oxygen out of the room
with this boring chitchat. Talking!
373
00:18:49,120 --> 00:18:51,440
You'll have your time to speak,
all right?
374
00:18:51,440 --> 00:18:54,800
And that time's now, off you go.
Thank you, Rindy-pops.
375
00:18:54,800 --> 00:18:56,840
May I call you Rindy-pops?
Absolutely not.
376
00:18:56,840 --> 00:19:00,040
OK. Your Honour, while Priestley
was messing around
377
00:19:00,040 --> 00:19:03,280
with his theories of de-farticated
air...
378
00:19:03,280 --> 00:19:06,160
It's dephlogisticated.
..I discovered oxygen.
379
00:19:06,160 --> 00:19:09,720
So why have I got a plaque from
the Royal Society of Chemistry
380
00:19:09,720 --> 00:19:11,480
saying I discovered oxygen?
381
00:19:11,480 --> 00:19:16,160
AS PRIESTLY: "Oh, look at me, I've
got a plaque. I must be right
382
00:19:16,160 --> 00:19:18,680
"because someone gave me
a little badge."
383
00:19:18,680 --> 00:19:20,520
I don't sound like that!
And it's a big badge.
384
00:19:20,520 --> 00:19:22,760
Quiet in my courtroom. Bailiff,
385
00:19:22,760 --> 00:19:25,440
I want
a badge with "judge" written on it.
386
00:19:25,440 --> 00:19:30,120
Do carry on. In 1774,
I hung out with Lavoisier in Paris.
387
00:19:30,120 --> 00:19:32,080
I made the mistake of telling him
about my discoveries,
388
00:19:32,080 --> 00:19:33,200
and what happens next?
389
00:19:33,200 --> 00:19:35,000
He's telling everyone
HE discovered it.
390
00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:37,880
Blah-blah-blah. Look, I was the one
who actually got the science right.
391
00:19:37,880 --> 00:19:41,200
Plus, I named it, so it's mine.
Also,
392
00:19:41,200 --> 00:19:43,080
here is one element
you CAN discover.
393
00:19:43,080 --> 00:19:45,440
Methane.
394
00:19:43,080 --> 00:19:45,440
PARP!
395
00:19:45,440 --> 00:19:48,760
That's enough. I don't want to
hear any more from either of you.
396
00:19:48,760 --> 00:19:51,360
I have an important contribution.
Oh, no.
397
00:19:51,360 --> 00:19:52,960
Well, it can't be worse than
the last one.
398
00:19:52,960 --> 00:19:54,200
My name is Scheele,
399
00:19:54,200 --> 00:19:57,240
and I actually discovered oxygen
in 1771,
400
00:19:57,240 --> 00:19:59,160
before both of these two.
401
00:19:59,160 --> 00:20:00,480
Ignore this man, Your Honour,
402
00:20:00,480 --> 00:20:02,640
it took him years
to finish his notes.
403
00:20:02,640 --> 00:20:04,160
So what if it took me so long?
404
00:20:04,160 --> 00:20:06,560
I wrote a letter
to Lavoisier explaining
405
00:20:06,560 --> 00:20:09,920
him everything I have found.
But, oh, the letter went "missing."
406
00:20:09,920 --> 00:20:11,120
You worked in a barn,
407
00:20:11,120 --> 00:20:13,560
the letter was probably covered
in cow plop.
408
00:20:13,560 --> 00:20:15,640
Your mum's covered in cow plop. Argh!
409
00:20:15,640 --> 00:20:17,760
Children, I'm appalled by
what I've seen today.
410
00:20:17,760 --> 00:20:20,400
You've all clearly had a hand
in discovering oxygen.
411
00:20:20,400 --> 00:20:23,400
And, frankly, the rest is just
a lot of hot air.
412
00:20:23,400 --> 00:20:26,640
Talking of hot air, can you open
the window? I can still smell it.
413
00:20:26,640 --> 00:20:28,440
You're quite right, Rindy-pops.
414
00:20:28,440 --> 00:20:32,240
Open the window and let
in some oxygen that I discovered.
415
00:20:32,240 --> 00:20:34,600
That I discovered! I discovered it!
I discovered it!
416
00:20:34,600 --> 00:20:36,200
I discovered, I discovered!
417
00:20:36,200 --> 00:20:37,480
Order! Order!
418
00:20:37,480 --> 00:20:40,360
Frankly, this entire case has been
a waste of oxygen.
419
00:20:42,720 --> 00:20:46,280
I'm Dmitri Mendeleev.
I created a famous list of
420
00:20:46,280 --> 00:20:48,400
all the known chemical elements
421
00:20:48,400 --> 00:20:51,040
known as the periodic table.
422
00:20:51,040 --> 00:20:54,920
Things like gold, oxygen, carbon,
and so on.
423
00:20:54,920 --> 00:21:00,200
I arranged them all into a table
that ultimately looked like this.
424
00:21:00,200 --> 00:21:06,080
And not like this, which is
the wrong kind of table!
425
00:21:06,080 --> 00:21:07,840
OK. Chill out, man.
426
00:21:07,840 --> 00:21:09,760
I wasn't the first to create such a
list,
427
00:21:09,760 --> 00:21:12,840
but I was the first to group
the elements together.
428
00:21:12,840 --> 00:21:15,240
Here's my original table.
429
00:21:15,240 --> 00:21:19,000
I actually left gaps in my version
because I guessed people
430
00:21:19,000 --> 00:21:21,840
would discover more elements
in the future.
431
00:21:21,840 --> 00:21:23,680
And I'm hoping one day, there
432
00:21:23,680 --> 00:21:26,600
might even be one named after me.
433
00:21:26,600 --> 00:21:29,200
Now, here's my question -
434
00:21:29,200 --> 00:21:32,600
how did I come up with my
periodic table?
435
00:21:32,600 --> 00:21:34,000
Did I - A -
436
00:21:34,000 --> 00:21:38,000
ask my mummy which chemical elements
were her favourites?
437
00:21:46,280 --> 00:21:49,200
What do you think? Well, the answer
is...
438
00:21:49,200 --> 00:21:53,120
..B - I saw in a dream
a table where all of
439
00:21:53,120 --> 00:21:56,600
the elements fell into place
as required.
440
00:21:56,600 --> 00:22:00,760
So next time you have a crazy dream,
pay attention.
441
00:22:00,760 --> 00:22:04,280
It might just be telling
you something amazing,
442
00:22:04,280 --> 00:22:08,440
and you might end
up with your own periodic table.
443
00:22:08,440 --> 00:22:11,200
That's a stable! Whatever!
444
00:22:13,000 --> 00:22:16,040
That human created
a brilliant list of the elements.
445
00:22:16,040 --> 00:22:19,800
Although I must say,
I still get very, very confused.
446
00:22:19,800 --> 00:22:24,920
There are so many of them!
118, to be precise.
447
00:22:24,920 --> 00:22:27,920
Frankly, I lose track of
what mixes with what,
448
00:22:27,920 --> 00:22:30,480
what makes what go boom. Well,
449
00:22:30,480 --> 00:22:32,720
luckily someone wrote
a song to help.
450
00:22:33,800 --> 00:22:35,360
Ah, the elements.
451
00:22:35,360 --> 00:22:38,200
Every single thing in the
world can be broken down
452
00:22:38,200 --> 00:22:42,760
into some combination of
the simple chemical substances
453
00:22:42,760 --> 00:22:47,680
that we call elements, listed here
in the periodic table.
454
00:22:47,680 --> 00:22:52,600
Every single thing! I mean,
these elements really rock!
455
00:22:56,040 --> 00:22:59,520
Elements
Everything you see is made of
456
00:22:59,520 --> 00:23:01,000
Elements
457
00:23:01,000 --> 00:23:04,480
Even you and me, we're made of
Elements
458
00:23:04,480 --> 00:23:08,160
The building blocks of all we know
We're fundamental
459
00:23:08,160 --> 00:23:10,240
Yes, it's elemental
460
00:23:10,240 --> 00:23:13,120
Hydrogen atoms are lighter than air
461
00:23:13,120 --> 00:23:16,520
They're invisible, explosive,
so best beware
462
00:23:16,520 --> 00:23:20,720
Mix two with oxygen,
add energy and, bosh, right there
463
00:23:20,720 --> 00:23:24,000
You end up with water -
pretty cool, yeah?
464
00:23:24,000 --> 00:23:27,280
Sodium's a metal when it's on its
own
465
00:23:27,280 --> 00:23:31,440
But mixed with chlorine
and it's salt found in every home
466
00:23:31,440 --> 00:23:35,120
Calcium's in chalk, teeth
and in your bones
467
00:23:35,120 --> 00:23:38,480
Also milk and cheese
Consider your mind blown
468
00:23:38,480 --> 00:23:42,000
There's nothing in the universe
you can't create
469
00:23:42,000 --> 00:23:47,520
Using the building
blocks of these 118
470
00:23:47,520 --> 00:23:48,960
Elements
471
00:23:48,960 --> 00:23:51,200
The stars way out in space are
made of
472
00:23:51,200 --> 00:23:52,520
Elements
473
00:23:52,520 --> 00:23:54,600
The entire human race is made of
474
00:23:54,600 --> 00:23:56,080
Elements
475
00:23:56,080 --> 00:23:58,720
The building blocks of all we know
476
00:23:58,720 --> 00:24:01,800
In every creature, some of us will
feature
477
00:24:01,800 --> 00:24:05,080
Carbon is found
in every form of life
478
00:24:05,080 --> 00:24:06,760
It's also in your pencil
479
00:24:06,760 --> 00:24:08,360
Now, that's called graphite
480
00:24:08,360 --> 00:24:12,200
Mixed with hydrogen
it makes most plastic things
481
00:24:12,200 --> 00:24:16,000
A big chunk of carbon is
a diamond ring
482
00:24:16,000 --> 00:24:18,920
Iron is
the centre of our planet's core
483
00:24:18,920 --> 00:24:22,640
It's on the surface of Mars
But wait, there's more
484
00:24:22,640 --> 00:24:26,400
Add carbon and now you've got
steel instead
485
00:24:26,400 --> 00:24:29,960
It's also what helps make your
blood cells red
486
00:24:29,960 --> 00:24:33,760
Like different words are made
from 26 letters
487
00:24:33,760 --> 00:24:38,600
Elements combine
to make something better!
488
00:24:38,600 --> 00:24:40,680
Here we go!
Elements
489
00:24:40,680 --> 00:24:44,240
Every variation of the
Elements
490
00:24:44,240 --> 00:24:45,680
Is a new formation
491
00:24:45,680 --> 00:24:47,640
Oh, the
Elements
492
00:24:47,640 --> 00:24:53,120
The building blocks of all we know
It's incarnation and amalgamation
493
00:24:53,120 --> 00:24:56,720
We list their symbols so we are
able
494
00:24:56,720 --> 00:25:00,240
To group them in the periodic table
495
00:25:00,240 --> 00:25:03,720
118 known to exist
496
00:25:03,720 --> 00:25:07,480
Who knows, one day we might add
more to the list of
497
00:25:07,480 --> 00:25:10,960
Elements
Everything's constructed from the
498
00:25:10,960 --> 00:25:12,600
Elements
499
00:25:12,600 --> 00:25:14,520
So we have deducted that the
500
00:25:14,520 --> 00:25:15,880
Elements
501
00:25:15,880 --> 00:25:18,600
Are the building blocks of all we
know
502
00:25:18,600 --> 00:25:22,000
Every creation is a combination
503
00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:23,320
We're fundamental
504
00:25:23,320 --> 00:25:25,240
Yes, it's elemental
505
00:25:25,240 --> 00:25:26,880
Elements!
506
00:25:26,880 --> 00:25:29,360
CHEERING AND APPLAUSE
507
00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:34,840
No security?
What kind of mission is this?
508
00:25:36,160 --> 00:25:37,280
Kilometres. Urgh?!
509
00:25:39,920 --> 00:25:41,640
Kilometres.
510
00:25:41,640 --> 00:25:44,360
Weird and gross stuff you now know
511
00:25:44,360 --> 00:25:49,600
Hope you enjoyed
The Horrible Science show!
512
00:25:49,650 --> 00:25:54,200
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