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[narrator] Abandonedstructures hold the secretsof America's past.
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A two-mile high ghost townwhich fostered generationsof heroes.
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[Nina Gabianelli]
When I first discoveredthis beautiful area,
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I was inspiredby the fortitude of the peoplethat had to live out here.
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[narrator] A placeof entertainment
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which saw a deadly massacre.
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It's a secret that they keep
locked up in the box,
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and they don't expose it.
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[narrator] Anda network of tunnels
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which served the schemesof Los Angeles.
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[Hadley Meares]
LA has always beena sunny place for shady people
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because people here
were very resourceful,
they were very clever,
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they liked to havea good time.
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[narrator] Scatteredacross the United Statesare abandoned structures.
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Forgotten ruins of the past.
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Monuments to a bygone era.
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Each shines a lighton the story of this landand its people.
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These are the secretsof hidden America.
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In a town 70 milesnorth of Charleston,
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lies a buildingwhich saw a defining moment
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in the fightfor racial equality.
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[Cleveland Sellers]
It's very hardto do anything
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when you're feelinglike a second-class citizen.
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Or you're feelinglike you're not wantedafter 70-some-odd years.
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I have been through
all of that.
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[Dr. Sascha Auerbach]
We're in a small townin South Carolina.
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This is
a pretty deprived area,
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and it remainsamong the 10% of poorest areasin the whole country.
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[Dr. Michele Mitchell] This isa Deep South, majorityAfrican-American town.
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But racial tension
has long simmered
under the surface.
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[narrator] Insideone store front,
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there's remindersof a troubled past.
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[Sascha] Inside,it's devastated.
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Part of the roofhas come down,
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and it makes you wonder,
"For how many decades
has this place been derelict?"
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[Michele] There arestill personal itemsin the lockers.
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Why didn't their owners
collect them?
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[Sascha] Look atall those bowling shoes,
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look at those long,wooden lanes.
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This was obviouslya bowling alley,
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but what happened here
that was so terrible
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that it wasleft in this state?
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[narrator] What occurred hereover half a century ago
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would foreshadowterrible eventsacross the nation.
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[Prof. Sarah Churchwell]
America's terrible historyof racial violence
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left us with far too manyfamiliar stories,
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but there are still a handfulof really important ones
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that have been
lost to sight altogether.
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[narrator] This bowling alley,
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a place of leisure,became a place of pain.
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A pain that Cleveland Sellersknows only too well.
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[Cleveland] Itoccurred because
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it was Black students,
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and Black students'lives don't matter.
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And you see that slogan,
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but that's real
for a lot of people.
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[Sascha] South Carolina,
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along with Deep South states
like Mississippi,
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were really centers
of racial tension
in the 1960s.
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These were very,very segregated communities.
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[Sarah] At the beginningof 1968,
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America hadn'treally settled down
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after the"long, hot summer" of 1967.
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There had beengreat racial unrest
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and riots across cities
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including Atlanta, Newark,
Detroit, really across
the country.
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[narrator] Whattranspired here
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would shock this small town,yet would barely registeron a national scale.
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This isthe All Star Bowling Lanesin Orangeburg, South Carolina.
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[Cleveland] Orangeburg wasvery special to Black students
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who were interested
in higher education.
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If you ever got an opportunityto go, that's whereyou would go.
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[narrator] Orangeburgwas home to two historicallyBlack universities,
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but power in this townwas still exclusivelyin white hands.
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The Civil Rights Act
of 1964 had said
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that every American space
needed to be desegregated,
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but of course not every
American public space
followed that law.
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[Sascha] By 1968,almost all the publicbuildings in Orangeburg
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were officially desegregated
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with the exception
of hospitals,
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doctor's offices,
and Harry Floyd's
bowling alley.
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[narrator] The segregationof this place was significant
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because during the 1960s,bowling was at the heightof its popularity.
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[Michele] Bowlingwas popular no matterwhat color you were.
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In fact, during the 1960s,
there was an African-American
women's national champion,
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the trailblazingLouise Fulton.
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[narrator] One inventionwould usher in bowling'sgolden age.
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[Sascha] And what madethe difference herewas the automatic pin setter.
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Back in the old days,
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you had to have a personrun out between every bowland reset the pins.
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[Michele] This ledto the number of bowlingalleys in the United States
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peaking at 12,000
during the 1960s, which is
really a staggering number.
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[Sascha] Thiswas America's gamefor a while,
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and the sport was so popular
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that President Nixon even
had a bowling alley installed
in the White House.
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[narrator] But in 1968,Orangeburg's African-Americanpopulation
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was still not allowedto go bowling.
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[Cleveland] Harry Floyddid something.
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The Civil Rights Act
said all public facilities
had to be desegregated.
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So what he was able to dowas he was able to put a sign
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in the glass doorwaysaying "members only."
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[narrator] Studentsfrom South CarolinaState University
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led a protest againstthe segregationof this bowling alley
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in February 1968,changing this small townforever.
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[Sascha] The eventsat Orangeburg took placeover several nights,
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but the first couple
of nights,
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the bowling alley
was really the focus.
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[Michele] Onthe first night,
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around 40 studentsenter the bowling alley,
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but they leave peacefully.
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[narrator] A groupof African-American studentsreturn the next night,
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but this time the authoritiesknew they were coming.
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[Cleveland] But there werea whole host of highway patrolin there,
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and they pushed backagainst the door,
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and the pushing back and forth
caused the glass in the door
just to fall out.
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What happened next wasthat the police went outside,
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and they opened up
the trunks of the cars,
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and they got
this little baton,
and they just waded in.
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[Sascha] The policeresponded immediatelywith violence.
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This bowling alley,
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which is supposed to be
a place of enjoyment
and have fun,
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had becomea site of violent conflict.
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[narrator] Arounda dozen studentswere hospitalized,
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but the beatingsat the bowling alley
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would not be the endof the violence.
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It was only the beginning.
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[Michele] Afterthe beatings, the studentssubmit a list of demands.
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They call for integration
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and the ending
of discrimination
within the community.
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The governorof South Carolina at the time,
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Robert McNair, respondedby calling the National Guard.
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[Cleveland] Therewas a tank parkedin front of my house,
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and the muzzle
was just pointed
in that general direction.
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[narrator] Withthe National Guard in town,
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and hundredsof protesting students,
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the city of Orangeburgwas a tinderbox.
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[narrator] OnFebruary 6, 1968,
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many students
were brutally beaten by police
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for protestingthe racial segregationof this bowling alley.
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Two nights later,
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on the campusof South Carolina State,
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another group of studentsfound themselves facing off
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against armedhighway patrolmen.
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A wooden bannister
was thrown towards the police,
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and there were rumors
of a sniper.
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Some officer
from the highway patrolmen
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got hit by a piece of wood,
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and some of the policesaid that he was shot.
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They decidedto use lethal forceagainst these students.
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Unarmed students,
they were in a open field.
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It was almost like
shooting fish in a barrel.
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[Sascha] It wasa massacre.
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Almost 30 people were woundedin the shooting.
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Most of them
were shot in the back
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as they were running away
from gunfire.
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[narrator] ThreeAfrican-Americanteenagers were killed.
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High school student,Delano Middleton,
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and South Carolina Stateundergraduates
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Samuel Hammond Jr.,and Henry Smith.
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[Cleveland]
The gunfire went off,
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and it was timed
at about eight to ten seconds,
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but it soundedlike it was forever.
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I got hit on the left sideas I was going down.
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I just did a spread eagle,
and just hit the ground.
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[narrator] After a trial,
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all of the highway patrolmenwho opened firewere acquitted.
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The only personconvicted of any crimewas Cleveland Sellers,
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who spentseven months in prisonfor incitement to riot.
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He has sincebeen granted a pardon.
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[Cleveland] TheOrangeburg Massacreis, in fact, the litmus test
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for race relations
in the state
of South Carolina.
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00:11:21,467 --> 00:11:24,867
Everything else
is related to that
in some way.
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00:11:24,867 --> 00:11:32,166
That police were allowedto just go in and kill people,and nothing has been done.
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[narrator] Orangeburgwas the nation's firstcampus massacre,
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but it would not be the last.
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Two years later,students were gunned down
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by law enforcementand National Guardsmen
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at both Kent Stateand Jackson Stateuniversities.
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[Cleveland] Wedidn't learn our lesson.
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We could haveavoided all of that.
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You don't put police
with loaded guns on a campus.
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You just don't do that.
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[Michele] It's incredibleto think that this happened
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two years before the shootingsat Kent State.
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00:12:10,166 --> 00:12:11,800
And you have to ask yourself,
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"Why is that one famous,
and this one is not?"
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And if you think deeplyand carefully,
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you can't help but wonderwhether or not race playsa factor.
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[narrator] Two weeksafter the massacre,
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a local court decidedthe 1964 Civil Rights Actapplied to the bowling alley.
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Harry Floyd complied,opened his doors to all,
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and ten years later,one-third of his customerswere African American.
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The bowling alleykept much of its 1960s decor,
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but closed soon afterthe turn of the century.
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Today, one organizationled by Ellen Zisholtz
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has stepped into preserve the memoryof what happened here.
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[Ellen Zisholtz] This buildingof remembrance,we're going to restore it.
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It'll be preservedfor history,
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00:13:10,900 --> 00:13:13,300
it will be preservedin commemoration
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00:13:13,300 --> 00:13:16,166
of the studentsthat were killed and wounded,
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but it will also be
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something positive
for the future.
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00:13:20,100 --> 00:13:23,934
If you don'tpreserve your history,you lose your civilization.
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[Cleveland] Bringingcommunities together
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00:13:27,667 --> 00:13:31,266
is what we haveto be concerned about.
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00:13:31,266 --> 00:13:34,433
But we have to tell the truth
about our past.
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00:13:43,900 --> 00:13:45,767
[narrator] Inthe Mountain States,
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00:13:45,767 --> 00:13:49,066
a town that sparkeda sporting revolution
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became a crucial cogin America's war machine.
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[Dr. Kenya Davis-Hayes]
We're in the Colorado Rockies,
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00:14:02,266 --> 00:14:07,233
a place that is known
for its adventure,
and its wildlife.
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00:14:08,900 --> 00:14:11,667
[narrator] Amongthe snow driftsand pine trees,
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00:14:11,667 --> 00:14:15,367
the remainsof abandoned structuresstand out.
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00:14:16,800 --> 00:14:19,467
It looks like
an old Wild West film set,
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00:14:19,467 --> 00:14:25,367
but this siteis almost 10,000 feet up.It's freezing, it's isolated.
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00:14:25,367 --> 00:14:30,100
Why anyone would
build anything here
is a mystery to me.
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[Sascha]
Most of the buildings we seeare simple wooden shacks.
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00:14:33,166 --> 00:14:35,066
A door, a few windows, a roof.
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00:14:35,867 --> 00:14:37,400
[narrator] These buildings
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00:14:37,400 --> 00:14:41,100
are the remnantsof an American hero's dream.
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00:14:41,100 --> 00:14:44,000
[Nina] This iconic,young gentleman,
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00:14:44,000 --> 00:14:48,533
he planted the seed here
that really revolutionized
the Rocky Mountains.
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00:14:49,867 --> 00:14:54,667
[narrator]
Despite facing tragedywhen the world fell into war,
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00:14:54,667 --> 00:14:56,567
this town stepped up.
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00:14:59,100 --> 00:15:03,367
Soldiers learned skills here
that were instrumental
in defeating Hitler.
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00:15:03,367 --> 00:15:06,634
Skills that couldonly be learnedin places like this.
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00:15:16,567 --> 00:15:20,634
[narrator] This townsits almost two miles highin the Rockies.
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00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:25,166
Nina Gabianellifirst discoveredthese buildings
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00:15:25,166 --> 00:15:26,867
over four decades ago,
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00:15:26,867 --> 00:15:30,166
and has been hookedever since.
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00:15:32,867 --> 00:15:36,800
When I first came outto this valley
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and found these
cluster of cabins,
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00:15:40,166 --> 00:15:45,100
I was overwhelmed by the idea
that people lived out here
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00:15:45,100 --> 00:15:48,133
in the middle of what, to me,looks like wilderness.
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[narrator] With temperaturesdropping to below -30 degreesFahrenheit,
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these peaks and valleys
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00:15:57,100 --> 00:16:00,734
were once partof the untrodden Wild West.
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00:16:01,700 --> 00:16:06,867
But in 1877,this changed dramatically.
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00:16:08,066 --> 00:16:09,266
[Trevor Washko]
In search of silver,
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00:16:09,266 --> 00:16:12,567
the US Geological Survey
mapped out the region,
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00:16:12,567 --> 00:16:15,100
and proclaimed
that it could be
242
00:16:15,100 --> 00:16:16,834
the treasure vault of America.
243
00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:21,166
[Nina] There was silver,proven in these mountains,
244
00:16:21,166 --> 00:16:23,867
and land was available, free,
for the taking.
245
00:16:23,867 --> 00:16:29,767
So hundreds of menbegan to come into this areato prospect.
246
00:16:29,767 --> 00:16:32,600
[narrator] A settlementwas formed across the valley.
247
00:16:32,600 --> 00:16:37,033
By 1883, its populationhad swelled to 2,000.
248
00:16:37,767 --> 00:16:40,133
This is Ashcroft.
249
00:16:42,300 --> 00:16:49,000
[Nina] Ashcroftwas complete with courthouse,dance hall, 20 saloons.
250
00:16:49,000 --> 00:16:51,567
They did kind offorget the churches,
251
00:16:51,567 --> 00:16:55,767
but living out here
was not as conducive
to family life.
252
00:16:55,767 --> 00:16:57,467
Let's put it that way.
253
00:16:57,467 --> 00:17:02,066
[narrator] Yet, as quicklyas Ashcroft boomed,it went bust.
254
00:17:03,266 --> 00:17:06,367
The silver deposits
were found to be
rather shallow,
255
00:17:06,367 --> 00:17:10,500
and Ashcroft went into declinerather quickly.
256
00:17:10,500 --> 00:17:13,166
[narrator] By the turnof the 20th century,
257
00:17:13,166 --> 00:17:16,967
it appearedAshcroft was destinedfor the history books.
258
00:17:18,867 --> 00:17:21,367
But in 1936,
259
00:17:21,367 --> 00:17:26,634
everything changedwhen a sporting iconcame to town.
260
00:17:28,600 --> 00:17:34,767
[Kenya]
Billy Fiske was a driverfor the US bobsled team.
261
00:17:34,767 --> 00:17:38,200
He won two gold medals
in the Winter Olympics.
262
00:17:38,200 --> 00:17:42,066
The first in 1928,the second in 1932.
263
00:17:43,567 --> 00:17:46,367
[Sascha] Billy Fiskewas a huge celebrity,
264
00:17:46,367 --> 00:17:49,700
and he probably would have wona third Olympic gold,
265
00:17:49,700 --> 00:17:52,667
but he refused to go
to the '36 Olympics
266
00:17:52,667 --> 00:17:54,166
'cause they were held
in Nazi Germany.
267
00:17:55,767 --> 00:17:58,867
[narrator] While missing outon the '36 Olympics,
268
00:17:58,867 --> 00:18:00,200
Fiske turned his attention
269
00:18:00,200 --> 00:18:03,433
to bringingthe latest sporting trendto America.
270
00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:11,000
In the 1930s, downhill skiing
started in the Alps
of Central Europe,
271
00:18:11,000 --> 00:18:14,166
and was this new
and exciting sport.
272
00:18:15,767 --> 00:18:20,700
It was associated
with European royalty.
The glitz, the glamor.
273
00:18:20,700 --> 00:18:24,967
But then you add to it,this thrill-seeking,the adrenaline,
274
00:18:24,967 --> 00:18:27,700
the speed of downhill skiing.
275
00:18:27,700 --> 00:18:30,433
It was a true luxury sport.
276
00:18:31,867 --> 00:18:36,100
[narrator] On the huntfor a spot to build a resortfor downhill skiing,
277
00:18:36,100 --> 00:18:39,433
Fiske visitedthe dwindling townof Ashcroft.
278
00:18:41,567 --> 00:18:43,266
When he came to this area,
279
00:18:43,266 --> 00:18:47,000
he fell in lovewith this beautiful valley.
280
00:18:47,000 --> 00:18:50,066
And his team purchasesan immense amount of land,
281
00:18:50,066 --> 00:18:55,767
and they concoct a ski plan
with a lift system devised
all along this mountain range.
282
00:18:57,567 --> 00:19:01,467
[narrator] But the full resortwould never be completed.
283
00:19:01,467 --> 00:19:06,000
In 1939, World War IIbroke out in Europe,
284
00:19:06,000 --> 00:19:09,634
over two yearsbefore America enteredthe conflict.
285
00:19:11,667 --> 00:19:13,567
[Sascha] Thisis an important momentfor Billy Fiske
286
00:19:13,567 --> 00:19:16,266
'cause he has deep connectionsto Britain.
287
00:19:16,266 --> 00:19:19,000
He has marriedan English countess,
288
00:19:19,000 --> 00:19:24,567
and he feels morally obliged
to go and fight on the side
of the Allies.
289
00:19:25,600 --> 00:19:27,767
[narrator] WithAmerica neutral,
290
00:19:27,767 --> 00:19:31,567
Fiske had to find a novel wayto fight the Nazis.
291
00:19:33,166 --> 00:19:36,400
Billy Fiske actually
joined the Royal Air Force
292
00:19:36,400 --> 00:19:39,433
by lying and saying
that he was
a Canadian citizen.
293
00:19:41,000 --> 00:19:44,166
[narrator] On July 12, 1940,
294
00:19:44,166 --> 00:19:46,233
Fiske gets calledinto action...
295
00:19:47,567 --> 00:19:49,567
in the Battle of Britain.
296
00:19:50,266 --> 00:19:53,100
-[guns firing]
-[aircraft exploding]
297
00:19:53,100 --> 00:19:58,100
The Battle of Britain
is one of the epic battles
of the Second World War.
298
00:19:58,100 --> 00:20:01,500
And Billy Fiske foughtin one of the most famousplanes at the time,
299
00:20:01,500 --> 00:20:02,900
the Hurricane.
300
00:20:02,900 --> 00:20:05,634
It's just goingto be nonstop.
301
00:20:06,967 --> 00:20:09,767
You can imagine the dogfights
that you would see
302
00:20:09,767 --> 00:20:11,266
in World War II movies.
303
00:20:11,266 --> 00:20:13,266
These would havebeen fierce battles.
304
00:20:13,266 --> 00:20:14,567
[distant explosion]
305
00:20:14,567 --> 00:20:18,066
[narrator] Three monthsand three weeksafter the battle began,
306
00:20:18,066 --> 00:20:20,767
the Royal Air Forceand its allies
307
00:20:20,767 --> 00:20:22,667
defeated the Luftwaffe.
308
00:20:22,667 --> 00:20:25,867
Hitler had to rip up his planto invade Britain.
309
00:20:26,800 --> 00:20:30,433
But Billy Fiske had paidthe ultimate price.
310
00:20:31,467 --> 00:20:34,900
In August of 1940,
Fiske's plane was shot down.
311
00:20:34,900 --> 00:20:38,100
He succumbed to his injuriesthe next day.
312
00:20:38,100 --> 00:20:41,567
[narrator] Billy Fiskewas one of the firstAmerican casualties
313
00:20:41,567 --> 00:20:44,100
of World War II.
314
00:20:44,100 --> 00:20:48,967
And as the restof America's military mightfollowed Fiske into war,
315
00:20:48,967 --> 00:20:54,300
his dream of bringingdownhill skiing to the Rockiesdied with him.
316
00:20:54,300 --> 00:20:56,667
[Trevor] With America's entryinto World War II,
317
00:20:56,667 --> 00:21:00,567
the steel that was meant
to build ski lifts up here
at Ashcroft, and tramways,
318
00:21:00,567 --> 00:21:02,834
went to build tanks instead.
319
00:21:05,667 --> 00:21:07,867
[narrator] Inan ironic twist of fate,
320
00:21:07,867 --> 00:21:11,300
the very war that had takenAshcroft's champion,
321
00:21:11,300 --> 00:21:13,667
offered the town a lifeline.
322
00:21:23,867 --> 00:21:27,400
[narrator] After the deathof its advocatein World War II,
323
00:21:27,400 --> 00:21:31,867
the dreamof Ashcroft becominga downhill ski destination...
324
00:21:31,867 --> 00:21:32,867
was over.
325
00:21:33,967 --> 00:21:35,166
[Trevor] Oneof the main stakeholders
326
00:21:35,166 --> 00:21:36,667
for the Ashcroftski operation
327
00:21:36,667 --> 00:21:38,467
gave his land
to the US government
328
00:21:38,467 --> 00:21:41,133
for the duration of the war
for $1 a year.
329
00:21:42,200 --> 00:21:43,867
[narrator] With the landnow federal,
330
00:21:43,867 --> 00:21:47,066
in 1942, the Armycame to Ashcroft
331
00:21:47,066 --> 00:21:49,200
to begin traininga new regiment
332
00:21:49,200 --> 00:21:54,100
to fight the Axis Powersin Europe's most difficultbattlefield.
333
00:21:54,100 --> 00:21:57,834
They became knownas the 10th Mountain Division.
334
00:21:58,867 --> 00:22:00,100
The 10th Mountain Division
335
00:22:00,100 --> 00:22:02,166
had to have
a very special type
of training
336
00:22:02,166 --> 00:22:04,100
to fight in the mountains.
337
00:22:04,100 --> 00:22:06,734
They actually wore whiteto blend in with the snow.
338
00:22:08,700 --> 00:22:10,567
The idea was these soldiers
339
00:22:10,567 --> 00:22:12,800
were going to be able
to move through the mountains
340
00:22:12,800 --> 00:22:14,867
without tanks, without trucks,
341
00:22:14,867 --> 00:22:17,867
so they had to learn
how to use mule teams,
342
00:22:17,867 --> 00:22:20,767
how to ski,how to use dogsleds.
343
00:22:22,400 --> 00:22:26,767
[narrator] These skillsproved decisivein the Italian Alps
344
00:22:26,767 --> 00:22:32,467
as the 10th Mountain Divisionbroke through the entrenchedGerman defensive line,
345
00:22:32,467 --> 00:22:38,000
a crucial act in the Alliesdefeating the Nazis in Europe.
346
00:22:38,000 --> 00:22:43,166
But once the war ended,many soldiers didn't wantto stop skiing.
347
00:22:45,266 --> 00:22:46,867
The 10th Mountain veterans
348
00:22:46,867 --> 00:22:50,033
wanted a tasteof this new activityback in America.
349
00:22:52,166 --> 00:22:56,100
[narrator]
The veterans succeedwhere Billy Fiske had failed,
350
00:22:56,100 --> 00:22:58,867
and set up ski schoolsin the Rocky Mountains.
351
00:23:00,100 --> 00:23:03,166
Yet they turned their backson Ashcroft.
352
00:23:05,200 --> 00:23:08,066
The prospect
of actually creating
a downhill ski at Ashcroft
353
00:23:08,066 --> 00:23:12,033
was gonna require building
everything from the ground up.
354
00:23:13,400 --> 00:23:15,600
Whereas Aspen,just down the way,
355
00:23:15,600 --> 00:23:17,533
had the infrastructureof a townsite.
356
00:23:19,800 --> 00:23:22,166
[narrator] Fast forwardnearly 80 years,
357
00:23:22,166 --> 00:23:25,467
and Aspen is America's homeof skiing,
358
00:23:25,467 --> 00:23:28,834
welcoming well overa million visitors a year.
359
00:23:29,567 --> 00:23:31,967
While just ten miles away,
360
00:23:31,967 --> 00:23:34,533
Ashcroft has becomea ghost town.
361
00:23:40,300 --> 00:23:43,600
Today, Ashcroft's storyis kept alive
362
00:23:43,600 --> 00:23:46,033
by a nonprofit organization.
363
00:23:47,667 --> 00:23:50,066
[Nina] We atthe Aspen Historical Society
364
00:23:50,066 --> 00:23:54,166
feel a great responsibilityfor stewarding this valley,
365
00:23:54,166 --> 00:23:57,667
and we're so lucky
not to have the development
366
00:23:57,667 --> 00:24:01,934
so that you can take a moment
and be within just nature.
367
00:24:04,667 --> 00:24:07,867
[narrator] It's thanksto this unspoiled wildlife
368
00:24:07,867 --> 00:24:10,567
that the ghost townhas become famous
369
00:24:10,567 --> 00:24:12,767
for the revival of an activity
370
00:24:12,767 --> 00:24:16,734
that's ingrainedin the historyof these buildings.
371
00:24:17,467 --> 00:24:20,166
Ashcroft has really become
372
00:24:20,166 --> 00:24:26,200
one of the premier
cross-country ski touring
areas in this valley.
373
00:24:26,200 --> 00:24:29,266
So, although the town sideis a ghost town,
374
00:24:29,266 --> 00:24:31,467
it does still havelots of life here.
375
00:24:37,000 --> 00:24:39,266
[narrator] In the centerof Los Angeles,
376
00:24:39,266 --> 00:24:44,300
clues to the city'ssordid secret historyare waiting to be found,
377
00:24:44,300 --> 00:24:46,634
if you only knowwhere to look.
378
00:24:52,767 --> 00:24:54,100
[Hadley] What's so amazing
379
00:24:54,100 --> 00:24:56,567
is that so many peoplewalking the streetsof Los Angeles above
380
00:24:56,567 --> 00:25:00,634
have no ideaof all the historygoing on down below.
381
00:25:02,667 --> 00:25:07,266
When I'm down here,I kind of hear the jazz musicand the clinking of glasses,
382
00:25:07,266 --> 00:25:11,000
and all the ghostsof these mobsters,and gangsters, moles,
383
00:25:11,000 --> 00:25:13,934
but I also feel a eerie,
creepy feeling down here.
384
00:25:15,900 --> 00:25:19,867
[Sarah] We arejust a few blocksfrom the heart of Downtown LA
385
00:25:19,867 --> 00:25:22,333
in an area still known
as Skid Row.
386
00:25:24,467 --> 00:25:29,700
[Kenya] On the corner,is this reallystrange storefront.
387
00:25:29,700 --> 00:25:32,066
There are no windows,
388
00:25:32,066 --> 00:25:34,233
and everything
is painted black.
389
00:25:36,367 --> 00:25:40,066
[Linda Rodriguez-McRobbie]
This looks likeyour average LA dive bar,
390
00:25:40,066 --> 00:25:42,367
but it also looks
pretty abandoned.
391
00:25:42,367 --> 00:25:45,066
I mean, there's still liquorin some of these bottles,
392
00:25:45,066 --> 00:25:48,166
and there might even be cashin the register.
393
00:25:48,166 --> 00:25:52,433
[narrator] Downstairs,a basement holdsa number of secrets.
394
00:25:54,967 --> 00:25:58,100
[Rob Bell] If this basementwas just used for storage,
395
00:25:58,100 --> 00:25:59,867
then why would you bother
decorating it
396
00:25:59,867 --> 00:26:01,433
with these pictures
on the walls?
397
00:26:07,100 --> 00:26:08,667
[narrator] Connectedto this basement
398
00:26:08,667 --> 00:26:10,800
is a sprawling networkof tunnels
399
00:26:10,800 --> 00:26:16,066
which give a glimpseinto the dark historyof the LA underworld.
400
00:26:26,166 --> 00:26:29,967
Beneath this abandoned barin LA's Skid Row,
401
00:26:29,967 --> 00:26:32,734
lies somethingfrom the distant past.
402
00:26:33,467 --> 00:26:35,667
Hadley Mearesis a journalist
403
00:26:35,667 --> 00:26:41,000
who relishesuncovering the storiesof this city's underbelly.
404
00:26:41,000 --> 00:26:46,400
[Hadley] Thiswas a mecca for folkslooking for an illegal drink,
405
00:26:46,400 --> 00:26:49,467
and it'sone of my favorite placesin Los Angeles.
406
00:26:49,467 --> 00:26:53,600
You can see
there's this beautiful,
giant icebox right here
407
00:26:53,600 --> 00:26:56,433
with another little, maybe,serving door.
408
00:26:59,467 --> 00:27:01,967
And then if you
come back here,
409
00:27:01,967 --> 00:27:04,500
you're gonna see
something really cool.
410
00:27:04,500 --> 00:27:06,800
And that isthis bricked up tunnel.
411
00:27:06,800 --> 00:27:10,200
And some people claimthat this tunnel led
412
00:27:10,200 --> 00:27:12,634
to different spotsn Downtown Los Angeles.
413
00:27:14,967 --> 00:27:16,233
[narrator] This basement
414
00:27:16,233 --> 00:27:21,367
was oncea secret drinking holeknown as the King Eddy Saloon.
415
00:27:21,367 --> 00:27:24,867
And the networkof smuggling tunnelsthat fed it
416
00:27:24,867 --> 00:27:29,400
could be almost as oldas Los Angeles itself.
417
00:27:29,400 --> 00:27:31,200
[Rob] At the beginningof the 20th century,
418
00:27:31,200 --> 00:27:34,000
Los Angeleswas actuallyquite a small city
419
00:27:34,000 --> 00:27:37,266
with only around
100,000 people living here.
420
00:27:37,266 --> 00:27:40,600
But the city was growing fast.
421
00:27:40,600 --> 00:27:45,233
[Hadley] Downtown Lost Angeleswas where it was all happeningin the early 20th century.
422
00:27:47,000 --> 00:27:49,600
There were bars,there were elaborate hotels,
423
00:27:49,600 --> 00:27:52,567
and it was a vibrant placefilled with a lot of people
424
00:27:52,567 --> 00:27:57,166
who had made money
really fast, and wanted
to have a good time.
425
00:27:57,166 --> 00:28:01,667
[narrator] Butthis vibrant placewas about to change forever.
426
00:28:04,500 --> 00:28:06,367
[Rob] Since the early 1800s,
427
00:28:06,367 --> 00:28:10,300
some evangelical groups
had been calling
for a ban on alcohol,
428
00:28:10,300 --> 00:28:14,467
believing that booze erodedthe sanctity of the family.
429
00:28:14,467 --> 00:28:20,533
By the early 20th century,this temperance movementwas building steam nationally.
430
00:28:21,600 --> 00:28:24,867
[narrator] OnJanuary 17, 1920,
431
00:28:24,867 --> 00:28:27,400
the Volstead Actcame into effect,
432
00:28:27,400 --> 00:28:29,700
enacting the EighteenthAmendment,
433
00:28:29,700 --> 00:28:33,433
and completely banning alcoholacross the US.
434
00:28:34,367 --> 00:28:36,433
Prohibition had begun.
435
00:28:38,867 --> 00:28:40,266
[Linda] After Prohibition hit,
436
00:28:40,266 --> 00:28:43,200
it wasn't like peoplewere suddenly gonnastop drinking.
437
00:28:43,200 --> 00:28:45,100
They just had to get
a lot more creative
438
00:28:45,100 --> 00:28:46,333
about how they did it.
439
00:28:48,567 --> 00:28:50,300
[narrator] Toget around the law,
440
00:28:50,300 --> 00:28:54,200
bar ownersstarted to operateclandestine bars,
441
00:28:54,200 --> 00:28:56,934
giving birth to the speakeasy.
442
00:28:58,100 --> 00:28:59,867
[Hadley] So,during Prohibition,
443
00:28:59,867 --> 00:29:03,500
the King Eddysupposedly turnedtheir original bar
444
00:29:03,500 --> 00:29:07,100
into a fake furniture shop,but that was just a front.
445
00:29:07,100 --> 00:29:09,533
There were lots
of these fronts
during Prohibition.
446
00:29:11,767 --> 00:29:14,367
[narrator] Speakeasies,such as the King Eddy,
447
00:29:14,367 --> 00:29:16,100
needed to come up with a way
448
00:29:16,100 --> 00:29:18,533
to keepthe illegal booze flowing.
449
00:29:20,200 --> 00:29:23,667
Booze would
come into LA by land
from Mexico,
450
00:29:23,667 --> 00:29:26,000
or on boats from Canada.
451
00:29:26,000 --> 00:29:29,767
It would then be smuggled
through the tunnels,
and into the bars.
452
00:29:31,166 --> 00:29:34,400
[Hadley] There wereprobably almost 11 milesof service tunnels
453
00:29:34,400 --> 00:29:36,266
downtown in Los Angeles,you know,
454
00:29:36,266 --> 00:29:37,867
in between hotels,
455
00:29:37,867 --> 00:29:39,467
in between
different buildings,
456
00:29:39,467 --> 00:29:42,567
so you could use those
if you could get access.
457
00:29:42,567 --> 00:29:44,700
[narrator] Four blocksnorth of the King Eddy,
458
00:29:44,700 --> 00:29:49,266
lies a network of tunnelsbeneath City Hall.
459
00:29:49,266 --> 00:29:52,367
So there's a lot of things
that are wildly believed
about these tunnels.
460
00:29:52,367 --> 00:29:54,700
One is
that maybe during Prohibition,
461
00:29:54,700 --> 00:29:57,166
alcohol was ferried
through here.
462
00:29:59,367 --> 00:30:04,433
Legend has itthat the King Eddy's tunnelsran all the way to City Hall.
463
00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:08,066
[narrator] Allof this bootlegging
464
00:30:08,066 --> 00:30:11,567
was controlledby organized crime syndicates.
465
00:30:11,567 --> 00:30:16,066
Some of which were basedin these very buildings.
466
00:30:18,100 --> 00:30:20,767
The man who really
controlled bootlegging
467
00:30:20,767 --> 00:30:23,100
and all
of the criminal activities
in Los Angeles
468
00:30:23,100 --> 00:30:27,300
was a gangsternamed Charlie Crawford.
469
00:30:27,300 --> 00:30:31,066
And Charlie was really tightwith a lot of folksat City Hall.
470
00:30:32,166 --> 00:30:36,767
Before 1920,
Crawford ran a whole bunch
of saloons across LA,
471
00:30:36,767 --> 00:30:39,767
but Prohibition
pushed his business
underground.
472
00:30:41,667 --> 00:30:43,400
[narrator] CrawfordCity Hall Gang
473
00:30:43,400 --> 00:30:46,000
would run booze racketsacross town
474
00:30:46,000 --> 00:30:49,166
with the assistanceof the LAPD.
475
00:30:50,100 --> 00:30:51,200
[Sarah] Partof the reason why
476
00:30:51,200 --> 00:30:53,967
the police wereso unsympatheticto Prohibition
477
00:30:53,967 --> 00:30:55,800
was becausethey were mostly Irish.
478
00:30:55,800 --> 00:30:56,967
And they knew
479
00:30:56,967 --> 00:30:58,467
that it was targeted
at the Irish community,
480
00:30:58,467 --> 00:30:59,634
and they liked drinking.
481
00:31:01,500 --> 00:31:02,900
[Linda] It was saidthat King Eddy's
482
00:31:02,900 --> 00:31:05,467
was the favorite drinking spotof the LAPD
483
00:31:05,467 --> 00:31:08,767
when they weren't pretending
to bust bootleggers.
484
00:31:08,767 --> 00:31:13,066
[narrator] But the ageof speakeasies and rumrunnerswas about to end.
485
00:31:13,066 --> 00:31:17,634
Prohibition was repealedon December 5, 1933.
486
00:31:20,767 --> 00:31:22,867
[Kenya] When Prohibitioncame to an end,
487
00:31:22,867 --> 00:31:25,066
the rackets fell apart.
488
00:31:25,066 --> 00:31:29,066
Charles Crawford,one of the top mob bossesin Los Angeles,
489
00:31:29,066 --> 00:31:33,033
had been assassinated
in 1931 by rivals.
490
00:31:34,900 --> 00:31:36,900
[Hadley] So, in the aftermathof Prohibition,
491
00:31:36,900 --> 00:31:40,000
King Eddy opens up top where
the music shop was,
492
00:31:40,000 --> 00:31:44,767
and it becomesthis beloved shady,gritty Skid Row bar
493
00:31:44,767 --> 00:31:48,166
that everybody in LA
had a real soft spot for.
494
00:31:50,000 --> 00:31:54,467
[narrator] As the barsof Downtown Los Angeleswent back above ground,
495
00:31:54,467 --> 00:31:56,367
the tunnelsthat supplied them
496
00:31:56,367 --> 00:31:59,233
fell into disuseand were forgotten.
497
00:32:07,166 --> 00:32:11,867
Today, almost a centuryafter Prohibitionwas repealed,
498
00:32:11,867 --> 00:32:15,900
the same tunnelsthat were usedto shuttle booze around LA,
499
00:32:15,900 --> 00:32:18,400
have been repurposed.
500
00:32:18,400 --> 00:32:22,367
Most of the tunnels
are now either bricked up
or owned by private companies
501
00:32:22,367 --> 00:32:26,834
where they're rented outas event spacesor even take-out kitchens.
502
00:32:27,600 --> 00:32:29,100
[narrator] Yet the King Eddy
503
00:32:29,100 --> 00:32:31,333
has reachedthe end of the line.
504
00:32:32,400 --> 00:32:35,600
[Linda] The King Eddy Saloonwas open until 2021,
505
00:32:35,600 --> 00:32:38,767
but after more than
100 years of serving booze,
506
00:32:38,767 --> 00:32:42,834
both legally and illegally,
it finally closed.
507
00:32:44,800 --> 00:32:47,667
[narrator] But the milesupon miles of tunnels
508
00:32:47,667 --> 00:32:50,600
are still thereunderneath the city,
509
00:32:50,600 --> 00:32:53,233
waiting to be rediscovered.
510
00:32:54,767 --> 00:32:56,100
[Hadley] Nobody seems to know
511
00:32:56,100 --> 00:32:58,200
where the tunnels gothroughout LA,
512
00:32:58,200 --> 00:33:02,967
we don't seem to even have
a map of where the tunnels go
in Downtown Los Angeles.
513
00:33:10,100 --> 00:33:11,800
[narrator] In the middleof the desert,
514
00:33:11,800 --> 00:33:17,000
lie the ruins of a placethat has both entertainedand terrorized travelers
515
00:33:17,000 --> 00:33:18,433
for centuries.
516
00:33:25,967 --> 00:33:28,934
[Adam Thew] I love history,and there's so muchhistory here.
517
00:33:30,166 --> 00:33:33,634
It wasn't too far in the pastthat this was a lively place.
518
00:33:35,000 --> 00:33:38,900
It's just always captured
my imagination.
519
00:33:38,900 --> 00:33:43,667
[narrator] An off-rampleads travelers down a roadto a different time.
520
00:33:45,867 --> 00:33:47,700
[Kenya] It looks like,at some point,
521
00:33:47,700 --> 00:33:50,200
this was a service station.
522
00:33:50,200 --> 00:33:54,634
And you can just imagine
people hopping off to stop
and fill up their cars.
523
00:33:56,000 --> 00:33:59,834
[narrator] Butthere is more to this sitethan first meets the eye.
524
00:34:01,567 --> 00:34:04,867
[Katherine Alcock]
As you head deeperinto the compound,
525
00:34:04,867 --> 00:34:08,233
you start to see
these strange,
crumbling structures.
526
00:34:09,166 --> 00:34:10,800
[Jim Meigs] Something oddwas going on here,
527
00:34:10,800 --> 00:34:12,233
it's a little hard
to say just what.
528
00:34:14,166 --> 00:34:15,767
[Katherine] It suddenlybecomes apparent
529
00:34:15,767 --> 00:34:21,300
that there'sa gaping chasm below you,and an entrance to a cave.
530
00:34:21,300 --> 00:34:24,367
These buildings
give a hint of something
much more interesting
531
00:34:24,367 --> 00:34:26,533
than your usual rest stop.
532
00:34:29,500 --> 00:34:32,367
[Adam] Undoubtedly,if the story is true,
533
00:34:32,367 --> 00:34:34,867
this was a horrible tragedy
that happened here.
534
00:34:34,867 --> 00:34:37,734
However, it wouldnot be the last.
535
00:34:48,100 --> 00:34:50,767
[narrator] On the edgeof this Arizona canyon,
536
00:34:50,767 --> 00:34:53,533
lies a strange collectionof buildings.
537
00:34:55,367 --> 00:34:57,567
Local resident, Adam Thew,
538
00:34:57,567 --> 00:35:01,567
has a deep lovefor the Copper Stateand its hidden history.
539
00:35:03,767 --> 00:35:06,567
So, many people would argue
540
00:35:06,567 --> 00:35:08,700
that this is where
the story began.
541
00:35:08,700 --> 00:35:10,767
Here, at this cave.
542
00:35:10,767 --> 00:35:13,700
If you look above,
you can see that building
right there,
543
00:35:13,700 --> 00:35:17,734
that is the ticket office
where they would sell permits
to enter the cave.
544
00:35:19,567 --> 00:35:22,800
[narrator] This caveis well known to locals,
545
00:35:22,800 --> 00:35:29,433
and in 1878,something terrible happenedthat would make it infamous.
546
00:35:32,467 --> 00:35:35,767
[Kenya] This areahas been populatedby indigenous Americans
547
00:35:35,767 --> 00:35:38,467
for over 1,000 years.
548
00:35:39,800 --> 00:35:42,166
A battle had broken out
549
00:35:42,166 --> 00:35:45,100
between the Navajo
and the Apache tribes.
550
00:35:45,100 --> 00:35:49,834
And the Apachehid in the cavesat the Two Guns site.
551
00:35:51,567 --> 00:35:55,066
[narrator]
The Navajo tribe discoveredthe Apaches' location.
552
00:35:56,467 --> 00:35:58,100
To trap their enemy,
553
00:35:58,100 --> 00:36:02,834
the Navajo lit a fireat the cave's entrance,suffocating them.
554
00:36:05,200 --> 00:36:08,700
[Adam] Afterthe crying stopped,and the smoke died,
555
00:36:08,700 --> 00:36:10,567
the Navajo went into the cave,
556
00:36:10,567 --> 00:36:13,767
retrieved all their
stolen valuables,
looted the bodies,
557
00:36:13,767 --> 00:36:17,033
and left behind42 suffocated Apache bodies.
558
00:36:21,467 --> 00:36:25,667
[narrator]
This place became knownas the Apache Death Cave.
559
00:36:26,567 --> 00:36:29,500
And legend has itthat ever since,
560
00:36:29,500 --> 00:36:31,834
this cave has been cursed.
561
00:36:33,066 --> 00:36:35,934
But that didn't stopthe flow of newcomers.
562
00:36:38,000 --> 00:36:39,567
[Adam] In the early 1880s,
563
00:36:39,567 --> 00:36:41,900
as settlerswere making their waythrough the area,
564
00:36:41,900 --> 00:36:45,166
they ran into
the daunting gorge
known as Canyon Diablo.
565
00:36:47,100 --> 00:36:50,567
[Katherine] Canyon Diabloruns like a scaracross North Arizona,
566
00:36:50,567 --> 00:36:52,266
connectingwith the Grand Canyon.
567
00:36:52,266 --> 00:36:54,300
It runs for over 80 miles
to the north,
568
00:36:54,300 --> 00:36:57,767
and a further 20 milesto the south.
569
00:36:57,767 --> 00:37:02,266
[narrator] For generations,this treacherous canyoncould only be crossed here,
570
00:37:02,266 --> 00:37:04,767
by the Apache Death Cave.
571
00:37:04,767 --> 00:37:09,066
Even today,there are only a few roadsand one train track
572
00:37:09,066 --> 00:37:11,567
that crossthe 100-mile stretch.
573
00:37:11,567 --> 00:37:13,266
[train horn blows]
574
00:37:13,266 --> 00:37:14,533
[Jim] In 1907,
575
00:37:14,533 --> 00:37:19,066
the National Old TrailsHighway was builtthrough this area.
576
00:37:19,066 --> 00:37:20,667
And a few years later,
577
00:37:20,667 --> 00:37:23,634
an improved auto bridge
was built across the canyon.
578
00:37:26,767 --> 00:37:30,100
[Katherine] Soon,local entrepreneurssaw the opportunities
579
00:37:30,100 --> 00:37:31,567
that the area would provide,
580
00:37:31,567 --> 00:37:34,367
and established a restaurant
and a gas station.
581
00:37:36,066 --> 00:37:38,767
[narrator] Buta simple filling stationwouldn't be enough
582
00:37:38,767 --> 00:37:43,266
to attractthe average American traveler.They wanted entertainment.
583
00:37:47,400 --> 00:37:51,900
The roadside attraction
is an American institution.
584
00:37:51,900 --> 00:37:54,166
Who doesn'twant to see Carhenge
585
00:37:54,166 --> 00:37:56,233
or the world's biggestball of twine?
586
00:37:57,600 --> 00:37:59,367
[narrator] Andone local character
587
00:37:59,367 --> 00:38:03,333
would turnthis place of ambushinto a tourist trap.
588
00:38:05,100 --> 00:38:07,266
[Adam] Harry Millerwas an eccentric man,
589
00:38:07,266 --> 00:38:09,467
known locally
to be pretty hostile.
590
00:38:09,467 --> 00:38:11,800
He claimed to be
of full-blooded
Apache heritage,
591
00:38:11,800 --> 00:38:15,100
and he went by the name"Chief Crazy Thunder."
592
00:38:15,100 --> 00:38:19,333
He tried to sell this imagewith long, braided hairfor tourism.
593
00:38:20,700 --> 00:38:22,667
[narrator] Harry Miller'sfavorite actor
594
00:38:22,667 --> 00:38:26,100
was the Wild West star,William Hart.
595
00:38:26,100 --> 00:38:30,867
He named this townafter his hero's nickname,Two Guns.
596
00:38:35,200 --> 00:38:40,000
[Adam] The prized jewelof that attractionwas the roadside zoo
597
00:38:40,000 --> 00:38:42,300
which was repletewith mountain lions,
598
00:38:42,300 --> 00:38:45,433
Gila monsters, bobcats,
and other desert creatures.
599
00:38:47,700 --> 00:38:52,367
[narrator] But Millerbuilt this whole sitearound its star attraction.
600
00:38:54,000 --> 00:38:57,367
[Adam] So Miller,never wasting the opportunityto make a buck,
601
00:38:57,367 --> 00:38:59,800
he installed lighting
and vending machines
602
00:38:59,800 --> 00:39:02,734
throughout this cave,
and indulged the massacre.
603
00:39:03,767 --> 00:39:06,166
He would take touristsdown through the cave,
604
00:39:06,166 --> 00:39:09,000
and he'd allegedlysell the skeletal remains
605
00:39:09,000 --> 00:39:10,834
of the 42 Apachethat died here.
606
00:39:13,900 --> 00:39:17,367
[narrator] Rumor has itthat soon aftertaking tourists
607
00:39:17,367 --> 00:39:22,200
into the Apache Death Cave,things started to go wrongfor Miller.
608
00:39:22,200 --> 00:39:25,567
His landlord,a man named Earl Cundiff,
609
00:39:25,567 --> 00:39:27,634
took mattersinto his own hands.
610
00:39:29,800 --> 00:39:31,467
[Katherine] Eventually,Earl got fed up
611
00:39:31,467 --> 00:39:33,367
with hisvery eccentric tenant,
612
00:39:33,367 --> 00:39:37,567
and he decided to head over
to Miller's house with is gun,
and lie in wait for him.
613
00:39:37,567 --> 00:39:41,000
Unfortunately for him,Miller saw him lying in wait,
614
00:39:41,000 --> 00:39:45,433
quickly drew his own gun,and shot and killed Earlon the spot.
615
00:39:47,066 --> 00:39:48,100
[narrator] Millerwas acquitted
616
00:39:48,100 --> 00:39:50,567
on the groundsof self-defense,
617
00:39:50,567 --> 00:39:54,600
and returned to the town,living as a hermit.
618
00:39:54,600 --> 00:39:58,033
But that would not be the endof his misfortunes.
619
00:39:59,467 --> 00:40:02,066
[Katherine] His own animalsat the zoo turned on him,
620
00:40:02,066 --> 00:40:05,300
and he was attackedby his lynxand his mountain lions.
621
00:40:05,300 --> 00:40:09,333
Eventually, in 1930,
he disappeared
without a trace.
622
00:40:14,400 --> 00:40:17,467
[narrator] Two Gunswould be transformeda decade later,
623
00:40:17,467 --> 00:40:19,967
with the arrivalof an American icon.
624
00:40:21,300 --> 00:40:25,200
[Kenya] A new roadrunning from Chicagoto Los Angeles,
625
00:40:25,200 --> 00:40:29,867
dubbed Route 66,was commissioned in 1926.
626
00:40:29,867 --> 00:40:34,066
In 1938, the road
had made its way to Two Guns.
627
00:40:35,767 --> 00:40:39,567
Two Guns
was perfectly situated
by one of the highway exits.
628
00:40:39,567 --> 00:40:42,533
New buildings were built,a new gas station.
629
00:40:44,467 --> 00:40:47,767
[narrator] But it was as ifthe town was still cursed.
630
00:40:52,500 --> 00:40:54,000
[Adam] In 1971,
631
00:40:54,000 --> 00:40:57,600
the newTexaco service station,there was a giant explosion.
632
00:40:57,600 --> 00:41:00,266
It tookthe entire town with itin an incredible inferno,
633
00:41:00,266 --> 00:41:03,033
the smoke of whichcould be seennearly 60 miles away.
634
00:41:03,967 --> 00:41:06,367
It would bethis monumental explosion
635
00:41:06,367 --> 00:41:08,867
that created the ghost town
that we see today.
636
00:41:21,567 --> 00:41:25,266
[narrator] The futureof Two Gunsis currently unknown,
637
00:41:25,266 --> 00:41:29,166
but there is a hopethat the strange historyof this town
638
00:41:29,166 --> 00:41:30,800
could be kept alive.
639
00:41:33,100 --> 00:41:37,667
[Adam] There are rumors
circulating about turning this
into some kind of resort.
640
00:41:39,567 --> 00:41:42,367
It has been vacant since '71,
641
00:41:42,367 --> 00:41:44,800
and, you know, honestly,
I like it that way.
642
00:41:44,800 --> 00:41:48,467
There's some allure of mysteryto some abandoned things.
643
00:41:50,000 --> 00:41:52,367
Honestly, I prefer
that it never was repopulated.
62819
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