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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:00,200 --> 00:00:00,800 (cheerful music) 2 00:00:00,800 --> 00:00:02,920 - I am Torsten Hoffmann, an award-winning filmmaker, 3 00:00:02,960 --> 00:00:05,160 entrepreneur, and techno-optimist. 4 00:00:05,200 --> 00:00:08,040 You're gonna see it go over my shoulder. 5 00:00:08,080 --> 00:00:10,000 I'm really into emerging technologies 6 00:00:10,080 --> 00:00:11,480 and how a trillion dollar industries 7 00:00:11,520 --> 00:00:13,240 are forming around them. 8 00:00:13,280 --> 00:00:16,120 Right now the space sector is going ballistic. 9 00:00:16,160 --> 00:00:17,160 (rocker roars) 10 00:00:17,200 --> 00:00:20,240 And trust me, it's way bigger than Musk and Bezos. 11 00:00:20,280 --> 00:00:21,080 (rocket zooming) 12 00:00:21,120 --> 00:00:21,920 - There were headlines, 13 00:00:21,960 --> 00:00:24,720 new era private industry is gonna lead the way. 14 00:00:24,760 --> 00:00:26,280 (crowd cheers) 15 00:00:26,320 --> 00:00:27,520 No, they're not. 16 00:00:27,560 --> 00:00:30,920 - [Torsten] So allow me to whirl you around the world, 17 00:00:30,960 --> 00:00:33,720 catapult you into orbit, and hurl you through space. 18 00:00:35,920 --> 00:00:37,120 You ready? 19 00:00:37,160 --> 00:00:37,960 - [Astronaut] Ten. 20 00:00:38,000 --> 00:00:39,160 - [Torsten] This space renaissance 21 00:00:39,200 --> 00:00:41,320 isn't just fueled by governments. 22 00:00:41,360 --> 00:00:44,320 Hundreds of companies are competing for fame and fortune. 23 00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:46,240 - SpaceX were the first private company 24 00:00:46,280 --> 00:00:47,720 to put a satellite in orbit. 25 00:00:47,760 --> 00:00:49,040 We were the second. 26 00:00:49,080 --> 00:00:49,840 - [Astronaut] Nine. 27 00:00:49,880 --> 00:00:51,760 - Oh, my god. 28 00:00:51,800 --> 00:00:54,400 - My mommy's gonna be an astronaut. 29 00:00:54,480 --> 00:00:56,880 - [Torsten] Meet the next generation of astronauts, 30 00:00:56,920 --> 00:00:58,840 the new faces of new space. 31 00:00:58,880 --> 00:01:00,440 So you're literally a rocket scientist. 32 00:01:00,480 --> 00:01:01,960 - Yeah. (laughs) 33 00:01:02,000 --> 00:01:02,880 - [Astronaut] Eight. 34 00:01:02,920 --> 00:01:05,280 - A cube set can be as small as this. 35 00:01:05,320 --> 00:01:10,240 - Launching into space for, say, $100,000 or $200,000. 36 00:01:10,320 --> 00:01:12,360 - So, why is this guy spending 2 billion 37 00:01:12,400 --> 00:01:14,120 on three huge satellites? 38 00:01:14,160 --> 00:01:16,400 Okay, one question, are you crazy? 39 00:01:16,440 --> 00:01:17,640 - No. (laughs) 40 00:01:17,680 --> 00:01:19,000 - [Astronaut] Seven. 41 00:01:19,040 --> 00:01:21,760 - [Torsten] New constellations are filling the skies. 42 00:01:21,800 --> 00:01:24,960 - This is creating a trillion dollar market opportunity. 43 00:01:25,000 --> 00:01:26,680 And the list is really endless. 44 00:01:27,560 --> 00:01:28,640 - [Torsten] Tracking climate change 45 00:01:28,680 --> 00:01:30,480 and tackling geopolitics. 46 00:01:31,440 --> 00:01:32,240 - [Astronaut] Six. 47 00:01:32,280 --> 00:01:34,840 - I think it will change the political calculus 48 00:01:34,920 --> 00:01:36,880 going forward if everyone gets to know 49 00:01:36,960 --> 00:01:39,880 that these things aren't gonna be possible to hide anymore. 50 00:01:40,920 --> 00:01:42,160 - [Astronaut] Five. 51 00:01:42,200 --> 00:01:44,720 - [Torsten] Dying satellites can now be saved. 52 00:01:44,760 --> 00:01:47,280 - I deorbited dozens of spacecraft. 53 00:01:48,280 --> 00:01:50,080 But we don't have to do that anymore. 54 00:01:50,160 --> 00:01:51,840 - We don't have the right to make mistakes 55 00:01:51,880 --> 00:01:53,720 because it would be fatal. 56 00:01:53,760 --> 00:01:56,560 - [Torsten] But debris puts it all in danger. 57 00:01:56,600 --> 00:01:58,720 - This is kind of scary to think about something like this 58 00:01:58,800 --> 00:02:02,080 reentering and like maybe hitting a populated area. 59 00:02:02,120 --> 00:02:03,200 - [Astronaut] Four. 60 00:02:03,240 --> 00:02:06,240 - [Torsten] In our future, asteroid mining is a thing. 61 00:02:06,280 --> 00:02:08,400 - The amount of platinum group metals out there 62 00:02:08,440 --> 00:02:10,840 is in the trillions of dollars. 63 00:02:10,880 --> 00:02:11,680 - [Astronaut] Three. 64 00:02:11,720 --> 00:02:13,840 - Maybe someone is already building a space hotel 65 00:02:13,880 --> 00:02:15,920 like the one I read about as a kid. 66 00:02:15,960 --> 00:02:17,560 - This is happening. 67 00:02:17,640 --> 00:02:19,080 We are building a space station. 68 00:02:19,120 --> 00:02:20,200 - [Astronaut] Two. 69 00:02:20,240 --> 00:02:22,800 - And we use the inedible part of the plants 70 00:02:22,840 --> 00:02:23,880 to feed the insects 71 00:02:23,920 --> 00:02:25,800 which create the substrate for the mushroom. 72 00:02:25,840 --> 00:02:28,520 - My role and purpose is to help save the DNA of Earth 73 00:02:28,560 --> 00:02:30,520 and spread light to the stars. 74 00:02:30,560 --> 00:02:31,920 - [Astronaut] One. 75 00:02:31,960 --> 00:02:35,040 - If the public does not see the value of this, 76 00:02:36,000 --> 00:02:39,720 immediately I will work to ensure that they do. 77 00:02:39,760 --> 00:02:41,360 - Roger that. 78 00:02:41,400 --> 00:02:44,760 Let's meet those turning science fiction into science fact. 79 00:02:45,600 --> 00:02:48,160 (upbeat music) 80 00:02:56,320 --> 00:02:58,880 (bright music) 81 00:03:06,520 --> 00:03:07,920 (elevator dings) 82 00:03:07,960 --> 00:03:09,320 A little space history, 83 00:03:09,360 --> 00:03:11,680 the first rockets were built in Hitler's Germany, 84 00:03:11,720 --> 00:03:14,200 but let's not talk about Operation Paperclip here. 85 00:03:15,640 --> 00:03:18,040 The Russians were leading the early space race. 86 00:03:18,080 --> 00:03:20,440 Sputnik, the first object in orbit. 87 00:03:20,480 --> 00:03:21,280 Scary. 88 00:03:21,320 --> 00:03:22,600 Yay, gold medal. 89 00:03:22,680 --> 00:03:24,880 Sputnik II had the first creature in space 90 00:03:24,920 --> 00:03:26,280 like (indistinct) space dock. 91 00:03:26,320 --> 00:03:28,240 Sadly, she gave her life. 92 00:03:28,320 --> 00:03:32,080 Then Yuri, the first man in orbit, a hundred minutes. 93 00:03:32,120 --> 00:03:34,040 Alexei did the first space walk. 94 00:03:34,880 --> 00:03:37,480 And then Valentina, the first woman in space, 95 00:03:37,520 --> 00:03:39,040 for three full days. 96 00:03:39,080 --> 00:03:41,360 The Soviets sent this little sturdy guy, 97 00:03:41,400 --> 00:03:43,080 hi, Sheldon, around the moon. 98 00:03:44,520 --> 00:03:45,600 And he made it back safely. 99 00:03:45,640 --> 00:03:47,320 - Ah, comrade. 100 00:03:47,400 --> 00:03:49,720 - Seriously guys, the Russians were killing it. 101 00:03:50,760 --> 00:03:54,080 But then, President JFK mobilized 400,000 Americans. 102 00:03:54,120 --> 00:03:55,720 - But it will be done. 103 00:03:55,760 --> 00:03:57,320 - And a lot of taxpayer money 104 00:03:57,360 --> 00:03:59,560 and made the ultimate moonshot possible. 105 00:03:59,600 --> 00:04:02,280 The Apollo board computers had less memory power 106 00:04:04,000 --> 00:04:05,400 than Shelly's birthday card. 107 00:04:06,280 --> 00:04:08,560 Yes, back then the future was bright. 108 00:04:08,600 --> 00:04:11,720 We actually built nuclear reactors and supersonic jets. 109 00:04:11,760 --> 00:04:12,960 And the airline PanAm 110 00:04:13,000 --> 00:04:15,200 even took reservations for tickets to the moon. 111 00:04:15,240 --> 00:04:16,480 No kidding. 112 00:04:16,560 --> 00:04:17,480 Take five. 113 00:04:17,520 --> 00:04:20,240 It's amazing to me that it took humanity only 12 years 114 00:04:20,280 --> 00:04:23,080 from a small Russian ball of steel in low Earth orbit 115 00:04:23,120 --> 00:04:26,200 to 12 Americans with, well, balls of steel 116 00:04:26,240 --> 00:04:27,520 to walk on the moon. 117 00:04:27,600 --> 00:04:29,320 12 years. 118 00:04:29,360 --> 00:04:31,000 That's faster than getting a permit 119 00:04:31,040 --> 00:04:32,720 for a new bridge in my town today. 120 00:04:33,640 --> 00:04:35,560 But after the achievements of Apollo, 121 00:04:35,640 --> 00:04:37,800 some say NASA lost its thrust. 122 00:04:37,840 --> 00:04:39,720 Per kilogram of payload, 123 00:04:41,120 --> 00:04:44,200 the space shuttle of the 1980s was 10 times more expensive 124 00:04:44,240 --> 00:04:48,000 and less reliable than the rockets from the 1960s. 125 00:04:49,040 --> 00:04:50,920 We are skipping ahead a few history chapters, 126 00:04:51,000 --> 00:04:53,320 but eventually it was high time for competition 127 00:04:53,360 --> 00:04:54,680 from the private sector. 128 00:04:57,320 --> 00:05:00,880 Jeff Bezos was inspired by NFI legend, Robert Heinlein. 129 00:05:00,920 --> 00:05:01,920 Maybe when he grows up, 130 00:05:01,960 --> 00:05:04,960 he can build his own rockets and go to space. 131 00:05:05,040 --> 00:05:08,960 Back in 2000, Bezos founded and fully funded Blue Origin. 132 00:05:09,000 --> 00:05:11,960 And 21 years later, his dream finally came through. 133 00:05:12,960 --> 00:05:16,360 Some critics say that the billionaire's Blue moves too slow. 134 00:05:17,400 --> 00:05:18,560 Oh, hi, Shelly, buddy. 135 00:05:18,600 --> 00:05:20,000 Is that you? 136 00:05:20,040 --> 00:05:24,000 Well, if Bezos is the tortoise, then this guy is the hare. 137 00:05:24,040 --> 00:05:26,560 ♪ Elon Musk Musk Musk ♪ 138 00:05:26,640 --> 00:05:27,520 Love him or hate him, 139 00:05:27,600 --> 00:05:30,760 SpaceX reached orbit in fast and furious fashion, 140 00:05:30,800 --> 00:05:32,880 only six years after Elon Musk founded 141 00:05:32,920 --> 00:05:35,200 and funded it in 2002. 142 00:05:35,280 --> 00:05:37,640 Legends of science fiction like Isaac Asimov 143 00:05:37,680 --> 00:05:40,120 were foundational to Elon Musk as a kid. 144 00:05:40,200 --> 00:05:43,000 Maybe humanity could be saved on a galactic scale. 145 00:05:43,040 --> 00:05:45,040 ♪ Ironman is just a clown boy. ♪ 146 00:05:45,080 --> 00:05:46,320 Yep, the billionaires sure 147 00:05:46,360 --> 00:05:48,800 are getting a lot of heat from the media. 148 00:05:48,840 --> 00:05:50,000 ♪ Tech unicorns ♪ 149 00:05:50,040 --> 00:05:51,400 ♪ But why'd you flame the union ♪ 150 00:05:51,440 --> 00:05:53,000 ♪ One man saving humanity ♪ 151 00:05:53,040 --> 00:05:54,960 ♪ Come on that's just insanity ♪ 152 00:05:55,000 --> 00:05:56,440 - Cut it out guys. 153 00:05:56,480 --> 00:05:58,240 This is a serious documentary. 154 00:05:58,280 --> 00:06:00,400 We don't care about drama and all this gossip. 155 00:06:00,440 --> 00:06:02,080 (glass tinkling) Oops. 156 00:06:02,160 --> 00:06:03,760 Window broke again. 157 00:06:03,800 --> 00:06:04,920 Sorry, Elon. 158 00:06:04,960 --> 00:06:05,760 (fire blazes) 159 00:06:05,800 --> 00:06:06,600 - Ouch. 160 00:06:06,640 --> 00:06:07,600 ♪ Tunnel support really regulates ♪ 161 00:06:07,680 --> 00:06:09,600 ♪ (indistinct) till the energy storing out of space ♪ 162 00:06:09,640 --> 00:06:11,920 ♪ Exploring flames and throwing drinks ♪ 163 00:06:11,960 --> 00:06:14,800 ♪ (indistinct) poke and go smoking with Joe Rogan ♪ 164 00:06:14,840 --> 00:06:15,640 - Ah, stop it. 165 00:06:15,680 --> 00:06:16,480 That's our TikTok video. 166 00:06:17,560 --> 00:06:19,640 - Three, two, one. 167 00:06:19,680 --> 00:06:20,680 - [Torsten] Seriously though, 168 00:06:20,720 --> 00:06:22,400 the new space parents were early, 169 00:06:22,440 --> 00:06:25,600 piling billions into this space 20 years ago. 170 00:06:25,640 --> 00:06:26,920 Long before there was a market, 171 00:06:27,000 --> 00:06:29,920 launch was dominated by the government and military. 172 00:06:29,960 --> 00:06:33,120 Slowly, other private initiatives took off. 173 00:06:33,160 --> 00:06:34,640 - My name is Anousheh Ansari 174 00:06:34,680 --> 00:06:37,880 and I'm CEO of XPRIZE Foundation. 175 00:06:37,920 --> 00:06:39,080 - [Torsten] In 2004, 176 00:06:39,120 --> 00:06:41,440 Dr. Ansari funded the XPRIZE competition 177 00:06:41,520 --> 00:06:43,760 to build a spaceship, fly three passengers 178 00:06:43,800 --> 00:06:46,960 a hundred kilometers to the edge of space, and return. 179 00:06:47,000 --> 00:06:49,920 Twice in two weeks without a dime of government support. 180 00:06:51,480 --> 00:06:53,920 - 2016, from 11 countries competed, 181 00:06:53,960 --> 00:06:56,960 a hundred million dollars was spent by the teams 182 00:06:57,000 --> 00:06:59,000 to win the $10 million prize. 183 00:07:00,240 --> 00:07:02,280 And most people thought it's impossible, 184 00:07:02,320 --> 00:07:04,000 they called us crazy. 185 00:07:04,080 --> 00:07:07,080 A lot of people told me that you're gonna get people killed. 186 00:07:07,120 --> 00:07:08,680 What are you doing? 187 00:07:08,760 --> 00:07:10,840 And to me, it just, 188 00:07:10,880 --> 00:07:13,440 it was, you know, a risk worth taking 189 00:07:13,480 --> 00:07:16,440 because it was about future of humanity. 190 00:07:16,480 --> 00:07:18,520 - [Torsten] The winning team was financed 191 00:07:18,560 --> 00:07:20,440 by billionaire, Microsoft co-founder, Paul Allen, 192 00:07:20,480 --> 00:07:23,400 and acquired by debonair billionaire, Sir Richard Branson, 193 00:07:23,440 --> 00:07:25,560 who quickly christen it Virgin Galactic. 194 00:07:29,880 --> 00:07:32,400 We'll get to space travel in a minute. 195 00:07:32,440 --> 00:07:35,440 The point here is that competition leads to dropping costs. 196 00:07:36,840 --> 00:07:39,160 Today there are hundreds of competing rocket companies 197 00:07:39,240 --> 00:07:41,200 hoping to reach escape velocity, 198 00:07:41,240 --> 00:07:43,480 but SpaceX towers over them all. 199 00:07:43,520 --> 00:07:46,600 That one company controlled by a single singular man 200 00:07:46,640 --> 00:07:48,720 hauls five times more payload 201 00:07:48,760 --> 00:07:52,240 than all other countries and companies combined. 202 00:07:52,280 --> 00:07:54,080 Ha, and now all eyes 203 00:07:54,120 --> 00:07:57,640 are on Elon's even bigger fricking rocket, Starship. 204 00:07:59,840 --> 00:08:01,840 (gentle music) 205 00:08:01,920 --> 00:08:04,240 Meanwhile, NASA is back on the launch pad, 206 00:08:04,280 --> 00:08:07,600 the new mega rocket, SLS, destined for the moon. 207 00:08:07,640 --> 00:08:09,440 - [Announcer] And lift off of Artemis I. 208 00:08:09,480 --> 00:08:10,960 - [Torsten] Uses leftover engines 209 00:08:11,040 --> 00:08:13,160 from the space shuttle program. 210 00:08:13,200 --> 00:08:14,240 But with each launch, 211 00:08:14,280 --> 00:08:16,360 two of them are thrown away into the ocean. 212 00:08:16,440 --> 00:08:19,280 Imagine discarding an airplane after each flight. 213 00:08:19,320 --> 00:08:20,840 That's why this version of SLS 214 00:08:20,880 --> 00:08:22,960 can only fly a total of eight times. 215 00:08:23,840 --> 00:08:24,880 - [Reporter] And then so now we're seeing 216 00:08:24,960 --> 00:08:27,280 some more of that video of the external tank. 217 00:08:29,120 --> 00:08:31,440 - [Torsten] No wonder launch costs are 40 times higher 218 00:08:31,480 --> 00:08:34,200 than what private rocket companies advertise 219 00:08:34,240 --> 00:08:37,920 because the real key for lower cost is reusability. 220 00:08:37,960 --> 00:08:40,360 Since first landing boosters in 2015, 221 00:08:40,400 --> 00:08:42,760 SpaceX has done it hundreds of times 222 00:08:42,800 --> 00:08:44,960 and offers the cheapest access to orbit. 223 00:08:46,120 --> 00:08:48,800 (bright music) 224 00:08:52,320 --> 00:08:54,080 - SpaceX we're the first private company 225 00:08:54,120 --> 00:08:55,560 to put a satellite on orbit. 226 00:08:55,600 --> 00:08:56,960 We were the second. 227 00:08:57,800 --> 00:08:58,600 You know, we are often asked like, 228 00:08:58,680 --> 00:09:00,560 who do we see as our competitors? 229 00:09:00,600 --> 00:09:03,920 And really, it's only SpaceX if we're honest about it. 230 00:09:03,960 --> 00:09:05,520 - [Torsten] Peter didn't go to university 231 00:09:05,560 --> 00:09:07,840 and instead cut his teeth building jet packs 232 00:09:07,880 --> 00:09:10,640 and bicycles with rocket propulsion. 233 00:09:10,680 --> 00:09:13,480 He found a rocket lab in the most unlikely of places. 234 00:09:13,520 --> 00:09:14,720 New Zealand. 235 00:09:14,760 --> 00:09:16,960 His home country lacks robust venture capital, 236 00:09:17,000 --> 00:09:19,360 and don't they have strong regulations there? 237 00:09:19,400 --> 00:09:20,320 That's right. 238 00:09:20,360 --> 00:09:21,400 Can you hear me guys? 239 00:09:21,440 --> 00:09:22,760 - Yeah, I can hear you fine, Torsten. 240 00:09:24,040 --> 00:09:25,480 - [Torsten] I do also hear sometimes 241 00:09:25,560 --> 00:09:27,280 a little bit of criticism 242 00:09:27,320 --> 00:09:30,800 about the fossil fuels that are being burned. 243 00:09:30,840 --> 00:09:33,880 - We have more carbon emissions from the diesel generators 244 00:09:33,960 --> 00:09:36,680 at the launch site than we actually do from the rocket. 245 00:09:36,720 --> 00:09:38,840 But like I say, one launch for us 246 00:09:38,880 --> 00:09:41,800 is the equivalent of going from LA to San Francisco. 247 00:09:41,840 --> 00:09:43,600 And I don't know how many hundred flights 248 00:09:43,640 --> 00:09:46,520 there are a week, but tremendous number. 249 00:09:46,560 --> 00:09:48,600 - Rocket Lab has an impressive track record 250 00:09:48,640 --> 00:09:50,600 and a stellar reputation but... 251 00:09:50,640 --> 00:09:52,840 That's what you guys are doing even better 252 00:09:52,880 --> 00:09:54,640 if a company like SpaceX 253 00:09:54,720 --> 00:09:58,640 is pulling up 200,000 kilograms a quarter. 254 00:09:58,680 --> 00:10:00,800 - Yeah, no, that's a fair question. 255 00:10:00,840 --> 00:10:03,760 And, you know, the reality is, as I mentioned to you before, 256 00:10:03,840 --> 00:10:05,000 like if you've got... 257 00:10:05,040 --> 00:10:07,320 You have to get a satellite to a particular destination 258 00:10:07,360 --> 00:10:08,680 for it to be commercial. 259 00:10:08,760 --> 00:10:12,360 So, piling up, you know, a hundred tons of satellites 260 00:10:12,400 --> 00:10:14,800 and dumping them all out of one spot 261 00:10:14,880 --> 00:10:16,520 doesn't make a business. 262 00:10:16,560 --> 00:10:18,760 It's kind of got all of the advantages and disadvantages 263 00:10:18,800 --> 00:10:19,600 of riding a bus. 264 00:10:19,640 --> 00:10:22,920 So, you know, you don't get your schedule certainty. 265 00:10:22,960 --> 00:10:24,280 The bus arrives when it arrives 266 00:10:24,320 --> 00:10:25,600 and it leaves when it leaves. 267 00:10:25,640 --> 00:10:28,360 You might be sitting beside someone smelly, 268 00:10:28,400 --> 00:10:29,920 but it's cheap. 269 00:10:29,960 --> 00:10:30,760 - [Torsten] Right. 270 00:10:30,800 --> 00:10:33,560 So you won't see Peter taking the bus anytime soon. 271 00:10:33,600 --> 00:10:36,360 His company's like a white glove limousine service. 272 00:10:36,400 --> 00:10:39,000 Personally, I am more of an Uber guy. 273 00:10:39,040 --> 00:10:40,800 - We are kind of Uber in space, 274 00:10:40,840 --> 00:10:44,240 just a little bit more complicated. 275 00:10:44,280 --> 00:10:48,040 For example, when Falcon 9 delivers a bunch of satellites 276 00:10:48,080 --> 00:10:49,560 to the target orbit, 277 00:10:49,600 --> 00:10:52,920 Falcon 9 deploys all these satellites into space. 278 00:10:52,960 --> 00:10:55,600 But this specific orbit might not be ideal 279 00:10:55,640 --> 00:10:57,760 for the small side customer. 280 00:10:57,840 --> 00:11:01,240 So we need to use our OTV to take all these satellites 281 00:11:01,280 --> 00:11:03,760 to their custom destinations. 282 00:11:03,840 --> 00:11:06,960 We've launched over 100 satellites with SpaceX 283 00:11:07,040 --> 00:11:09,400 over the last couple of years, 284 00:11:09,440 --> 00:11:11,520 but we are open to work with everyone. 285 00:11:11,560 --> 00:11:14,200 And a lot of emerging players 286 00:11:14,280 --> 00:11:16,240 will enter this field very soon, 287 00:11:16,280 --> 00:11:18,720 and we can't wait to launch with all of them. 288 00:11:20,600 --> 00:11:23,400 I'm in charge of the commercial success of the company 289 00:11:23,440 --> 00:11:28,080 of like sales, bidding our contracts with our customers, 290 00:11:28,120 --> 00:11:30,360 with our launch vehicle providers. 291 00:11:31,600 --> 00:11:34,360 Yeah, surprisingly, we are a self-funded company 292 00:11:34,400 --> 00:11:36,720 and we've been profitable from day one, 293 00:11:36,760 --> 00:11:40,160 which is like a very unique case for the industry. 294 00:11:40,200 --> 00:11:41,800 - [Torsten] This German company has deployed 295 00:11:41,840 --> 00:11:43,480 more than 350 satellites 296 00:11:43,560 --> 00:11:46,120 for over 60 international customers. 297 00:11:46,160 --> 00:11:48,160 The wait time for Exolaunch's rideshare 298 00:11:48,240 --> 00:11:50,440 lifting you to low Earth orbit, LEO, 299 00:11:50,480 --> 00:11:53,320 can be as fast as four to six months. 300 00:11:53,360 --> 00:11:54,640 But time is money. 301 00:11:54,720 --> 00:11:55,840 So if you're in a hurry, 302 00:11:55,880 --> 00:11:57,600 there's an express from Texas. 303 00:11:58,480 --> 00:12:00,160 - I'd always been making engine sections, 304 00:12:00,240 --> 00:12:01,240 I'd been building engines, 305 00:12:01,320 --> 00:12:02,440 I'd been integrating vehicles, 306 00:12:02,520 --> 00:12:04,880 but I'd never made fire. 307 00:12:04,920 --> 00:12:06,280 And that was the next step for me, 308 00:12:06,360 --> 00:12:09,480 was to be the mother of rockets to make fire. 309 00:12:09,520 --> 00:12:11,640 - [Torsten] The US Space Force wanted to demonstrate 310 00:12:11,680 --> 00:12:15,680 the capability of launching payload on short notice. 311 00:12:15,720 --> 00:12:17,440 - I got a phone call and it said, 312 00:12:17,480 --> 00:12:19,040 "You are launching to this orbit," 313 00:12:19,080 --> 00:12:20,640 which we had not known before. 314 00:12:20,680 --> 00:12:22,120 "Go ahead and get ready." 315 00:12:22,200 --> 00:12:24,520 In 24 hours, you have to launch a rocket 316 00:12:24,600 --> 00:12:26,800 exactly in this three-minute window. 317 00:12:26,880 --> 00:12:29,000 So it's actually more like a ten-second window, 318 00:12:29,040 --> 00:12:30,000 24 hours out. 319 00:12:30,040 --> 00:12:32,320 - Well when they pointed at us and said go, 320 00:12:33,760 --> 00:12:36,280 we were able to get done in 24 hours 321 00:12:36,360 --> 00:12:40,280 what previously had never been done faster than 21 days. 322 00:12:40,320 --> 00:12:43,080 This company, Firefly, we did that. 323 00:12:43,120 --> 00:12:46,600 - So there's nothing both more exciting and more terrifying 324 00:12:46,640 --> 00:12:48,800 than when the rocket leaves the pad 325 00:12:48,840 --> 00:12:51,160 and she's moving and you're not just testing, 326 00:12:51,200 --> 00:12:52,560 she's actually lifting off. 327 00:12:57,520 --> 00:13:01,520 (crowd cheering and applauding) 328 00:13:04,080 --> 00:13:07,360 (gentle music) 329 00:13:07,440 --> 00:13:09,840 - [Torsten] The most precious payload is people. 330 00:13:11,280 --> 00:13:14,600 Someone beat the billionaires to space by 15 years. 331 00:13:18,120 --> 00:13:21,160 - I grew up in Iran wanting to become an astronaut. 332 00:13:22,440 --> 00:13:24,920 As a young girl, becoming an astronaut, 333 00:13:24,960 --> 00:13:26,520 of course, was a big dream for me, 334 00:13:26,560 --> 00:13:30,160 but my parents thought it's impossible. 335 00:13:30,240 --> 00:13:32,120 I sort of hung on to that dream 336 00:13:32,160 --> 00:13:34,480 and wanted to make it come true. 337 00:13:34,560 --> 00:13:37,200 - Dr. Ansari trained as a Soyuz astronaut. 338 00:13:37,240 --> 00:13:38,520 And for a few million dollars, 339 00:13:38,560 --> 00:13:40,560 bought herself a ticket to ride. 340 00:13:40,600 --> 00:13:43,240 She spent a full nine days aboard the ISS. 341 00:13:43,320 --> 00:13:47,000 That's 140 times around the planet, fulfilling her dream. 342 00:13:51,360 --> 00:13:53,760 These new companies and an influx of investment 343 00:13:53,800 --> 00:13:56,320 created modern day space tourism. 344 00:13:56,360 --> 00:13:58,400 You can follow it on a screen near you. 345 00:13:58,440 --> 00:14:00,160 Even Captain Kirk was beamed up. 346 00:14:01,720 --> 00:14:02,960 - What you have given me 347 00:14:04,600 --> 00:14:07,600 is the most profound experience (indistinct). 348 00:14:09,440 --> 00:14:10,520 - [Torsten] Whether you think billionaires 349 00:14:10,560 --> 00:14:13,200 should ascend to the heavens or go to hell. 350 00:14:13,240 --> 00:14:15,800 - Maybe Bezos shouldn't be allowed to return to Earth. 351 00:14:15,840 --> 00:14:16,680 - [Torsten] Their fed wallets 352 00:14:16,720 --> 00:14:19,600 have kicked open space trouble for more of us, 353 00:14:19,680 --> 00:14:21,560 and some are really into it. 354 00:14:21,600 --> 00:14:23,640 My friend Dylan, a space entrepreneur 355 00:14:23,680 --> 00:14:25,960 and a leading figure in the new space economy, 356 00:14:26,000 --> 00:14:28,000 was one of the first to go with Blue. 357 00:14:28,080 --> 00:14:30,280 And he has an appetite for more. 358 00:14:30,320 --> 00:14:32,200 - I'm a ticket holder on Virgin Galactic. 359 00:14:32,280 --> 00:14:36,280 I think number 642 in line space perspectives, 360 00:14:36,360 --> 00:14:38,440 which is the high altitude 361 00:14:38,520 --> 00:14:40,680 stratospheric balloon and worldview. 362 00:14:42,880 --> 00:14:45,640 (crowd cheering) 363 00:14:46,600 --> 00:14:49,360 (rocket zooming) 364 00:14:50,840 --> 00:14:53,800 (indistinct) 365 00:14:53,880 --> 00:14:56,920 The first space investment I made was about 2007, 366 00:14:56,960 --> 00:14:59,160 which was very early for this industry. 367 00:14:59,200 --> 00:15:01,760 And my friends at the time in finance 368 00:15:01,800 --> 00:15:02,920 were sort of snickering. 369 00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:04,800 You know, you're investing in asteroid mining 370 00:15:04,840 --> 00:15:06,200 and all these crazy ideas. 371 00:15:06,240 --> 00:15:08,560 And, of course, those same friends now call me today 372 00:15:08,640 --> 00:15:10,360 for investment, advice, and tips, 373 00:15:10,440 --> 00:15:12,560 which I think is hilarious. 374 00:15:12,600 --> 00:15:14,440 - I had an opportunity just coincidentally 375 00:15:14,480 --> 00:15:18,480 to dive to the Mariana Trench, to the Challenger deep, 376 00:15:19,320 --> 00:15:21,880 which is something I don't think you can say no to. 377 00:15:23,040 --> 00:15:25,760 We actually went to a part of the Mariana Trench 378 00:15:25,800 --> 00:15:27,400 that no humans had ever been to. 379 00:15:31,200 --> 00:15:32,880 Wow, look at that. 380 00:15:32,920 --> 00:15:35,440 And so it was like exploring another planet. 381 00:15:39,000 --> 00:15:40,360 - [Torsten] Astronauts often describe 382 00:15:40,400 --> 00:15:42,480 a profound moment of awe. 383 00:15:42,520 --> 00:15:45,280 Frank White dubbed it the overview effect. 384 00:15:45,320 --> 00:15:47,200 So that others can experience it, 385 00:15:47,280 --> 00:15:50,160 Dylan founded the nonprofit Space for Humanity, 386 00:15:50,200 --> 00:15:52,280 which aims to democratize access to space 387 00:15:52,320 --> 00:15:53,760 by giving tickets to those 388 00:15:53,800 --> 00:15:55,680 who could otherwise not afford it. 389 00:15:56,560 --> 00:15:58,720 - [Dylan] So it was really founded around this idea 390 00:15:58,760 --> 00:16:02,320 of getting citizens to space but for the benefit of Earth. 391 00:16:04,320 --> 00:16:06,960 Everyone seems to be profoundly impacted by this experience. 392 00:16:07,000 --> 00:16:08,280 I know I was. 393 00:16:08,320 --> 00:16:09,800 I think you'd come back a changed human. 394 00:16:09,840 --> 00:16:11,800 I think you'd come back a better human. 395 00:16:17,360 --> 00:16:18,920 So how do you change people's perspective? 396 00:16:18,960 --> 00:16:21,760 You get as many people as you can to space. 397 00:16:21,840 --> 00:16:24,920 (upbeat music) 398 00:16:24,960 --> 00:16:27,280 - [Torsten] I really wanted to talk to Space for Humanity's 399 00:16:27,360 --> 00:16:28,960 first citizen astronauts. 400 00:16:29,000 --> 00:16:31,200 So we crashed Dylan's birthday party 401 00:16:31,240 --> 00:16:33,160 and set up shop in the corner office. 402 00:16:35,400 --> 00:16:39,080 - I've dreamt of the moment when we get to tell someone 403 00:16:39,120 --> 00:16:41,440 that they're gonna be our first citizen astronaut. 404 00:16:41,480 --> 00:16:43,920 Right now is that moment, Katya, 405 00:16:43,960 --> 00:16:47,280 and you're gonna be our citizen astronaut number one, 406 00:16:48,160 --> 00:16:50,320 and you're going to space. 407 00:16:50,360 --> 00:16:52,800 (Katya sobs) 408 00:16:54,120 --> 00:16:56,560 - Congratulations. 409 00:16:56,600 --> 00:16:58,040 - Oh, my god. 410 00:16:58,080 --> 00:17:00,400 My mom is gonna to freak out. 411 00:17:00,440 --> 00:17:02,440 My name is Katya Echazarreta. 412 00:17:02,480 --> 00:17:04,720 I am an electrical engineer. 413 00:17:04,760 --> 00:17:06,280 - [Torsten] So you're literally a rocket scientist? 414 00:17:06,360 --> 00:17:07,160 - Yeah. 415 00:17:08,640 --> 00:17:10,800 (camera shutter clicks) 416 00:17:10,840 --> 00:17:13,720 I am a citizen astronaut with Space for Humanity. 417 00:17:13,760 --> 00:17:14,680 And through that, 418 00:17:14,760 --> 00:17:18,800 I also became the first Mexican-born woman in space. 419 00:17:18,840 --> 00:17:21,040 Living through that and going through that experience 420 00:17:21,080 --> 00:17:24,280 and being able to actually see our planet. 421 00:17:26,280 --> 00:17:28,320 - I had what I guess you would call an epiphany. 422 00:17:28,360 --> 00:17:29,800 - Oh my... - Hello. 423 00:17:29,840 --> 00:17:31,360 The Earth is a whole system. 424 00:17:31,400 --> 00:17:32,840 Everything's interconnected. 425 00:17:32,880 --> 00:17:34,200 We're a part of it. 426 00:17:36,000 --> 00:17:39,040 And I thought, "Okay, it's the overview effect." 427 00:17:39,120 --> 00:17:41,360 We're all astronauts on spaceship Earth. 428 00:17:42,800 --> 00:17:43,640 - Oh my god. 429 00:17:44,760 --> 00:17:47,120 That image of the Earth, 430 00:17:50,160 --> 00:17:55,120 it was just burned into my eyelids for days. 431 00:17:58,560 --> 00:17:59,960 - You picked? 432 00:18:00,000 --> 00:18:01,120 Good job. 433 00:18:01,200 --> 00:18:06,200 - For me, I remember that I had just such big dreams. 434 00:18:06,440 --> 00:18:08,840 And so with my salary at McDonald's, 435 00:18:08,880 --> 00:18:10,480 with my mom cleaning houses, 436 00:18:10,560 --> 00:18:12,520 with both of us walking dogs, 437 00:18:12,560 --> 00:18:14,040 with me grading papers, 438 00:18:14,080 --> 00:18:15,920 with me doing tutoring, 439 00:18:15,960 --> 00:18:17,720 that's how we paid for a family. 440 00:18:19,680 --> 00:18:20,920 This is really important 441 00:18:20,960 --> 00:18:24,120 because for the first time in human history 442 00:18:24,160 --> 00:18:26,840 we are seeing organizations take the lead 443 00:18:26,880 --> 00:18:29,160 in this way, like Space for Humanity, 444 00:18:29,200 --> 00:18:31,880 of sending very talented qualified individuals 445 00:18:31,920 --> 00:18:34,240 to have this space experience 446 00:18:34,320 --> 00:18:37,880 to come back empowered and do something to help the world. 447 00:18:43,680 --> 00:18:44,440 - Oh, my god. 448 00:18:44,480 --> 00:18:45,320 Can I show you? - Yeah. 449 00:18:46,400 --> 00:18:47,960 - I am Sara Sabry. 450 00:18:48,000 --> 00:18:49,960 I'm going to space. 451 00:18:50,000 --> 00:18:52,600 I am the first Egyptian and the first African woman 452 00:18:52,640 --> 00:18:55,840 and the first Arab woman to ever go to space. 453 00:18:55,880 --> 00:18:58,440 (camera shutter clicks) 454 00:18:58,480 --> 00:19:00,280 I have a background in mechanical engineering, 455 00:19:00,320 --> 00:19:04,000 worked in aerodynamics on Formula 3 car body designs, 456 00:19:04,040 --> 00:19:06,320 and then did my master's in biomedical engineering, 457 00:19:06,360 --> 00:19:08,440 and then worked in stem cells for a while, 458 00:19:08,520 --> 00:19:10,720 and then also on robotic surgery. 459 00:19:12,240 --> 00:19:14,560 Thank you. 460 00:19:14,600 --> 00:19:15,640 Now when I look at the sky, 461 00:19:15,680 --> 00:19:18,000 it just feels very, very different. 462 00:19:18,040 --> 00:19:20,160 It's not that big anymore. 463 00:19:20,200 --> 00:19:22,120 Like, it's kind of weird to say that, 464 00:19:22,200 --> 00:19:23,640 but it feels manageable. 465 00:19:24,600 --> 00:19:25,680 It could really, really touches you. 466 00:19:25,720 --> 00:19:29,040 It's not something that you just look at, you know? 467 00:19:29,080 --> 00:19:30,560 (indistinct) 468 00:19:30,600 --> 00:19:32,000 We're right here. 469 00:19:33,920 --> 00:19:35,440 - [Speaker] So we pay for their tickets. 470 00:19:35,480 --> 00:19:37,840 But in return, they've gotta come back to Earth 471 00:19:37,920 --> 00:19:41,040 and do something, a fellowship benefiting Earth 472 00:19:41,080 --> 00:19:43,880 linked to one of the UN's sustainable development goals. 473 00:19:44,800 --> 00:19:46,480 - The more I got into this space field, 474 00:19:46,560 --> 00:19:48,280 the more I realized how inaccessible it was 475 00:19:48,360 --> 00:19:49,200 for people like me. 476 00:19:49,240 --> 00:19:50,920 I don't have a US citizenship, 477 00:19:50,960 --> 00:19:52,400 I don't have a European citizenship, 478 00:19:52,440 --> 00:19:54,040 so I decided to do something about it 479 00:19:54,120 --> 00:19:56,720 and founded a company called Deep Space Initiative. 480 00:19:56,760 --> 00:19:57,960 We're a nonprofit. 481 00:19:58,000 --> 00:19:59,200 And we're trying to change that. 482 00:19:59,240 --> 00:20:00,880 We're trying to make space more accessible 483 00:20:00,920 --> 00:20:04,480 by providing opportunities and education and research. 484 00:20:04,520 --> 00:20:07,080 - My next goal is to create a foundation. 485 00:20:07,120 --> 00:20:09,400 I'm currently working with the Mexican Space Agency 486 00:20:09,480 --> 00:20:11,840 to draft up what this foundation 487 00:20:11,880 --> 00:20:14,160 is going to eventually look like 488 00:20:14,200 --> 00:20:17,240 to start supporting those individuals 489 00:20:17,280 --> 00:20:18,480 that are interested in STEM 490 00:20:18,520 --> 00:20:22,280 and interested in joining the space industry within Mexico. 491 00:20:22,320 --> 00:20:23,640 - Hi, I am Sirisha Bandla. 492 00:20:23,680 --> 00:20:25,720 I'm the vice president of government affairs 493 00:20:25,800 --> 00:20:28,720 and research operations at Virgin Galactic. 494 00:20:28,760 --> 00:20:31,960 Also, I'm Astronaut 004 at Virgin Galactic. 495 00:20:33,160 --> 00:20:33,960 It was amazing. 496 00:20:34,000 --> 00:20:35,560 When my name was announced on 497 00:20:35,640 --> 00:20:37,840 as a part of the Unity 22 crew, 498 00:20:37,920 --> 00:20:39,560 the amount of messages I got, 499 00:20:39,600 --> 00:20:42,040 especially from young women in India 500 00:20:42,080 --> 00:20:45,760 that just talked to me about being an inspiration. 501 00:20:45,840 --> 00:20:48,560 And it wasn't necessarily, I've seen you go to space, 502 00:20:48,600 --> 00:20:49,920 I'm gonna go to space now. 503 00:20:49,960 --> 00:20:52,320 It was, "Hey, it's so great 504 00:20:52,360 --> 00:20:55,080 to see someone from a community like mine 505 00:20:55,120 --> 00:20:56,680 do incredible things." 506 00:20:58,440 --> 00:21:00,280 - You're kind of a big deal in India nowadays. 507 00:21:00,360 --> 00:21:01,120 No? 508 00:21:01,160 --> 00:21:02,800 - My Instagram definitely says so. 509 00:21:03,680 --> 00:21:04,760 - Oh, my god. 510 00:21:05,920 --> 00:21:08,200 - You can't wait till we send up lawyers 511 00:21:08,240 --> 00:21:10,600 and professional communicators and artists to space 512 00:21:10,680 --> 00:21:13,520 'cause they'll go through that transformative experience. 513 00:21:15,200 --> 00:21:18,120 - [Crew] Please return to your seats and strap in. 514 00:21:18,160 --> 00:21:19,600 Approaching reentry. 515 00:21:19,680 --> 00:21:23,320 - I cannot imagine anyone's gonna come back to Earth 516 00:21:23,360 --> 00:21:25,680 the same as they were before. 517 00:21:25,720 --> 00:21:26,720 It... 518 00:21:26,760 --> 00:21:28,640 I came back to Earth energized. 519 00:21:28,680 --> 00:21:30,840 Just completely energized. 520 00:21:36,880 --> 00:21:39,440 - [Torsten] Just look at this new generation of astronauts. 521 00:21:39,480 --> 00:21:43,240 They're already having an impact in India, Mexico, and Egypt 522 00:21:43,280 --> 00:21:45,520 and they're just getting started. 523 00:21:45,560 --> 00:21:46,560 - I'm Kellie Gerardi. 524 00:21:46,600 --> 00:21:47,840 I'm a citizen scientist 525 00:21:47,880 --> 00:21:50,280 and I'm flying to space on a dedicated research mission 526 00:21:50,320 --> 00:21:51,600 with Virgin Galactic. 527 00:21:51,640 --> 00:21:54,120 I'm gonna be conducting bioastronautics research. 528 00:21:54,160 --> 00:21:55,800 I'm gonna be conducting healthcare experiments 529 00:21:55,840 --> 00:21:57,880 and fluid experiments in space. 530 00:21:57,960 --> 00:21:59,920 One of the most emotional parts of this journey 531 00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:01,120 is seeing it through the eyes 532 00:22:01,160 --> 00:22:03,880 of my four year old's daughter, Delta V. 533 00:22:03,920 --> 00:22:05,720 - Guys, this is important. 534 00:22:05,760 --> 00:22:07,680 My mom used to be an astronaut. 535 00:22:07,720 --> 00:22:09,520 She could go space. 536 00:22:11,400 --> 00:22:13,600 - Delta is growing up with this new framework. 537 00:22:13,640 --> 00:22:17,040 She believes that going to space is just something moms do, 538 00:22:17,080 --> 00:22:18,240 and I love that. 539 00:22:19,720 --> 00:22:22,600 We need to have more accurate representation of humanity 540 00:22:22,640 --> 00:22:24,200 be a part of that. 541 00:22:24,240 --> 00:22:28,200 - One of our major goals here and our commitment 542 00:22:28,240 --> 00:22:32,200 is to diversity, equity, inclusion and accessibility 543 00:22:32,280 --> 00:22:33,760 in terms of our workforce. 544 00:22:33,840 --> 00:22:37,080 So we put a lot of effort into making sure 545 00:22:37,120 --> 00:22:38,800 that, you know, we are bringing in 546 00:22:38,840 --> 00:22:41,200 diverse classes of interns. 547 00:22:41,240 --> 00:22:42,720 - [Torsten] Katya was one of those interns. 548 00:22:42,760 --> 00:22:44,040 And look at her now. 549 00:22:44,080 --> 00:22:46,520 She's already being immortalized as a Barbie, 550 00:22:46,560 --> 00:22:49,120 just like Neil Armstrong and the other Apollo superstars 551 00:22:49,200 --> 00:22:52,120 were part of the cultural zeitgeist in their time. 552 00:22:52,200 --> 00:22:55,280 - We know when we have a diverse workforce 553 00:22:55,320 --> 00:22:58,640 that we are going to be more successful. 554 00:22:58,680 --> 00:23:01,960 And so it's really exciting to know 555 00:23:02,000 --> 00:23:04,000 that for the Artemis Mission, 556 00:23:04,080 --> 00:23:07,000 the next humans going to the moon 557 00:23:07,040 --> 00:23:10,840 will be the first woman and the first person of color. 558 00:23:12,040 --> 00:23:14,200 - [Torsten] As we break through the galactic glass ceiling, 559 00:23:14,240 --> 00:23:16,400 maybe diversity in space means more 560 00:23:16,440 --> 00:23:19,360 than where you're from, your skin color, or your gender. 561 00:23:20,320 --> 00:23:22,640 - So one of the realities that we face here on Earth 562 00:23:22,680 --> 00:23:25,640 is that one out of every five individuals 563 00:23:25,680 --> 00:23:28,120 on the planet right now has some kind 564 00:23:28,200 --> 00:23:30,960 of measurable significant disability. 565 00:23:31,840 --> 00:23:33,600 My name is Dr. Sheri Wells-Jensen, 566 00:23:33,640 --> 00:23:36,720 and I study astrobiology and disability studies 567 00:23:36,760 --> 00:23:39,520 and how those two things intersect with one another. 568 00:23:40,560 --> 00:23:43,560 We can't say, "Oh, we're cool with only 80% 569 00:23:43,600 --> 00:23:45,720 of humanity combating global warming 570 00:23:45,760 --> 00:23:48,160 or working on all the other problems that we have." 571 00:23:48,240 --> 00:23:49,240 We need all of us. 572 00:23:49,320 --> 00:23:52,600 We need our best people on every job, including space, 573 00:23:52,680 --> 00:23:54,280 not just our best people who happen 574 00:23:54,320 --> 00:23:56,320 to also not have a disability. 575 00:23:56,360 --> 00:23:58,000 - If I was legally blind, 576 00:23:58,080 --> 00:23:59,880 you wouldn't let me pilot this car. 577 00:23:59,920 --> 00:24:02,120 But if I was, say, unable to speak, 578 00:24:02,160 --> 00:24:05,000 you would still consider me capable of driving, right? 579 00:24:05,040 --> 00:24:06,320 Now, in space, 580 00:24:06,360 --> 00:24:08,920 this notion of what is and what isn't a disability 581 00:24:09,000 --> 00:24:10,960 is about to get turned upside down. 582 00:24:11,040 --> 00:24:13,600 - What these super qualified, 583 00:24:13,680 --> 00:24:16,000 highly paid individuals have to do 584 00:24:16,040 --> 00:24:19,520 with two hours of their day is exercise. 585 00:24:19,560 --> 00:24:21,480 So if you have someone 586 00:24:21,520 --> 00:24:23,920 who is not worried about losing muscle mass, 587 00:24:23,960 --> 00:24:25,280 at least in their legs, 588 00:24:25,320 --> 00:24:27,800 does that decrease the amount of time 589 00:24:27,840 --> 00:24:29,240 that they need to exercise? 590 00:24:29,280 --> 00:24:31,280 Do they need to exercise at all? 591 00:24:31,320 --> 00:24:33,560 What is that accommodation that we need 592 00:24:33,600 --> 00:24:36,680 to make a zero gravity environment accessible 593 00:24:36,720 --> 00:24:38,800 to a disabled scientist 594 00:24:38,880 --> 00:24:42,920 whose job is to go to space and get their work done? 595 00:24:42,960 --> 00:24:45,200 In 2021 in October, 596 00:24:45,240 --> 00:24:48,040 we chartered our first zero G parabolic flight 597 00:24:48,080 --> 00:24:51,840 with the Zero G Corporation and we sent 12 disabled people. 598 00:24:51,880 --> 00:24:54,040 We had some deaf folks, some blind folk. 599 00:24:54,080 --> 00:24:57,040 And our mobility crew, which are our wheelchair users 600 00:24:57,120 --> 00:24:58,800 and our folks with prosthetics. 601 00:25:00,600 --> 00:25:02,880 (astronauts cheering) 602 00:25:02,920 --> 00:25:04,880 Most fun anyone's ever had in their life 603 00:25:04,920 --> 00:25:05,920 is to be in lunar gravity. 604 00:25:06,000 --> 00:25:07,880 Not gonna lie, we should all go do it. 605 00:25:10,320 --> 00:25:13,240 And we figured out some tasks 606 00:25:13,280 --> 00:25:15,280 that we thought might be initial investigations 607 00:25:15,360 --> 00:25:16,400 that we wanted to do. 608 00:25:20,000 --> 00:25:22,600 What it revealed to us is that there's a lot 609 00:25:22,640 --> 00:25:23,800 that we have to learn 610 00:25:24,680 --> 00:25:26,760 and we know how to do it now. 611 00:25:26,800 --> 00:25:29,440 - [Torsten] Dylan is one of the benefactors of AstroAccess 612 00:25:29,520 --> 00:25:32,320 and many other space companies are supporting the cause. 613 00:25:33,680 --> 00:25:34,960 - Boy, why space? 614 00:25:35,000 --> 00:25:36,560 Well, because it benefits Earth. 615 00:25:36,600 --> 00:25:38,320 And, oh, by the way, space is gonna happen 616 00:25:38,400 --> 00:25:39,880 whether we want it or not. 617 00:25:39,920 --> 00:25:41,920 And I'd rather shape that future 618 00:25:42,000 --> 00:25:43,880 and make sure that humanity 2.0 619 00:25:43,920 --> 00:25:45,960 is a better version of what we've been. 620 00:25:50,400 --> 00:25:52,840 - [Torsten] These are the new faces of new space. 621 00:25:53,880 --> 00:25:55,640 And they've got the right staff. 622 00:26:05,480 --> 00:26:08,320 Okay, so reusability and other rocket technologies 623 00:26:08,360 --> 00:26:10,840 are elevating the Earth to space sector. 624 00:26:10,880 --> 00:26:14,040 But now the downstream space to Earth economy 625 00:26:14,080 --> 00:26:16,960 is also seeing dramatic leaps in innovation. 626 00:26:17,000 --> 00:26:19,760 This enables entirely new business models. 627 00:26:21,000 --> 00:26:24,000 Satellites have been around for a very long time. 628 00:26:24,040 --> 00:26:25,240 Actually not very far from here, 629 00:26:25,320 --> 00:26:26,560 just after World War II, 630 00:26:26,600 --> 00:26:30,040 a young scientist called Arthur C. Clarke first described, 631 00:26:30,080 --> 00:26:33,280 oh, they could act like a very large cell tower. 632 00:26:33,320 --> 00:26:35,880 Today we know him as a towering figure of science fiction 633 00:26:35,920 --> 00:26:39,240 and his principle as geosynchronous orbit or geo for short. 634 00:26:39,280 --> 00:26:41,120 - And if you think about it militarily, 635 00:26:41,160 --> 00:26:43,200 it is the ultimate high ground, right? 636 00:26:43,240 --> 00:26:45,040 If you have superior assets in space, 637 00:26:45,080 --> 00:26:46,600 you really control the battlefield. 638 00:26:46,640 --> 00:26:49,160 Maybe a bit of Hobbesian fear 639 00:26:49,200 --> 00:26:51,440 about what the other person might be doing. 640 00:26:51,480 --> 00:26:52,880 - [Torsten] That's why the first generation 641 00:26:52,920 --> 00:26:55,400 of satellites was commandeered by men in uniform 642 00:26:55,440 --> 00:26:57,600 to spy on adversaries. 643 00:26:57,640 --> 00:27:00,480 Get this, decades before photography was digital 644 00:27:00,520 --> 00:27:02,560 and ground stations could receive data, 645 00:27:02,600 --> 00:27:05,560 actual film canisters had to be ejected from up high, 646 00:27:05,600 --> 00:27:07,080 slowed down by mini thrusters 647 00:27:07,120 --> 00:27:09,400 and then caught mid air by planes. 648 00:27:09,480 --> 00:27:10,760 Crazy. 649 00:27:10,800 --> 00:27:12,880 Anyway, spy satellites were soon joined 650 00:27:12,960 --> 00:27:15,320 by communications and observation satellites. 651 00:27:15,360 --> 00:27:17,520 They offered services for the public. 652 00:27:17,560 --> 00:27:20,040 Weather forecasts typically brought to you by the government 653 00:27:20,080 --> 00:27:22,400 and broadcast television usually provided 654 00:27:22,440 --> 00:27:24,520 by private businesses. 655 00:27:24,600 --> 00:27:27,920 All right, so this is Viasat mock take one. 656 00:27:29,280 --> 00:27:30,520 So who are you? 657 00:27:30,600 --> 00:27:31,880 - Hi, I'm Mark Dankberg.. 658 00:27:31,920 --> 00:27:34,160 I am one of the founders of Viasat 659 00:27:34,200 --> 00:27:36,080 and I'm the CEO and chairman. 660 00:27:36,120 --> 00:27:37,720 - So you've been around for a little 661 00:27:37,760 --> 00:27:38,960 longer than two or three years, don't you? 662 00:27:39,000 --> 00:27:41,200 - Yeah, 36 and a half years. 663 00:27:41,240 --> 00:27:42,880 Since we started the company, yeah. 664 00:27:42,960 --> 00:27:45,160 We had a really good technical understanding of satellite. 665 00:27:45,200 --> 00:27:46,680 We did a lot of defense stuff. 666 00:27:46,720 --> 00:27:48,000 We didn't have any money, 667 00:27:48,040 --> 00:27:50,800 we started my house, and there were three of us. 668 00:27:52,760 --> 00:27:55,440 - A startup story from the 1980s. 669 00:27:55,480 --> 00:27:58,240 Today Viasat is a multi-billion dollar business 670 00:27:58,280 --> 00:28:00,400 with over 6,000 employees. 671 00:28:00,480 --> 00:28:03,160 They're all about very large communication assets and geo 672 00:28:03,200 --> 00:28:05,440 that require very large investments. 673 00:28:05,480 --> 00:28:08,640 But haven't we been told the polar opposite? 674 00:28:11,280 --> 00:28:15,280 Satellites like these used to be the size of a mini bus. 675 00:28:15,320 --> 00:28:17,720 It took nation states hundreds of millions of dollars 676 00:28:17,760 --> 00:28:19,200 to launch and operate them. 677 00:28:19,240 --> 00:28:21,880 Today a cube set can be as small as this. 678 00:28:21,920 --> 00:28:24,520 - So that little box is called 1U. 679 00:28:24,600 --> 00:28:27,760 - And everybody wants to have one, or a few thousand. 680 00:28:27,800 --> 00:28:29,080 - A small fridge size, 681 00:28:29,120 --> 00:28:30,280 another size of a microwave. 682 00:28:30,360 --> 00:28:31,800 - In the size of a loaf of bread. 683 00:28:31,840 --> 00:28:33,440 - The size of a pizza box. 684 00:28:33,480 --> 00:28:35,080 - Maybe two shoe boxes. 685 00:28:35,120 --> 00:28:36,880 - [Torsten] Sheldon, there you are. 686 00:28:38,400 --> 00:28:39,920 Clearly, precision manufacturing 687 00:28:39,960 --> 00:28:41,160 with the latest components 688 00:28:41,200 --> 00:28:43,760 is one of the key drivers in this industry. 689 00:28:43,800 --> 00:28:45,400 - So this is a star camera. 690 00:28:45,440 --> 00:28:47,240 Solar rays fold flat. 691 00:28:47,280 --> 00:28:49,400 There's a really interesting disruption 692 00:28:49,440 --> 00:28:50,480 happening in the industry 693 00:28:50,520 --> 00:28:54,120 where Moore's law was starting to arrive in space, 694 00:28:54,160 --> 00:28:56,760 and the incumbent space industry at that time 695 00:28:56,800 --> 00:28:57,960 hadn't quite noticed 696 00:28:58,000 --> 00:29:00,040 this massive disruption that was coming. 697 00:29:00,120 --> 00:29:02,840 - [Torsten] Today, Spire Global operates a constellation 698 00:29:02,880 --> 00:29:04,880 of more than a hundred nanosatellites 699 00:29:04,920 --> 00:29:07,480 that are specialized in radio frequency technology 700 00:29:07,560 --> 00:29:09,120 and manufactured in Scotland, 701 00:29:09,160 --> 00:29:11,920 a place for the history in electronics. 702 00:29:12,000 --> 00:29:13,520 Though the physics challenges 703 00:29:13,560 --> 00:29:16,000 for these devices are out of this world. 704 00:29:16,040 --> 00:29:18,160 - Traveling at eight kilometers per second, 705 00:29:18,200 --> 00:29:20,800 which means it goes around our planet every 90 minutes. 706 00:29:20,840 --> 00:29:23,880 So you go into the hot side where your plus 100 Celsius 707 00:29:23,920 --> 00:29:27,400 to the cold side, minus 40 Celsius. 708 00:29:27,440 --> 00:29:29,600 You can imagine the engineering challenge that presents 709 00:29:29,640 --> 00:29:32,000 between making sure your electronics will function 710 00:29:32,040 --> 00:29:33,280 in all these temperatures, 711 00:29:33,320 --> 00:29:34,760 making sure that thermal fatigue, 712 00:29:34,800 --> 00:29:36,760 you know, expansion and contraction 713 00:29:36,800 --> 00:29:39,120 every 90 minutes doesn't cause problems. 714 00:29:40,240 --> 00:29:42,280 - Planet runs the largest constellation 715 00:29:42,360 --> 00:29:43,760 of optical satellites. 716 00:29:43,800 --> 00:29:45,160 Founded back in 2010, 717 00:29:45,200 --> 00:29:48,400 they kept improving the hard and software. 718 00:29:48,440 --> 00:29:49,800 - [Astronaut] Did you literally start in a garage 719 00:29:49,840 --> 00:29:50,800 or is it just a marketing... 720 00:29:50,880 --> 00:29:52,360 - No, it's not marketing rumor. 721 00:29:52,440 --> 00:29:53,560 We started in a garage. 722 00:29:53,640 --> 00:29:54,400 So since that, 723 00:29:54,440 --> 00:29:56,520 literally had to sweep the leaves out in the morning. 724 00:29:56,560 --> 00:29:58,120 It wasn't very clean room like. 725 00:29:58,160 --> 00:30:00,320 - [Torsten] So, you build many iterations 726 00:30:00,360 --> 00:30:01,840 and generations of these satellites. 727 00:30:01,920 --> 00:30:03,320 So help me understand, roughly, 728 00:30:03,360 --> 00:30:05,920 like, the performance increase that you managed to achieve. 729 00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:08,600 - Roughly, over the period of, 730 00:30:08,640 --> 00:30:12,120 from our first satellite to our latest satellite today, 731 00:30:12,160 --> 00:30:15,480 we've had about a 10,000 fold increase in performance. 732 00:30:15,520 --> 00:30:18,640 So that means in terms of the amount of imagery 733 00:30:18,680 --> 00:30:21,480 produced per day, per dollar spent. 734 00:30:22,320 --> 00:30:24,680 And a 10,000 increase is just... 735 00:30:24,720 --> 00:30:25,760 It's crazy, right? 736 00:30:25,800 --> 00:30:29,160 I mean, very rarely does that sort of thing happen. 737 00:30:29,200 --> 00:30:30,160 Once somebody said, 738 00:30:30,200 --> 00:30:32,800 "Oh, this is like Model P4. 739 00:30:32,840 --> 00:30:35,680 It's the first mass manufactured satellite." 740 00:30:35,760 --> 00:30:36,640 And I looked up, 741 00:30:36,680 --> 00:30:37,880 and actually the Model P4 742 00:30:37,920 --> 00:30:39,880 was about two to three times lower cost 743 00:30:39,960 --> 00:30:41,680 than lowest cost cut at that time. 744 00:30:41,720 --> 00:30:44,320 So, this is not two or three X lower cost. 745 00:30:44,360 --> 00:30:47,680 This is hundreds if not thousands of times 746 00:30:47,720 --> 00:30:50,440 lower cost for this same sort of capability. 747 00:30:50,480 --> 00:30:52,720 That is closer to the revolution in IT 748 00:30:52,760 --> 00:30:55,960 when it went from mainframe computers to desktop computers. 749 00:30:56,040 --> 00:30:58,320 That's the kind of shift we're talking about, 750 00:30:58,360 --> 00:31:00,160 and that's happening in space today. 751 00:31:02,440 --> 00:31:04,840 - [Torsten] Shelly, how about a 2:00 PM booster? 752 00:31:04,920 --> 00:31:06,520 - Satellites I've worked on in the past 753 00:31:06,600 --> 00:31:08,760 have cost up to half a billion dollars. 754 00:31:08,800 --> 00:31:11,160 So now with a CubeSat for example, 755 00:31:11,200 --> 00:31:12,960 you could be launching into space 756 00:31:13,000 --> 00:31:16,760 for, say, 100,000 or 200,000 dollars. 757 00:31:16,800 --> 00:31:19,600 - The entire fleet of satellites we've ever launched 758 00:31:19,680 --> 00:31:23,800 is much lower cost than a single typical satellite from NASA 759 00:31:23,880 --> 00:31:25,080 or anyone else. 760 00:31:25,120 --> 00:31:27,440 - [Torsten] That makes mega constellations. 761 00:31:27,480 --> 00:31:28,760 - I hate using the word constellation 762 00:31:28,800 --> 00:31:30,640 'cause that's our word. 763 00:31:30,680 --> 00:31:32,840 Constellations don't move. 764 00:31:32,880 --> 00:31:36,080 They're like there, and the ancients have seen them 765 00:31:36,120 --> 00:31:38,560 and we have stories about them, 766 00:31:38,640 --> 00:31:42,600 and they took that word to describe satellites. 767 00:31:42,640 --> 00:31:43,440 Okay? 768 00:31:43,480 --> 00:31:44,880 To describe too many satellites. 769 00:31:44,920 --> 00:31:45,920 - Right. 770 00:31:45,960 --> 00:31:46,760 As I was saying, 771 00:31:46,800 --> 00:31:49,280 these low cost consumer electronic components 772 00:31:49,320 --> 00:31:51,880 make mega constellations economically viable. 773 00:31:51,960 --> 00:31:53,960 - The OneWeb project, Kiuper, Starlink, 774 00:31:54,000 --> 00:31:55,840 there are definitely differences in them 775 00:31:55,920 --> 00:31:57,000 that I won't get into right now. 776 00:31:57,040 --> 00:31:59,640 But the idea is they're all trying to offer a service 777 00:31:59,680 --> 00:32:02,080 that is similar to what we would've thought of 778 00:32:02,160 --> 00:32:02,920 as satellite internet. 779 00:32:02,960 --> 00:32:03,880 But it is different. 780 00:32:03,960 --> 00:32:07,160 It's designed to work in places that are harder to reach 781 00:32:07,200 --> 00:32:10,120 or that are in conflict or that are more mobile. 782 00:32:10,160 --> 00:32:11,760 And so my parents are RVers, you know? 783 00:32:11,800 --> 00:32:14,120 They drive around the country on one of those big rigs. 784 00:32:14,160 --> 00:32:16,080 And without me ever mentioning Starlink 785 00:32:16,120 --> 00:32:17,160 or any of these companies to them, 786 00:32:17,200 --> 00:32:19,440 they were discussing with me the various reasons 787 00:32:19,480 --> 00:32:21,920 why this service might be better than this service. 788 00:32:21,960 --> 00:32:24,880 No one ever says that 60-year-old Americans 789 00:32:24,920 --> 00:32:26,920 are the first adopters of a lot of things, 790 00:32:26,960 --> 00:32:29,600 but we're seeing that, as well as these, 791 00:32:29,640 --> 00:32:31,480 hopefully, these services be adopted in countries 792 00:32:31,520 --> 00:32:33,960 where they are filling an even more critical gap. 793 00:32:34,920 --> 00:32:36,360 - Like providing connectivity 794 00:32:36,400 --> 00:32:38,920 that cannot be shot off even in war, 795 00:32:39,000 --> 00:32:40,920 Starlink is getting a lot of attention 796 00:32:40,960 --> 00:32:43,320 and is already generating a ton of cash. 797 00:32:43,360 --> 00:32:46,240 But internet from space isn't new at all. 798 00:32:46,280 --> 00:32:49,600 So, Mark, basically I'm coming here to this place. 799 00:32:49,640 --> 00:32:52,040 The whole day is for this one question, okay? 800 00:32:52,080 --> 00:32:54,880 People in this industry have been telling me 801 00:32:54,920 --> 00:32:56,840 the costs to build a satellite 802 00:32:56,880 --> 00:33:00,120 is a couple hundred thousand dollars that the size of this, 803 00:33:00,160 --> 00:33:03,440 and you're building a $2 billion fleet of three satellites. 804 00:33:03,480 --> 00:33:04,840 Are you crazy? 805 00:33:04,920 --> 00:33:06,280 - No. (laughs) 806 00:33:06,360 --> 00:33:08,440 When you're really close to the Earth, 807 00:33:08,480 --> 00:33:10,360 your field of view is small. 808 00:33:10,440 --> 00:33:14,600 What turned out is, the farther away you go from Earth, 809 00:33:14,640 --> 00:33:17,120 the more of it you can see. 810 00:33:17,160 --> 00:33:18,760 So now I'm accessible... 811 00:33:18,800 --> 00:33:22,080 Instead of just to this small area underneath me, 812 00:33:22,120 --> 00:33:24,720 I'm accessible to a very large market. 813 00:33:24,760 --> 00:33:26,080 - [Galactic Gal] Hey this is Galactic Gal. 814 00:33:26,160 --> 00:33:27,880 Let me take it over from here. 815 00:33:27,920 --> 00:33:30,000 Compared to LEO, the geosynchronous orbit 816 00:33:30,040 --> 00:33:32,080 is about 100 times farther from Earth, 817 00:33:32,120 --> 00:33:34,200 and satellites there are all circling the planet 818 00:33:34,240 --> 00:33:35,800 in the same direction. 819 00:33:35,840 --> 00:33:38,120 Think of it as a fixed parking position. 820 00:33:38,160 --> 00:33:40,200 Some very powerful satellites are here 821 00:33:40,240 --> 00:33:42,520 because it's almost always sunny. 822 00:33:42,560 --> 00:33:43,960 Viasat's rationale for geo 823 00:33:44,040 --> 00:33:45,840 is also based on the technical ability 824 00:33:45,880 --> 00:33:49,200 to focus its beam on areas where the demand is. 825 00:33:49,240 --> 00:33:51,440 In fact, 95% of the world population 826 00:33:51,480 --> 00:33:54,680 lives on only 10% of the land. 827 00:33:54,720 --> 00:33:57,040 In other words, the majority of economic activity 828 00:33:57,080 --> 00:34:00,880 happens on only 3% of our blue planet surface. 829 00:34:00,920 --> 00:34:03,600 We can see human activity with a naked eye at night. 830 00:34:03,640 --> 00:34:05,800 From geo, all these markets can be served 831 00:34:05,840 --> 00:34:07,760 with very few satellites. 832 00:34:07,800 --> 00:34:09,160 Meanwhile, in low Earth orbit, 833 00:34:09,240 --> 00:34:12,040 the new space constellations are spending most of their time 834 00:34:12,080 --> 00:34:14,200 over oceans and unpopulated areas 835 00:34:14,280 --> 00:34:16,040 where there are no customers. 836 00:34:16,080 --> 00:34:18,320 Moreover, they are in the shade half of the time 837 00:34:18,360 --> 00:34:19,800 each round trip. 838 00:34:19,840 --> 00:34:21,320 Their position in very low orbit 839 00:34:21,360 --> 00:34:23,600 brings the benefits of much lower launch costs 840 00:34:23,640 --> 00:34:25,000 and lower latency, 841 00:34:25,040 --> 00:34:27,600 but this also means a much smaller field of view. 842 00:34:27,640 --> 00:34:28,720 That's why so many are needed 843 00:34:28,800 --> 00:34:31,200 to offer reliable communication services. 844 00:34:32,560 --> 00:34:33,840 - [Torsten] But there are more use cases 845 00:34:33,880 --> 00:34:35,680 than just internet connectivity. 846 00:34:35,720 --> 00:34:38,840 This UK-based fund has deployed around $300 million 847 00:34:38,880 --> 00:34:41,160 in over a hundred different companies. 848 00:34:42,240 --> 00:34:43,520 - And our thesis at Seraphim 849 00:34:43,560 --> 00:34:46,400 is that that is now creating a digital infrastructure 850 00:34:46,440 --> 00:34:47,880 in the sky. 851 00:34:47,920 --> 00:34:51,280 So this is about space looking down at planet Earth. 852 00:34:51,360 --> 00:34:53,280 This digital infrastructure which is made up 853 00:34:53,320 --> 00:34:56,080 of hundreds and thousands of satellites 854 00:34:56,160 --> 00:34:58,800 are able to collect data, 855 00:34:58,840 --> 00:35:02,160 a tsunami of data that they're collecting about our planet 856 00:35:02,200 --> 00:35:04,760 in high resolution, low cost, and importantly, 857 00:35:04,800 --> 00:35:06,760 real time or close to real time. 858 00:35:08,360 --> 00:35:10,160 And we believe that this digital infrastructure 859 00:35:10,200 --> 00:35:12,760 is a bit like the creation of a new internet. 860 00:35:12,840 --> 00:35:16,120 This is creating a trillion dollar market opportunity. 861 00:35:17,200 --> 00:35:18,000 - In other words, 862 00:35:18,040 --> 00:35:21,000 different constellations for different markets. 863 00:35:21,040 --> 00:35:23,200 There's optical radar, infrared, 864 00:35:23,280 --> 00:35:24,720 so many different technologies 865 00:35:24,760 --> 00:35:26,760 serving different customer needs. 866 00:35:28,560 --> 00:35:29,760 In a dark forest, 867 00:35:29,800 --> 00:35:33,400 MindPoint's Sven has identified a market opportunity. 868 00:35:33,480 --> 00:35:36,160 He's building a business based on all this new data. 869 00:35:37,040 --> 00:35:40,000 And how can you help me not have train delays? 870 00:35:40,080 --> 00:35:41,440 - That's a great question. 871 00:35:41,480 --> 00:35:43,600 So what we do is we analyze satellite data 872 00:35:43,680 --> 00:35:45,640 and identify precisely where trees 873 00:35:45,680 --> 00:35:48,040 are sending too close to railway tracks 874 00:35:48,080 --> 00:35:50,280 and where they could fall potentially on them. 875 00:35:50,320 --> 00:35:51,960 The trees is one of the biggest reasons 876 00:35:52,000 --> 00:35:53,440 why trains are being delayed. 877 00:35:53,480 --> 00:35:55,960 We can identify where the trees are, 878 00:35:56,040 --> 00:35:58,040 how tall they are, whether they are sick. 879 00:35:58,080 --> 00:36:00,520 What we do is we take two satellite images 880 00:36:00,560 --> 00:36:03,080 which are taken from slightly different angles. 881 00:36:03,120 --> 00:36:04,600 And from these two satellite images, 882 00:36:04,640 --> 00:36:06,480 we calculate the height of the tree. 883 00:36:06,520 --> 00:36:08,440 It works very similar to your human eyes 884 00:36:08,480 --> 00:36:11,200 so your eyes can calculate depth. 885 00:36:11,280 --> 00:36:13,720 - Ha, 3D glasses for satellites. 886 00:36:13,760 --> 00:36:15,120 Brilliant. 887 00:36:15,160 --> 00:36:16,720 LiveEO has raised one of the largest 888 00:36:16,760 --> 00:36:18,400 space investment rounds in Europe. 889 00:36:18,440 --> 00:36:21,280 They already protect millions of miles of railway tracks 890 00:36:21,320 --> 00:36:23,680 and electrical grids globally. 891 00:36:23,760 --> 00:36:24,520 With their help, 892 00:36:24,560 --> 00:36:26,840 I'll make it to my next destination on time. 893 00:36:27,760 --> 00:36:30,560 A former American spy station in Berlin, Teufelsberg. 894 00:36:32,520 --> 00:36:34,760 Locations like this remind us that governments 895 00:36:34,800 --> 00:36:36,480 have been spying on other governments, 896 00:36:36,520 --> 00:36:39,280 and sometimes their own citizens, for a very long time. 897 00:36:40,400 --> 00:36:43,200 But finally space data can empower us 898 00:36:43,240 --> 00:36:45,000 to look back at government activities 899 00:36:45,040 --> 00:36:46,600 with a virtual time machine. 900 00:36:47,440 --> 00:36:49,480 - I think our data in general can be very empowering 901 00:36:49,520 --> 00:36:51,160 for journalists around the world. 902 00:36:51,240 --> 00:36:53,480 It's a tool that enables them to see what's going on. 903 00:36:53,520 --> 00:36:57,440 It was a great case where some journalists from Buzzfeed 904 00:36:57,480 --> 00:37:01,480 had used our data to discover Uyghur detention camps. 905 00:37:01,520 --> 00:37:03,520 - Megh is an investigative journalist 906 00:37:03,560 --> 00:37:05,120 who was based in China for many years 907 00:37:05,160 --> 00:37:07,520 until somehow her visa wasn't extended. 908 00:37:07,560 --> 00:37:08,360 Thanks, Luke. 909 00:37:08,400 --> 00:37:09,320 Thanks for catching that. 910 00:37:09,360 --> 00:37:11,680 Satellite data helped her and two collaborators 911 00:37:11,720 --> 00:37:13,480 to get to the truth on the ground, 912 00:37:13,520 --> 00:37:15,440 and they want a Pulitzer for it. 913 00:37:15,480 --> 00:37:17,520 - So basically the process started 914 00:37:17,560 --> 00:37:19,960 actually with Baidu Maps 915 00:37:20,040 --> 00:37:21,800 where we noticed that the government 916 00:37:21,840 --> 00:37:24,640 was essentially putting grayed out tiles 917 00:37:24,680 --> 00:37:28,040 over a number of locations in Xinjiang. 918 00:37:28,080 --> 00:37:30,520 - [Torsten] Low resolution images that looked like this. 919 00:37:30,560 --> 00:37:32,880 Megh and her team suspected 920 00:37:32,920 --> 00:37:35,440 that the Chinese government was censoring Baidu Maps 921 00:37:35,480 --> 00:37:37,280 to hide prison camps holding Uyghurs 922 00:37:37,320 --> 00:37:39,000 and other Muslim minorities. 923 00:37:39,040 --> 00:37:41,640 Ultimately, they used high resolution images from planet 924 00:37:41,680 --> 00:37:43,840 to identify several hundred new prison 925 00:37:43,920 --> 00:37:45,240 and detainment centers. 926 00:37:45,280 --> 00:37:48,600 - We won the Pulitzer Prize in 2021. 927 00:37:48,640 --> 00:37:50,920 We were really grateful for that award 928 00:37:50,960 --> 00:37:52,960 because it brought a lot more attention 929 00:37:53,000 --> 00:37:55,800 to the work than I think it would've otherwise gotten. 930 00:37:58,360 --> 00:38:01,000 - It's mind boggling to me how this panopticon 931 00:38:01,040 --> 00:38:02,560 could have changed world history. 932 00:38:02,640 --> 00:38:05,160 Think about the Cuban missile crisis 933 00:38:05,200 --> 00:38:07,600 or the invasion of Iraq in 2003. 934 00:38:07,640 --> 00:38:09,240 - Again, it comes to accountability. 935 00:38:09,280 --> 00:38:13,360 I think it will change the political calculus going forward 936 00:38:13,440 --> 00:38:14,480 if everyone gets to know 937 00:38:14,520 --> 00:38:17,640 that these things aren't gonna be possible to hide anymore. 938 00:38:17,720 --> 00:38:18,640 (camera shutter clicks) 939 00:38:18,680 --> 00:38:22,080 - So let's imagine a world where traffic jams, oil spills, 940 00:38:22,120 --> 00:38:25,480 troop movements, bouncy castles, everything can be seen 941 00:38:25,520 --> 00:38:28,520 and verified by everyone almost in real time. 942 00:38:29,520 --> 00:38:31,040 Journalists, the open source 943 00:38:31,080 --> 00:38:32,680 intelligence community on Reddit, 944 00:38:32,720 --> 00:38:35,640 the good guys, the bad guys, me and you. 945 00:38:36,520 --> 00:38:38,160 - But yes, we work with militaries. 946 00:38:38,200 --> 00:38:39,840 And I wanna say this about this, 947 00:38:39,880 --> 00:38:43,800 we do that on purpose, in good faith, 948 00:38:43,840 --> 00:38:48,040 because we believe that it will enhance peace and security 949 00:38:48,120 --> 00:38:50,280 with one important caveat. 950 00:38:50,320 --> 00:38:52,480 We will never do it exclusively. 951 00:38:52,560 --> 00:38:55,000 We will not give this image to this client 952 00:38:55,040 --> 00:38:58,880 with saying, "I will never give this to anyone else." 953 00:38:58,920 --> 00:39:00,760 If the New York Times also wants access to that image, 954 00:39:00,800 --> 00:39:02,360 they can also get access to that image. 955 00:39:02,400 --> 00:39:05,800 If the UN and this NGO wants access to that image, 956 00:39:05,840 --> 00:39:07,440 they can also get access to that image. 957 00:39:07,480 --> 00:39:09,880 - But can't the bad guys hide in the dark? 958 00:39:09,920 --> 00:39:11,880 Well, turns out there's a set for that. 959 00:39:13,280 --> 00:39:14,560 - [Tero] Real-time SAR. 960 00:39:14,640 --> 00:39:16,160 - [Torsten] Which is a form of radar. 961 00:39:16,200 --> 00:39:20,280 - That is something that can be looked through the clouds, 962 00:39:20,320 --> 00:39:24,040 through the darkness, through rain, through snowfall. 963 00:39:24,080 --> 00:39:26,200 You don't need the optical light 964 00:39:26,280 --> 00:39:29,000 in the Arctic areas where you have the darkness, 965 00:39:29,040 --> 00:39:30,880 I mean, half of the year. 966 00:39:30,920 --> 00:39:33,400 Or if you go to an area like the Amazon 967 00:39:33,440 --> 00:39:35,920 where there's a lot of rain all the time, 968 00:39:35,960 --> 00:39:39,240 it doesn't matter when you have a radar constellation. 969 00:39:39,280 --> 00:39:41,320 But also many other layers of data, 970 00:39:41,360 --> 00:39:43,560 including geographical data, 971 00:39:43,600 --> 00:39:46,560 stuff like meteorological reports and things like that 972 00:39:46,600 --> 00:39:48,680 where we help the insurance companies 973 00:39:48,720 --> 00:39:50,720 to predict a flood development 974 00:39:50,760 --> 00:39:52,680 or we support the Finnish icebreakers 975 00:39:52,720 --> 00:39:53,960 in the Bay of Bothnian area. 976 00:39:54,000 --> 00:39:57,080 We take images, how the ice develops, you name it. 977 00:39:57,120 --> 00:40:00,080 A lot of different types of use cases. 978 00:40:00,120 --> 00:40:02,760 - So optical satellites look at the outside of the building, 979 00:40:02,800 --> 00:40:05,800 infrared gives you an inference on what's going on inside. 980 00:40:05,880 --> 00:40:07,480 So it sort of opens the box. 981 00:40:07,520 --> 00:40:10,360 It's a new category of Earth observation data. 982 00:40:10,400 --> 00:40:12,160 If you're a housing association, 983 00:40:12,240 --> 00:40:13,960 then you would be interested in this data 984 00:40:14,000 --> 00:40:18,120 to make sure that your portfolio is getting to net zero. 985 00:40:19,960 --> 00:40:21,160 - [Torsten] The tech is maturing. 986 00:40:21,240 --> 00:40:22,600 It can defeat darkness, 987 00:40:22,640 --> 00:40:25,720 peak through clouds or locate leaky windows. 988 00:40:25,760 --> 00:40:27,120 And there's even a Canadian company 989 00:40:27,160 --> 00:40:29,400 that can detect cow farts from space. 990 00:40:29,440 --> 00:40:31,800 Methane is a potent greenhouse gas. 991 00:40:33,640 --> 00:40:34,800 Eat your veggies. 992 00:40:36,040 --> 00:40:38,400 - We have a huge vision going forward 993 00:40:38,440 --> 00:40:40,240 to enable this transition 994 00:40:40,280 --> 00:40:42,640 to a sustainable economy and a secure world. 995 00:40:42,680 --> 00:40:44,840 - [Torsten] Climate tech, a trillion dollar opportunity 996 00:40:44,880 --> 00:40:47,080 for Earth observation companies. 997 00:40:47,160 --> 00:40:48,600 - We have fantastic investors at... 998 00:40:48,640 --> 00:40:51,160 - One of planet's latest investors is BlackRock, 999 00:40:51,240 --> 00:40:52,920 the world's largest asset firm. 1000 00:40:52,960 --> 00:40:55,360 - Oh, they're trying to demand all their companies 1001 00:40:55,400 --> 00:40:56,920 to track their ESG. 1002 00:40:56,960 --> 00:40:58,240 And the E in ESG is environment. 1003 00:40:58,320 --> 00:40:59,840 - Yeah, and what's good for the planet 1004 00:40:59,880 --> 00:41:01,240 is good for planet, right? 1005 00:41:01,280 --> 00:41:02,520 - Well, that's also true. 1006 00:41:04,600 --> 00:41:07,480 - I mean, I remember that first Earth Day 1007 00:41:07,560 --> 00:41:10,080 and, you know, that view from space 1008 00:41:10,120 --> 00:41:12,640 back looking at our planet 1009 00:41:12,680 --> 00:41:14,840 that you know kind of became the beginning 1010 00:41:14,880 --> 00:41:17,080 of the environmental movement. 1011 00:41:17,160 --> 00:41:21,440 That we are just one part of the greater universe. 1012 00:41:21,480 --> 00:41:24,200 And how do we make sure that we survive? 1013 00:41:24,240 --> 00:41:26,080 There were a lot of things that came up. 1014 00:41:26,120 --> 00:41:29,280 A new awareness, a new consciousness 1015 00:41:29,320 --> 00:41:30,960 - Now, to live long and prosper, 1016 00:41:31,000 --> 00:41:34,240 humans and vulcans need a planet. 1017 00:41:34,320 --> 00:41:37,000 Climate science relies heavily on satellite data. 1018 00:41:37,080 --> 00:41:40,840 Using AI, we can now zero in identify and analyze 1019 00:41:40,880 --> 00:41:42,840 billions of individual trees. 1020 00:41:43,960 --> 00:41:47,720 - So space diplomacy and space information is critical. 1021 00:41:47,760 --> 00:41:49,720 Climate change is a global problem. 1022 00:41:49,800 --> 00:41:52,240 We can't solve it without global data. 1023 00:41:52,280 --> 00:41:54,120 Without that big picture view 1024 00:41:54,160 --> 00:41:56,360 of what's happening on our planet. 1025 00:41:56,400 --> 00:41:58,000 And making sure that every country 1026 00:41:58,040 --> 00:41:59,320 is meeting their pledges. 1027 00:41:59,360 --> 00:42:02,520 And that globally, we're able to meet our targets 1028 00:42:02,560 --> 00:42:06,360 for keeping within 1.5 degrees Celsius of warming. 1029 00:42:06,400 --> 00:42:08,200 - Actually, over half of our users, 1030 00:42:08,280 --> 00:42:12,480 half of the users are scientific communities worldwide. 1031 00:42:12,520 --> 00:42:15,400 And they have published over the last few years 1032 00:42:15,440 --> 00:42:17,040 more than 2,000 papers. 1033 00:42:17,080 --> 00:42:21,280 Research papers, thesis and also white papers. 1034 00:42:21,360 --> 00:42:23,320 - Legal fishing, another great example. 1035 00:42:23,360 --> 00:42:25,520 We are plundering the oceans now. 1036 00:42:25,560 --> 00:42:27,680 There are many bad actors in the ocean, 1037 00:42:27,720 --> 00:42:29,480 and the only way we can tell 1038 00:42:29,520 --> 00:42:32,480 how much they're impacting the ocean 1039 00:42:32,520 --> 00:42:36,360 is by following their tracks in space. 1040 00:42:36,400 --> 00:42:39,440 - So one of our portfolio companies, HawkEye 360, 1041 00:42:39,480 --> 00:42:41,760 they are the largest constellation of radio frequency 1042 00:42:41,800 --> 00:42:44,120 signal intelligence satellites. 1043 00:42:44,160 --> 00:42:47,000 So that means that they're able to monitor signals 1044 00:42:47,040 --> 00:42:50,080 from walkie talkies or mobile phones. 1045 00:42:50,160 --> 00:42:52,000 - [Torsten] When a boat switches off their beacon, 1046 00:42:52,040 --> 00:42:56,080 Spire Global notices it and notifies Hawk I 360. 1047 00:42:56,160 --> 00:42:57,520 Their small sats can detect 1048 00:42:57,600 --> 00:42:59,960 and document the dark vessel's activities. 1049 00:43:00,840 --> 00:43:02,800 - And they're able to then use that information 1050 00:43:02,880 --> 00:43:05,440 to hold the owners of that boat to account. 1051 00:43:05,520 --> 00:43:06,800 - [Torsten] Yeah. 1052 00:43:06,840 --> 00:43:07,960 - So this can ultimately eradicate things 1053 00:43:08,040 --> 00:43:09,480 like illegal fishing, 1054 00:43:09,520 --> 00:43:11,480 but it can also work on other areas 1055 00:43:11,520 --> 00:43:14,400 - [Torsten] Like drug or human trafficking. 1056 00:43:14,440 --> 00:43:17,320 Next stop, Ecuador, where they make heavenly coffee 1057 00:43:18,960 --> 00:43:21,960 and where agriculture is critical to the economy. 1058 00:43:23,920 --> 00:43:28,320 - Size of our pineapple farm is 230 acres 1059 00:43:28,360 --> 00:43:29,400 And we produce seven 1060 00:43:29,440 --> 00:43:31,560 to eight shipping containers every week. 1061 00:43:31,600 --> 00:43:34,760 About 70% of it is exported overseas, 1062 00:43:34,800 --> 00:43:37,760 30% is for domestic sales. 1063 00:43:37,800 --> 00:43:40,640 - I had asked an Irish company, Origin Digital, 1064 00:43:40,680 --> 00:43:43,960 to do a thorough biomass analysis of Emilio's Fields. 1065 00:43:44,040 --> 00:43:46,200 This is what I'm showing him here. 1066 00:43:46,240 --> 00:43:49,440 - So one of the many challenges that farmers have 1067 00:43:49,480 --> 00:43:52,600 is to be able to keep an eye on the crops 1068 00:43:52,640 --> 00:43:55,120 and how the crops are developing seamlessly. 1069 00:43:55,200 --> 00:43:57,680 So they have to walk miles and miles 1070 00:43:57,720 --> 00:43:59,560 to be able to find that out. 1071 00:43:59,600 --> 00:44:02,680 And that too, they do not have bird's eye view 1072 00:44:02,720 --> 00:44:03,960 of the entire thing. 1073 00:44:04,000 --> 00:44:05,200 - [Torsten] Madhumita says 1074 00:44:05,280 --> 00:44:06,920 that their sophisticated analytics 1075 00:44:06,960 --> 00:44:08,600 can help Emilio to understand 1076 00:44:08,640 --> 00:44:10,240 where a pest might be spreading, 1077 00:44:10,320 --> 00:44:12,400 where he should use more or less fertilizers, 1078 00:44:12,480 --> 00:44:15,800 or adjust irrigation where the moisture levels aren't right. 1079 00:44:15,840 --> 00:44:17,880 This is a potential game changer. 1080 00:44:17,920 --> 00:44:19,760 - If the farmers are using 1081 00:44:19,800 --> 00:44:23,600 our optimal technology and software, 1082 00:44:23,640 --> 00:44:27,760 yield can increase to around 11 and a half times 1083 00:44:27,800 --> 00:44:32,240 per hectare, which is like straight away 38% increase. 1084 00:44:32,280 --> 00:44:33,840 That is phenomenal. 1085 00:44:33,880 --> 00:44:36,600 - This would be a useful tool as we would save money 1086 00:44:36,640 --> 00:44:40,560 and a lot of factors like analysis and laboratories. 1087 00:44:40,600 --> 00:44:44,120 We technicians could manage everything here on the ground, 1088 00:44:44,160 --> 00:44:45,720 and that would be invaluable. 1089 00:44:47,640 --> 00:44:49,920 - We are the top quality producers 1090 00:44:49,960 --> 00:44:54,960 of food-based products in Ecuador such as pulps, jams, 1091 00:44:56,160 --> 00:44:59,680 toppings that are used in the food industry. 1092 00:44:59,760 --> 00:45:02,080 We have clients in the dairy, 1093 00:45:02,120 --> 00:45:04,160 in the ice cream industries. 1094 00:45:04,240 --> 00:45:06,880 (upbeat music) 1095 00:45:06,920 --> 00:45:10,240 In the food industry, we use not high tech technology 1096 00:45:10,320 --> 00:45:12,880 but we should start moving over there. 1097 00:45:12,960 --> 00:45:14,800 Resources are very limited, 1098 00:45:14,840 --> 00:45:18,040 Water, soil, and the population keeps growing, 1099 00:45:18,120 --> 00:45:20,800 so therefore we need to look for better 1100 00:45:20,880 --> 00:45:23,400 and higher technology to introduce to our sector. 1101 00:45:24,360 --> 00:45:26,520 - [Torsten] Okay, drones make me kind of nervous, 1102 00:45:26,560 --> 00:45:27,400 I'm out of here. 1103 00:45:29,400 --> 00:45:31,600 EO Constellations, the hardware, 1104 00:45:31,680 --> 00:45:33,440 and machine learning, the software, 1105 00:45:33,480 --> 00:45:37,280 make monitoring millions of farms possible on a daily basis. 1106 00:45:37,320 --> 00:45:39,960 - So defense and climate are connected. 1107 00:45:40,000 --> 00:45:44,880 As the climate changes, there will be droughts, wildfires, 1108 00:45:44,920 --> 00:45:47,920 and other natural disasters 1109 00:45:47,960 --> 00:45:50,040 which might lead to migration of people, 1110 00:45:50,080 --> 00:45:52,160 which is obviously a security issue. 1111 00:45:52,200 --> 00:45:53,920 - No matter where I go in this industry, 1112 00:45:54,000 --> 00:45:57,080 national security is always close by. 1113 00:45:57,120 --> 00:45:59,960 How about the CIA, venture capital fund, 1114 00:46:00,000 --> 00:46:01,120 the involvement there? 1115 00:46:02,080 --> 00:46:04,200 - They don't like to be called the CIA fund. 1116 00:46:04,240 --> 00:46:06,120 One of our investors is In-Q-Tel 1117 00:46:06,160 --> 00:46:10,280 that represents the US defense intelligence community. 1118 00:46:10,320 --> 00:46:14,560 So they allow us to sell our data 1119 00:46:14,600 --> 00:46:17,000 and open doors to those agencies 1120 00:46:17,040 --> 00:46:21,040 that are interested in intelligence as a whole. 1121 00:46:21,080 --> 00:46:22,360 - I hear echoes of my meeting 1122 00:46:22,440 --> 00:46:23,920 with the co-inventor of the internet. 1123 00:46:23,960 --> 00:46:26,080 It was also funded by the Pentagon. 1124 00:46:26,160 --> 00:46:29,560 That's the thing, defense isn't a dirty word in space. 1125 00:46:29,640 --> 00:46:31,600 Satellites protect ecosystems 1126 00:46:31,640 --> 00:46:33,960 but also connect weapon systems. 1127 00:46:34,920 --> 00:46:36,720 Developed by the Department of Defense 1128 00:46:36,760 --> 00:46:38,960 and still operated by the US Space Force, 1129 00:46:39,000 --> 00:46:42,600 GPS is the one space service that everyone uses daily. 1130 00:46:42,640 --> 00:46:44,400 And now startups see an opportunity 1131 00:46:44,440 --> 00:46:46,320 in the satellite navigation market. 1132 00:46:46,360 --> 00:46:49,040 This one, funded by Lockheed Martin and Toyota, 1133 00:46:49,080 --> 00:46:52,920 wants to enhance the accuracy of GPS to a few centimeters. 1134 00:46:54,000 --> 00:46:56,240 Aren't you competing with like the biggest 1135 00:46:56,280 --> 00:46:57,800 and most powerful governments in the world? 1136 00:46:57,840 --> 00:47:00,280 China, Russia, the US and the European. 1137 00:47:00,360 --> 00:47:02,240 They all have their own GPS. 1138 00:47:02,280 --> 00:47:04,640 - So we're not competing with (indistinct) actually. 1139 00:47:04,680 --> 00:47:07,000 What we're doing is that we are augmenting GPS. 1140 00:47:07,040 --> 00:47:10,200 So autonomous vehicles, they need to know precisely 1141 00:47:10,240 --> 00:47:12,480 where they are on the road, 1142 00:47:12,520 --> 00:47:14,160 what they are on the road, 1143 00:47:14,200 --> 00:47:16,120 and where within that lane they are. 1144 00:47:16,200 --> 00:47:17,600 - All these satellites need to place 1145 00:47:17,640 --> 00:47:19,320 to beam back the data. 1146 00:47:19,360 --> 00:47:21,280 Contact is a South Korean company 1147 00:47:21,320 --> 00:47:22,760 that operates a global network 1148 00:47:22,800 --> 00:47:24,560 of ground stations like these. 1149 00:47:26,520 --> 00:47:28,560 Clients include Viasat and ISI, 1150 00:47:28,600 --> 00:47:30,320 allowing them to focus on things 1151 00:47:30,360 --> 00:47:32,680 other than building dishes in remote places. 1152 00:47:34,440 --> 00:47:36,480 So how many constellation pitch decks 1153 00:47:36,520 --> 00:47:38,000 have you seen and watched 1154 00:47:38,040 --> 00:47:40,480 and how many are there being built right now? 1155 00:47:40,560 --> 00:47:43,120 - We get to see around a hundred a month, 1156 00:47:43,160 --> 00:47:46,400 and we have consistently since 2016. 1157 00:47:46,440 --> 00:47:49,320 So that's thousands of businesses around the world 1158 00:47:49,360 --> 00:47:53,120 that are looking to develop technology solutions 1159 00:47:53,160 --> 00:47:55,360 to address this market. 1160 00:47:55,400 --> 00:47:57,880 - It doesn't take a genius to predict 1161 00:47:57,960 --> 00:48:00,600 that the number of satellites is going to take off. 1162 00:48:00,640 --> 00:48:02,760 (indistinct) Arthur C. Clarke 1163 00:48:02,800 --> 00:48:05,480 wrote about accumulating space junk back in the 1970s. 1164 00:48:10,400 --> 00:48:12,880 You probably remember this from my previous documentary. 1165 00:48:12,960 --> 00:48:15,280 Before mass production and standardization, 1166 00:48:15,360 --> 00:48:18,720 cars used to be just toys for rich people, really. 1167 00:48:18,760 --> 00:48:21,640 Well, at one point, satellites used to be the size of cars 1168 00:48:21,680 --> 00:48:23,920 and were so complex and expensive 1169 00:48:23,960 --> 00:48:26,520 that only a handful of countries could afford them. 1170 00:48:27,800 --> 00:48:30,120 Well, those costs are now plunging. 1171 00:48:30,160 --> 00:48:31,600 So just like on our roads 1172 00:48:31,640 --> 00:48:33,720 where space is congested and contested, 1173 00:48:33,760 --> 00:48:36,840 LEO is getting so crowded, we may need to check for traffic. 1174 00:48:38,560 --> 00:48:40,440 - We don't put satellites in random places. 1175 00:48:40,480 --> 00:48:43,840 We put 'em on very specific orbital highways. 1176 00:48:43,920 --> 00:48:45,400 Just like regular highways 1177 00:48:45,480 --> 00:48:48,600 have a finite capacity for space traffic, 1178 00:48:48,640 --> 00:48:49,880 each of these orbital highways 1179 00:48:49,920 --> 00:48:52,120 has a carrying capacity as well 1180 00:48:52,200 --> 00:48:53,880 for safety and sustainability. 1181 00:48:53,920 --> 00:48:55,840 - It's really quite shocking when you think about it. 1182 00:48:55,880 --> 00:48:58,080 We are racing into this domain 1183 00:48:58,160 --> 00:49:02,280 and we don't actually know what it's carrying capacity is. 1184 00:49:02,320 --> 00:49:04,000 - With low Earth orbit, 1185 00:49:04,080 --> 00:49:06,520 you have satellites that are crossing in space 1186 00:49:06,560 --> 00:49:09,280 at 15,000 miles an hour. 1187 00:49:09,360 --> 00:49:11,280 The speed at which things happen 1188 00:49:11,320 --> 00:49:15,040 and the consequences of a collision are enormously worse. 1189 00:49:15,120 --> 00:49:16,920 Nobody cleans up after you in space. 1190 00:49:16,960 --> 00:49:18,640 - Let's go back in time 1191 00:49:18,720 --> 00:49:22,480 when plastic was invented 1192 00:49:22,520 --> 00:49:27,120 and became a significant commodity 1193 00:49:27,160 --> 00:49:29,440 in the packaging of goods. 1194 00:49:29,520 --> 00:49:30,280 - [Torsten] Everywhere. 1195 00:49:30,320 --> 00:49:32,880 - Nobody's thinking, one day we're gonna have 1196 00:49:32,920 --> 00:49:35,240 to get this plastic out of the ocean. 1197 00:49:35,280 --> 00:49:37,480 We were just throwing away plastic. 1198 00:49:37,560 --> 00:49:39,640 - Compared to plastic in the ocean, though, 1199 00:49:39,680 --> 00:49:42,480 space junk is a lot faster and more lethal. 1200 00:49:42,520 --> 00:49:44,880 You see, at this speed, it will take me an hour 1201 00:49:44,920 --> 00:49:46,320 to cross the city. 1202 00:49:46,360 --> 00:49:48,000 Satellites do it in a second. 1203 00:49:48,960 --> 00:49:50,440 - [Galactic Gal] Everything in orbit is traveling 1204 00:49:50,480 --> 00:49:54,800 at the same speed of around 25,000 kilometers an hour. 1205 00:49:54,840 --> 00:49:58,000 That's more than four miles per second. 1206 00:49:58,040 --> 00:50:00,480 Anything faster would reach escape velocity, 1207 00:50:00,520 --> 00:50:01,880 and maybe the moon. 1208 00:50:01,920 --> 00:50:04,960 Anything slower would be pulled back by Earth's gravity. 1209 00:50:05,000 --> 00:50:06,440 This constant high speed 1210 00:50:06,480 --> 00:50:09,360 is the reason why even small objects are lethal. 1211 00:50:09,400 --> 00:50:11,680 - Yeah, so even a piece of debris 1212 00:50:11,760 --> 00:50:13,280 the size of a Tempe coin 1213 00:50:13,320 --> 00:50:15,680 can cause catastrophic damage to a satellite. 1214 00:50:17,160 --> 00:50:18,160 - [Galactic Gal] These two satellites 1215 00:50:18,200 --> 00:50:20,360 cross paths every 90 minutes, 1216 00:50:20,400 --> 00:50:23,720 tens of thousands of times during their operational life. 1217 00:50:23,760 --> 00:50:25,720 Even if these two never collide, 1218 00:50:25,800 --> 00:50:28,400 there are thousands of other to worry about. 1219 00:50:30,360 --> 00:50:33,120 - [Torsten] Astroscale has been on my radar for a while. 1220 00:50:33,160 --> 00:50:34,240 This Japanese company 1221 00:50:34,320 --> 00:50:36,800 wants to mitigate cascading collisions in orbit. 1222 00:50:41,760 --> 00:50:44,240 - We're not gonna pick up all those small pieces. 1223 00:50:44,280 --> 00:50:46,800 What we need to do is stop the big pieces 1224 00:50:46,840 --> 00:50:48,480 from coming to small pieces. 1225 00:50:48,520 --> 00:50:51,240 'Cause even the small pieces are a significant risk, 1226 00:50:51,280 --> 00:50:53,120 and that could destroy a satellite 1227 00:50:53,160 --> 00:50:54,840 or destroy a space station. 1228 00:50:56,760 --> 00:50:58,560 - What we're seeing here, this is kind of scary 1229 00:50:58,600 --> 00:50:59,800 to think about something like this 1230 00:50:59,880 --> 00:51:03,640 reentering and like maybe hitting a populated area. 1231 00:51:03,680 --> 00:51:06,400 We see more and more of these big rocket bodies 1232 00:51:06,440 --> 00:51:08,240 that are reentering. 1233 00:51:08,280 --> 00:51:09,560 - [Galactic Gal] Objects in low Earth orbit 1234 00:51:09,600 --> 00:51:12,160 naturally fall back down after about 20 years 1235 00:51:12,240 --> 00:51:14,040 due to small atmospheric drag. 1236 00:51:14,080 --> 00:51:15,120 But space stations, 1237 00:51:15,160 --> 00:51:17,200 geo satellites or debris in higher orbits 1238 00:51:17,280 --> 00:51:19,440 will be in space for a much longer time. 1239 00:51:21,680 --> 00:51:23,240 - [Torsten] Some generals don't seem to understand 1240 00:51:23,280 --> 00:51:25,320 the gravity of the situation. 1241 00:51:25,360 --> 00:51:28,000 In order to show off the fire prowess and accuracy, 1242 00:51:29,400 --> 00:51:32,440 they've created even more debris on purpose. 1243 00:51:32,480 --> 00:51:36,160 - Space junk from a Russian anti-satellite weapons test 1244 00:51:36,200 --> 00:51:38,560 is threatening seven astronauts 1245 00:51:38,640 --> 00:51:40,800 aboard the International Space Station. 1246 00:51:40,840 --> 00:51:42,920 - In the middle of that test in an immediate aftermath, 1247 00:51:42,960 --> 00:51:44,640 we knew that there was a debris cloud 1248 00:51:44,680 --> 00:51:46,760 in the vicinity of the International Space Station, 1249 00:51:46,800 --> 00:51:48,160 but the data doesn't come in that fast. 1250 00:51:48,240 --> 00:51:50,160 And so trying to understand 1251 00:51:50,200 --> 00:51:52,120 the immediate danger to the astronauts 1252 00:51:52,160 --> 00:51:53,560 was not easy to do. 1253 00:51:53,640 --> 00:51:54,600 - [Torsten] And the irony is, 1254 00:51:54,640 --> 00:51:55,840 I think there were Russian astronauts at- 1255 00:51:55,880 --> 00:51:57,080 - Two of the seven. 1256 00:51:57,120 --> 00:51:58,280 Yeah, absolutely. 1257 00:51:58,320 --> 00:52:00,440 And of course there's sort of the plausible deniability. 1258 00:52:00,480 --> 00:52:01,720 "Oh, they were never in risk." 1259 00:52:01,800 --> 00:52:03,480 And the reality is, we didn't know. 1260 00:52:03,520 --> 00:52:05,080 - The test has so far generated 1261 00:52:05,120 --> 00:52:08,920 over 1,500 pieces of trackable orbital debris 1262 00:52:08,960 --> 00:52:10,880 and hundreds of thousands of pieces 1263 00:52:10,920 --> 00:52:13,040 of smaller orbital debris 1264 00:52:13,080 --> 00:52:15,560 that now threaten the interests of all nations. 1265 00:52:15,600 --> 00:52:17,360 - [Torsten] I know that also the US 1266 00:52:17,400 --> 00:52:20,640 has done similar tests in the '50s and '60s. 1267 00:52:20,680 --> 00:52:21,520 - Sure. 1268 00:52:21,600 --> 00:52:22,640 You know, honestly, 1269 00:52:22,680 --> 00:52:26,320 the last test that we did, really, was in 1985. 1270 00:52:26,360 --> 00:52:28,360 We shot a satellite, and then we said, 1271 00:52:28,400 --> 00:52:30,520 "We don't think we're going to do that anymore." 1272 00:52:30,600 --> 00:52:31,480 - [Torsten] That all doesn't matter 1273 00:52:31,520 --> 00:52:33,840 if China or Russia doesn't comply with any 1274 00:52:33,880 --> 00:52:36,520 of what you guys are talking about here today, right? 1275 00:52:36,560 --> 00:52:38,640 - So what the Chinese choose to do, 1276 00:52:38,680 --> 00:52:42,400 what the Russians do today, that that's on them, all right? 1277 00:52:42,480 --> 00:52:46,680 We know that they did the Russian ASAT test, right? 1278 00:52:46,720 --> 00:52:50,640 That was completely, completely inappropriate. 1279 00:52:52,640 --> 00:52:54,520 - [Torsten] Experts estimate that there are more than 1280 00:52:54,600 --> 00:52:57,800 a hundred million pieces that are way too small to detect. 1281 00:52:57,840 --> 00:53:00,000 Plus, even for the medium sized objects, we have a problem 1282 00:53:00,080 --> 00:53:03,160 because we don't know how they tumble and spin. 1283 00:53:04,680 --> 00:53:06,320 - Things move a certain way 1284 00:53:06,360 --> 00:53:09,480 mostly due to gravity or curvature of space-time. 1285 00:53:09,520 --> 00:53:11,560 But then also, there's everything else 1286 00:53:11,600 --> 00:53:14,000 about how the sun is exerting forces 1287 00:53:14,040 --> 00:53:15,000 and pressures on objects. 1288 00:53:15,040 --> 00:53:17,880 And we are hindered in our ability to predict 1289 00:53:17,920 --> 00:53:21,520 where these things are gonna be at some point in the future. 1290 00:53:21,560 --> 00:53:22,680 - [Torsten] Okay, to recap, 1291 00:53:22,720 --> 00:53:26,320 this garbage grows exponentially and travels fast. 1292 00:53:26,360 --> 00:53:27,760 Deliberate or accidental crashes 1293 00:53:27,800 --> 00:53:29,480 can cause cascading effects. 1294 00:53:29,520 --> 00:53:31,960 And to make things even worse, 1295 00:53:32,000 --> 00:53:34,880 we don't even know where most of it is in time and space. 1296 00:53:36,960 --> 00:53:38,560 No matter how much I squint, 1297 00:53:38,600 --> 00:53:40,680 I get the remote sense that solutions need to start 1298 00:53:40,720 --> 00:53:42,120 with better data. 1299 00:53:42,160 --> 00:53:45,520 Some already work on improving situational awareness. 1300 00:53:45,600 --> 00:53:48,000 - So at Privateer, it's a platform company 1301 00:53:48,040 --> 00:53:52,080 co-founded by myself, Steve Wozniak, and Alex Fielding. 1302 00:53:52,120 --> 00:53:55,240 Just like an iPhone is a platform that has apps, 1303 00:53:55,280 --> 00:53:58,040 we would love to have people from across humanity 1304 00:53:58,080 --> 00:54:00,000 exposed to the data and information 1305 00:54:00,040 --> 00:54:01,480 in Privateer's platform. 1306 00:54:02,880 --> 00:54:04,520 - [Torsten] Another company, LeoLabs, 1307 00:54:04,560 --> 00:54:05,640 is already generating 1308 00:54:05,680 --> 00:54:08,120 a billion conjunction alerts per month. 1309 00:54:08,160 --> 00:54:09,400 But even with perfect vision, 1310 00:54:09,480 --> 00:54:12,120 you still have to maneuver to safety when necessary. 1311 00:54:13,560 --> 00:54:15,760 Eutelsat is one of the most important companies 1312 00:54:15,840 --> 00:54:16,680 in this field. 1313 00:54:16,720 --> 00:54:20,040 We got exclusive access to this mission control center. 1314 00:54:20,080 --> 00:54:22,120 With a recent acquisition of OneWeb, 1315 00:54:22,200 --> 00:54:25,680 this 40-year-old European company is taking on Starlink. 1316 00:54:27,240 --> 00:54:29,480 Eutelsat wants to bridge the digital divide 1317 00:54:29,520 --> 00:54:30,880 from multiple orbits. 1318 00:54:33,400 --> 00:54:35,440 - So if there is a problem on the satellite, 1319 00:54:35,520 --> 00:54:39,360 this ground control system will automatically detect 1320 00:54:39,400 --> 00:54:42,200 that there has been a violation of the threshold 1321 00:54:42,240 --> 00:54:44,640 and we trigger an alarm. 1322 00:54:44,680 --> 00:54:47,920 We are performing manual collision avoidance, 1323 00:54:47,960 --> 00:54:49,840 but it's most likely with other satellites 1324 00:54:49,880 --> 00:54:54,200 that are uncontrolled in the stationary orbit. 1325 00:54:54,240 --> 00:54:56,160 - [Torsten] You said earlier you need to react fast. 1326 00:54:56,200 --> 00:54:57,600 Are we 20 hours? 1327 00:54:57,640 --> 00:54:58,480 Are we talking seconds? 1328 00:54:58,560 --> 00:54:59,960 - No, no, we are talking in real time, 1329 00:55:00,000 --> 00:55:01,280 which means immediately. 1330 00:55:02,400 --> 00:55:03,280 Immediately. 1331 00:55:03,360 --> 00:55:04,760 It's less than every second. 1332 00:55:06,160 --> 00:55:07,960 - So you can imagine the resources 1333 00:55:08,000 --> 00:55:09,520 that you need to pull through 1334 00:55:09,560 --> 00:55:14,080 to have the right people here 24/7, 1335 00:55:14,160 --> 00:55:16,360 making sure that they are able to react. 1336 00:55:16,440 --> 00:55:17,600 It costs money. 1337 00:55:17,640 --> 00:55:19,320 - We don't have the right to make mistakes 1338 00:55:19,360 --> 00:55:20,720 because it could be fatal. 1339 00:55:22,240 --> 00:55:23,320 - But there's good news. 1340 00:55:23,400 --> 00:55:25,360 For starters, bureaucrats and lawyers, 1341 00:55:25,400 --> 00:55:26,440 yes, you heard right, 1342 00:55:26,520 --> 00:55:28,240 are starting to lay the groundwork. 1343 00:55:29,560 --> 00:55:31,000 - Hi, my name is Niklas Hedman, 1344 00:55:31,040 --> 00:55:32,560 and I'm now acting director 1345 00:55:32,640 --> 00:55:35,840 of the Office for Outer Space Affairs of the United Nations. 1346 00:55:35,880 --> 00:55:37,360 If you create space debris, 1347 00:55:37,400 --> 00:55:39,040 you can be hit by it yourself. 1348 00:55:39,080 --> 00:55:41,560 You see, if you want a long-term investment 1349 00:55:41,640 --> 00:55:43,880 to really benefit your company, 1350 00:55:43,920 --> 00:55:46,320 then you have to act responsibly. 1351 00:55:46,360 --> 00:55:47,960 - 25 years ago, there was no... 1352 00:55:48,000 --> 00:55:51,360 It was just NASA, it was just ESA, it was just JAXA, 1353 00:55:51,400 --> 00:55:53,440 the few countries that were launching. 1354 00:55:53,480 --> 00:55:56,760 Now you'll have a satellite that's built in country A, 1355 00:55:56,800 --> 00:55:59,280 it's launched in country B, 1356 00:55:59,320 --> 00:56:01,840 it's being insured in country C, 1357 00:56:01,880 --> 00:56:04,000 it's getting a license from country D 1358 00:56:04,080 --> 00:56:05,800 and it's being managed by country E. 1359 00:56:05,840 --> 00:56:10,840 Just the basics of what is up there, it's multinational. 1360 00:56:11,120 --> 00:56:14,480 - Space sustainability is fundamental. 1361 00:56:14,520 --> 00:56:19,000 We can't get all the amazing benefits of space, 1362 00:56:19,040 --> 00:56:20,600 and they are truly amazing. 1363 00:56:20,640 --> 00:56:22,320 If space is so congested, 1364 00:56:22,360 --> 00:56:24,680 then it's too to be up there, right? 1365 00:56:24,720 --> 00:56:27,760 So there's nothing more important to the world 1366 00:56:27,840 --> 00:56:30,720 than making sure that space is sustainable to reform now 1367 00:56:30,760 --> 00:56:32,920 and for future generations. 1368 00:56:32,960 --> 00:56:34,720 So we've put that right at the top 1369 00:56:34,800 --> 00:56:37,320 of the priority list for the UK. 1370 00:56:37,360 --> 00:56:41,480 - For instance, in 2019, this intergovernmental body 1371 00:56:41,520 --> 00:56:45,160 adopted the long-term sustainability guidelines. 1372 00:56:45,200 --> 00:56:48,640 It took 10 years to negotiate that instrument. 1373 00:56:48,720 --> 00:56:50,040 21 guidelines. 1374 00:56:53,320 --> 00:56:55,240 - The Vienna spirit is the idea 1375 00:56:55,320 --> 00:56:56,920 that even though things may be tensed 1376 00:56:56,960 --> 00:56:58,600 outside the negotiating room, 1377 00:56:58,680 --> 00:57:01,960 that you come together and that you compromise 1378 00:57:02,040 --> 00:57:04,360 and you do it for the good of the goal, 1379 00:57:04,400 --> 00:57:06,520 which is either nuclear safeguards 1380 00:57:06,560 --> 00:57:10,000 or the peaceful use of outer space. 1381 00:57:10,040 --> 00:57:12,920 - [Torsten] But new space companies like to move fast 1382 00:57:12,960 --> 00:57:15,080 and you guys are pretty slow at getting anything done. 1383 00:57:15,120 --> 00:57:15,920 No? 1384 00:57:15,960 --> 00:57:16,760 - We are slow. 1385 00:57:16,800 --> 00:57:21,160 However, there is no other consensus platform 1386 00:57:21,200 --> 00:57:23,280 that deals with these issues in the world. 1387 00:57:24,160 --> 00:57:25,880 - [Torsten] Meanwhile, the first fuel stations 1388 00:57:25,920 --> 00:57:28,560 on the orbital highways already planned and funded. 1389 00:57:29,520 --> 00:57:33,200 - So a very large percentage of satellites, well over 50%, 1390 00:57:33,240 --> 00:57:34,560 they reached the end of their life 1391 00:57:34,600 --> 00:57:36,120 because they ran out of fuel. 1392 00:57:36,160 --> 00:57:38,280 Not because their hardware is obsolete 1393 00:57:38,320 --> 00:57:40,160 or, you know, something else happened to them. 1394 00:57:40,200 --> 00:57:42,400 It's because they simply just ran out of fuel. 1395 00:57:42,440 --> 00:57:44,320 - [Torsten] No one would ever leave their car stranded 1396 00:57:44,360 --> 00:57:45,440 if it ran out of fuel. 1397 00:57:45,480 --> 00:57:47,320 So extending the life of these spacecraft 1398 00:57:47,400 --> 00:57:49,440 sounds like a no brainer to me. 1399 00:57:49,480 --> 00:57:50,920 There are already test missions 1400 00:57:51,000 --> 00:57:53,080 on the way to power up some probes. 1401 00:57:54,320 --> 00:57:56,800 - Cars, airplanes, washing machines, 1402 00:57:56,840 --> 00:58:00,200 everything is serviced after it gets sold. 1403 00:58:00,240 --> 00:58:02,040 Satellites aren't. 1404 00:58:02,080 --> 00:58:03,120 Satellites are launched, 1405 00:58:03,160 --> 00:58:05,080 and there's no intention to service them. 1406 00:58:05,120 --> 00:58:07,400 Once they launch, they're gone. 1407 00:58:07,440 --> 00:58:08,560 You're not going to see them again. 1408 00:58:08,640 --> 00:58:09,800 That's going to change. 1409 00:58:11,160 --> 00:58:14,160 - We are launching our first fuel demonstration mission 1410 00:58:14,200 --> 00:58:15,680 to prove out the refueling port 1411 00:58:15,720 --> 00:58:17,920 and to prove out the fuel transfer 1412 00:58:18,000 --> 00:58:20,160 so that we can start refueling our customers. 1413 00:58:20,200 --> 00:58:22,920 - So the way you've been selling me this is, 1414 00:58:22,960 --> 00:58:25,400 you are solving one of the biggest issues 1415 00:58:25,440 --> 00:58:27,280 in the space industry, 1416 00:58:27,360 --> 00:58:29,200 but what you actually have at the moment 1417 00:58:29,240 --> 00:58:31,480 is just a 500 gram little widget. 1418 00:58:31,560 --> 00:58:33,280 Isn't it a little bit too much hype? 1419 00:58:33,320 --> 00:58:34,120 - No, not at all. 1420 00:58:34,160 --> 00:58:37,360 So we have been baselined already in 2022 1421 00:58:37,400 --> 00:58:39,600 on four Department of Defense satellites, 1422 00:58:39,640 --> 00:58:41,680 and then 91 commercial satellites as well. 1423 00:58:41,720 --> 00:58:44,200 So there's already a huge demand for it. 1424 00:58:44,240 --> 00:58:45,680 - [Torsten] That's some real customer traction 1425 00:58:45,720 --> 00:58:47,200 for this startup right there. 1426 00:58:48,240 --> 00:58:51,040 - So today, absolutely zero satellites 1427 00:58:51,080 --> 00:58:54,320 that are in geosynchronous orbit have refueling capability. 1428 00:58:54,360 --> 00:58:56,240 - [Torsten] But not everyone is convinced. 1429 00:58:56,280 --> 00:58:57,960 - In fact, in any orbit, 1430 00:58:58,000 --> 00:59:00,680 no satellites have refueling capability. 1431 00:59:00,720 --> 00:59:02,840 - [Torsten] Space logistics is an ambitious entity 1432 00:59:02,880 --> 00:59:06,400 inside a mega corporation of 90,000 employees. 1433 00:59:06,480 --> 00:59:08,000 Welcome to what some call 1434 00:59:08,040 --> 00:59:10,800 the military industrial complex, old space. 1435 00:59:10,840 --> 00:59:14,120 - Yeah, so Northrop Grumman has quite a long history 1436 00:59:14,160 --> 00:59:16,240 in aerospace industry, 1437 00:59:16,320 --> 00:59:18,640 especially in space actually providing 1438 00:59:18,720 --> 00:59:22,000 some of the key elements landed men on the moon. 1439 00:59:22,040 --> 00:59:23,200 - [Announcer] The Eagle has landed. 1440 00:59:23,240 --> 00:59:25,000 - Back in the 1960s, 1441 00:59:25,040 --> 00:59:27,320 I deorbited dozens of spacecraft, 1442 00:59:27,360 --> 00:59:29,840 and I always felt like such a grave digger 1443 00:59:29,880 --> 00:59:31,320 every time I was pushing 1444 00:59:31,360 --> 00:59:33,800 one of those perfectly good satellites out to service 1445 00:59:33,840 --> 00:59:35,840 simply because it ran out of fuel. 1446 00:59:35,880 --> 00:59:37,520 But we don't have to do that anymore 1447 00:59:37,560 --> 00:59:39,560 with the MEV-1 and MEV-2 1448 00:59:39,600 --> 00:59:42,480 that can extend the life of those satellites. 1449 00:59:42,520 --> 00:59:44,640 - [Torsten] The big idea, instead of refueling, 1450 00:59:44,680 --> 00:59:46,640 why not simply attach as a jet pack 1451 00:59:46,680 --> 00:59:48,000 and take over control? 1452 00:59:49,600 --> 00:59:50,640 You just mentioned geo, 1453 00:59:50,680 --> 00:59:53,040 and I thought all the actions in LEO. 1454 00:59:53,080 --> 00:59:55,800 - Yeah, well, geo is where the money is. 1455 00:59:55,840 --> 00:59:58,320 And so it's very exciting after 19 years 1456 00:59:58,360 --> 00:59:59,920 to be sitting in this control center, 1457 00:59:59,960 --> 01:00:03,760 seeing that Intelsat 901 coming up very close on the screen, 1458 01:00:03,840 --> 01:00:06,920 full size, being right there in front of us, 1459 01:00:06,960 --> 01:00:09,160 knowing that we're now docking to that satellite 1460 01:00:09,240 --> 01:00:10,240 and extending the life. 1461 01:00:10,320 --> 01:00:12,240 Something we never dreamed of 20 years ago 1462 01:00:12,280 --> 01:00:13,200 when we first launched it. 1463 01:00:13,240 --> 01:00:16,160 - [Torsten] Is it possible to do this with any satellite? 1464 01:00:16,200 --> 01:00:18,840 - So those two key interfacing features, 1465 01:00:18,880 --> 01:00:21,680 the liquid apogee engine and the launch adapter ring, 1466 01:00:21,720 --> 01:00:23,600 are present on approximately 80% 1467 01:00:23,640 --> 01:00:26,480 of all satellites in geosynchronous orbit. 1468 01:00:26,520 --> 01:00:30,520 And it should be compatible with nearly all of those. 1469 01:00:30,600 --> 01:00:32,920 - [Torsten] Life extension services for satellites 1470 01:00:32,960 --> 01:00:35,520 are an important part of space sustainability. 1471 01:00:36,480 --> 01:00:38,360 Removing pieces of debris safely 1472 01:00:38,400 --> 01:00:39,960 is another even bigger challenge 1473 01:00:40,000 --> 01:00:42,040 that needs to be confronted head on. 1474 01:00:42,120 --> 01:00:44,120 - Our tagline is the space sweepers, right? 1475 01:00:44,160 --> 01:00:45,600 So we like to kind of think about, you know, 1476 01:00:45,640 --> 01:00:48,600 in the same way if your car breaks down on the roadside, 1477 01:00:48,640 --> 01:00:51,520 you know, you call up the car breakdown service 1478 01:00:51,560 --> 01:00:53,480 and they'll come and take it off the highway. 1479 01:00:53,520 --> 01:00:56,200 We are looking at doing the same thing with satellites. 1480 01:00:56,280 --> 01:00:57,920 - Astroscale's plan is to maneuver 1481 01:00:58,000 --> 01:01:01,360 close to defunct satellites and grab them. 1482 01:01:01,440 --> 01:01:03,960 With almost $400 million of venture capital, 1483 01:01:04,000 --> 01:01:06,160 they might actually be able to pull it off. 1484 01:01:08,680 --> 01:01:09,520 If you think about it, 1485 01:01:09,560 --> 01:01:12,040 this is the ultimate tragedy of the commons. 1486 01:01:12,080 --> 01:01:14,480 Sure, there's exciting technology on the horizon, 1487 01:01:14,520 --> 01:01:15,640 but let's be honest. 1488 01:01:15,680 --> 01:01:16,480 At the moment, 1489 01:01:16,520 --> 01:01:18,680 there are no binding international rules in place 1490 01:01:18,720 --> 01:01:20,880 and no punishment for polluters. 1491 01:01:20,920 --> 01:01:22,880 We can't even keep the rubbish off of our street 1492 01:01:22,920 --> 01:01:25,760 or recycle our consumer electronic devices. 1493 01:01:27,280 --> 01:01:28,120 But when small sats 1494 01:01:28,160 --> 01:01:30,000 get cheaper and cheaper to make and deploy, 1495 01:01:30,040 --> 01:01:32,000 they are also cheaper to replace. 1496 01:01:33,440 --> 01:01:36,240 If reuse, reduce, recycle is more expensive 1497 01:01:36,280 --> 01:01:38,400 than litter and relaunch, 1498 01:01:38,440 --> 01:01:42,000 then are we becoming a space fairing throwaway society? 1499 01:01:43,080 --> 01:01:46,280 Probably better to be responsible stewards of near Earth. 1500 01:01:48,000 --> 01:01:50,200 - I'd like to think that in 10, 20 years, 1501 01:01:50,280 --> 01:01:53,000 we look back and we say, 1502 01:01:53,040 --> 01:01:55,680 "Glad we did it just in the nick of time." 1503 01:02:01,440 --> 01:02:04,680 (spirited music) 1504 01:02:04,720 --> 01:02:07,360 - So I work at NASA Johnson Space Center 1505 01:02:07,440 --> 01:02:12,440 and we are what is called the Space Vehicle Mockup Facility. 1506 01:02:12,680 --> 01:02:15,040 I am currently the deputy program manager 1507 01:02:15,080 --> 01:02:19,080 for the Commercial LEO Development Program here at NASA. 1508 01:02:20,440 --> 01:02:22,280 - [Torsten] NASA's grants are the rocket fuel 1509 01:02:22,320 --> 01:02:24,360 for the privatization of space. 1510 01:02:25,280 --> 01:02:26,760 After the retirement of the ISS, 1511 01:02:26,800 --> 01:02:29,400 there will be benefits to becoming a user 1512 01:02:29,440 --> 01:02:31,960 rather than an owner of a space station. 1513 01:02:32,040 --> 01:02:35,680 - It dries down costs for NASA so we can take those funds 1514 01:02:35,720 --> 01:02:38,160 and apply it to exploration. 1515 01:02:38,200 --> 01:02:41,240 The exploration of the moon and exploration of Mars, 1516 01:02:41,280 --> 01:02:44,320 which is really our main goal. 1517 01:02:44,400 --> 01:02:47,720 400 million over the next several years, 1518 01:02:47,760 --> 01:02:49,320 that is NASA's investment 1519 01:02:49,360 --> 01:02:52,360 in development of these commercial space stations. 1520 01:02:52,400 --> 01:02:56,920 And beyond that, we will be procuring services 1521 01:02:56,960 --> 01:03:00,280 from these commercial space stations 1522 01:03:00,320 --> 01:03:04,640 at the tune of about one and a half billion dollars. 1523 01:03:04,680 --> 01:03:06,360 - Three stations are in the running. 1524 01:03:06,400 --> 01:03:07,840 We've already met Blue Origin. 1525 01:03:07,920 --> 01:03:10,200 They're also designing a mixed use business park 1526 01:03:10,240 --> 01:03:12,720 called Orbital Reef for a crew of 10. 1527 01:03:12,760 --> 01:03:15,600 Axiom is one of those companies building such a station. 1528 01:03:15,640 --> 01:03:18,080 They hired this guy to make it commercially viable. 1529 01:03:18,120 --> 01:03:19,360 I'm, sorry, you have a fly. 1530 01:03:19,400 --> 01:03:20,600 Yeah, it's... 1531 01:03:21,880 --> 01:03:22,680 Got it. 1532 01:03:22,720 --> 01:03:23,520 - Very nice. 1533 01:03:23,560 --> 01:03:24,320 - [Torsten] One shot. 1534 01:03:24,360 --> 01:03:25,440 We don't fool around here. 1535 01:03:25,480 --> 01:03:28,520 - I'm not a rocket scientist and I'm not a billionaire yet. 1536 01:03:28,560 --> 01:03:31,680 I got my start in technology, software technology. 1537 01:03:31,720 --> 01:03:34,400 I was a startup founder for 10 years, 1538 01:03:34,440 --> 01:03:37,360 three different companies, web and mobile apps. 1539 01:03:37,400 --> 01:03:40,000 And then I was working at Google for many years. 1540 01:03:40,040 --> 01:03:42,800 And Axiom Space was my first angel investment. 1541 01:03:42,840 --> 01:03:45,040 So in a few years, you'll see our first module dock. 1542 01:03:45,120 --> 01:03:46,480 It's a habitat. 1543 01:03:46,520 --> 01:03:48,480 Few months after that, the second module will dock. 1544 01:03:48,520 --> 01:03:50,000 Also a habitat. 1545 01:03:50,040 --> 01:03:52,000 Then our lab, our Earth observatory, 1546 01:03:52,040 --> 01:03:53,280 and then our power tower. 1547 01:03:55,440 --> 01:03:58,560 (spirited music) 1548 01:03:58,600 --> 01:04:00,400 - We're building the replacement 1549 01:04:00,440 --> 01:04:03,800 to the International Space Station called Star Lab. 1550 01:04:03,840 --> 01:04:06,200 And that really validated, I think, our model, 1551 01:04:06,240 --> 01:04:09,240 which is to acquire great companies, 1552 01:04:09,280 --> 01:04:13,120 invest in technologies, and demonstrate our ability 1553 01:04:13,160 --> 01:04:15,280 to build infrastructure and space. 1554 01:04:15,360 --> 01:04:17,600 - [Torsten] The European Space Agency and Airbus, 1555 01:04:17,640 --> 01:04:19,920 the world's largest manufacturer of airplanes, 1556 01:04:19,960 --> 01:04:21,960 have joined as partners. 1557 01:04:22,000 --> 01:04:25,400 Airbus is also a defense and space prime contractor. 1558 01:04:25,440 --> 01:04:27,680 Starlab will be half the size of the ISS, 1559 01:04:27,720 --> 01:04:31,040 but will fit nicely into a single Starship rocket. 1560 01:04:31,080 --> 01:04:34,520 Northrop Grumman will also provide cargo supply. 1561 01:04:34,560 --> 01:04:36,520 NASA might have provided the initial funding, 1562 01:04:36,560 --> 01:04:38,200 but surely won't be the only customer 1563 01:04:38,240 --> 01:04:40,120 on these private space stations. 1564 01:04:40,200 --> 01:04:41,920 The market is expanding. 1565 01:04:42,000 --> 01:04:43,440 - So I think there's now 60 plus 1566 01:04:43,480 --> 01:04:45,040 space agencies in the world. 1567 01:04:45,120 --> 01:04:47,360 Pretty much every major country has one. 1568 01:04:47,400 --> 01:04:51,160 And they're starting to be well funded and well supported. 1569 01:04:51,200 --> 01:04:55,720 And yeah, it's a renaissance for those space agencies. 1570 01:04:55,760 --> 01:04:57,880 But we're still scoping out our designs. 1571 01:04:57,920 --> 01:04:58,880 I think we'll be, 1572 01:04:58,920 --> 01:05:01,400 you know, in the single billions, certainly. 1573 01:05:01,440 --> 01:05:02,800 It's hard for me to say for sure, 1574 01:05:02,840 --> 01:05:05,320 but it's gonna be several orders of magnitude less expensive 1575 01:05:05,360 --> 01:05:07,960 than the International Space Station. 1576 01:05:08,040 --> 01:05:09,800 - [Torsten] Still, financing these projects 1577 01:05:09,840 --> 01:05:11,360 will be a massive lift. 1578 01:05:11,400 --> 01:05:13,640 Axiom's latest investment round transcended borders 1579 01:05:13,720 --> 01:05:16,320 and included capital from a Saudi bank 1580 01:05:16,360 --> 01:05:18,800 and a South Korean healthcare company. 1581 01:05:18,840 --> 01:05:21,280 - Axiom will be a trillion dollar company. 1582 01:05:21,320 --> 01:05:22,120 How? 1583 01:05:22,200 --> 01:05:23,880 I'll tell you the same answer I gave my board 1584 01:05:23,920 --> 01:05:25,520 three weeks into my job. 1585 01:05:25,560 --> 01:05:29,120 I don't know, but I'm certain we're gonna figure it out. 1586 01:05:29,160 --> 01:05:31,360 - Clearly, there's a gold rush happening right now. 1587 01:05:31,400 --> 01:05:33,600 Maybe someone is already building a space hotel 1588 01:05:33,640 --> 01:05:35,760 like the one I read about as a kid. 1589 01:05:35,800 --> 01:05:38,160 (gentle music) 1590 01:05:38,200 --> 01:05:39,760 - Well, we signed a partnership with Hilton. 1591 01:05:39,840 --> 01:05:43,520 And as you reimagine human habitation in space, 1592 01:05:43,560 --> 01:05:45,440 why not go to a habitation expert? 1593 01:05:45,480 --> 01:05:48,720 So that's one strength that Hilton brings to the table. 1594 01:05:48,760 --> 01:05:50,800 - [Torsten] I don't know how many stars this hotel will have 1595 01:05:50,880 --> 01:05:52,000 in the Hitchhiker's guide, 1596 01:05:52,080 --> 01:05:54,160 but I'll take the penthouses with the views please. 1597 01:05:54,200 --> 01:05:56,320 - Second strength is they're spending a lot of money 1598 01:05:56,360 --> 01:05:59,520 researching things like anti-microbial technology. 1599 01:06:01,120 --> 01:06:04,240 - [Torsten] Finally, some peace and quiet, a real getaway. 1600 01:06:04,280 --> 01:06:05,240 In the space elevator, 1601 01:06:05,280 --> 01:06:07,680 I imagine how my stay would be like. 1602 01:06:07,720 --> 01:06:09,560 For once, I'll hit the gym before sunrise, 1603 01:06:09,600 --> 01:06:11,800 and finally, will improve my bench press. 1604 01:06:11,880 --> 01:06:13,680 Here, I'll even weigh less. 1605 01:06:13,720 --> 01:06:16,120 - And it's also a brand that everyone knows. 1606 01:06:16,160 --> 01:06:18,120 And I think it lends credibility 1607 01:06:18,160 --> 01:06:20,600 to the fact that this is happening. 1608 01:06:20,640 --> 01:06:21,880 - [Torsten] I'll have my Ecuadorian coffee 1609 01:06:21,960 --> 01:06:23,080 just over the equator 1610 01:06:23,120 --> 01:06:26,000 and eat my yogurt while spying on the Great Wall of China. 1611 01:06:27,280 --> 01:06:29,360 Oh, it's full of stars. 1612 01:06:29,400 --> 01:06:31,120 - Well, it's gonna be expensive, 1613 01:06:31,160 --> 01:06:32,840 I hate to break it to you, Torsten. 1614 01:06:32,880 --> 01:06:34,040 It's not gonna be... 1615 01:06:34,080 --> 01:06:35,280 It's not gonna be cheap. 1616 01:06:36,360 --> 01:06:38,040 - It's definitely going here. 1617 01:06:38,080 --> 01:06:39,000 When you're hungry, 1618 01:06:39,040 --> 01:06:41,680 there is no bigger food desert than space. 1619 01:06:41,720 --> 01:06:43,920 A place where you cannot waste anything. 1620 01:06:43,960 --> 01:06:46,480 So how can humans live here sustainably? 1621 01:06:47,880 --> 01:06:49,320 Paris-based, Interstellar Lab, 1622 01:06:49,360 --> 01:06:51,400 won the NASA Deep Space Food Challenge 1623 01:06:51,480 --> 01:06:53,400 for their modular system Nucleus. 1624 01:06:53,440 --> 01:06:54,520 Just add water. 1625 01:06:55,520 --> 01:06:57,720 - So we are using actually the CO2 1626 01:06:57,760 --> 01:07:01,040 that is produced by mushroom to feed the plants. 1627 01:07:01,080 --> 01:07:03,920 The plants are producing oxygen that goes into the insects 1628 01:07:03,960 --> 01:07:05,520 and the mushroom box. 1629 01:07:05,560 --> 01:07:08,080 And we use that inedible part of the plants 1630 01:07:08,120 --> 01:07:09,280 to feed the insects, 1631 01:07:09,360 --> 01:07:11,440 which create the substrate for the mushroom. 1632 01:07:11,480 --> 01:07:13,080 So it's kind of a small ecosystem 1633 01:07:13,120 --> 01:07:15,280 just divided in different box 1634 01:07:15,320 --> 01:07:16,920 but trying to close the loop. 1635 01:07:18,880 --> 01:07:19,680 - [Torsten] It turns out 1636 01:07:19,720 --> 01:07:21,200 that you need about 55 square meters 1637 01:07:21,240 --> 01:07:25,240 to sustain one human for one year with food and oxygen. 1638 01:07:25,320 --> 01:07:27,000 Welcome to Barbara's (indistinct). 1639 01:07:28,920 --> 01:07:30,440 Personally, I'm still undecided 1640 01:07:30,480 --> 01:07:33,040 about drinking recycled urine and eating crickets. 1641 01:07:33,120 --> 01:07:36,000 A bit hard to swallow, but I'm certainly a big fan 1642 01:07:36,040 --> 01:07:37,240 of building a space business 1643 01:07:37,280 --> 01:07:39,880 by first selling to terrestrial clients. 1644 01:07:39,960 --> 01:07:40,960 - What we're doing now 1645 01:07:41,000 --> 01:07:43,640 is we're working with very big natural ingredients company, 1646 01:07:43,680 --> 01:07:46,600 cosmetic company, food companies as well. 1647 01:07:46,640 --> 01:07:50,680 And we're growing rare species or endangered species 1648 01:07:50,720 --> 01:07:53,040 or species that traditionally are not growing, 1649 01:07:53,080 --> 01:07:55,720 you know, where you live inside the bubble. 1650 01:07:55,760 --> 01:07:57,680 And so we are helping actually the food industry 1651 01:07:57,720 --> 01:07:59,400 and natural ingredient industry 1652 01:07:59,440 --> 01:08:01,040 growing plants in a more sustainable way 1653 01:08:01,080 --> 01:08:02,800 because we use less water, 1654 01:08:02,840 --> 01:08:04,480 because we scrub CO2, 1655 01:08:04,520 --> 01:08:06,680 because it's a sealed bubble 1656 01:08:06,720 --> 01:08:07,760 and it was designed 1657 01:08:07,800 --> 01:08:10,440 with this space constrained engineering approach 1658 01:08:10,480 --> 01:08:12,280 where you need to minimize the input 1659 01:08:12,320 --> 01:08:13,800 and maximize the output. 1660 01:08:15,680 --> 01:08:18,160 - There was a technique that was developed 1661 01:08:18,240 --> 01:08:20,480 for freeze drying food, 1662 01:08:20,520 --> 01:08:23,520 which is actually the same technique we use now 1663 01:08:23,560 --> 01:08:25,480 for food onboard the ISS. 1664 01:08:25,520 --> 01:08:28,320 But it's a technique that we use on Earth too. 1665 01:08:28,360 --> 01:08:30,760 So that is a direct spinoff from, 1666 01:08:30,800 --> 01:08:33,520 you know, having to solve that problem 1667 01:08:33,600 --> 01:08:35,720 for the Apollo astronaut. 1668 01:08:35,760 --> 01:08:37,840 - [Torsten] It's doubtful that the Cold War taxpayers 1669 01:08:37,880 --> 01:08:39,160 beating the Soviets to the moon 1670 01:08:39,200 --> 01:08:42,200 ever thought that their grandkids would use space race tech 1671 01:08:42,240 --> 01:08:44,360 to feed their families today. 1672 01:08:44,400 --> 01:08:45,920 - The International Space Station 1673 01:08:45,960 --> 01:08:48,640 is a beacon of international collaboration. 1674 01:08:48,680 --> 01:08:51,640 And we have many nations, you know, 1675 01:08:51,680 --> 01:08:54,240 who send their astronauts. 1676 01:08:54,280 --> 01:08:56,240 They eat together, they work together. 1677 01:08:56,280 --> 01:08:59,040 We have many nations who send their experiments. 1678 01:08:59,080 --> 01:09:01,280 School children send experiments 1679 01:09:01,320 --> 01:09:02,760 to the International Space Station 1680 01:09:02,800 --> 01:09:06,840 for astronauts to conduct research for them. 1681 01:09:06,880 --> 01:09:09,520 And this spans the globe. 1682 01:09:09,560 --> 01:09:10,440 - [Torsten] To fact check this, 1683 01:09:10,480 --> 01:09:12,440 I went down under to Australia 1684 01:09:12,480 --> 01:09:16,120 - And the high school sends us a team of their students, 1685 01:09:16,160 --> 01:09:17,440 about six students, 1686 01:09:17,480 --> 01:09:20,600 and those students work with our university students 1687 01:09:20,640 --> 01:09:22,360 who are mentors to them. 1688 01:09:22,440 --> 01:09:23,760 They have to research what they think 1689 01:09:23,800 --> 01:09:27,200 would be an important microgravity related experiment. 1690 01:09:27,240 --> 01:09:28,400 And they research that, 1691 01:09:28,440 --> 01:09:31,320 they design their own experiment, they test it here, 1692 01:09:31,360 --> 01:09:34,760 and then they fly it to the International Space Station. 1693 01:09:34,800 --> 01:09:36,880 - Last year, they decided to send yogurt to space 1694 01:09:36,920 --> 01:09:39,520 because probiotics are incredibly important for your gut. 1695 01:09:39,560 --> 01:09:41,800 Gut health in space is incredibly important 1696 01:09:41,880 --> 01:09:43,480 and not well understood yet. 1697 01:09:43,520 --> 01:09:47,080 So they hit several nails on the head with their idea. 1698 01:09:47,120 --> 01:09:49,320 - So I think we were just putting milk samples 1699 01:09:49,360 --> 01:09:51,080 in an incubator, 1700 01:09:51,120 --> 01:09:54,320 and then milk with yogurt and milk with probiotics. 1701 01:09:54,360 --> 01:09:56,360 And we were seeing like the bacterial strains 1702 01:09:56,400 --> 01:10:00,200 that would like develop over time with different dilutions. 1703 01:10:00,240 --> 01:10:02,840 So from one tenth to one billionth? 1704 01:10:02,920 --> 01:10:03,680 - Yeah. - Yeah, I think so. 1705 01:10:03,720 --> 01:10:06,440 So we're gonna open up some of the vials 1706 01:10:06,480 --> 01:10:07,600 that have actually been to space 1707 01:10:07,640 --> 01:10:10,800 and we're gonna see like the bacterial strains there. 1708 01:10:12,080 --> 01:10:13,800 - [Torsten] My high school didn't catapult students 1709 01:10:13,840 --> 01:10:16,200 into a career in science quite like this. 1710 01:10:18,200 --> 01:10:20,560 - We actually just signed six agreements 1711 01:10:20,600 --> 01:10:22,240 with Latin American countries. 1712 01:10:22,320 --> 01:10:25,760 Everything from Mexico to Columbia, even Costa Rica. 1713 01:10:25,800 --> 01:10:28,000 So you have all these emerging countries 1714 01:10:28,080 --> 01:10:30,760 that wanna have a space agency. 1715 01:10:30,840 --> 01:10:34,160 They want to have national identity around space. 1716 01:10:34,200 --> 01:10:38,080 They see it as a way to inspire students in STEM education. 1717 01:10:38,120 --> 01:10:39,480 - [Torsten] But how does this relate 1718 01:10:39,520 --> 01:10:42,440 to entirely new industries emerging? 1719 01:10:42,480 --> 01:10:43,800 - We can't say exactly, 1720 01:10:43,840 --> 01:10:46,840 well, what's gonna be the next billion dollar industry? 1721 01:10:46,920 --> 01:10:47,680 Actually I can. 1722 01:10:47,760 --> 01:10:49,680 It's gonna be pharmaceuticals in space. 1723 01:10:50,520 --> 01:10:51,760 - [Torsten] Pharma giant, Merck, 1724 01:10:51,840 --> 01:10:54,280 known as MSD outside North America, 1725 01:10:54,320 --> 01:10:57,520 was founded at the end of the 19th century. 1726 01:10:57,600 --> 01:10:58,960 Merck has been able to develop 1727 01:10:59,000 --> 01:11:01,000 more pure formulations on orbit. 1728 01:11:02,160 --> 01:11:05,920 - Well, microgravity, the particles remain suspended, 1729 01:11:05,960 --> 01:11:10,640 and therefore can grow more perfect in all three dimensions. 1730 01:11:10,680 --> 01:11:13,440 - [Torsten] Which could help improve cancer treatments. 1731 01:11:14,560 --> 01:11:17,800 - I think that these companies miss the opportunities 1732 01:11:17,840 --> 01:11:20,280 in research and development. 1733 01:11:20,320 --> 01:11:23,800 Particle engineering, stem cell growth. 1734 01:11:23,840 --> 01:11:27,040 There's organs grown in space. 1735 01:11:27,080 --> 01:11:29,560 - Sounds like something straight out of a sci-fi novel. 1736 01:11:29,640 --> 01:11:32,400 But why make anything in space in the first place 1737 01:11:32,440 --> 01:11:34,840 if the rockets are getting elongated 1738 01:11:34,880 --> 01:11:36,480 and the shipping costs are falling? 1739 01:11:36,520 --> 01:11:38,640 Well, here's an example. 1740 01:11:38,680 --> 01:11:41,920 The European Space Agency needs very powerful antenna, 1741 01:11:41,960 --> 01:11:43,600 and those need to be way longer 1742 01:11:43,680 --> 01:11:45,840 than even the biggest pod bay doors are wide. 1743 01:11:45,880 --> 01:11:48,960 In the past, complicated folding mechanisms were needed. 1744 01:11:50,160 --> 01:11:51,560 A little like an umbrella. 1745 01:11:51,600 --> 01:11:54,920 - Your spacecraft is sitting nicely, so to speak, 1746 01:11:54,960 --> 01:11:57,400 in a microgravity environment. 1747 01:11:57,440 --> 01:11:59,240 So it doesn't need to be as strong 1748 01:11:59,280 --> 01:12:02,320 as what you would build on Earth. 1749 01:12:02,400 --> 01:12:04,400 So your structures can be lighter. 1750 01:12:04,440 --> 01:12:07,320 - What if we could make materials up in space 1751 01:12:07,360 --> 01:12:11,160 that would be impossible to produce back here on Earth? 1752 01:12:11,200 --> 01:12:14,000 - For example, optical fibers with less defects 1753 01:12:14,040 --> 01:12:15,960 than what you would get on Earth. 1754 01:12:16,000 --> 01:12:18,880 Semiconductor materials with less defects, 1755 01:12:18,920 --> 01:12:21,560 metallic alloys, even superalloys, 1756 01:12:21,600 --> 01:12:25,960 the kind of alloys we use in airplane engines, ceramics. 1757 01:12:28,760 --> 01:12:29,560 - [Speaker] People say, 1758 01:12:29,600 --> 01:12:30,840 "Well, there's not gonna be enough demand 1759 01:12:30,880 --> 01:12:33,720 to meet the launch capacity." 1760 01:12:33,760 --> 01:12:34,960 And I reject that. 1761 01:12:35,040 --> 01:12:38,600 I think capacity creates demand. 1762 01:12:38,640 --> 01:12:40,280 - Build it and they will come. 1763 01:12:40,320 --> 01:12:41,440 - Yes. 1764 01:12:41,480 --> 01:12:42,520 But in this case, it really is true, Torsten, 1765 01:12:42,560 --> 01:12:45,120 because the limiting factor has been 1766 01:12:45,160 --> 01:12:48,160 essentially getting projects through the NASA system, 1767 01:12:48,240 --> 01:12:51,800 astronaut time, and space manufacturing, 1768 01:12:51,840 --> 01:12:54,280 biopharma research, ag tech, 1769 01:12:54,320 --> 01:12:58,480 these are all leading edge research projects and programs 1770 01:12:58,520 --> 01:12:59,720 that just need habitat. 1771 01:12:59,760 --> 01:13:01,040 They need more space. 1772 01:13:03,560 --> 01:13:05,480 - [Torsten] Before central bankers could just print money 1773 01:13:05,520 --> 01:13:06,320 out of thin air, 1774 01:13:06,360 --> 01:13:09,680 whoever controlled the gold mines would rule the lands. 1775 01:13:09,720 --> 01:13:11,040 History is full of stories 1776 01:13:11,080 --> 01:13:13,320 about explorers extending frontiers 1777 01:13:13,360 --> 01:13:15,560 and extracting wealth from new continents. 1778 01:13:15,600 --> 01:13:18,560 So perhaps it's time to revisit a far out idea. 1779 01:13:20,240 --> 01:13:22,760 Recently, NASA and Japan's JAXA 1780 01:13:22,800 --> 01:13:24,400 have demonstrated the ability 1781 01:13:24,440 --> 01:13:27,520 to navigate to and land on asteroids. 1782 01:13:27,600 --> 01:13:29,000 Today I'm traveling light. 1783 01:13:29,040 --> 01:13:30,240 My little bird is taking me 1784 01:13:30,280 --> 01:13:32,760 to a Californian company hunting for treasure. 1785 01:13:33,840 --> 01:13:36,040 - The amount of platinum group metals out there 1786 01:13:36,120 --> 01:13:38,440 is in the trillions of dollars. 1787 01:13:38,480 --> 01:13:40,880 And that's just for a couple of asteroids, right? 1788 01:13:40,920 --> 01:13:43,840 And we have millions of asteroids out there. 1789 01:13:43,920 --> 01:13:45,640 So this is a lab prototype 1790 01:13:45,680 --> 01:13:47,920 of what we aim to build for space. 1791 01:13:50,320 --> 01:13:51,640 The vapors are ionized, 1792 01:13:51,720 --> 01:13:54,760 so they're positively charged and they get accelerated. 1793 01:13:54,800 --> 01:13:58,480 So AstroForge is building a vehicle that's gonna go out 1794 01:13:58,560 --> 01:14:00,360 and extract material from asteroids, 1795 01:14:00,400 --> 01:14:01,400 refine the material, 1796 01:14:01,440 --> 01:14:03,640 and bring that refined material back to Earth. 1797 01:14:03,680 --> 01:14:07,120 If this is successful, platinum will be as common 1798 01:14:07,160 --> 01:14:10,280 as aluminum or iron or nickel. 1799 01:14:10,320 --> 01:14:12,760 It would be a very common metal, right? 1800 01:14:12,800 --> 01:14:15,160 - How certain are you that this survives launch 1801 01:14:15,240 --> 01:14:18,400 and the vibration, the speed and the radiation? 1802 01:14:18,440 --> 01:14:20,800 To be clear, AstroForge is currently ridesharing 1803 01:14:20,840 --> 01:14:23,160 a small experimental payload 1804 01:14:23,200 --> 01:14:25,200 with our friends from Exolaunch. 1805 01:14:25,240 --> 01:14:27,160 These first tests are to demonstrate 1806 01:14:27,200 --> 01:14:30,520 that refining platinum and microgravity could work. 1807 01:14:30,600 --> 01:14:32,200 Two year long robotic roundtrip missions 1808 01:14:32,240 --> 01:14:34,760 are in the business plan by the end of the decade. 1809 01:14:35,880 --> 01:14:37,800 - When we were doing Y Combinator, 1810 01:14:37,840 --> 01:14:41,040 we had a myriad of investors wanting to invest 1811 01:14:41,080 --> 01:14:43,480 and throw money at the company. 1812 01:14:43,520 --> 01:14:46,360 - [Torsten] See, nothing is truly scarce in this universe, 1813 01:14:46,440 --> 01:14:48,880 but you disapprove of galactic gold diggers? 1814 01:14:48,960 --> 01:14:50,440 Personally I find parachuting 1815 01:14:50,520 --> 01:14:52,960 in platinum from outer space pretty cyberpunk 1816 01:14:53,000 --> 01:14:55,840 and much more palatable than obtaining it from rogue nations 1817 01:14:55,880 --> 01:14:59,000 or by children slaving in underground mines. 1818 01:14:59,040 --> 01:14:59,840 Yep. 1819 01:14:59,880 --> 01:15:02,000 Yet again, we're touching on geopolitical matters. 1820 01:15:03,040 --> 01:15:05,600 Some of these companies are now so huge 1821 01:15:05,640 --> 01:15:09,640 and the billionaire founders behind them are so rich. 1822 01:15:09,720 --> 01:15:11,680 Do governments still matter 1823 01:15:11,760 --> 01:15:13,640 or is it all about commercial space? 1824 01:15:13,680 --> 01:15:14,640 - I mean, as a government employee, 1825 01:15:14,680 --> 01:15:16,280 I definitely have to say the governments are still 1826 01:15:16,320 --> 01:15:19,480 very much involved in kind of all aspects of this. 1827 01:15:19,520 --> 01:15:21,680 And an interesting aspect of the outer space treaty, 1828 01:15:21,720 --> 01:15:23,800 which is really the foundational document 1829 01:15:23,880 --> 01:15:25,360 for international space law, 1830 01:15:25,440 --> 01:15:27,680 is that it states that governments are responsible 1831 01:15:27,720 --> 01:15:30,400 for the activities of their nationals in space. 1832 01:15:30,480 --> 01:15:32,200 - [Torsten] Apparently, SpaceX does not want 1833 01:15:32,240 --> 01:15:33,120 to commit to these rules 1834 01:15:33,160 --> 01:15:35,800 when it comes to the free people of Mars. 1835 01:15:35,840 --> 01:15:39,040 If the planet's aligned, we'll cover that in our sequel. 1836 01:15:39,120 --> 01:15:41,600 But let's not forget that it's not a pale blue flag 1837 01:15:41,640 --> 01:15:43,600 for all mankind on the moon. 1838 01:15:43,640 --> 01:15:46,480 The American Eagle had landed. 1839 01:15:46,560 --> 01:15:48,880 - When Columbus crossed the Atlantic, 1840 01:15:48,960 --> 01:15:51,880 he was sent by Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand. 1841 01:15:51,920 --> 01:15:53,560 There was some private investment in there, 1842 01:15:53,600 --> 01:15:56,040 but the motivation was geopolitical. 1843 01:15:56,080 --> 01:15:56,880 Okay? 1844 01:15:56,920 --> 01:16:00,240 And by the way, Queen Isabella didn't say, 1845 01:16:00,280 --> 01:16:04,120 "Oh, Chris, you know, when you come back 1846 01:16:04,160 --> 01:16:07,360 give us a slideshow of the, you know, the plants 1847 01:16:07,400 --> 01:16:08,680 and the terrain." 1848 01:16:08,720 --> 01:16:11,680 No, it's like, "Here's a satchel of flags. 1849 01:16:11,720 --> 01:16:13,600 Plant them wherever you go." 1850 01:16:13,640 --> 01:16:15,280 - China and Russia are very active in space. 1851 01:16:15,360 --> 01:16:16,880 The United States is very active in space. 1852 01:16:16,920 --> 01:16:17,840 A lot of countries are. 1853 01:16:17,880 --> 01:16:19,480 And I think the important thing 1854 01:16:19,560 --> 01:16:22,440 is that nations that are active in space behave responsibly, 1855 01:16:22,480 --> 01:16:24,200 they behave sustainably. 1856 01:16:24,240 --> 01:16:26,760 - You know, for US-based companies in general, 1857 01:16:26,800 --> 01:16:28,600 China's completely off limits, 1858 01:16:28,640 --> 01:16:30,440 really, for regulatory reasons. 1859 01:16:30,480 --> 01:16:32,240 What I see happening, Torsten, 1860 01:16:32,280 --> 01:16:35,160 is we're gonna have two different space economies. 1861 01:16:35,200 --> 01:16:38,400 We're gonna have a Western, US-led space economy, 1862 01:16:38,440 --> 01:16:41,800 and then you'll have a Chinese-led space economy. 1863 01:16:41,840 --> 01:16:45,240 And I think those will be quite distinct 1864 01:16:45,280 --> 01:16:47,280 and I don't see a lot of overlap there. 1865 01:16:48,680 --> 01:16:49,480 - Hi. 1866 01:16:49,520 --> 01:16:50,280 Torsten, nice to meet you. 1867 01:16:50,320 --> 01:16:52,760 - I think there's a historical perspective to be had here 1868 01:16:52,800 --> 01:16:55,120 because the way the Chinese understand 1869 01:16:55,160 --> 01:16:57,640 the history of the 18th, 19th, 20th century 1870 01:16:57,720 --> 01:17:00,600 is that China did not stand their ground 1871 01:17:00,640 --> 01:17:02,400 on the geopolitical scene. 1872 01:17:02,440 --> 01:17:04,160 And so it was the Western powers 1873 01:17:04,200 --> 01:17:08,680 that sort of established the way the world works today. 1874 01:17:08,760 --> 01:17:09,960 - [Torsten] John has lived in the region 1875 01:17:10,000 --> 01:17:11,080 for half of his life 1876 01:17:11,160 --> 01:17:14,080 and is an expert on the Chinese space economy. 1877 01:17:14,160 --> 01:17:16,600 - There was an interesting poll a couple of years ago. 1878 01:17:16,680 --> 01:17:19,320 They basically asked the young population in the UK, 1879 01:17:19,360 --> 01:17:21,040 in the US, and in China, 1880 01:17:21,120 --> 01:17:22,640 what would you like to do when you grow up? 1881 01:17:22,680 --> 01:17:26,040 And the answer in China was being a taikonaut 1882 01:17:26,080 --> 01:17:26,880 be an astronaut. 1883 01:17:26,920 --> 01:17:27,920 - China take three. 1884 01:17:27,960 --> 01:17:29,400 Meanwhile, the kids in the West 1885 01:17:29,440 --> 01:17:31,760 dream of becoming influencers on Instagram 1886 01:17:31,800 --> 01:17:33,520 or professional TikTokers. 1887 01:17:33,600 --> 01:17:35,840 Perhaps it's no wonder that China's the clear number two 1888 01:17:35,880 --> 01:17:37,280 in the modern space race. 1889 01:17:37,320 --> 01:17:39,720 - The Guo Wang Constellation announced last year, 1890 01:17:39,760 --> 01:17:42,320 we're talking about almost 13,000 satellites, 1891 01:17:42,360 --> 01:17:45,320 and that's comparable to the super constellations 1892 01:17:45,360 --> 01:17:46,400 that we have in the US, 1893 01:17:46,440 --> 01:17:49,160 which, you know, Starlink, OneWeb, Kuiper. 1894 01:17:49,200 --> 01:17:51,640 It's the similar order of magnitude. 1895 01:17:51,680 --> 01:17:52,880 - But here's the twist, 1896 01:17:52,920 --> 01:17:55,120 the private space entrepreneurs in Communist China 1897 01:17:55,160 --> 01:17:58,040 are jealous of their capitalist counterparts in America 1898 01:17:58,080 --> 01:18:01,120 because they are not getting those juicy government grants. 1899 01:18:01,200 --> 01:18:03,680 - You don't see any of those subsystems, at least, 1900 01:18:03,720 --> 01:18:07,160 for the time being, being subcontracted, being outsourced 1901 01:18:07,200 --> 01:18:10,320 to these private companies, these commercial companies. 1902 01:18:10,360 --> 01:18:12,720 So that is one big difference, 1903 01:18:12,760 --> 01:18:13,600 and that is a significant difference 1904 01:18:13,680 --> 01:18:16,280 that enabled SpaceX to survive and to grow 1905 01:18:16,320 --> 01:18:19,360 in the late 2000s. 1906 01:18:19,440 --> 01:18:20,440 - So it's time to ask 1907 01:18:20,520 --> 01:18:22,480 just how much of the space renaissance 1908 01:18:22,520 --> 01:18:24,600 is really the achievement of free enterprise 1909 01:18:24,640 --> 01:18:27,520 if most of the revenue still comes from Uncle Sam. 1910 01:18:27,600 --> 01:18:28,840 Maybe commercial space 1911 01:18:28,880 --> 01:18:31,440 doesn't necessarily mean private demand. 1912 01:18:31,480 --> 01:18:33,960 - When Elon Musk first sent cargo to the Space Station, 1913 01:18:34,000 --> 01:18:35,440 there were headlines. 1914 01:18:35,520 --> 01:18:38,400 New air private industry is gonna lead the way. 1915 01:18:38,440 --> 01:18:40,720 (crowd cheering) 1916 01:18:40,800 --> 01:18:41,640 No, they're not. 1917 01:18:42,600 --> 01:18:43,800 Taking cargo to the space station, 1918 01:18:43,840 --> 01:18:45,880 NASA has been doing that for 20 years. 1919 01:18:45,960 --> 01:18:48,400 - So it's not a dirty secret that governments 1920 01:18:48,440 --> 01:18:51,200 are the primary revenue source. 1921 01:18:51,240 --> 01:18:53,440 The whole reason this new space industry is coming up 1922 01:18:53,480 --> 01:18:55,840 is 'cause the government wants the private sector to do it 1923 01:18:55,920 --> 01:18:57,960 'cause the private sector can do it faster. 1924 01:18:58,000 --> 01:19:00,640 The private sector can iterate and experiment 1925 01:19:00,680 --> 01:19:02,760 and find these other markets. 1926 01:19:02,800 --> 01:19:04,240 - It's an interesting, fun future, 1927 01:19:04,320 --> 01:19:06,360 a little bit of a Wild West right now. 1928 01:19:06,400 --> 01:19:08,000 - [Torsten] The Wild West always reminds me 1929 01:19:08,040 --> 01:19:10,800 of the historic gold rushes in California, Australia, 1930 01:19:10,840 --> 01:19:13,800 or soon, in asteroid near you. 1931 01:19:13,840 --> 01:19:17,600 The upside of fresh capital is new jobs globally. 1932 01:19:17,640 --> 01:19:20,800 - We have 40 startups in our accelerator program. 1933 01:19:20,880 --> 01:19:23,760 More than half of them come from other countries. 1934 01:19:23,800 --> 01:19:26,720 There are close to 2,000 jobs created in Singapore. 1935 01:19:26,760 --> 01:19:28,160 They're high value adding jobs 1936 01:19:28,200 --> 01:19:30,600 in a very, very niche and competitive, 1937 01:19:30,640 --> 01:19:32,600 but very exciting industry. 1938 01:19:32,640 --> 01:19:35,440 - So we're at the front end of a very steep slope. 1939 01:19:35,520 --> 01:19:38,080 I mentioned earlier, 700 employees at Firefly. 1940 01:19:38,160 --> 01:19:41,360 Well, we've estimated that in the next 10 years, 1941 01:19:41,400 --> 01:19:44,640 we're gonna need 10 times as many employees in space 1942 01:19:44,680 --> 01:19:46,960 than currently work there today. 1943 01:19:47,000 --> 01:19:50,240 In this industry, not even the sky is the limit. 1944 01:19:50,280 --> 01:19:53,400 - 16 and a half billion pounds of income, 1945 01:19:53,440 --> 01:19:56,080 47,000 jobs. 1946 01:19:56,120 --> 01:19:59,640 So it's phenomenally highly skilled jobs. 1947 01:19:59,680 --> 01:20:00,520 But here's the thing, 1948 01:20:00,560 --> 01:20:03,080 I think sometimes people think space and think, 1949 01:20:03,120 --> 01:20:05,120 "Oh, that's only for the astronauts." 1950 01:20:05,160 --> 01:20:06,840 "That's only for the astrophysicist." 1951 01:20:06,880 --> 01:20:09,160 We could not be further from the truth. 1952 01:20:09,240 --> 01:20:11,080 We need the designers, the artists, 1953 01:20:11,120 --> 01:20:14,080 the human resources professional, the engineers. 1954 01:20:14,120 --> 01:20:15,960 - A filmmaker, whether it's a diplomat, 1955 01:20:16,000 --> 01:20:17,920 whether it's an engineer, 1956 01:20:18,000 --> 01:20:19,160 whether it's a space station manager 1957 01:20:19,200 --> 01:20:20,680 or an artist or a botanist. 1958 01:20:20,760 --> 01:20:22,920 - We've got designers, we've got architects, 1959 01:20:22,960 --> 01:20:25,000 we've got even mechanics 1960 01:20:25,040 --> 01:20:27,920 who want to build fuel stations in space. 1961 01:20:27,960 --> 01:20:30,400 We've got bankers interested. 1962 01:20:30,440 --> 01:20:34,520 We've got fashion designers interested. 1963 01:20:34,560 --> 01:20:36,640 - One of the reasons that I chose 1964 01:20:36,680 --> 01:20:40,160 this area to focus on and to fund 1965 01:20:40,200 --> 01:20:43,960 is the idea that space from the beginning of time 1966 01:20:44,000 --> 01:20:46,440 has been our source of inspiration. 1967 01:20:46,480 --> 01:20:49,200 You know, we've looked to the heavens. 1968 01:20:49,240 --> 01:20:51,200 Working together, you know, 1969 01:20:51,240 --> 01:20:56,240 space can help us find that ground of connectedness 1970 01:20:56,640 --> 01:21:01,520 that we all have, and hopefully bring out our better angels. 1971 01:21:01,560 --> 01:21:04,160 (gentle music) 1972 01:21:06,400 --> 01:21:08,120 - Dinosaurs found out the hard way 1973 01:21:08,160 --> 01:21:10,800 that if you don't have a space program, you may go extinct. 1974 01:21:10,840 --> 01:21:13,120 I'm meeting the guy who's building life ship, 1975 01:21:13,200 --> 01:21:16,320 a company that wants to preserve humanity's DNA. 1976 01:21:17,520 --> 01:21:20,680 It's fitting that we are here in the ocean where life began. 1977 01:21:20,720 --> 01:21:23,800 - Yeah, where life began, and then came out onto land. 1978 01:21:23,840 --> 01:21:25,840 Gaia and Earth wants to reproduce. 1979 01:21:25,880 --> 01:21:28,160 And so with LifeShip, what we're doing 1980 01:21:28,200 --> 01:21:32,520 is we're assembling the genetic code of Earth and humanity 1981 01:21:32,560 --> 01:21:35,800 to send to space and to send to stars. 1982 01:21:35,880 --> 01:21:40,000 So we created a consumer product. 1983 01:21:40,080 --> 01:21:41,800 Customer registers online 1984 01:21:41,840 --> 01:21:44,240 and they build out their profile of who they are. 1985 01:21:44,280 --> 01:21:47,320 For people to send their DNA to space, 1986 01:21:47,360 --> 01:21:51,640 kind of like a digital twin backup of yourself. 1987 01:21:51,680 --> 01:21:53,960 There's a guide with a number of facts on the mission 1988 01:21:54,000 --> 01:21:55,960 and how it gets to the moon. 1989 01:21:56,040 --> 01:22:00,280 A boarding pass to the moon. 1990 01:22:00,320 --> 01:22:03,520 And then there's a saliva swab that you do a sample 1991 01:22:03,560 --> 01:22:05,880 and then put it back in this envelope 1992 01:22:05,920 --> 01:22:08,880 and mail it back for the LifeShip mission. 1993 01:22:08,920 --> 01:22:10,720 - [Torsten] The DNA isn't sequenced. 1994 01:22:10,760 --> 01:22:12,920 It's extracted and encased in polymer, 1995 01:22:12,960 --> 01:22:16,160 then sealed in a capsule that protects it from radiation. 1996 01:22:17,080 --> 01:22:20,680 - It's someone like a Noah's Ark to the stars. 1997 01:22:20,720 --> 01:22:23,680 This is a record of Earth today 1998 01:22:23,720 --> 01:22:27,360 that future generations could get 1999 01:22:27,400 --> 01:22:30,840 and bring back species that are no longer here. 2000 01:22:31,680 --> 01:22:34,880 - Yeah, in a way, your company and the kit 2001 01:22:34,920 --> 01:22:38,560 is sort of like the smallest, cheapest consumer product, 2002 01:22:38,600 --> 01:22:40,920 the most easy to grasp idea 2003 01:22:40,960 --> 01:22:42,320 that I've seen in my whole journey. 2004 01:22:42,360 --> 01:22:43,840 Very, very cool story. 2005 01:22:43,880 --> 01:22:45,920 Together with many other precious species, 2006 01:22:45,960 --> 01:22:48,920 Sheldon's genetic code is aboard Ben's LifeShip, 2007 01:22:48,960 --> 01:22:51,240 which is mounted on a Firefly Moon Lander, 2008 01:22:51,280 --> 01:22:53,960 which is powered by Rocket Lab made solar panels 2009 01:22:54,000 --> 01:22:57,280 and launched on a SpaceX rocket on a private mission 2010 01:22:57,320 --> 01:23:00,840 primarily financed by a new commercial NASA program, 2011 01:23:00,880 --> 01:23:03,200 bringing us back full circle. 2012 01:23:03,240 --> 01:23:07,360 Millions love space and follow every rocket launch life. 2013 01:23:07,440 --> 01:23:09,040 I ask you, which other industry 2014 01:23:09,080 --> 01:23:11,640 captures our collective imagination like that? 2015 01:23:14,040 --> 01:23:16,600 Space has always had a different kind of ROI, 2016 01:23:16,680 --> 01:23:18,480 return on inspiration. 2017 01:23:23,640 --> 01:23:25,480 - It's hard to understand today 2018 01:23:25,520 --> 01:23:29,720 a sort of multi-year slow motion race 2019 01:23:29,760 --> 01:23:32,320 that captivated the entire planet. 2020 01:23:32,400 --> 01:23:35,320 And first, we were losing and we were behind the Soviets. 2021 01:23:35,400 --> 01:23:37,120 Then we were winning. 2022 01:23:37,200 --> 01:23:38,760 The imagery was beautiful, 2023 01:23:38,800 --> 01:23:41,680 seeing people floating in space for the first time. 2024 01:23:41,760 --> 01:23:44,920 So it's easy to be captivated as a young kid. 2025 01:23:47,120 --> 01:23:49,360 I was three or four years old, literally. 2026 01:23:49,440 --> 01:23:54,280 And I was fascinated by the "Star Trek" ecosystem. 2027 01:23:54,320 --> 01:23:57,320 - I think the first time that I really like got into space 2028 01:23:57,400 --> 01:24:01,120 was when I was a kid, I like read a lot of space books. 2029 01:24:01,200 --> 01:24:03,040 - You know, I was born in Trinidad and Tobago. 2030 01:24:03,120 --> 01:24:04,640 And as a little girl, 2031 01:24:04,680 --> 01:24:08,840 I was really excited and really good at math and science. 2032 01:24:08,880 --> 01:24:12,120 - My parents took me to Kennedy Space Center in Florida 2033 01:24:14,080 --> 01:24:16,000 and I saw that gigantic building. 2034 01:24:16,040 --> 01:24:18,200 And my dad said, "That's where they make rockets." 2035 01:24:18,240 --> 01:24:21,560 And it was as if my mind, my heart, and my soul 2036 01:24:21,600 --> 01:24:23,240 exploded at the same time. 2037 01:24:24,360 --> 01:24:26,880 And you don't forget moments like that in your life. 2038 01:24:28,000 --> 01:24:29,840 - Ever since I was very young, 2039 01:24:29,880 --> 01:24:31,720 maybe, you know, nine or 10, 2040 01:24:31,800 --> 01:24:35,440 I was actually lying in the back of my dad's pickup truck 2041 01:24:35,480 --> 01:24:38,480 in rural Georgia looking up at the stars. 2042 01:24:38,520 --> 01:24:41,760 - And to see a young child in the next generation growing up 2043 01:24:41,800 --> 01:24:43,960 knowing that not even the sky is a limit, 2044 01:24:44,040 --> 01:24:46,120 what a gift to be able to provide to her. 2045 01:24:46,160 --> 01:24:47,440 - When I was a kid, 2046 01:24:47,520 --> 01:24:49,480 I was dreaming of becoming multi-planetary. 2047 01:24:49,520 --> 01:24:51,640 So making drawings of domes 2048 01:24:51,680 --> 01:24:54,000 and structures on all the planet 2049 01:24:54,040 --> 01:24:55,600 full of plants and flowers. 2050 01:24:56,880 --> 01:24:59,560 - For me, I have always had really big dreams. 2051 01:24:59,640 --> 01:25:01,640 And as a child, it's easy to say, 2052 01:25:01,680 --> 01:25:02,600 "I wanna go to space," 2053 01:25:02,640 --> 01:25:03,680 "I wanna be president," 2054 01:25:03,720 --> 01:25:06,240 "I wanna be a CEO." 2055 01:25:06,280 --> 01:25:08,960 - [Torsten] And her journey started at McDonald's. 2056 01:25:09,000 --> 01:25:11,280 See, what I learned making this documentary 2057 01:25:11,320 --> 01:25:14,680 is that it's not the billionaires against the rest of us. 2058 01:25:14,720 --> 01:25:16,760 - Thanks to Humanity, we're here. 2059 01:25:16,800 --> 01:25:19,600 - It's not about public versus private initiatives. 2060 01:25:19,680 --> 01:25:21,240 This is all about those 2061 01:25:21,280 --> 01:25:24,120 who are effectively accelerating us into the future. 2062 01:25:25,560 --> 01:25:28,040 Our story always has and always will be written 2063 01:25:28,080 --> 01:25:31,800 by those who imagine any new space as a blank canvas. 2064 01:25:31,840 --> 01:25:34,240 However, their lofty dreams 2065 01:25:34,280 --> 01:25:36,640 still need to be tethered to the hard realities 2066 01:25:36,720 --> 01:25:39,160 on the ground below, like cash. 2067 01:25:39,200 --> 01:25:42,320 Space businesses are still, well, businesses. 2068 01:25:42,360 --> 01:25:44,520 So many startups will crash and burn, 2069 01:25:44,560 --> 01:25:47,120 but some will be making a galactic profit. 2070 01:25:48,600 --> 01:25:49,960 - Pass that off to private enterprise 2071 01:25:50,000 --> 01:25:51,400 'cause they'll figure out how to do it cheaper 2072 01:25:51,480 --> 01:25:53,080 'cause that's kind of what they do. 2073 01:25:53,120 --> 01:25:54,360 That's... 2074 01:25:54,400 --> 01:25:55,680 That's why they exist. 2075 01:25:55,720 --> 01:25:57,160 To make a buck. 2076 01:25:57,240 --> 01:26:00,680 - Now I'm returning to 42 HQ, having seem early, 2077 01:26:00,720 --> 01:26:03,880 but thriving markets and real customer traction. 2078 01:26:05,840 --> 01:26:07,680 And this is the end. 2079 01:26:07,720 --> 01:26:09,280 Take four. 2080 01:26:09,360 --> 01:26:11,040 So let's just imagine for a sec 2081 01:26:11,080 --> 01:26:13,680 our next giant leap of this rock. 2082 01:26:13,720 --> 01:26:16,400 Perhaps then, humans way in the future, 2083 01:26:16,440 --> 01:26:18,520 those spacefaring homosapiens, 2084 01:26:18,560 --> 01:26:21,240 who for sure will be force of gravity defying, 2085 01:26:22,320 --> 01:26:23,760 and Elon edifying, 2086 01:26:24,640 --> 01:26:27,280 habitat's finding and shiny asteroids mining. 2087 01:26:27,320 --> 01:26:30,160 These supreme beings of all shapes and sizings 2088 01:26:30,200 --> 01:26:33,320 may be even blindened with a trillion dollar spaceships 2089 01:26:33,360 --> 01:26:36,040 and their microgravity bread protein dips. 2090 01:26:36,120 --> 01:26:39,960 Yes, those future homosapiens, ha, homospaciens, 2091 01:26:40,000 --> 01:26:42,960 will look back at us ancestors and be thanking us. 2092 01:26:43,000 --> 01:26:44,840 Not just the four or five famous dudes. 2093 01:26:44,880 --> 01:26:45,920 No. 2094 01:26:45,960 --> 01:26:46,760 The rest of us, 2095 01:26:46,800 --> 01:26:49,120 the best of us who possess the mental fortitude 2096 01:26:49,200 --> 01:26:51,640 from our high school kids science fairs 2097 01:26:51,680 --> 01:26:55,600 to boomers boosted into cislunar nursing cares. 2098 01:26:55,680 --> 01:26:58,040 Our climate defenders and metal benders, 2099 01:26:58,080 --> 01:27:01,040 the bureaucrats, plutocrats, diplomats, copycats, 2100 01:27:01,080 --> 01:27:03,080 the engineers and marketeers, 2101 01:27:03,120 --> 01:27:05,240 the musketeers and pioneers, 2102 01:27:05,280 --> 01:27:07,520 the privateers and financiers. 2103 01:27:07,560 --> 01:27:10,160 We are not mere passengers here on spaceship Earth. 2104 01:27:10,200 --> 01:27:13,480 For what it's worth, me and you, we're all crew 2105 01:27:13,520 --> 01:27:15,880 because the science girls and rocket fellas 2106 01:27:15,960 --> 01:27:19,160 have no time to kill to see their dreams fulfilled. 2107 01:27:21,720 --> 01:27:23,360 Today is day one, 2108 01:27:24,320 --> 01:27:26,080 and it's time to build. 2109 01:27:27,520 --> 01:27:30,680 (inspirational music) 2110 01:27:38,160 --> 01:27:40,760 (upbeat music) 2111 01:28:02,000 --> 01:28:05,400 (upbeat music continues) 2112 01:28:26,440 --> 01:28:29,800 (upbeat music continues) 165767

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