All language subtitles for T.N.F.S05E10.1080p.WEB.h264-VOYAGES_track3_[eng]

(expansive music)

- [Narrator] We have
looked up to the stars

and galaxies in awe and
wonder for millennia trying

to understand our place in the universe.

Current technology is
enabling us to see further

and farther back in time
with much more detail

than ever.

The next generation of
orbiting telescopes soon

to enter service.

Who knows what giant leap they will make

in our understanding of the universe.

(exciting upbeat music)

(telescope zooms)

(rocket zooms)

(volcano erupts)

(text zooms)

(soft music)

Since its launch in 2013,
ESSA's Gaia Observatory has

been constantly mapping
our galaxy, creating

the most accurate to
complete multidimensional map

of the Milky Way.

(expansive music)

This latest observational
data set has been released

and contains even more
an improved information

about almost 2 billion
stars, solar system objects

and extra galactic sources.

(expansive music)

Our sun travels at 240
kilometers per second

around the galactic center

and will take 220 million
years to complete one orbit.

The Gaia data set
includes stellar positions

stars distances, and
motions across the sky

plus color information,
and most significantly

the radial velocities for 33 million stars

within the Milky Way.

This allows astronomers to
create the most accurate

and complete multidimensional map

of our astronomical neighborhood.

Another novelty in this data
set is the largest catalog yet

of binary stars in the Milky Way

which is crucial to
understand stellar evolution.

At the Observatoire de Paris
in Meudon, Paris France,

scientists form part

of the data processing
and analysis consortium,

some 400 scientists from 20
countries who are responsible

for the processing of Gaia's data

with the final objective of
producing the Gaia catalog.

- [Paola] So Gaia is extremely important

for all fields of astronomy.

The Gaia catalogs that
results contain a huge amount

of information that will
provide the material

for the work of astronomers in,

around the world.

And for many, many years.

(soft music)

- [Narrator] With each new
release, the observed stars,

solar system objects, and
extra galactic objects increase

and many more details are added

to what is already the most
detailed overview of our galaxy.

- [Arenou] So Gaia is
incredible satellite,

which looks at the stars

which measure 1.8 billion
stars, but obviously it goes

from what is nearby asteroids

up to very distant quasars.

For this 1.8 billion stars

it's able to find their distance

their astrophysical
parameters, their ID card

in some sense.

Up to now, Gaia had given already a lot

of information about,
about stars, but near now

it's it going from astrometry
position, motion of the stars.

But to astrophysics,
knowing the characteristics

the astrophysical parameters
for nearly alpha billion stars

it it is able also to

to find a lot and viable
stars, to classify them.

It's able of course also to

to see what is viable
in terms of position.

And so it helps to find
binary stars which move

on the sky or on the spectrum earth.

- And this time we provide
new measurements such

as star brightness in the (indistinct),

rotational velocities,
atmospheric parameters,

chemical composition.

And the (indistinct)
also provide information

on the abundance of the
interstellar material

that is present between stars.

(soft music)

- So Gaia, yeah, is observing
with astrometric instrument

which measures the
position of the objects.

And from this position, it gets the motion

of the object with time on the sky.

That's astrometry.

Then Gaia measure also the light

of the object measure
spectrometry for the object.

And from this, it can infer
the color of the object

but also you can derive

from that all the astrophysical
parameters that you can get

like tempera, effective
temperature, gravity, and so on.

You can also infer what is the extension

of light in the distance where
it comes from the star to us.

So the third instrument
now is a spectrograph

which is able to see the
spectrum of the star.

And so when you see the
lines of the spectrum

you see at which speed the object is going

towards us or and the other way around

or when it's moving
periodically, then you can detect

through the motion of
this fragile velocity

that the three main instruments of Gaia.

(soft music)

(machinery whirring)

- [Narrator] Even older than Gaia

is the venerable Hubble space telescope.

It too continues to contribute
to the sciences of cosmology.

(soft music)

- [Nancy] To my mind, the
most important discovery

from Hubble is the
discovery of dark energy.

There have been a lot of
interesting discovery, certainly

oh, certainly the, the fact
that there are billions

and billions of galaxies
that we, we had no idea

there were that many.

The work that we were doing on exoplanets

with Hubble has been interesting.

I mean, Hubble has carried
such a wide variety of results

that it's hard to pick a, a, a single one.

But I do feel the dark energy
is the outstanding discovery.

And what that means is simply that space.

We always thought that
space would contract

because gravity would pull it together.

We knew it was expanding,
but we thought the expansion

would slow down.

Well, instead, the
expansion's speeding up.

And that is a very exciting thing to me.

- [Jennifer] Because the Hubble
space telescope is operating

so well and is so scientifically
effective right now.

Scientists are using
Hubble to investigate some

of the deepest mysteries of the universe.

One mystery is dark energy.

That's the name just kind of plastered

on this phenomena that Hubble
and other telescopes together

we found that the universe
expansion has been accelerating

for the last few billion years.

Well, what is causing that?

We don't know.

It's something about a repulsive force

that we may not fully understand

or new physics that we
don't fully understand.

But Hubble was used along in compliment

with some telescopes on
the ground to determine

that the expansion of the
universe is in fact accelerating

by something we're now
calling dark energy.

And without Hubble

we would've not been able
to make this detection

which is now a Nobel
Prize winning discovery.

(soft music)

- [John] This explains why
the universe appears to

be accelerating now when
it used to be slowing

down because of gravity.

So now the question is, well

is this a simple story
or is it complicated?

Is there the more than
one kind of dark energy?

Has the dark energy
itself changed over time?

- [Jennifer] So Hubble is
now being used to refine

even further that expansion
rate of the universe

in our current epic and
trying to compare that

to what might be predicted from looking

at other measurements of the
universe with other telescopes.

Right now we're finding a discrepancy

between what we might have expected

and what we're actually measuring.

So that's one realm where Hubble is really

at the cutting edge of
helping us understand

or at least open up new
mysteries of the universe.

(telescope zooms)

(soft music)

- [Narrator] Astronomists
are still puzzling

over dark matter and how it behaves.

They have found small dense
concentrations of dark matter

the bend and magnify light much
more strongly than expected.

Dark matter makes up the bulk of a galaxy.

The gravitational influence
of dark matter is thought to

tie the galaxies together
in massive clusters.

There is so much regular matter
and dark matter concentrated

in these clusters that
their gravity magnifies

and warps light from
distant background objects.

By studying how the light
distorts the background galaxies

though this gravitational
lensing, can help map where

the dark matter is in galaxy clusters.

Images of lensing galaxy
clusters are filled with

the smear images of remote
background galaxies.

The higher the concentration
of dark matter, the more

dramatic its light bending power is.

Smaller clumps of dark matter associated

with individual galaxies
in the galaxy cluster

create more distortions.

In some sense, the Galaxy
cluster acts as a large lens

that is many smaller
lenses embedded inside.

But strangely, astronomists
found that three galaxy clusters

used in their study had
concentrations of dark matter

that are so massive that
the lensing effects they

produce are 10 times stronger
than originally expected.

Soon to be launched,
ESA's Euclid mission aims

to investigate this
dark matter dark energy

and the expanding universe
in even greater detail.

Euclid will image billions

of galaxies with
unprecedented accuracy out

to a distance of 10 billion light years.

These measurements will
enable astronomers to

improve their understanding
of the expansion

of the universe and the growth
rate of cosmic structures.

- [Elena] Euclid is a cosmology mission.

It will study and try to
understand better understand

the geometry and the
nature of the dark matter.

And dark energy, which is
the peculiarity of Euclid

is a telescope that will scan the sky

with an accuracy that is unprecedented.

So this is really something
that no other spacecraft

did before.

This will allow to get
additional information

and to better understand the
story and the for the expansion

of the universe and the role
on the cosmic structure.

- [Narrator] Euclid carries a three mirror

and a stigma design.

The primary mirror is
1.2 meters in diameter.

This type of design allows
for a greater field of view

covering the visible wavelengths

and simultaneously near
infrared spectroscopy

and photometry.

- [Elena] Was very important
milestone because is somehow

the starting point of
new phase of the project

because so far the two
parts that you can see

the upper part that is the payload model

and the lower part that
is the service model

have been developed and tested separately.

So today with the mating,
we start a following phase

next phase with both the part,
the, the two main constituent

of the Euclid spacecraft are together.

- Indeed, this is a completely new design

with a lot of challenges
involved with this mission.

And we have put together a team

of about 120 companies in Europe,
which are working together

in good synergy for several years.

And we are very proud of
the results, actually today.

- [Narrator] The mission is designed

for a six year lifespan.

However, an extension
of a further five years

is contemplated dependent

on the spacecrafts onboard resources.

- [Paolo] With the meeting
today of the telescope

with the service model, we
achieve a major milestone

in integration of the flight satellite.

It has been a long journey

because the two element have
been developed independently

for several years, and now

for the first time they
are mated together.

And this make us very
proud of the achievement.

- [Hans] So the telescope
was already delivered here

in October last year and was put

in in the clean room on the fixture,

ready to be mount mated.

In the meantime, we, we
finished the work to be done

on the remaining part of the
satellite, which is here.

And today we, we released
the, the telescope

from that foundation and we
move it to the SVM by crane.

It was, it is a very dedicated
operation because the

the tolerances of the budget

we have for the mechanical
stresses is, is very small.

So it's, it's a very fragile telescope

because it need to be light.

So it's quite fragile.

So for this operation

there was a tight
allocation for the stresses

and the stresses they measured
at every step on the feet

which support the satellite on six points.

- Next step after this meeting
will be the integration

of the solar ray sun shield

which will happen around May this year.

And at that point the satellite will be

in full flight configuration.

And at that point we go, we will go

to Cannes to conduct the
environmental test campaign

for about six months.

The objective is to have the
satellite complete, complete

integrated, and validated the
the beginning of next year.

- [Elena] After the mating,
the next step will be

the finalization of all the
connection electrical testing.

Then in front of the
telescope will be installed

the sun shield and the solar array.

And after that, the
I-gain antenna then the

the test campaign will
start in, in Cannes.

The full spacecraft will be tested

in environmental condition and

at the end it'll be ready to be shipped

to Peru for the launch campaign.

- [Narrator] Launching
around the same time

as you Euclid is NASA's SPHERE X mission.

It will survey hundreds of millions

of galaxies near and far some so distant.

Their light has taken 10
billion years to reach Earth.

Also, it will search for water

and organic molecules
within the Milky Way.

- [Jamie] SPHERE X is NASA's
latest explorer mission

in astrophysics.

It's a small telescope,
but it has this unique

and powerful capability of
doing spectroscopy everywhere.

- We are going to survey
the entire celestial sphere

and collect a data set that will help us

answer three fundamental
science questions.

- [Jamie] It's gonna
tell us about the origin

of the universe, the birth and
formation history of galaxies

and the abundance of
essential molecules such

as water in the early stages
of star and planet formation.

- [Beth] The great thing about
SPHERE X is not only will we

view the entire sky four times

but we will see it in nearly a
hundred near infrared colors.

And that's really never been done before.

- [Jamie] According to
our current understanding

of the universe we think that
in the very earliest times

and I'm talking here a
fraction of a second, much less

than a nanosecond, the
universe appeared to have gone

through an accelerating
expansion called inflation.

And this is really a

a profound idea and we're very
interested to, to test it.

And so one way to do this is to look

at how matter is distributed
over the universe.

We want to map hundreds

of millions of galaxies
in three dimensions.

What SHERE X does, in addition to mapping

out all these galaxies,
is we cover the whole sky.

So we can measure these galaxies

over the largest part
of the, you know, range.

We can see which is the entire sky

and we want to cover the full range

of distances from today to
as far back as we we can see.

- [Cooray] We know there are about

a hundred billion galaxies
in the universe, maybe more,

but we still don't have
a good understanding

how these galaxies came to be.

Did they all form at the same time?

Did they change in size

and luminosity or brightness over time?

So the intent with SPHERE X is

for us to figure out the
formation history of galaxies.

Where do they exactly form

and how do they grow over cosmic time?

And that information is
crucial for us because

that'll allow us to separate
various theories we right

have right now on the formation
and and growth of galaxies.

- [Narrator] SPHERE X
will also identify targets

for more detailed study

by NASA's James Webb Space Telescope

and the future Nancy Grace
Roman Space Telescope.

(booming music)

The Nancy Grace Roman Space telescope

is set to launch a top
of SpaceX Falcon Heavy

within the next few years.

It will capture images unlike
any satellite before it.

The Roman Space Telescope will have

the same image resolution as Hubble

but with 30 years of
technological advancement

will cover an area 100 times larger.

Roman will also view the sky

in carefully selected
wavelengths of infrared light.

This will allow scientists to see

through the obscuring dust,
to reveal hidden stars

and watch the growth of galaxies

over the last 10 billion years.

(expansive music)

Because Roman will be
seeing further back in time,

accurate measurement of
distance stars is critical.

A small galaxy close

in looks similar to a
large galaxy farther out.

One method used by
astronomers to gauge distances

is something called a standard candle.

A standard candle is a
type of stellar object

or event that emits a specific
known amount of light.

This works because light
sources appeared predictably

dimmer the farther away they are.

So for further distances,
astronomers have to rely

on the brightest of stars

or events in particular
exploding stars called supernovi.

There are a few different
kinds of supernovi

but the best for standard
candles are type one A.

These supernovi involve a
white dwarf, the leftover core

of a dead star and one other
star in a binary system.

The white dwarf accumulates
mass from its partner

and eventually explodes giving
off a set amount of light.

These beacons then allow
scientists to accurately

predict their distances.

Roman will also use its
broad view to search

for planets around other
stars in our galaxy.

It will be fitted with a coronagraph

which reduces the light coming directly

from the star to separate it

from the light reflected by the planet.

(planet booms)

The Roman space telescope's
coronagraph doesn't block

the star's light.

It uses a combination of
discs with complex patterns

and light blocking stops to
create destructive interference

with the stars light
effectively making it disappear

while allowing the light
from planets to pass through.

A complicating factor is

that the light picks up small distortions

as it reflects off the
telescope series of mirrors

and these distortions can
reduce the effectiveness

of the destructive interference.

Collecting more light
increases the image signal

but the planets are still hidden

under blobs of leftover
distorted starlight.

To remove these blobs

the coronagraph has
special deformable mirrors

that can change shape by using
hundreds of tiny pistons.

This corrects distortions
in the light beam.

As the mirrors deformed

the blobs of light slowly disappear

revealing brighter planets.

Advanced software processes
this data further improving

the contrast and clarity of the image.

This processing makes objects more

than a billion times fainter
than the star visible.

As a result the Roman space telescope

will provide the first look

at individual planets

in star systems that might
be similar to our own.

The Nancy Grace Roman Space
telescope will also look

for the fingerprint of dark matter

and dark energy in the distant
reaches of the universe.

With an unprecedented
combination of breadth and depth,

it will open a new era

in observing and
understanding our universe.

(eerie expansive space music)