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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:00,251 --> 00:00:02,923 (deep space music) 2 00:00:02,923 --> 00:00:04,740 - [Narrator] This is the closest planet to Earth 3 00:00:04,740 --> 00:00:06,693 in size and distance. 4 00:00:08,010 --> 00:00:11,343 It once may have had oceans and a similar climate. 5 00:00:12,300 --> 00:00:15,123 Now, it is hostile and unforgiving. 6 00:00:16,410 --> 00:00:20,430 Scientists want to know why and how it changed. 7 00:00:20,430 --> 00:00:24,000 This could help with the hunt for other habitable worlds. 8 00:00:24,000 --> 00:00:28,083 For now, Venus could be considered Earth's evil twin. 9 00:00:30,614 --> 00:00:34,364 (energetic orchestral music) 10 00:00:59,916 --> 00:01:03,083 (soft wondrous music) 11 00:01:09,815 --> 00:01:12,060 One of the brightest objects in the sky, 12 00:01:12,060 --> 00:01:15,243 Venus has been a world of mystery and conjecture. 13 00:01:17,730 --> 00:01:20,310 Probes were sent to briefly study the cloud tops 14 00:01:20,310 --> 00:01:21,870 as they passed by, 15 00:01:21,870 --> 00:01:23,520 the NASA Mariner Mission, 16 00:01:23,520 --> 00:01:25,950 quickly followed by the Soviet Union series 17 00:01:25,950 --> 00:01:27,213 of Venera Flights. 18 00:01:30,390 --> 00:01:33,780 They left more questions than answers in their wakes. 19 00:01:33,780 --> 00:01:36,150 Eventually, Venera 4 landed a probe 20 00:01:36,150 --> 00:01:39,990 through the dense atmosphere onto a searing hot surface, 21 00:01:39,990 --> 00:01:42,060 followed up with more sophisticated probes 22 00:01:42,060 --> 00:01:44,670 that lived for a very short time. 23 00:01:44,670 --> 00:01:46,380 Other probes floated briefly 24 00:01:46,380 --> 00:01:48,663 in the dense poisonous atmosphere. 25 00:01:51,900 --> 00:01:54,840 Mars became a much more attractive target, 26 00:01:54,840 --> 00:01:57,513 and Venus has been left little explored. 27 00:02:05,100 --> 00:02:07,620 In the late '80s, the Magellan Probe was launched 28 00:02:07,620 --> 00:02:09,120 from the Space Shuttle. 29 00:02:09,120 --> 00:02:11,940 It mapped the planet's surface with radar, 30 00:02:11,940 --> 00:02:13,100 giving us a detailed look 31 00:02:13,100 --> 00:02:15,213 at the rugged surface of the planet. 32 00:02:16,380 --> 00:02:19,620 Stripping away the dense, thick atmosphere revealed 33 00:02:19,620 --> 00:02:23,220 intricate mountains, volcanoes, and lava fields, 34 00:02:23,220 --> 00:02:26,670 an uninviting and hazardous environment hot enough 35 00:02:26,670 --> 00:02:27,693 to melt lead. 36 00:02:46,260 --> 00:02:48,840 Following orbiters from both Europe and Japan 37 00:02:48,840 --> 00:02:51,780 also studied the surface features with radar. 38 00:02:51,780 --> 00:02:53,100 The Venus Express dipped 39 00:02:53,100 --> 00:02:55,500 into the upper atmosphere to aerobrake 40 00:02:55,500 --> 00:02:57,723 and descended into lower orbits. 41 00:03:04,440 --> 00:03:06,930 In recent years, several probes have used Venus 42 00:03:06,930 --> 00:03:10,713 for gravity assists to propel them to other destinations. 43 00:03:12,540 --> 00:03:15,150 BepiColombo, on its way to study Mercury, 44 00:03:15,150 --> 00:03:18,123 passed by taking images and other readings. 45 00:03:27,120 --> 00:03:29,070 The maneuver, the second of Venus 46 00:03:29,070 --> 00:03:31,620 and the third of nine flybys overall, 47 00:03:31,620 --> 00:03:34,683 helped steer the spacecraft on course for Mercury. 48 00:03:44,070 --> 00:03:45,810 Another European spacecraft, 49 00:03:45,810 --> 00:03:49,530 the Solar Orbiter also utilized Venus for a slingshot 50 00:03:49,530 --> 00:03:51,873 as it closed in on its solar orbit. 51 00:04:10,560 --> 00:04:13,530 The Parker Solar Probe made a close flyby 52 00:04:13,530 --> 00:04:16,140 taking measurements of the electric field of the planet 53 00:04:16,140 --> 00:04:18,723 and the radio emissions from the hot surface. 54 00:04:19,667 --> 00:04:23,000 (electronic screeching) 55 00:04:40,590 --> 00:04:42,210 - [Brian] It's thrilling to be able to see something 56 00:04:42,210 --> 00:04:44,100 that's never been seen before. 57 00:04:44,100 --> 00:04:47,130 This emission that we're seeing is thermal emission. 58 00:04:47,130 --> 00:04:48,027 Even on the nightside, 59 00:04:48,027 --> 00:04:50,370 the surface of Venus is so hot 60 00:04:50,370 --> 00:04:55,370 that it's glowing faintly at very red wavelengths. 61 00:04:57,219 --> 00:04:59,970 - These WISPR images I think are really exciting 62 00:04:59,970 --> 00:05:02,250 because they provide a new window 63 00:05:02,250 --> 00:05:06,270 into the lower atmosphere and surface region of Venus 64 00:05:06,270 --> 00:05:09,003 where these extreme conditions exist. 65 00:05:10,800 --> 00:05:13,200 - [Narrator] A faint glow of heat from the nightside 66 00:05:13,200 --> 00:05:16,170 shows distinctive features like continental regions, 67 00:05:16,170 --> 00:05:18,330 planes and plateaus. 68 00:05:18,330 --> 00:05:21,300 A luminescent halo of oxygen in the atmosphere 69 00:05:21,300 --> 00:05:23,733 can also be seen surrounding the planet. 70 00:05:25,230 --> 00:05:26,970 These observations revealed much 71 00:05:26,970 --> 00:05:29,523 about the chemical composition of the surface. 72 00:05:31,230 --> 00:05:33,630 - Another really interesting thing we could look for 73 00:05:33,630 --> 00:05:37,560 is potentially mineralogical differences. 74 00:05:37,560 --> 00:05:39,240 Different rocks and different minerals 75 00:05:39,240 --> 00:05:41,463 emit different levels of heat. 76 00:05:45,660 --> 00:05:47,610 - [Narrator] Some surprising results suggested 77 00:05:47,610 --> 00:05:50,190 that water may have been on Venus in the past, 78 00:05:50,190 --> 00:05:52,920 but climatic changes in planetary processes 79 00:05:52,920 --> 00:05:55,743 removed the water from the planet and its atmosphere. 80 00:06:00,180 --> 00:06:04,200 - We have chemical fingerprints in Venus' atmosphere 81 00:06:04,200 --> 00:06:06,540 and on its surface suggesting 82 00:06:06,540 --> 00:06:09,390 that Venus might have been habitable in the past. 83 00:06:09,390 --> 00:06:10,710 - [Narrator] The Wide-Field Imager 84 00:06:10,710 --> 00:06:14,763 or WISPR is the sole imager aboard the Parker Solar Probe. 85 00:06:15,690 --> 00:06:17,610 - This is something that's truly new, 86 00:06:17,610 --> 00:06:21,213 and I believe will yield exciting science in the longterm. 87 00:06:22,260 --> 00:06:23,370 - [Narrator] Once upon a time, 88 00:06:23,370 --> 00:06:25,890 Venus might just have been like an early Earth 89 00:06:25,890 --> 00:06:28,800 with oceans, lakes, and rivers of liquid water, 90 00:06:28,800 --> 00:06:32,460 a much milder oxygen-rich atmosphere. 91 00:06:32,460 --> 00:06:34,697 What changed the environment? 92 00:06:34,697 --> 00:06:36,810 (soft intense orchestral music) 93 00:06:36,810 --> 00:06:39,390 Perhaps volcanic eruptions and toxic gases 94 00:06:39,390 --> 00:06:41,820 creating an atmosphere of carbon dioxide 95 00:06:41,820 --> 00:06:44,490 and sulfuric acid clouds trapping heat 96 00:06:44,490 --> 00:06:45,903 in a greenhouse effect. 97 00:06:53,820 --> 00:06:55,380 Venus has the hottest surface 98 00:06:55,380 --> 00:06:58,683 of any planet in our solar system, hotter the mercury. 99 00:07:07,680 --> 00:07:10,950 The atmospheric pressure is nearly 75 times greater 100 00:07:10,950 --> 00:07:11,900 than that of Earth. 101 00:07:17,610 --> 00:07:20,430 NASA and DSA are returning to the planet 102 00:07:20,430 --> 00:07:21,783 to find some answers. 103 00:07:23,000 --> 00:07:26,500 (gentle orchestral music) 104 00:07:34,110 --> 00:07:37,080 Europe is sending the spacecraft EnVision 105 00:07:37,080 --> 00:07:38,460 in partnership with NASA, 106 00:07:38,460 --> 00:07:41,250 which is providing the synthetic aperture radar system 107 00:07:41,250 --> 00:07:42,660 called VenSAR. 108 00:07:42,660 --> 00:07:46,350 The S band radar will also act as a microwave radiometer 109 00:07:46,350 --> 00:07:49,050 and altometer to map the surface. 110 00:07:49,050 --> 00:07:52,620 EnVision will also carry three optical spectrum meters 111 00:07:52,620 --> 00:07:56,340 designed to observe the surface and atmosphere of Venus, 112 00:07:56,340 --> 00:07:58,170 and a subsurface radar sounder 113 00:07:58,170 --> 00:08:00,933 that will probe the top kilometer of subsurface. 114 00:08:18,150 --> 00:08:21,990 NASA will also be sending DAVINCI and VERITAS to Venus, 115 00:08:21,990 --> 00:08:24,213 due to be launched around 2029. 116 00:08:26,340 --> 00:08:30,300 VERITAS stands for Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, 117 00:08:30,300 --> 00:08:33,090 InSAR, Topography and Spectroscopy Mission. 118 00:08:33,090 --> 00:08:35,160 It will also map Venus's surface 119 00:08:35,160 --> 00:08:38,190 to determine the planet's geologic history. 120 00:08:38,190 --> 00:08:40,170 Germany and France are contributing 121 00:08:40,170 --> 00:08:43,170 to the infrared mapper and radar systems to determine 122 00:08:43,170 --> 00:08:45,780 whether active volcanoes are releasing water vapor 123 00:08:45,780 --> 00:08:46,983 into the atmosphere. 124 00:08:59,700 --> 00:09:02,190 DAVINCI the atmospheric probe will descend 125 00:09:02,190 --> 00:09:04,050 into the Venusian atmosphere 126 00:09:04,050 --> 00:09:07,920 to study the gases and chemistry with advanced sensors. 127 00:09:07,920 --> 00:09:10,770 It is designed to survive the descent to ground level, 128 00:09:10,770 --> 00:09:12,273 whilst imaging its journey. 129 00:09:22,923 --> 00:09:25,410 The one-meter wide probe will target a region 130 00:09:25,410 --> 00:09:28,473 called Alpha Regio, twice the size of Texas, 131 00:09:30,810 --> 00:09:32,700 and will add to scientists' understanding 132 00:09:32,700 --> 00:09:35,430 of rocky atmosphere-bearing exoplanets 133 00:09:35,430 --> 00:09:37,860 that will be explored by new observatories, 134 00:09:37,860 --> 00:09:40,203 such as the James Webb Space Telescope. 135 00:09:41,149 --> 00:09:44,190 (low space music) 136 00:09:44,190 --> 00:09:45,120 - [Glyn] So Venus is cool. 137 00:09:45,120 --> 00:09:46,080 Venus is awesome. 138 00:09:46,080 --> 00:09:48,900 Venus is, in many ways, 139 00:09:48,900 --> 00:09:51,783 one of the most Earth-like planets that we know of. 140 00:09:52,650 --> 00:09:55,230 One of the key ways that it's different 141 00:09:55,230 --> 00:09:57,180 is that it's very, very dry. 142 00:09:57,180 --> 00:10:01,830 With temperatures on the surface of 460 degrees centigrade 143 00:10:01,830 --> 00:10:03,390 and whatever that is in Fahrenheit, 144 00:10:03,390 --> 00:10:04,590 you would never expect there 145 00:10:04,590 --> 00:10:07,140 to be liquid oceans on the surface. 146 00:10:07,140 --> 00:10:08,040 That kind of temperature 147 00:10:08,040 --> 00:10:11,280 only boils off that water into steam, 148 00:10:11,280 --> 00:10:13,710 but the atmosphere of Venus is still incredibly dry. 149 00:10:13,710 --> 00:10:15,423 So where did the steam go? 150 00:10:16,710 --> 00:10:20,250 So to talk about how we remove something from a planet, 151 00:10:20,250 --> 00:10:22,890 we're gonna have to talk about two forces of nature. 152 00:10:22,890 --> 00:10:24,480 Firstly, the force of gravity. 153 00:10:24,480 --> 00:10:25,380 Gravity is the thing 154 00:10:25,380 --> 00:10:27,660 which is holding you down to the planet. 155 00:10:27,660 --> 00:10:28,800 But if you think about it, 156 00:10:28,800 --> 00:10:32,340 it's also what is holding the atmosphere down 157 00:10:32,340 --> 00:10:33,750 onto the planet as well. 158 00:10:33,750 --> 00:10:36,933 If I want to remove some of the oxygen from the planet, 159 00:10:37,860 --> 00:10:39,630 we have to overcome that gravity. 160 00:10:39,630 --> 00:10:42,630 So to do that, I wanna talk about the electric force. 161 00:10:42,630 --> 00:10:45,480 It's the thing which your device is using right now 162 00:10:45,480 --> 00:10:47,700 to pump electricity around its wires, right? 163 00:10:47,700 --> 00:10:50,190 It's pushing the electrons around the circuits. 164 00:10:50,190 --> 00:10:51,540 And what we think can happen is 165 00:10:51,540 --> 00:10:55,576 that the electric force can help push on the ions 166 00:10:55,576 --> 00:10:57,660 in the upper parts of the atmosphere, 167 00:10:57,660 --> 00:10:59,340 push them off and up into space. 168 00:10:59,340 --> 00:11:01,890 So just as every planet has a gravity field, 169 00:11:01,890 --> 00:11:06,150 we think that every planet has a weak electric field. 170 00:11:06,150 --> 00:11:09,090 So we went looking for Venus' electric field, 171 00:11:09,090 --> 00:11:10,800 and boy oh boy did we find it. 172 00:11:10,800 --> 00:11:13,440 It turns out that Venus' electric field is 173 00:11:13,440 --> 00:11:15,660 at least five to 10 times stronger than on Earth. 174 00:11:15,660 --> 00:11:17,460 It's a monster of a force. 175 00:11:17,460 --> 00:11:20,550 It can rip heavy things like oxygen 176 00:11:20,550 --> 00:11:22,560 straight out of the upper atmosphere 177 00:11:22,560 --> 00:11:25,380 and send them kicking and screaming off into space. 178 00:11:25,380 --> 00:11:27,150 So this really changes the way 179 00:11:27,150 --> 00:11:28,620 we have to think about planets 180 00:11:28,620 --> 00:11:29,550 'cause it turns out 181 00:11:29,550 --> 00:11:34,550 that planets can lose heavy things like oxygen to space 182 00:11:35,580 --> 00:11:39,150 entirely through electrical forces in their ionospheres. 183 00:11:39,150 --> 00:11:40,710 This is something that's really important 184 00:11:40,710 --> 00:11:42,810 if we want to go looking for exoplanets, 185 00:11:42,810 --> 00:11:45,540 for habitable planets around other stars. 186 00:11:45,540 --> 00:11:49,080 It is no good having conditions perfect for an ocean 187 00:11:49,080 --> 00:11:51,390 and an atmosphere you might wanna breathe 188 00:11:51,390 --> 00:11:53,370 if some invisible force is going to come along 189 00:11:53,370 --> 00:11:55,770 and rip it all off into space. 190 00:11:55,770 --> 00:11:57,930 It's only understanding how atmospheres evolve 191 00:11:57,930 --> 00:12:01,306 can we try and understand how we got here. 192 00:12:01,306 --> 00:12:03,750 (soft wondrous music) 193 00:12:03,750 --> 00:12:05,250 - [Narrator] Many orbiting telescopes 194 00:12:05,250 --> 00:12:07,680 and instruments are now in use to search for, 195 00:12:07,680 --> 00:12:10,470 identify, and catalog exoplanets, 196 00:12:10,470 --> 00:12:12,930 planets orbiting other stars. 197 00:12:12,930 --> 00:12:15,480 TESS, Kepler, Hubble, James Webb, 198 00:12:15,480 --> 00:12:17,790 and the Nancy Roman telescopes are looking 199 00:12:17,790 --> 00:12:20,583 at planetary formations around various stars. 200 00:12:21,450 --> 00:12:24,510 Knowing how Venus evolved would give additional assistance 201 00:12:24,510 --> 00:12:25,863 to the planet searches. 202 00:12:32,520 --> 00:12:35,610 This image is of a new star in its gas disc. 203 00:12:35,610 --> 00:12:37,830 The black rings show where planets are forming 204 00:12:37,830 --> 00:12:39,767 by gathering the dust and debris. 205 00:14:22,680 --> 00:14:24,450 This image reveals a moon forming 206 00:14:24,450 --> 00:14:26,553 around a gas giant as it evolves. 207 00:14:55,470 --> 00:14:58,530 This massive exoplanet orbits a white dwarf, 208 00:14:58,530 --> 00:15:02,253 the remnant of a dead star that is slowly evaporating. 209 00:15:12,090 --> 00:15:16,710 - Another big unknown is to characterize planets 210 00:15:16,710 --> 00:15:18,720 that are orbiting other stars. 211 00:15:18,720 --> 00:15:20,160 So we could now... 212 00:15:20,160 --> 00:15:23,160 Astronomers have got very good at finding these planets, 213 00:15:23,160 --> 00:15:26,100 but what we want to do is look at what they're made of, 214 00:15:26,100 --> 00:15:28,350 so what's in their atmospheres, 215 00:15:28,350 --> 00:15:30,420 or if they were rocky, 216 00:15:30,420 --> 00:15:32,910 what kinds of minerals are we seeing. 217 00:15:32,910 --> 00:15:36,120 And to be able to do that I think will be stupendous. 218 00:15:36,120 --> 00:15:38,010 - So this, we can see the composition 219 00:15:38,010 --> 00:15:40,650 of the atmosphere in exoplanet, so what it's made of. 220 00:15:40,650 --> 00:15:43,350 And the specific planet we're looking at is hot. 221 00:15:43,350 --> 00:15:46,650 And so what we see in that is that there's water there. 222 00:15:46,650 --> 00:15:48,900 It wouldn't be in liquid form because the planet's hot, 223 00:15:48,900 --> 00:15:50,970 so it'd be more like steam that's around it. 224 00:15:50,970 --> 00:15:53,040 But we can tell what's in that atmosphere. 225 00:15:53,040 --> 00:15:55,530 - So the James Webb Space Telescope is brilliant 226 00:15:55,530 --> 00:15:56,730 in a number of ways. 227 00:15:56,730 --> 00:15:58,560 One, it extends our wavelength 228 00:15:58,560 --> 00:15:59,910 all the way into the infrared, 229 00:15:59,910 --> 00:16:00,743 into the mid infrared. 230 00:16:00,743 --> 00:16:02,310 So we can look for these heat signatures 231 00:16:02,310 --> 00:16:03,840 from these planets as well. 232 00:16:03,840 --> 00:16:06,210 But that also means we can cover the fingerprints 233 00:16:06,210 --> 00:16:08,370 of different materials in the atmosphere. 234 00:16:08,370 --> 00:16:10,200 So the Hubble Space Telescope looks 235 00:16:10,200 --> 00:16:13,410 for fingerprints of sodium and potassium and water 236 00:16:13,410 --> 00:16:15,240 in the atmospheres of these worlds. 237 00:16:15,240 --> 00:16:17,130 But the James Webb Space Telescope's gonna be able 238 00:16:17,130 --> 00:16:20,220 to look for signatures of methane and carbon dioxide 239 00:16:20,220 --> 00:16:21,360 and carbon monoxide, 240 00:16:21,360 --> 00:16:23,730 as well as all of these wonderful water features 241 00:16:23,730 --> 00:16:26,940 that we'll be seeing in these giant planet atmospheres. 242 00:16:26,940 --> 00:16:28,350 But not only can it tell us 243 00:16:28,350 --> 00:16:30,000 in these different wavelength ranges, 244 00:16:30,000 --> 00:16:32,130 it's actually better resolution. 245 00:16:32,130 --> 00:16:33,840 So we can get more data points 246 00:16:33,840 --> 00:16:35,970 for each of these different molecules. 247 00:16:35,970 --> 00:16:37,860 And it's a much bigger telescope. 248 00:16:37,860 --> 00:16:39,780 We're collecting far more light. 249 00:16:39,780 --> 00:16:42,210 We can get a much better precision. 250 00:16:42,210 --> 00:16:45,270 So that means that the degree 251 00:16:45,270 --> 00:16:47,100 to which we believe our measurements 252 00:16:47,100 --> 00:16:50,490 is going to improve a lot with this telescope. 253 00:16:50,490 --> 00:16:52,380 That's gonna mean that we'll be able to tell you 254 00:16:52,380 --> 00:16:54,230 with confidence what we're measuring. 255 00:16:55,320 --> 00:16:57,420 Looking for life on other planets 256 00:16:57,420 --> 00:17:01,770 is the ultimate future goal of all of these missions, 257 00:17:01,770 --> 00:17:04,530 trying to understand how we got here, 258 00:17:04,530 --> 00:17:07,680 how the earth is the way it is. 259 00:17:07,680 --> 00:17:10,500 The James Webb Space Telescope's taking us one step further 260 00:17:10,500 --> 00:17:11,790 towards that goal. 261 00:17:11,790 --> 00:17:14,130 We're gonna be pushing to these smaller worlds 262 00:17:14,130 --> 00:17:17,160 where we can see what different planets 263 00:17:17,160 --> 00:17:19,440 that are unlike ones in our solar system are like, 264 00:17:19,440 --> 00:17:23,400 how atmospheres change with the size of your planet. 265 00:17:23,400 --> 00:17:25,230 And it's also going to give us information 266 00:17:25,230 --> 00:17:26,340 on these giant planets 267 00:17:26,340 --> 00:17:27,810 that we don't have in our solar system, 268 00:17:27,810 --> 00:17:31,350 so close to their star, that they're hotter than a rocket. 269 00:17:31,350 --> 00:17:34,590 There are different worlds that we can explore with this. 270 00:17:34,590 --> 00:17:36,270 And every technique that we use 271 00:17:36,270 --> 00:17:37,830 with the James Webb Space Telescope 272 00:17:37,830 --> 00:17:40,350 is going to be the technique we need 273 00:17:40,350 --> 00:17:43,140 to be looking for life signatures on these other worlds. 274 00:17:43,140 --> 00:17:46,830 So getting good at using this technique is so important, 275 00:17:46,830 --> 00:17:48,750 so that in the future we can be looking 276 00:17:48,750 --> 00:17:50,130 for these signatures. 277 00:17:50,130 --> 00:17:51,090 - [Klaus] So what we see here 278 00:17:51,090 --> 00:17:53,520 is what's called a hot Jupiter. 279 00:17:53,520 --> 00:17:57,840 So it's a planet that moves in front of its star, 280 00:17:57,840 --> 00:17:59,850 and it has about the size of Jupiter, 281 00:17:59,850 --> 00:18:01,863 but the mass of Saturn. 282 00:18:02,880 --> 00:18:05,220 And what we see here is light filters 283 00:18:05,220 --> 00:18:06,930 through its atmosphere, 284 00:18:06,930 --> 00:18:08,490 and that allows us to look 285 00:18:08,490 --> 00:18:10,740 for the fingerprints of certain molecules. 286 00:18:10,740 --> 00:18:13,830 And in this case, the planet is full of water vapor, 287 00:18:13,830 --> 00:18:14,733 full of water. 288 00:18:15,720 --> 00:18:18,750 And that's what you see as wiggles in the spectrum. 289 00:18:18,750 --> 00:18:21,690 When we go and look at other exoplanets with Webb, 290 00:18:21,690 --> 00:18:23,520 we may look for other molecules, 291 00:18:23,520 --> 00:18:26,070 some that are familiar in our own atmosphere here as well, 292 00:18:26,070 --> 00:18:28,650 like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, 293 00:18:28,650 --> 00:18:31,503 maybe even methane and ozone. 294 00:18:42,600 --> 00:18:46,260 - [Narrator] The total so far exceeds 5,000 exoplanets, 295 00:18:46,260 --> 00:18:48,780 with a further 8,000 to be confirmed. 296 00:18:48,780 --> 00:18:51,210 Of particular interest are the smaller rocky 297 00:18:51,210 --> 00:18:52,413 Earth-like planets. 298 00:19:00,870 --> 00:19:02,130 - [Kate] We know our targets. 299 00:19:02,130 --> 00:19:03,780 They're bright stars which are known 300 00:19:03,780 --> 00:19:06,570 to host the type of planets we want to observe. 301 00:19:06,570 --> 00:19:09,390 And we will know when these planets transit. 302 00:19:09,390 --> 00:19:12,750 That is when the planets move across the disc of the star 303 00:19:12,750 --> 00:19:16,410 and we can measure the changes in the output of the star, 304 00:19:16,410 --> 00:19:17,970 the measured output of the star, 305 00:19:17,970 --> 00:19:20,490 in order to measure the size of the planet. 306 00:19:20,490 --> 00:19:22,980 We'll be focusing on smaller planets, 307 00:19:22,980 --> 00:19:26,190 so Earth-size to Neptune-size planets, 308 00:19:26,190 --> 00:19:29,310 which have been found by other missions such as Kepler 309 00:19:29,310 --> 00:19:32,760 to be very abundant around other sun-like stars. 310 00:19:32,760 --> 00:19:34,290 Something which is not so much the case 311 00:19:34,290 --> 00:19:35,760 in our own solar system. 312 00:19:35,760 --> 00:19:36,990 So it's a big question. 313 00:19:36,990 --> 00:19:39,000 What are these smaller planets? 314 00:19:39,000 --> 00:19:40,100 What are they made of? 315 00:19:56,370 --> 00:19:58,620 - [Narrator] The range of planet types is amazing, 316 00:19:58,620 --> 00:20:01,590 rocky worlds that sustain oceans and lakes, 317 00:20:01,590 --> 00:20:03,360 likely candidates for life. 318 00:20:31,650 --> 00:20:35,010 Others more extreme like WASP-76b, 319 00:20:35,010 --> 00:20:36,960 tightly locked to its star, 320 00:20:36,960 --> 00:20:39,243 only ever showing one face to its sun. 321 00:20:40,080 --> 00:20:44,250 This extreme exoplanet has a dayside where metals evaporate, 322 00:20:44,250 --> 00:20:46,653 and a nightside where it rains iron. 323 00:21:09,506 --> 00:21:11,070 (low droning music) 324 00:21:11,070 --> 00:21:13,350 Rogue planets that have no sun to orbit, 325 00:21:13,350 --> 00:21:15,180 ejected from their solar system 326 00:21:15,180 --> 00:21:17,013 and left to roam through space. 327 00:21:24,318 --> 00:21:25,920 (wondrous orchestral music) 328 00:21:25,920 --> 00:21:28,200 Planets that have the heavy element barium 329 00:21:28,200 --> 00:21:29,373 in their atmosphere. 330 00:21:42,870 --> 00:21:45,510 Water worlds, planets still forming, 331 00:21:45,510 --> 00:21:47,543 others around dying stars. 332 00:22:00,984 --> 00:22:05,067 (moves to soft orchestral music) 333 00:22:24,066 --> 00:22:26,733 (violins begin) 334 00:23:04,958 --> 00:23:09,208 (moves to upbeat orchestral music) 335 00:23:25,620 --> 00:23:28,410 We must remember that amidst all these searches 336 00:23:28,410 --> 00:23:29,880 for a new Earth, 337 00:23:29,880 --> 00:23:33,060 we must take care of the one we have 338 00:23:33,060 --> 00:23:35,490 because it is a very long way to travel 339 00:23:35,490 --> 00:23:38,193 to reach these other habitable worlds. 340 00:23:45,131 --> 00:23:47,964 (low space music) 26817

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