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A concentration camp
in the Czech Republic,
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00:00:08,840 --> 00:00:13,680
designed as a publicity stunt
to disguise a heartless regime...
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00:00:13,720 --> 00:00:16,880
For the men themselves,
this was about survival.
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00:00:16,920 --> 00:00:20,400
For their oppressors,
it was an attempt to fool the world.
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00:00:21,840 --> 00:00:27,320
In England, the life of world-famous
playwright Oscar Wilde
is forever changed.
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00:00:28,560 --> 00:00:32,360
He was here as a result of one
of the first EVER celebrity trials.
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00:00:36,000 --> 00:00:38,080
An Argentine outpost
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00:00:38,120 --> 00:00:41,480
that became the flashpoint
in a war with Britain...
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00:00:42,840 --> 00:00:47,720
..an armada of warships and aircraft
carriers set sail from Europe
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00:00:47,760 --> 00:00:51,560
to this far-flung corner
of the South Atlantic Ocean...
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00:00:53,160 --> 00:00:59,280
..and in Memphis, a building intended
to protect corrupted by its chief.
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00:00:59,320 --> 00:01:02,800
This guy had absolute, total power.
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He was a...a dictator.
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00:01:13,440 --> 00:01:16,640
In the town of Terezin,
in the Czech Republic,
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are the remains of a complex
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that played its role in one
of humanity's most disturbing eras.
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We see these well-built structures,
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formidable walls rising
out of the ground.
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The largest building stretches
hundreds of feet down the road
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but it's really in bad shape.
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Further in, it seems that this site
was some kind of town.
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00:01:44,200 --> 00:01:48,480
The streets are lined with neat
and orderly blocks.
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Evidence suggests the residents
were enjoying their lives here.
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00:01:55,200 --> 00:01:59,880
There were performances,
concerts, famous musicians.
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The scenes may appear joyous
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00:02:02,600 --> 00:02:05,520
but the reality could not be further
from the truth.
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This is a...a really surreal
moment of hope
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in this otherwise
completely hellish space.
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Little did they know
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most of them only had weeks to live.
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HE SPEAKS CZECH
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00:02:37,000 --> 00:02:41,840
Doctor Tomas Fedorovic first came
to Terezin as a student.
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What he unearthed inspired him to
become custodian of this site's past.
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HE SPEAKS CZECH
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00:03:03,640 --> 00:03:07,440
The fortress,
originally constructed in the 1700s,
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was an imposing facility
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00:03:09,360 --> 00:03:12,360
and it caught the eye
of the Nazi empire
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00:03:12,400 --> 00:03:16,840
when parts of Czechoslovakia
came under their control in 1938.
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00:03:19,320 --> 00:03:21,720
HE SPEAKS CZECH
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00:03:41,160 --> 00:03:44,440
Terezin would become a transit camp
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00:03:44,480 --> 00:03:48,720
that helped to fulfil
the logistical methodology
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of the Germans in creating
an Aryan nation,
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a nation in which the people that
they considered to be inferior
would be wiped out.
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This was once
the Theresienstadt ghetto.
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It began as a concentration camp
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where the Nazis sent the Jewish
people they wanted removed
from their empire.
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00:04:13,280 --> 00:04:17,640
At first, the regime touted
it as a retirement village,
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00:04:17,680 --> 00:04:19,720
even describing it as a spa.
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00:04:19,760 --> 00:04:24,920
So, the first Jewish people to arrive
here didn't know what it really was.
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00:04:27,480 --> 00:04:29,480
DR FEDOROVIC SPEAKS CZECH
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They were from Czechoslovakia
but soon more came from Austria,
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Germany and beyond.
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00:04:41,320 --> 00:04:45,000
Many of them had, in fact,
been German veterans,
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00:04:45,040 --> 00:04:49,360
people of Jewish heritage who had
fought in the First World War:
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00:04:49,400 --> 00:04:52,560
sports stars,
athletes, intellectuals.
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00:04:52,600 --> 00:04:57,320
These were, in many ways, the cream
of the German Jewish population.
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Many were well-known
internationally, so the Germans
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00:05:02,120 --> 00:05:06,760
wanted to disguise the true nature
of the Theresienstadt facility.
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HE SPEAKS CZECH
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00:05:19,160 --> 00:05:22,760
They had concerts,
they had plays, they had music
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00:05:22,800 --> 00:05:25,120
and they were able
to play sports as well.
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00:05:26,120 --> 00:05:29,280
The central courtyard became
a hub for football.
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00:05:30,360 --> 00:05:34,520
Terezin became the home
to Jewish football players.
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Some of them were full-time
professional footballers,
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00:05:38,960 --> 00:05:42,000
others were lower league players.
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00:05:42,040 --> 00:05:46,400
One professional player who ended
up here was Paul Mara,
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a Jewish man
and footballing superstar.
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00:05:50,040 --> 00:05:53,040
He had played for the Czechoslovakian
national team
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and several clubs
in the United States.
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00:05:56,320 --> 00:06:02,240
In a cruel twist of fate, he returned
to Czechoslovakia in the 1930s.
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00:06:03,280 --> 00:06:06,840
Here at Terezin, he was among
a group of prisoners allowed
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to organise and oversee
a camp football league.
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00:06:11,360 --> 00:06:13,360
DR FEDOROVIC SPEAKS CZECH
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00:06:34,200 --> 00:06:39,080
The League, was made up of 30 teams
and 700 players,
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00:06:39,120 --> 00:06:45,640
with each team representing a group
from the ghetto, like gardeners
or butchers,
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00:06:45,680 --> 00:06:50,520
and it wasn't only the inmates
who enjoyed the spectacle.
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HE SPEAKS CZECH
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But by 1943, Theresienstadt had
expanded to include Jewish people
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from further across Europe,
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including Denmark,
now under German martial law.
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00:07:10,000 --> 00:07:14,160
Despite staunch Danish
resistance against efforts
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00:07:14,200 --> 00:07:17,040
to round up the country's
Jewish population,
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00:07:17,080 --> 00:07:19,840
the Nazis caught nearly 500 Jews,
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00:07:19,880 --> 00:07:23,800
forcing Denmark's king
to send them to Terezin.
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00:07:26,200 --> 00:07:27,440
The King of Denmark,
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00:07:27,480 --> 00:07:31,080
he insists that the Danish Red Cross
are allowed into the city
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00:07:31,120 --> 00:07:33,920
to make sure
they're being cared for properly.
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For the controllers at the camp,
this would be a test.
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00:07:38,280 --> 00:07:43,240
It appeared as if the people here
were being given a more lenient,
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more affable lifestyle
than those in other camps
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00:07:47,840 --> 00:07:50,480
but this had
a more sinister purpose.
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By now, the Nazis had solidified
their plan to annihilate
the Jewish people
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and they were sending inmates
from Terezin
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to death camps across their empire.
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00:08:05,160 --> 00:08:10,360
Initially, this camp was designed
for between six and 7,000 people
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00:08:10,400 --> 00:08:14,160
but in the height of the conflicts,
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it was housing
eight times that number.
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00:08:18,160 --> 00:08:21,680
So, in order to satisfy
the Danish Red Cross,
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00:08:21,720 --> 00:08:25,760
the Nazis would have to escalate
their programme of extermination
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00:08:25,800 --> 00:08:28,240
to bring the camp's population down.
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00:08:29,640 --> 00:08:35,480
7,000 inmates were removed
and sent to camps elsewhere.
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Many of them, in fact,
erm...were killed.
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00:08:39,320 --> 00:08:45,400
Inmates that looked sickly
were also physically removed.
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00:08:45,440 --> 00:08:48,680
The eyes of the world were about
to descend on Terezin,
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so the Nazis
were prepared to put on a show.
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They have this whole
beautification campaign.
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They make the prisoners paint
houses, plant gardens, do anything
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00:08:58,920 --> 00:09:03,440
that would make it look
beautiful, clean, safe, healthy.
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THEY SING
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They even put on a children's opera
in a hall built specially
for the occasion.
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00:09:12,680 --> 00:09:17,200
The delegation concluded the
conditions at the camp were adequate
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00:09:17,240 --> 00:09:19,920
but the show wasn't over.
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00:09:21,560 --> 00:09:23,680
The Nazis see
a real opportunity here,
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00:09:23,720 --> 00:09:27,240
so they decide they're going to
make a new piece of propaganda.
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00:09:27,280 --> 00:09:31,360
They use the filmmaker Kurt Gerron
to make a documentary.
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00:09:33,080 --> 00:09:35,960
Kurt Gerron
was a Jewish film director,
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00:09:36,000 --> 00:09:38,080
and he was being FORCED
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00:09:38,120 --> 00:09:42,400
to film the activities at Terezin
for the sake of his life
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00:09:42,440 --> 00:09:46,480
and for the sake of the life
of his own wife and family.
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HE SPEAKS CZECH
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00:10:02,960 --> 00:10:04,640
And the Nazis were keen
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00:10:04,680 --> 00:10:08,400
to show how much the inmates
enjoyed their football.
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00:10:08,440 --> 00:10:10,480
DR FEDOROVIC SPEAKS CZECH
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00:10:33,800 --> 00:10:35,080
But it painted a picture
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00:10:35,120 --> 00:10:37,480
that couldn't have been
in starker contrast
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00:10:37,520 --> 00:10:40,640
to the horrors
unfolding within these walls.
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00:10:41,960 --> 00:10:45,680
When filming wrapped,
the genocide continued
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00:10:45,720 --> 00:10:49,200
and a wave of transports
departed Terezin,
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00:10:49,240 --> 00:10:52,640
bound
for the death camp at Auschwitz.
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00:10:52,680 --> 00:10:54,680
HE SPEAKS CZECH
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00:11:07,200 --> 00:11:11,160
Even the film's director,
Kurt Gerron, was killed.
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00:11:11,200 --> 00:11:15,520
In the end, the film
was never made public during the war.
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00:11:17,040 --> 00:11:20,240
They made this project
to try to fool the world,
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00:11:20,280 --> 00:11:22,640
but by the time
they were finished with it,
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00:11:22,680 --> 00:11:24,480
everyone knew what they had done.
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00:11:24,520 --> 00:11:29,480
On May 9th, 1945, the Soviets
finally liberate the town
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00:11:29,520 --> 00:11:32,280
and they found
terrible horrors within.
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00:11:34,000 --> 00:11:39,320
More than 150,000 Jewish people
were brought to Terezin.
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00:11:39,360 --> 00:11:42,400
35,000 died here because, in reality,
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00:11:42,440 --> 00:11:47,680
the living conditions were
intentionally harsh to hasten death
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00:11:47,720 --> 00:11:51,920
and a further 88,000
were sent to death camps in Poland.
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00:11:54,080 --> 00:11:56,080
HE SPEAKS CZECH
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00:12:20,600 --> 00:12:24,920
Because of the spotlight placed
on Terezin by the Danish authorities,
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00:12:24,960 --> 00:12:28,840
many of the Danish Jewish people
survived the conditions here,
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00:12:28,880 --> 00:12:31,800
as did the renowned footballer
Paul Mara.
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00:12:32,960 --> 00:12:37,600
After the war, he returned to live
out his days in the United States,
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00:12:37,640 --> 00:12:39,040
dying in 1985.
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00:12:40,280 --> 00:12:42,640
He described playing football here
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as a kind of comfort
in hell's waiting room.
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00:12:46,680 --> 00:12:48,800
But many were not so fortunate,
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00:12:48,840 --> 00:12:53,240
and the remnants of
the Terezin ghetto still stand today
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00:12:53,280 --> 00:12:56,160
in testimony
to those who perished here.
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00:12:59,640 --> 00:13:03,920
In southern England, is a domineering
building that's synonymous
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00:13:03,960 --> 00:13:06,360
with a monumental fall from grace.
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00:13:12,240 --> 00:13:13,560
We're in the town of Reading.
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00:13:13,600 --> 00:13:15,960
It's just a short train
ride out of London.
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00:13:16,000 --> 00:13:19,800
It's a busy town
full of commuters, shops, homes
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00:13:19,840 --> 00:13:23,160
but tucked away right in the middle
is a hulking eyesore.
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00:13:25,040 --> 00:13:28,720
Behind the brick wall
is an enormous red brick building.
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00:13:28,760 --> 00:13:32,120
It has Victorian features,
castellated windows.
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00:13:33,280 --> 00:13:37,040
You almost feel like you could be
looking at a royal palace
from some angles
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00:13:37,080 --> 00:13:39,560
but the reality
is much less dignified.
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00:13:40,560 --> 00:13:44,280
Once you're inside, it's
clear this can only be a prison.
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00:13:44,320 --> 00:13:50,040
Long corridors, rows of cell blocks
and a gloomy, oppressive air.
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00:13:50,080 --> 00:13:54,840
Within these walls, a severe form
of punishment was tested.
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This is not a prison
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00:13:56,960 --> 00:14:02,480
based on idealistic attitudes
of reforming criminals.
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00:14:02,520 --> 00:14:06,160
Instead, it's almost a scientific
application of punishment.
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00:14:07,440 --> 00:14:09,920
It's the last place
you'd expect to find
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00:14:09,960 --> 00:14:13,880
one of the most celebrated
figures of British high society.
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00:14:15,280 --> 00:14:16,320
One man entered the jail
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and changed its place
in history forever.
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00:14:19,640 --> 00:14:22,040
His arrest shocked the country.
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00:14:22,080 --> 00:14:24,720
At the time, he was already
a household name
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00:14:24,760 --> 00:14:27,920
but he was reduced to prisoner C33.
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00:14:29,400 --> 00:14:33,240
He was here as a result of one
of the first EVER celebrity trials.
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00:14:39,160 --> 00:14:41,800
Matthew Sturgis
has written extensively
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00:14:41,840 --> 00:14:44,440
about the prison's most famous inmate
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00:14:44,480 --> 00:14:47,720
and the inhumane conditions he faced.
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This is...somewhere where your
personality is...is sort of negated.
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The whole building is designed
to limit your sense of self
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00:14:58,800 --> 00:15:00,600
and your sense of agency.
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00:15:01,920 --> 00:15:06,400
The reason for this jail's existence
dates back to the 18th century,
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00:15:06,440 --> 00:15:09,800
when it was designed to solve
an unique problem.
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00:15:11,960 --> 00:15:17,400
For more than a century, Britain
had sentenced many of its criminals
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00:15:17,440 --> 00:15:19,120
to what was known as transportation.
187
00:15:19,160 --> 00:15:23,600
They would be sent halfway
around the world to Australia
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00:15:23,640 --> 00:15:27,440
but by the mid-19th century,
that process was coming to an end.
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00:15:28,480 --> 00:15:29,880
The result of this, though,
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00:15:29,920 --> 00:15:33,000
was if you stop sending them off
to be Australia's problem,
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00:15:33,040 --> 00:15:34,760
they're going to
start piling up at home.
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00:15:36,920 --> 00:15:39,480
When London's prisons
became overcrowded,
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00:15:39,520 --> 00:15:44,200
the government looked outside
the capital to build somewhere new.
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00:15:44,240 --> 00:15:47,400
This is Reading Gaol.
195
00:15:47,440 --> 00:15:51,120
Every inch of its design
epitomised the latest philosophy
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00:15:51,160 --> 00:15:53,240
on how to punish criminality.
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00:15:54,760 --> 00:15:57,800
It was decided that prison should
be less of a place for reform,
198
00:15:57,840 --> 00:16:02,440
but rather a terrifying and
torturous place to deter people
from crime.
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00:16:03,440 --> 00:16:06,880
Reading Gaol, in its early years,
was full of the typical kind
200
00:16:06,920 --> 00:16:11,400
of criminal you'd imagine here:
thieves, debtors, murderers.
201
00:16:11,440 --> 00:16:13,240
But the laws were about to change
202
00:16:13,280 --> 00:16:17,680
in a way that would bring
an entirely new kind of felon
into the prison.
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00:16:19,560 --> 00:16:23,960
Homosexuality had been illegal
in Britain for hundreds of years
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00:16:24,000 --> 00:16:30,200
but in 1885, a new law nicknamed
the Blackmailer's Charter
was introduced.
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00:16:31,240 --> 00:16:34,560
What it did was it extended
the grounds for which somebody
206
00:16:34,600 --> 00:16:38,360
could be prosecuted to the point
where, even if two men exchanged
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00:16:38,400 --> 00:16:41,600
friendly letters where they
expressed affection for each other,
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00:16:41,640 --> 00:16:43,960
that could be
grounds for prosecution.
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00:16:45,240 --> 00:16:49,960
This would have grave implications
for one of Britain's
most famous writers.
210
00:16:52,880 --> 00:16:55,680
Oscar Wilde
was a household name at this time.
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00:16:55,720 --> 00:16:58,280
He was a celebrated poet
and playwright,
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00:16:58,320 --> 00:17:00,800
had shows on in the West End,
published books,
213
00:17:00,840 --> 00:17:03,840
and mingled with
the literary elite of London.
214
00:17:03,880 --> 00:17:07,520
His books and his plays
were enormously popular
215
00:17:07,560 --> 00:17:12,800
and he himself was a very public
figure who liked attention
216
00:17:12,840 --> 00:17:16,400
but that was also...
putting his freedom at risk,
217
00:17:16,440 --> 00:17:18,800
especially in this new climate.
218
00:17:20,400 --> 00:17:26,240
He was, apparently, happily married
to this lovely wife, Constance.
219
00:17:26,280 --> 00:17:28,160
He had two small children
220
00:17:28,200 --> 00:17:33,280
but he'd been engaged in a
passionate love affair relationship
221
00:17:33,320 --> 00:17:38,480
with this young English aristocrat,
Lord Alfred Douglas.
222
00:17:38,520 --> 00:17:41,800
Douglas's father happened to be
an important and public figure,
223
00:17:41,840 --> 00:17:43,280
the Marquess of Queensberry.
224
00:17:44,320 --> 00:17:48,680
The stories floating around about
his son and Wilde
could land him in hot water.
225
00:17:49,800 --> 00:17:53,520
When the Marquess publicly confronted
Wilde about his actions,
226
00:17:53,560 --> 00:17:55,400
Wilde sued him for libel...
227
00:17:56,680 --> 00:17:58,440
..but when he lost in court,
228
00:17:58,480 --> 00:18:03,240
the Crown brought charges
against the author for sodomy
and gross indecency.
229
00:18:05,920 --> 00:18:08,040
Wilde had a decision to make,
230
00:18:08,080 --> 00:18:11,360
flee the country
or stay to fight the charges
231
00:18:11,400 --> 00:18:15,400
and, unfortunately, he was
too stubborn for his own good.
232
00:18:16,480 --> 00:18:20,560
He made the ill-advised decision
to stay and fight the charges,
233
00:18:20,600 --> 00:18:23,160
thinking he would be let
off the hook.
234
00:18:23,200 --> 00:18:26,480
He was found guilty
and sent to a prison in London,
235
00:18:26,520 --> 00:18:30,120
where one
of his punishments was hard labour.
236
00:18:30,160 --> 00:18:33,240
What he faced was
practically torture.
237
00:18:33,280 --> 00:18:34,920
They employed the crank,
238
00:18:34,960 --> 00:18:38,880
which was just a stiff rotating
handle attached to nothing...
239
00:18:39,880 --> 00:18:41,400
..and the treadmill, where prisoners
240
00:18:41,440 --> 00:18:45,080
were forced to walk around
like hamsters for hour on end.
241
00:18:46,280 --> 00:18:50,440
There's no doubt that when he began
his prison sentence in London,
242
00:18:50,480 --> 00:18:55,840
he was...absolutely crushed
by the...the horror.
243
00:18:56,960 --> 00:19:01,480
Wilde was transferred
to Reading Gaol in November 1895...
244
00:19:02,480 --> 00:19:04,560
..but his situation didn't improve.
245
00:19:05,600 --> 00:19:08,920
While there, he faced
a brutal form of incarceration
246
00:19:08,960 --> 00:19:10,800
known as the Separate System.
247
00:19:12,960 --> 00:19:18,720
This system was all about isolation
as a form of punishment
and pacification.
248
00:19:19,760 --> 00:19:21,120
Even when they left their cells,
249
00:19:21,160 --> 00:19:23,720
they were forced to put on something
called a Scotch cap,
250
00:19:23,760 --> 00:19:25,240
a kind of leather contraption,
251
00:19:25,280 --> 00:19:27,320
leather hood
that obscured their face
252
00:19:27,360 --> 00:19:31,440
and made it difficult for people
to talk to each other or even
recognise each other.
253
00:19:31,480 --> 00:19:33,600
It was literally dehumanising.
254
00:19:36,960 --> 00:19:43,520
Within these walls, Wilde was reduced
to the number of his cell: C33.
255
00:19:46,080 --> 00:19:51,960
It is extraordinary to think
that this is...Oscar's cell.
256
00:19:53,440 --> 00:19:58,080
The narrowness of the door,
the narrowness of the room.
257
00:19:59,160 --> 00:20:04,200
And he would have spent
20 hours of each day
258
00:20:04,240 --> 00:20:07,160
looking at these...these walls...
259
00:20:08,480 --> 00:20:11,480
..that door...that window.
260
00:20:12,600 --> 00:20:15,680
This must have felt like
a massive fall from grace.
261
00:20:15,720 --> 00:20:19,320
He was used to crowds applauding him
in the theatre.
262
00:20:19,360 --> 00:20:22,080
In a letter to the Home Secretary,
263
00:20:22,080 --> 00:20:23,880
he begged for the end
of his sentence.
264
00:20:25,160 --> 00:20:26,240
Wilde wrote:
265
00:20:26,280 --> 00:20:29,320
"This silence, this solitude,
266
00:20:29,400 --> 00:20:34,480
this isolation from all
human and humane influences.
267
00:20:34,520 --> 00:20:38,000
This tomb for those
who are not yet dead."
268
00:20:39,800 --> 00:20:44,320
Soon after writing these heartfelt
words, Wilde witnessed an event
269
00:20:44,360 --> 00:20:48,240
that inspired one of his last
great works as a writer.
270
00:20:51,800 --> 00:20:55,160
In 1896, one of Wilde's
fellow inmates
271
00:20:55,200 --> 00:20:59,440
was taken into
this courtyard for his execution.
272
00:20:59,480 --> 00:21:05,960
Wilde watched the whole execution
and found it deeply upsetting
and horrifying,
273
00:21:06,000 --> 00:21:10,640
and that became the impetus
for his final great work.
274
00:21:15,560 --> 00:21:18,240
When he finished
his two-year sentence,
275
00:21:18,280 --> 00:21:21,720
Wilde was a shell of his former self
in every way
276
00:21:21,760 --> 00:21:24,520
and his reputation
was entirely ruined.
277
00:21:25,760 --> 00:21:27,680
An immense sense
of shame shrouded Wilde
278
00:21:27,720 --> 00:21:31,040
and he couldn't stand to be seen
in his old circles in London.
279
00:21:32,240 --> 00:21:37,560
After his release in 1897,
Wilde exiled himself in France...
280
00:21:39,200 --> 00:21:42,160
..and his forbearing wife
finally cut him off
281
00:21:42,200 --> 00:21:45,680
when he refused
to give up his lover, Lord Alfred.
282
00:21:47,280 --> 00:21:51,320
In France, he wrote a poem
about the execution:
283
00:21:51,360 --> 00:21:54,120
The Ballad Of Reading Gaol.
284
00:21:54,160 --> 00:21:58,480
It was published under the name
of his cell, C33.
285
00:22:00,720 --> 00:22:06,720
And there was something
that would draw on the horrors
of the prison world,
286
00:22:06,760 --> 00:22:10,680
the horrors to which
he'd been subjected
by the British legal system
287
00:22:10,720 --> 00:22:13,640
and it would transmute them
into art.
288
00:22:14,960 --> 00:22:19,960
It was a remarkable poem
and it was remarkably received.
289
00:22:23,280 --> 00:22:28,640
On the 30th November, 1900,
just three years after his release,
290
00:22:28,680 --> 00:22:31,560
Oscar Wilde died of meningitis
in Paris.
291
00:22:32,760 --> 00:22:34,400
The truth was inescapable.
292
00:22:34,440 --> 00:22:37,160
The two years in jail
had undermined his health.
293
00:22:38,200 --> 00:22:43,360
Reading Gaol, I think,
is one of THE key...
294
00:22:43,400 --> 00:22:44,720
elements in Oscar's life.
295
00:22:44,760 --> 00:22:51,040
I mean, the only location,
the only address which he turned
into a work of art.
296
00:22:57,920 --> 00:23:03,200
Reading Gaol continued operating
throughout the 20th century
297
00:23:03,240 --> 00:23:06,600
but in 2014 it was closed for good.
298
00:23:07,840 --> 00:23:14,840
Now, there is a movement to make sure
the legacy of its most famous inmate
is not forgotten.
299
00:23:16,760 --> 00:23:18,920
There's been a push
to save Reading Gaol.
300
00:23:18,960 --> 00:23:22,880
Celebrities like Kate Winslet,
Natalie Dormer and Kenneth Branagh
301
00:23:22,920 --> 00:23:24,680
have all backed the campaign.
302
00:23:31,880 --> 00:23:33,880
In downtown Memphis,
303
00:23:33,920 --> 00:23:38,160
a bastion of institutional corruption
hides in plain sight.
304
00:23:44,120 --> 00:23:45,920
We're right at the heart of the city
305
00:23:45,960 --> 00:23:48,800
and it projects
this sense of power and authority.
306
00:23:48,840 --> 00:23:53,040
But the domineering edifice belies
the dereliction within.
307
00:23:54,160 --> 00:23:59,920
The main entrance is fenced off,
the windows are boarded up.
308
00:23:59,960 --> 00:24:04,880
It makes you wonder...
what happened here?
309
00:24:04,920 --> 00:24:10,320
Above the building's grand entrance
is etched an indelible clue.
310
00:24:10,360 --> 00:24:11,880
In faded lettering,
311
00:24:11,920 --> 00:24:15,920
above the door
reads Memphis Police Station.
312
00:24:15,960 --> 00:24:18,720
This was clearly
an impressive station.
313
00:24:19,920 --> 00:24:22,080
This now forsaken structure
314
00:24:22,080 --> 00:24:26,320
was built by a man who reigned
over Memphis for decades
315
00:24:26,360 --> 00:24:30,840
and who used the people inside
to do his dirty work.
316
00:24:30,880 --> 00:24:32,640
He would stop at nothing
317
00:24:32,680 --> 00:24:36,360
to control this city
and even the entire state.
318
00:24:36,400 --> 00:24:38,920
Everyone was expected
to do his bidding
319
00:24:38,960 --> 00:24:42,000
and if they didn't...
there would be consequences.
320
00:24:47,560 --> 00:24:49,240
In the early 1900s,
321
00:24:49,280 --> 00:24:53,760
the city of Memphis
was experiencing rapid growth
322
00:24:53,800 --> 00:24:56,440
but with that came a downside.
323
00:24:58,400 --> 00:25:01,640
A railroad hub
driven by cotton industry
324
00:25:01,680 --> 00:25:03,440
and the trade
along the Mississippi.
325
00:25:03,480 --> 00:25:07,560
Business was booming
but as the population surged,
326
00:25:07,600 --> 00:25:11,520
overcrowding, substandard living
conditions and crime
327
00:25:11,560 --> 00:25:13,320
became serious social issues.
328
00:25:14,680 --> 00:25:18,040
An ambitious local businessman
saw an opportunity
329
00:25:18,080 --> 00:25:23,040
and used it to launch his ruthless
rise to power by running for mayor
330
00:25:23,080 --> 00:25:26,240
on a Democratic ticket
to clean up the city.
331
00:25:28,360 --> 00:25:31,160
There was a new political player
on the scene
332
00:25:31,200 --> 00:25:35,880
and someone wanted to shake it up
and that was Edward Hull Crump.
333
00:25:35,920 --> 00:25:38,440
When he was elected mayor in 1910,
334
00:25:38,480 --> 00:25:42,280
Crump began work on a complex
of these, you know,
335
00:25:42,320 --> 00:25:44,120
grand structures downtown.
336
00:25:45,360 --> 00:25:49,480
In 1911, work began on
a new police headquarters building.
337
00:25:51,240 --> 00:25:54,920
This building was crucial
to his strategy.
338
00:25:54,960 --> 00:25:58,200
It was called
Memphis Central Police Station.
339
00:25:59,960 --> 00:26:03,320
Along with their new headquarters,
the department recruited
340
00:26:03,360 --> 00:26:08,440
more officers and invested
in cutting edge patrol vehicles.
341
00:26:08,480 --> 00:26:12,960
The Memphis Police were becoming
a modern and efficient police force,
342
00:26:13,000 --> 00:26:15,320
and they OWED...
that's an important word.
343
00:26:15,360 --> 00:26:18,400
They OWED a lot of that
to Edward Crump.
344
00:26:19,680 --> 00:26:24,920
Joe Lowry is a historian who has
extensively researched Edward Crump
345
00:26:24,960 --> 00:26:28,040
and his unorthodox operations.
346
00:26:29,280 --> 00:26:32,280
He was a tremendous man of vision
347
00:26:32,320 --> 00:26:37,160
but the way he went about
gaining what he gained...
348
00:26:37,200 --> 00:26:41,040
was different than any other mayor
that we ever had here.
349
00:26:42,080 --> 00:26:46,440
The idea was that citizens
had more autonomy and power
350
00:26:46,480 --> 00:26:47,640
and influence in politics.
351
00:26:47,680 --> 00:26:50,760
They voted for the mayor,
but they also voted for the heads
352
00:26:50,800 --> 00:26:53,440
of various commissions
like police and fire.
353
00:26:53,480 --> 00:26:58,240
The belief was that this would lead
to less corruption,
354
00:26:58,280 --> 00:27:00,120
you know, more efficient government
355
00:27:00,160 --> 00:27:02,520
but Crump had other plans.
356
00:27:03,560 --> 00:27:07,000
He realised that all he really
needed to do to control the city
357
00:27:07,040 --> 00:27:10,120
was ensure that HIS people were
elected to these commission roles
358
00:27:10,160 --> 00:27:14,680
and he would control the budgets,
the hiring, the firing
359
00:27:14,720 --> 00:27:15,880
and even the police.
360
00:27:17,040 --> 00:27:21,800
The mayor grew his network of trusted
lieutenants in key positions.
361
00:27:23,360 --> 00:27:26,960
It became known as
the Crump Political Machine.
362
00:27:28,680 --> 00:27:33,360
This building became an extension
of Crump's political machine
363
00:27:33,400 --> 00:27:35,680
and he used the force
like his personal staff.
364
00:27:35,720 --> 00:27:39,000
They were expected to help him
campaign, register voters,
365
00:27:39,040 --> 00:27:40,840
and even drive citizens to the polls
366
00:27:40,880 --> 00:27:43,600
to make sure that they voted
for the right candidate
367
00:27:43,640 --> 00:27:46,480
and this was all done
on their own time and without pay.
368
00:27:47,520 --> 00:27:49,920
Any police who didn't agree
with what he was doing
369
00:27:49,960 --> 00:27:54,200
would find themselves passed over
for promotion, given worse duties,
370
00:27:54,240 --> 00:27:56,240
OR fired under some pretext.
371
00:27:57,960 --> 00:28:01,240
They intimidated and imprisoned
journalists,
372
00:28:01,280 --> 00:28:04,280
fabricated charges
against Crump's enemies
373
00:28:04,320 --> 00:28:07,040
and enforced
the mayor's dubious views.
374
00:28:08,880 --> 00:28:15,160
Crump used his police department
to influence white rule...
375
00:28:15,200 --> 00:28:17,680
and they did it at the end
of a nightstick.
376
00:28:17,720 --> 00:28:20,760
Mr Crump was a white supremacist,
377
00:28:20,800 --> 00:28:22,520
he was a segregationist,
378
00:28:23,600 --> 00:28:29,440
he ran Memphis just exactly
like a small plantation
379
00:28:29,480 --> 00:28:31,080
and he was the master.
380
00:28:31,120 --> 00:28:37,920
Everybody, judges...
department heads...State judges...
381
00:28:38,960 --> 00:28:41,480
..all were taking their orders
from the Machine.
382
00:28:43,320 --> 00:28:47,000
This guy had absolute, total power.
383
00:28:49,200 --> 00:28:53,720
And Crump's ambition spread
far beyond Memphis.
384
00:28:53,760 --> 00:28:57,480
In 1931,
he was elected to the US Congress
385
00:28:57,520 --> 00:29:03,840
and became a close ally
of future Democrat President
Franklin D Roosevelt.
386
00:29:03,880 --> 00:29:08,040
When he would go to Washington,
Roosevelt had a standing order
387
00:29:08,080 --> 00:29:11,080
that if Mr Crump came,
he didn't need an appointment
388
00:29:11,120 --> 00:29:15,880
because he knew that Crump was that
powerful and could bring the votes.
389
00:29:17,720 --> 00:29:21,360
But Crump always kept
a close eye on his home town.
390
00:29:22,920 --> 00:29:28,760
In 1937, Crump made sure
that his longtime ally, Joe Boyle,
391
00:29:28,800 --> 00:29:32,800
was appointed to the position
of a police commissioner,
392
00:29:32,840 --> 00:29:35,680
mostly because
Boyle would do his bidding.
393
00:29:36,800 --> 00:29:42,640
Every decision made by the police
department was made by Mr Crump
394
00:29:42,680 --> 00:29:46,480
through his police chief
and his police commissioner.
395
00:29:47,680 --> 00:29:49,560
Crump liked the way he did things
396
00:29:49,600 --> 00:29:51,960
because Joe Boyle
was an aggressive bully.
397
00:29:52,000 --> 00:29:56,160
There were numerous reporters
that had their cameras broken
398
00:29:56,200 --> 00:29:58,760
and they were beat down
because they wrote something
399
00:29:58,800 --> 00:30:00,120
that they shouldn't write.
400
00:30:01,360 --> 00:30:05,720
But in the 1940s, Crump's absolute
control was challenged
401
00:30:05,760 --> 00:30:09,120
and he would go to great lengths
to maintain his grip on power.
402
00:30:10,400 --> 00:30:14,200
That challenge came from an
entrepreneur and Republican organiser
403
00:30:14,240 --> 00:30:17,440
who would not
kowtow to Crump's regime.
404
00:30:19,240 --> 00:30:20,800
JB Martin was a successful
405
00:30:20,840 --> 00:30:22,560
black businessman in Memphis.
406
00:30:22,600 --> 00:30:25,080
He owned a successful drugstore
407
00:30:25,120 --> 00:30:28,520
and also was the owner
of the Memphis Red Sox.
408
00:30:29,600 --> 00:30:34,840
Doctor Martin made an enemy of Crump
by supporting his political opponent.
409
00:30:36,640 --> 00:30:41,200
Campaigning for the Republican
candidate in the upcoming
presidential elections,
410
00:30:41,240 --> 00:30:45,760
he was putting himself at odds with
Crump and his political machine.
411
00:30:45,800 --> 00:30:47,960
Consequences would be life changing.
412
00:30:50,760 --> 00:30:56,440
Mr Crump realised that Doctor
Martin was one of those guys
that you wanted to follow.
413
00:30:56,480 --> 00:31:00,360
He was a guy that you respected
414
00:31:00,400 --> 00:31:03,600
because of his knowledge
and because of his character.
415
00:31:04,640 --> 00:31:08,880
He dispatched his loyal deputies
to PERSUADE Doctor Martin
416
00:31:08,920 --> 00:31:10,400
to renounce his support
417
00:31:10,440 --> 00:31:14,680
of the Republican presidential
candidate and Crump opponent.
418
00:31:16,320 --> 00:31:20,560
They went to him and they told him,
"Do not support that candidate."
419
00:31:20,600 --> 00:31:25,000
And he basically told them
what they could do with themselves.
420
00:31:27,200 --> 00:31:30,040
Realising that
he couldn't be threatened...
421
00:31:30,080 --> 00:31:31,240
Crump used his man,
422
00:31:31,280 --> 00:31:34,400
Police Commissioner Boyle,
to do his dirty work.
423
00:31:34,440 --> 00:31:36,800
From his office in this building,
424
00:31:36,840 --> 00:31:40,320
Boyle accused Martin
of selling illegal drugs
425
00:31:40,360 --> 00:31:43,560
and ordered two policemen to stand
in front of his drugstore all day.
426
00:31:44,840 --> 00:31:48,760
Police searched everyone
going in and out of Martin's store,
427
00:31:48,800 --> 00:31:51,560
including kindergarteners
who were buying ice cream.
428
00:31:53,360 --> 00:31:56,600
Eventually, people just
didn't really want to go
429
00:31:56,640 --> 00:31:59,760
and so they just basically
put him out of business
430
00:31:59,800 --> 00:32:01,360
and they ran him out of town.
431
00:32:01,400 --> 00:32:03,520
He went to Chicago.
432
00:32:03,560 --> 00:32:08,880
Doctor Martin's crucial support
for Crump's political opponent
had been crushed.
433
00:32:10,280 --> 00:32:15,000
It just goes to show you
the power and control Crump had.
434
00:32:16,000 --> 00:32:18,960
It was more like
a dictatorship, actually.
435
00:32:20,200 --> 00:32:22,560
Crump's grip over the city continued
436
00:32:22,600 --> 00:32:27,000
right up until the day he died
on October 16th, 1954.
437
00:32:28,040 --> 00:32:31,520
Only then did his political
machine grind to a halt.
438
00:32:32,560 --> 00:32:37,120
After Crump's death, the Memphis
police force continued to grow.
439
00:32:38,280 --> 00:32:41,960
This was certainly still
an impressive building to work in,
440
00:32:42,000 --> 00:32:45,720
but it wasn't really built
for an ever expanding police force.
441
00:32:47,400 --> 00:32:50,920
By the 1980s, the police station
was getting overcrowded and tired,
442
00:32:50,960 --> 00:32:52,640
in need of renovation.
443
00:32:52,680 --> 00:32:55,880
So, in 1982,
it was finally shuttered.
444
00:32:56,920 --> 00:32:59,800
For more than 40 years,
it has sat dormant.
445
00:33:05,720 --> 00:33:11,680
Today, while the former Memphis
police headquarters faces
an uncertain future,
446
00:33:11,720 --> 00:33:17,040
the complex legacy of E H Crump
continues to be felt across the city.
447
00:33:19,080 --> 00:33:23,920
He had such a command...
of administration...
448
00:33:23,960 --> 00:33:25,480
and how to use people.
449
00:33:27,000 --> 00:33:29,880
When you have that,
you can do anything.
450
00:33:30,920 --> 00:33:32,040
And he did.
451
00:33:39,840 --> 00:33:44,400
In southern Argentina
lies a remote coastal settlement
452
00:33:44,440 --> 00:33:48,840
that served as the backdrop
for an unlikely global showdown.
453
00:33:52,800 --> 00:33:56,960
On the edge of town,
there is this long airstrip,
454
00:33:57,000 --> 00:34:00,560
and then in the distance you see
what looks like mounds of earth
455
00:34:00,600 --> 00:34:03,360
but there's actually something
under them.
456
00:34:03,400 --> 00:34:05,320
They're entirely bare inside.
457
00:34:05,360 --> 00:34:10,000
There's no sign of any furnishings,
just these huge curved roofs.
458
00:34:11,160 --> 00:34:14,720
These don't look like
airport buildings.
459
00:34:14,760 --> 00:34:18,280
These look like something
much chunkier.
460
00:34:19,560 --> 00:34:23,360
This quiet facility
and the people living nearby,
461
00:34:23,400 --> 00:34:27,440
were plunged into a war
that no-one thought they could win.
462
00:34:30,520 --> 00:34:35,400
An armada of warships and aircraft
carriers set sail from Europe
463
00:34:35,440 --> 00:34:40,080
to this far-flung corner
of the South Atlantic Ocean.
464
00:34:40,120 --> 00:34:41,400
This was a mobilisation,
465
00:34:41,440 --> 00:34:44,760
the likes of which the country
hadn't seen since World War II.
466
00:34:46,360 --> 00:34:54,240
This spot is going to become a piece
of key terrain in a confrontation
467
00:34:54,280 --> 00:35:00,400
that will pit a regional
power against a world power.
468
00:35:09,440 --> 00:35:13,840
Argentinians like Alejandro Granero
lived through a time
469
00:35:13,880 --> 00:35:17,320
when his country faced severe
economic problems.
470
00:35:19,280 --> 00:35:21,720
HE SPEAKS SPANISH
471
00:35:26,440 --> 00:35:31,600
In the late 1970s, Argentina's
military junta looked to war
472
00:35:31,640 --> 00:35:36,560
to distract its discontented public
from the government's failings.
473
00:35:36,600 --> 00:35:38,600
HE SPEAKS SPANISH
474
00:35:50,960 --> 00:35:55,560
Successful diplomatic intervention
averted war with Chile
475
00:35:55,600 --> 00:36:00,000
but by the 1980s, when a new
military leader came to power,
476
00:36:00,040 --> 00:36:02,720
Argentina's woes
had still not abated.
477
00:36:03,920 --> 00:36:07,880
In 1982, General Galtieri realises
that the Falklands present
478
00:36:07,920 --> 00:36:10,480
a very enticing opportunity for him.
479
00:36:11,520 --> 00:36:16,320
But the Falklands had been a British
overseas territory since the 1800s.
480
00:36:16,360 --> 00:36:20,080
They valued its potential
resources and strategic position
481
00:36:20,120 --> 00:36:22,160
over sea routes.
482
00:36:22,200 --> 00:36:25,560
Its 2,000-odd islanders considered
themselves British,
483
00:36:25,600 --> 00:36:28,800
but Argentina
had long disputed control.
484
00:36:30,640 --> 00:36:33,200
On April 2nd, Galtieri launched
485
00:36:33,240 --> 00:36:36,320
a full-scale invasion of the islands.
486
00:36:36,360 --> 00:36:40,360
By many, it was seen as
this grand nationalistic move.
487
00:36:41,800 --> 00:36:44,320
The Argentines are convinced
488
00:36:44,360 --> 00:36:49,040
the last thing the British
are going to do is fight.
489
00:36:49,080 --> 00:36:52,200
Why would they? Right?
I mean, it's over 8,000 miles away.
490
00:36:53,280 --> 00:36:58,480
US President Ronald Reagan tried
to convince Britain not to fight.
491
00:36:58,520 --> 00:37:02,120
Even though the Americans
were supplying intelligence, fuel
492
00:37:02,160 --> 00:37:05,600
and ammunition to the British
behind the scenes.
493
00:37:06,800 --> 00:37:10,960
To the surprise of everyone....
494
00:37:11,000 --> 00:37:15,840
..and as the world watches
in disbelief...
495
00:37:15,880 --> 00:37:21,320
a British task force
is moving slowly
496
00:37:21,360 --> 00:37:24,080
to take the Falklands back.
497
00:37:25,760 --> 00:37:32,040
The Armada was made up of 127 ships
carrying 25,000 British troops.
498
00:37:33,400 --> 00:37:38,000
The Argentinian junta rushed to
fortify their positions
on the islands...
499
00:37:39,120 --> 00:37:41,680
..but they ran into a problem.
500
00:37:41,720 --> 00:37:43,800
The Falklands only had
three airfields
501
00:37:43,840 --> 00:37:47,560
and none of them were big
enough to support fast jets
502
00:37:47,600 --> 00:37:52,600
and so the Argentines had to launch
their bombers and fighter jets
from the mainland.
503
00:37:53,800 --> 00:37:57,080
This is Puerto San Julian Airfield...
504
00:37:58,120 --> 00:38:02,520
..the closest point on mainland
Argentina to the Falklands,
505
00:38:02,560 --> 00:38:04,400
more than 400 miles away.
506
00:38:05,600 --> 00:38:07,760
HE SPEAKS SPANISH
507
00:38:25,200 --> 00:38:30,680
Then, on the 1st May, 1982,
the British task force arrived
508
00:38:30,720 --> 00:38:34,400
off the coast
of the Falkland Islands.
509
00:38:34,440 --> 00:38:39,080
At the same time, pilots from
Puerto San Julian took to the skies.
510
00:38:42,120 --> 00:38:44,720
HE SPEAKS SPANISH
511
00:38:48,720 --> 00:38:54,000
One day later, a British nuclear
submarine responded with an attack
512
00:38:54,040 --> 00:38:56,840
that remains controversial
to this day.
513
00:38:58,880 --> 00:39:06,240
HMS Conqueror is able to put weapons
into the General Belgrano
514
00:39:06,280 --> 00:39:07,600
and sink it.
515
00:39:09,200 --> 00:39:12,680
The Belgrano
was an Argentine Navy cruiser
516
00:39:12,720 --> 00:39:16,280
which had been bought
from the US military.
517
00:39:16,320 --> 00:39:19,760
This was one of Argentina's
key military assets.
518
00:39:22,680 --> 00:39:24,240
The Argentinians respond
519
00:39:24,280 --> 00:39:29,040
by bombing a series of targets
around the Falklands.
520
00:39:30,760 --> 00:39:36,040
The Argentine Air Force pounds
the British task force.
521
00:39:36,080 --> 00:39:38,400
Pounds it when it lands.
522
00:39:38,440 --> 00:39:40,360
Pounds it when it's at sea.
523
00:39:41,880 --> 00:39:47,280
All the people of Puerto San Julian
could do was wait and hope
524
00:39:47,320 --> 00:39:49,960
that the pilots would
return home safely.
525
00:39:50,960 --> 00:39:53,960
The residents would watch
the fighter jets take off
526
00:39:54,000 --> 00:39:57,000
and then when the pilots came back,
they would be counting each aircraft
527
00:39:57,040 --> 00:40:00,000
in the sky to make sure
no one had been lost.
528
00:40:01,280 --> 00:40:05,480
It's a time that locals
like Andres Kyle will never forget.
529
00:40:08,320 --> 00:40:10,920
HE SPEAKS SPANISH
530
00:40:18,400 --> 00:40:23,640
Over 45 days, the two squadrons
based at Puerto San Julian flew
531
00:40:23,680 --> 00:40:26,760
more than 150 sorties
against British ships.
532
00:40:27,800 --> 00:40:29,800
ALEJANDRO GRANERO SPEAKS SPANISH
533
00:40:42,520 --> 00:40:46,440
The Argentine Air Force
is immensely successful
534
00:40:46,480 --> 00:40:48,760
at blunting the British attack.
535
00:40:51,440 --> 00:40:54,960
For a moment, it seemed
the Argentinian underdogs
536
00:40:55,000 --> 00:40:57,600
MIGHT have the upper hand
537
00:40:57,640 --> 00:41:00,200
but the pilot's efforts
would be in vain.
538
00:41:01,240 --> 00:41:05,960
The Argentine forces
were not strong enough,
539
00:41:06,000 --> 00:41:09,120
those poor Argentine conscripts,
540
00:41:09,160 --> 00:41:12,800
freezing in trenches
in the Falklands...
541
00:41:12,840 --> 00:41:13,960
they had no chance.
542
00:41:15,040 --> 00:41:22,280
The British Army manages to kill
or capture all the Argentines.
543
00:41:22,320 --> 00:41:28,080
They surrender and the Union
flag flew once again.
544
00:41:31,880 --> 00:41:34,240
The conflict lasted just 74 days
545
00:41:34,280 --> 00:41:39,080
and it cost the lives
of 649 Argentines, 255 British
546
00:41:39,120 --> 00:41:40,960
and three Falkland Islanders.
547
00:41:43,400 --> 00:41:45,080
The British had regained
548
00:41:45,120 --> 00:41:48,040
their strategic foothold
in the South Atlantic
549
00:41:48,080 --> 00:41:50,040
and, by the end of the year,
550
00:41:50,080 --> 00:41:53,960
the airfield at Puerto San Julian
had been abandoned.
551
00:41:54,000 --> 00:41:55,320
After the conflict ended,
552
00:41:55,360 --> 00:41:58,280
the hangars were, basically,
left to their own devices,
553
00:41:58,320 --> 00:42:01,760
and life in this sleepy port town
went back to normal.
554
00:42:07,200 --> 00:42:11,080
Currently, the Falkland Islands
are still in British hands,
555
00:42:11,120 --> 00:42:14,600
but, for many, the dispute remains.
556
00:42:14,640 --> 00:42:16,640
HE SPEAKS SPANISH
557
00:42:32,520 --> 00:42:34,520
Subtitles by Red Bee Media
48842
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