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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:05,200 --> 00:00:08,080 In Poland, an imperial bastion 2 00:00:08,080 --> 00:00:12,680 provides the backdrop for powerful propaganda in the US. 3 00:00:12,680 --> 00:00:15,040 A successful film in favour of the Germans 4 00:00:15,040 --> 00:00:18,120 could really have changed the course of the war. 5 00:00:20,760 --> 00:00:25,720 In New Jersey, a powder keg of injustice set to explode. 6 00:00:26,400 --> 00:00:30,120 In those conditions it wouldn't take much to kick off a riot. 7 00:00:34,880 --> 00:00:36,720 A remote outpost in Namibia 8 00:00:36,720 --> 00:00:39,360 built to exploit the desert's riches. 9 00:00:40,200 --> 00:00:44,640 A discovery in these dunes changed this region for ever. 10 00:00:48,400 --> 00:00:49,800 And in England, 11 00:00:49,800 --> 00:00:53,960 a haven of privilege harbours radical fugitives. 12 00:00:53,960 --> 00:00:58,000 It was a common occurrence to have the police knocking on the door. 13 00:01:03,160 --> 00:01:06,760 Decaying relics, 14 00:01:06,760 --> 00:01:10,640 ruins of lost worlds, 15 00:01:10,640 --> 00:01:15,160 sites haunted by the past, 16 00:01:15,160 --> 00:01:19,680 their secrets waiting to be revealed. 17 00:01:27,800 --> 00:01:33,800 In central Poland are the battered remains of a once-feared complex. 18 00:01:40,480 --> 00:01:45,240 You've got this big walled facility hulking over the river. 19 00:01:45,240 --> 00:01:47,880 Really what's striking is the variety of styles. 20 00:01:47,880 --> 00:01:52,280 This was clearly something that was worked on over the ages. 21 00:01:52,280 --> 00:01:56,600 You can see casemates designed to protect gun emplacements 22 00:01:56,600 --> 00:01:58,880 and ammunition storage. 23 00:01:58,880 --> 00:02:04,160 We can see all of the signs that this is military construction. 24 00:02:06,600 --> 00:02:08,480 Inside you have these rows of beds, 25 00:02:08,480 --> 00:02:11,120 and it's clear this place could have really held 26 00:02:11,120 --> 00:02:14,200 thousands and thousands of people. 27 00:02:14,200 --> 00:02:18,080 You really are well prepared to guard the entire region. 28 00:02:18,960 --> 00:02:24,240 This was once a key battleground in an era-defining conflict, 29 00:02:24,240 --> 00:02:28,880 a place you wouldn't expect to find a pair of outsiders from the US. 30 00:02:30,440 --> 00:02:33,840 Two Americans and their sports car 31 00:02:33,840 --> 00:02:37,640 happened to be pinned right in the middle of a war 32 00:02:37,640 --> 00:02:39,880 between two great powers. 33 00:02:40,840 --> 00:02:45,520 Yet their mission could have dramatically changed the outcome. 34 00:02:45,520 --> 00:02:47,640 It had the potential 35 00:02:47,640 --> 00:02:52,640 to bring the United States into the First World War 36 00:02:52,640 --> 00:02:54,840 on the German side. 37 00:03:00,840 --> 00:03:05,840 Elzbieta Wiercinska knows the secrets of this imposing structure. 38 00:03:21,240 --> 00:03:24,240 This is Modlin Fortress. 39 00:03:25,160 --> 00:03:28,520 Its origin dates back to the early 1800s, 40 00:03:28,520 --> 00:03:32,560 when Europe's great powers fought for control of this region. 41 00:03:32,560 --> 00:03:36,480 Napoleon defeats the Kingdom of Prussia in 1806 42 00:03:36,480 --> 00:03:39,920 and then he takes possession of much of what is today Poland. 43 00:03:40,520 --> 00:03:45,680 As Napoleon's power grew, he looked to dominate even further east. 44 00:03:45,680 --> 00:03:50,520 Napoleon is going to invade Russia in 1812, 45 00:03:50,520 --> 00:03:53,400 and he needs a firm base 46 00:03:53,400 --> 00:03:56,440 to push off from, to attack. 47 00:03:56,440 --> 00:03:59,160 So he starts to build this fortress 48 00:03:59,160 --> 00:04:03,480 with all of the very best French military technology. 49 00:04:04,720 --> 00:04:09,240 However, the Russians captured the fort in 1813, only a year later, 50 00:04:09,240 --> 00:04:11,720 after pushing back Napoleon's advance. 51 00:04:12,840 --> 00:04:15,320 And so this state-of-the-art French fort 52 00:04:15,320 --> 00:04:18,720 suddenly becomes a state-of-the-art Russian fort, 53 00:04:18,720 --> 00:04:20,520 and they modernise the fortress 54 00:04:20,520 --> 00:04:23,200 to oppose any reconquest from the west. 55 00:04:26,080 --> 00:04:30,120 For the next century, Modlin Fortress and its surrounding area 56 00:04:30,120 --> 00:04:33,960 remained firmly under the control of tsarist Russia. 57 00:04:35,640 --> 00:04:39,360 But in 1914, when the First World War broke out, 58 00:04:39,360 --> 00:04:41,400 it found itself on the front line 59 00:04:41,400 --> 00:04:45,000 between the warring German and Russian empires. 60 00:04:46,920 --> 00:04:51,000 A year in to the global conflict, this far-flung stronghold 61 00:04:51,000 --> 00:04:53,720 was thrust into the international spotlight 62 00:04:53,720 --> 00:04:56,800 thanks to a brash journalist from Chicago, 63 00:04:56,800 --> 00:04:58,840 Wilbur H Durborough. 64 00:05:00,080 --> 00:05:04,080 He was working for the Newspaper Enterprise Association, 65 00:05:04,080 --> 00:05:07,320 and they decided they needed a man on the front, 66 00:05:07,320 --> 00:05:10,320 and Durborough leapt at that chance. 67 00:05:11,880 --> 00:05:15,680 He wants the new medium of cinema 68 00:05:15,680 --> 00:05:20,360 to become a tool of documentation. 69 00:05:20,360 --> 00:05:22,680 He is going to create a documentary 70 00:05:22,680 --> 00:05:26,240 about World War One on the eastern front. 71 00:05:27,560 --> 00:05:30,800 But Durborough wasn't going to cover the war from the perspective 72 00:05:30,800 --> 00:05:34,720 of the allied forces of Russia, Britain and France. 73 00:05:34,720 --> 00:05:37,640 He was going to embed with the Germans, 74 00:05:37,640 --> 00:05:41,680 who had their own motives for granting him access. 75 00:05:41,680 --> 00:05:44,560 This was a really interesting time in American history 76 00:05:44,560 --> 00:05:48,760 because the United States was still neutral in World War One. 77 00:05:48,760 --> 00:05:53,560 American entry into the war on the side of Britain is not guaranteed. 78 00:05:55,560 --> 00:06:00,400 But English-language propaganda coming from London 79 00:06:00,400 --> 00:06:03,880 all about German war crimes, 80 00:06:03,880 --> 00:06:06,160 some of which are true, 81 00:06:06,160 --> 00:06:11,960 is turning American public opinion against Germany. 82 00:06:13,240 --> 00:06:16,960 The last thing Germany needed was for the US to join the war 83 00:06:16,960 --> 00:06:21,000 in support of Russia's ally, Great Britain. 84 00:06:21,000 --> 00:06:24,520 The German government wants American journalists 85 00:06:24,520 --> 00:06:29,680 to the tell the German side of World War One in America. 86 00:06:31,040 --> 00:06:34,440 A successful propaganda film in favour of the Germans 87 00:06:34,440 --> 00:06:37,240 could really change the course of the war. 88 00:06:38,400 --> 00:06:44,240 In March 1915, Durborough and his camera operator, Irving Guy Ries, 89 00:06:44,240 --> 00:06:46,360 set sail for Europe. 90 00:06:46,360 --> 00:06:48,920 When they arrived one week later, 91 00:06:48,920 --> 00:06:52,360 the pair drove to Berlin in Durborough's beloved sports car 92 00:06:52,360 --> 00:06:54,360 that he insisted on taking with him, 93 00:06:54,360 --> 00:06:57,080 complete with stars and stripes. 94 00:06:58,080 --> 00:07:00,200 Before long, arrangements were made 95 00:07:00,200 --> 00:07:04,240 to take the filmmakers to the eastern front of the war. 96 00:07:06,120 --> 00:07:10,520 By July 1915, German forces are pushing Russians back, 97 00:07:10,520 --> 00:07:14,680 and Durborough and Ries are right there with them. 98 00:07:14,680 --> 00:07:17,600 We're getting a real glimpse of everyday life 99 00:07:17,600 --> 00:07:20,560 of German armies in action on the eastern front. 100 00:07:21,760 --> 00:07:26,600 But as the Germans advanced, one thing stood in their way - 101 00:07:26,600 --> 00:07:29,240 Modlin Fortress. 102 00:07:29,240 --> 00:07:32,400 This was really one of the biggest, most impressive, 103 00:07:32,400 --> 00:07:35,600 most modern fortifications of its day. 104 00:07:35,600 --> 00:07:38,720 In theory, it should have been an impregnable fortress. 105 00:07:40,040 --> 00:07:44,160 Modlin had been designed not only to protect the soldiers inside 106 00:07:44,160 --> 00:07:46,920 but to withstand a drawn-out siege. 107 00:07:48,720 --> 00:07:52,000 They built this water tower but they disguised it, 108 00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:57,320 using decorative facade to kind of camouflage it from the enemy. 109 00:08:13,200 --> 00:08:15,360 They also built a grain storage facility 110 00:08:15,360 --> 00:08:17,400 in the middle of the river, 111 00:08:17,400 --> 00:08:18,960 which was a really cool idea 112 00:08:18,960 --> 00:08:24,120 because this meant the grain was safe from any invading forces. 113 00:08:25,120 --> 00:08:28,240 So the Russians had provisioned this fortress 114 00:08:28,240 --> 00:08:31,640 to hold out against the Germans for months. 115 00:08:34,640 --> 00:08:36,640 A victory at Modlin Fortress 116 00:08:36,640 --> 00:08:40,040 would be a massive military success for Germany. 117 00:08:40,040 --> 00:08:42,200 But officers knew their troops 118 00:08:42,200 --> 00:08:45,280 could be stuck outside in the trenches indefinitely, 119 00:08:45,280 --> 00:08:48,080 while a 90,000-strong Russian garrison 120 00:08:48,080 --> 00:08:51,160 was secure inside the fortress. 121 00:08:51,840 --> 00:08:55,200 A long siege was the last thing that the Germans wanted. 122 00:08:55,200 --> 00:08:59,400 They wanted to make their way to Russia as quickly as they could. 123 00:08:59,400 --> 00:09:02,080 The stalemate was also bad news 124 00:09:02,080 --> 00:09:06,160 for the two US filmmakers embedded with the German army. 125 00:09:08,000 --> 00:09:11,920 So Durborough and Ries face the prospect 126 00:09:11,920 --> 00:09:17,760 of filming hundreds of German soldiers sitting still, 127 00:09:17,760 --> 00:09:21,240 staring at hundreds of Russian soldiers. 128 00:09:22,600 --> 00:09:28,360 The siege of a fortress is going to be terrible film. 129 00:09:29,200 --> 00:09:31,160 German high command had hoped 130 00:09:31,160 --> 00:09:34,480 that compelling coverage of their sophisticated manoeuvres 131 00:09:34,480 --> 00:09:37,000 would help their overall objective 132 00:09:37,000 --> 00:09:41,400 and convince the US to stay out of the war altogether. 133 00:09:41,400 --> 00:09:46,160 As the siege wore on, their hopes were fading fast. 134 00:09:47,000 --> 00:09:51,320 And then the Germans had the most amazing stroke of good fortune. 135 00:09:51,320 --> 00:09:55,280 If you saw this sort of movie, you would think it had gone too far. 136 00:09:55,280 --> 00:09:59,040 A Russian officer was touring the outworks 137 00:09:59,040 --> 00:10:02,040 and is captured by a German patrol. 138 00:10:03,160 --> 00:10:06,800 Amazingly, he had detailed plans of the fort 139 00:10:06,800 --> 00:10:10,240 with annotations marking where the weakest spots were. 140 00:10:10,240 --> 00:10:13,640 I mean, you could not make this up. 141 00:10:13,640 --> 00:10:18,800 On the 10th of August, 1915, the assault on Modlin Fortress begins. 142 00:10:20,680 --> 00:10:25,680 If the Germans had tried to bombard the whole fortress, 143 00:10:25,680 --> 00:10:27,640 they'd have got nowhere. 144 00:10:27,640 --> 00:10:33,680 Because the Germans can focus, they are able to blast a way in. 145 00:10:36,120 --> 00:10:39,480 The Germans pound the two weakest parts of the fort, 146 00:10:39,480 --> 00:10:41,000 reducing them to rubble, 147 00:10:41,000 --> 00:10:44,120 and then they launch an all-out assault. 148 00:10:45,440 --> 00:10:51,000 Thousands of German infantry breached its innermost defences. 149 00:10:51,000 --> 00:10:55,080 In just ten days, Modlin had fallen. 150 00:11:09,200 --> 00:11:13,520 It's a huge loss for the Russians, and it spells the end of their plan 151 00:11:13,520 --> 00:11:17,280 to use this place as a kind of hurdle, 152 00:11:17,280 --> 00:11:20,640 slowing up the advance of the German army into Russia. 153 00:11:21,680 --> 00:11:24,720 The defeat was a coup for the Germans, 154 00:11:24,720 --> 00:11:28,520 and the American filmmakers decided to take some creative licence 155 00:11:28,520 --> 00:11:30,520 to cement the victory. 156 00:11:31,520 --> 00:11:35,400 They were instructed not to film German emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II, 157 00:11:35,400 --> 00:11:38,920 and they say, "The hell with that. We're Americans" and they film him. 158 00:11:39,920 --> 00:11:42,800 Having taken the bizarre initiative 159 00:11:42,800 --> 00:11:47,000 of plunging themselves into a warzone, 160 00:11:47,000 --> 00:11:51,520 these two fellows are able to get back to America 161 00:11:51,520 --> 00:11:55,240 with their film and their car, 162 00:11:55,240 --> 00:11:58,040 and they're heroes. 163 00:11:58,040 --> 00:12:02,080 On The Firing Line With The Germans premiered in Milwaukee 164 00:12:02,080 --> 00:12:04,160 in November 1915. 165 00:12:05,160 --> 00:12:08,680 While it received good reviews, many people thought 166 00:12:08,680 --> 00:12:13,120 it was a piece of propaganda that lacked objectivity. 167 00:12:13,120 --> 00:12:15,080 For a number of reasons, but chiefly 168 00:12:15,080 --> 00:12:18,120 because of German submarine attacks on American shipping 169 00:12:18,120 --> 00:12:20,400 that was crossing the Atlantic, 170 00:12:20,400 --> 00:12:22,800 this confluence of factors leads the Americans 171 00:12:22,800 --> 00:12:24,760 to join the war against Germany 172 00:12:24,760 --> 00:12:27,600 despite the efforts to make the Germans look 173 00:12:27,600 --> 00:12:30,600 like a heroic party on the eastern front. 174 00:12:31,320 --> 00:12:33,920 When Germany was finally defeated, 175 00:12:33,920 --> 00:12:38,640 Modlin Fortress became part of newly independent Poland. 176 00:12:38,640 --> 00:12:41,400 It remained key to the nation's defences 177 00:12:41,400 --> 00:12:45,440 until it finally shut down in 1995. 178 00:12:52,440 --> 00:12:57,360 Wilbur H Durborough's film lay forgotten until 2016, 179 00:12:57,360 --> 00:13:00,920 when it was restored by the Library of Congress. 180 00:13:01,960 --> 00:13:05,200 This is a really foundational piece of war documentary 181 00:13:05,200 --> 00:13:07,560 because today we take for granted 182 00:13:07,560 --> 00:13:12,760 that we're going to see all kinds of video footage of combat. 183 00:13:12,760 --> 00:13:16,240 But it really begins over 100 years ago in World War One. 184 00:13:22,480 --> 00:13:26,200 In the suburban streets of Newark, New Jersey 185 00:13:26,200 --> 00:13:31,240 hide the decaying remains that, for some, became a symbol of rebellion. 186 00:13:35,960 --> 00:13:38,680 We're just a half-hour from downtown Manhattan. 187 00:13:38,680 --> 00:13:40,520 It's a pretty typical street 188 00:13:40,520 --> 00:13:44,560 with office buildings and a hospital across the way. 189 00:13:44,560 --> 00:13:47,200 But you'll notice one block 190 00:13:47,200 --> 00:13:51,440 is a little bit more dishevelled than all of the others. 191 00:13:52,080 --> 00:13:54,840 You can barely see in through all the overgrown trees 192 00:13:54,840 --> 00:13:57,800 spilling out into the street. 193 00:13:57,800 --> 00:14:02,840 Through the foliage you can spot the walls of an imposing building. 194 00:14:02,840 --> 00:14:06,360 The construction within is falling apart, 195 00:14:06,360 --> 00:14:09,280 but evidence of its original function still lingers. 196 00:14:10,320 --> 00:14:13,840 You can see different wings and sections 197 00:14:13,840 --> 00:14:16,360 and the foundations of a few structures. 198 00:14:18,400 --> 00:14:20,560 There's holes in the roof, rusty metal bars, 199 00:14:20,560 --> 00:14:24,280 and vegetation is working its way through the windows. 200 00:14:24,280 --> 00:14:26,440 Despite all this decay, 201 00:14:26,440 --> 00:14:29,240 you can still make out what this building once was. 202 00:14:29,240 --> 00:14:34,160 It's the long corridors and barred doors. They're a dead giveaway. 203 00:14:34,160 --> 00:14:36,760 During a decade of change, 204 00:14:36,760 --> 00:14:40,080 the violent struggles taking place outside this jail 205 00:14:40,080 --> 00:14:42,440 would permeate its walls. 206 00:14:42,440 --> 00:14:45,800 New inmates were pouring in, and the jail was full to the brim. 207 00:14:46,960 --> 00:14:52,400 One of those new inmates, within the course of one generation, 208 00:14:52,400 --> 00:14:57,520 his family's narrative arc would go from solitary confinement 209 00:14:57,520 --> 00:14:59,840 to the mayor's office. 210 00:15:07,560 --> 00:15:11,320 I grew up four or five blocks from here in downtown Newark. 211 00:15:11,320 --> 00:15:15,080 I was always really interested in abandoned structures, 212 00:15:15,080 --> 00:15:19,240 particularly that speak to moments in American history. 213 00:15:20,280 --> 00:15:23,440 Myles Zhang is an urban historian and artist 214 00:15:23,440 --> 00:15:26,720 with a lifelong passion for this building. 215 00:15:26,720 --> 00:15:29,080 When I think about why this needs to be preserved, 216 00:15:29,080 --> 00:15:31,920 it's the story that this building allows us to tell. 217 00:15:31,920 --> 00:15:35,640 It's a story of the common people that are held behind bars. 218 00:15:36,920 --> 00:15:39,920 This is the Old Essex County Jail. 219 00:15:40,800 --> 00:15:43,320 It opened in 1836, 220 00:15:43,320 --> 00:15:47,320 a period when the population of Newark was rapidly expanding. 221 00:15:47,320 --> 00:15:49,920 It cost about $70,000 at the time, 222 00:15:49,920 --> 00:15:52,320 and that was the largest municipal expense. 223 00:15:52,320 --> 00:15:56,720 It makes this the oldest government building in Essex County. 224 00:15:56,720 --> 00:15:58,360 It was designed to be state-of-the-art 225 00:15:58,360 --> 00:16:01,920 by the famed architect, John Haviland. 226 00:16:01,920 --> 00:16:04,040 He's known as the father or the inventor 227 00:16:04,040 --> 00:16:05,800 of the form of the modern prisons. 228 00:16:05,800 --> 00:16:09,760 He designs a prison that isolates people in individual cell blocks 229 00:16:09,760 --> 00:16:12,280 in confinement for long periods of time 230 00:16:12,280 --> 00:16:14,840 in the hope that maybe this makes them better people. 231 00:16:14,840 --> 00:16:18,200 In later years, two additional wings and a hospital 232 00:16:18,200 --> 00:16:20,600 were added to his design. 233 00:16:20,600 --> 00:16:23,200 But as the population of Newark grew, 234 00:16:23,200 --> 00:16:27,160 the jail would become disproportionately overcrowded. 235 00:16:27,160 --> 00:16:29,040 Over the course of the 20th century, 236 00:16:29,040 --> 00:16:30,880 over six million African Americans 237 00:16:30,880 --> 00:16:33,160 would leave the south for the north and the west 238 00:16:33,160 --> 00:16:37,960 to escape the harsh reality of Jim Crow laws and segregation. 239 00:16:37,960 --> 00:16:42,840 But in Newark, the predominantly White population wasn't welcoming, 240 00:16:42,840 --> 00:16:48,480 and police arrests among African American newcomers were high. 241 00:16:48,480 --> 00:16:53,560 By the 1930s, I believe Newark is about 20% or so Black, 242 00:16:53,560 --> 00:16:56,520 but the prison population is 70% Black. 243 00:16:56,520 --> 00:17:01,000 So you see increasing incarceration of Black men. 244 00:17:02,280 --> 00:17:07,320 With more and more African Americans coming north, by 1967 245 00:17:07,320 --> 00:17:11,080 Newark had become one of America's first majority Black cities. 246 00:17:12,600 --> 00:17:16,960 Although Newark's population was now mostly African American, 247 00:17:16,960 --> 00:17:21,800 the city's law enforcers remained overwhelmingly White. 248 00:17:21,800 --> 00:17:24,800 This imbalance would soon reach a tipping point, 249 00:17:24,800 --> 00:17:29,480 and the Old Essex County Jail would be caught in the crosshairs. 250 00:17:30,360 --> 00:17:34,280 By the 1960s, the jail had really deteriorated. 251 00:17:34,280 --> 00:17:36,040 Decades of overcrowding 252 00:17:36,040 --> 00:17:39,200 had led to poor, poor conditions, 253 00:17:39,200 --> 00:17:41,600 and it was about to get much worse. 254 00:17:43,120 --> 00:17:46,760 Tensions between law enforcement and Newark's Black community 255 00:17:46,760 --> 00:17:48,280 were rising. 256 00:17:49,800 --> 00:17:52,240 During the long, hot summer of 1967, 257 00:17:52,240 --> 00:17:56,760 over 150 urban rebellions broke out all over the country, 258 00:17:56,760 --> 00:18:00,480 and in July Newark reached a boiling point. 259 00:18:00,480 --> 00:18:02,040 During a traffic stop, 260 00:18:02,040 --> 00:18:05,720 a Black cab driver was arrested and brutally beaten, 261 00:18:05,720 --> 00:18:10,040 sparking a week of protest and violence. 262 00:18:14,000 --> 00:18:17,960 In total, 26 people were killed by the National Guard 263 00:18:17,960 --> 00:18:20,040 and 1,400 were arrested 264 00:18:20,040 --> 00:18:23,680 in what became known as the Newark Rebellion. 265 00:18:23,680 --> 00:18:27,280 Many of those people were taken to the Essex County Jail. 266 00:18:28,920 --> 00:18:31,840 Activist Fredrica Bey is a Newark resident 267 00:18:31,840 --> 00:18:34,280 who remembers the rebellion. 268 00:18:34,280 --> 00:18:36,920 Two of her siblings were also incarcerated 269 00:18:36,920 --> 00:18:39,480 at Old Essex County Jail. 270 00:18:40,480 --> 00:18:43,720 The tombs, it was called in Newark. 271 00:18:43,720 --> 00:18:47,400 Of course, tombs is for dead people, 272 00:18:47,400 --> 00:18:52,240 and my brothers and the people who were confined here... 273 00:18:52,240 --> 00:18:54,400 I mean, "We're in the tombs," 274 00:18:54,400 --> 00:18:56,640 while they are living. 275 00:18:56,640 --> 00:19:02,680 And I had to come here and put my head on this dirty screen. 276 00:19:02,680 --> 00:19:05,160 And when I left out every time, 277 00:19:05,160 --> 00:19:10,440 I'd have this dirty screen print in my forehead. 278 00:19:12,000 --> 00:19:17,040 And to think about it... it makes me angry. 279 00:19:19,720 --> 00:19:22,120 On the first night of the Newark Rebellion 280 00:19:22,120 --> 00:19:27,560 controversial writer Amiri Baraka was also thrown in the jail. 281 00:19:27,560 --> 00:19:32,000 An influential poet, Black activist and native of Newark, 282 00:19:32,000 --> 00:19:34,000 Baraka has attracted criticism 283 00:19:34,000 --> 00:19:37,920 for including anti-Semitic elements in his work. 284 00:19:37,920 --> 00:19:41,520 To many, he was one of the greatest Black writers of his generation, 285 00:19:41,520 --> 00:19:47,080 but to some his writings reflected violence, misogyny and homophobia. 286 00:19:47,080 --> 00:19:50,920 Baraka had been pulled over by the police, fiercely beaten 287 00:19:50,920 --> 00:19:54,040 and charged with carrying a weapon. 288 00:19:54,040 --> 00:19:59,800 Amiri Baraka got his head bashed in by the Newark police. 289 00:19:59,800 --> 00:20:04,080 He shed blood and was locked up in this place. 290 00:20:05,080 --> 00:20:10,360 And he did it while he was advocating for us, for Black folk. 291 00:20:11,360 --> 00:20:15,360 To be willing to give your life for your people... 292 00:20:15,360 --> 00:20:16,720 I honour him. 293 00:20:17,720 --> 00:20:20,840 Placed in solitary confinement when he entered the jail, 294 00:20:20,840 --> 00:20:24,800 he detailed his experience years later in his autobiography. 295 00:20:25,800 --> 00:20:28,120 He recounted watching through a window 296 00:20:28,120 --> 00:20:30,520 while inmates screamed helplessly 297 00:20:30,520 --> 00:20:34,080 as police shot down people in the streets outside. 298 00:20:35,760 --> 00:20:37,360 After he was released, 299 00:20:37,360 --> 00:20:41,960 Baraka never stopped campaigning for the people of Newark. 300 00:20:41,960 --> 00:20:44,320 That was a volatile time. 301 00:20:44,320 --> 00:20:47,520 The Newark rebellions, I remember that. 302 00:20:47,520 --> 00:20:51,320 It definitely changed things, the rebellions did. 303 00:20:51,320 --> 00:20:56,480 I remember I got my first real job after the rebellion. 304 00:20:56,480 --> 00:20:58,280 Things opened up. 305 00:21:01,160 --> 00:21:04,080 But Newark's lawmakers still hadn't addressed 306 00:21:04,080 --> 00:21:06,680 the injustices inside the jail. 307 00:21:07,680 --> 00:21:11,520 There was severe overcrowding in the Essex County Jail. 308 00:21:11,520 --> 00:21:13,760 A jail designed for 200 or 300 people 309 00:21:13,760 --> 00:21:17,120 at that point had over 500 people confined here. 310 00:21:17,120 --> 00:21:18,840 In some of the cells right here, 311 00:21:18,840 --> 00:21:22,520 cells barely four feet wide by six feet deep 312 00:21:22,520 --> 00:21:27,680 would have two people confined here in rooms without electricity. 313 00:21:27,680 --> 00:21:31,280 So people are locked in their cells and in this narrow corridor here 314 00:21:31,280 --> 00:21:33,160 24 hours a day for weeks on end. 315 00:21:34,160 --> 00:21:38,400 In those conditions it wouldn't take much to kick off a riot, 316 00:21:38,400 --> 00:21:43,520 and in 1968 the violence spilled over into Essex County Jail. 317 00:21:45,240 --> 00:21:47,440 Several of the inmates in the west part, 318 00:21:47,440 --> 00:21:50,920 when it's time to go back into their cells at the end of the day, 319 00:21:50,920 --> 00:21:54,160 they said, "We're not going back. We're spending this time outside." 320 00:21:54,160 --> 00:21:56,720 So they set fire to the place. 321 00:21:56,720 --> 00:21:58,920 Over the course of two hours, 322 00:21:58,920 --> 00:22:00,960 the inmates clashed with the wardens, 323 00:22:00,960 --> 00:22:04,240 breaking furniture and setting fires. 324 00:22:05,280 --> 00:22:08,200 They burn a hole in the roof and the fire department is called in. 325 00:22:09,640 --> 00:22:11,600 In the aftermath of the riot, 326 00:22:11,600 --> 00:22:15,000 over 100 inmates were transferred to other locations 327 00:22:15,000 --> 00:22:18,040 in order to try to ease the tensions. 328 00:22:20,400 --> 00:22:22,280 Finally the city was forced 329 00:22:22,280 --> 00:22:26,160 to deal with the jail's overcrowding problem. 330 00:22:26,160 --> 00:22:30,240 It built a large, modern facility on the outskirts of town, 331 00:22:30,240 --> 00:22:34,640 and in 1971 the original jail closed down. 332 00:22:38,920 --> 00:22:43,160 Today the Old Essex County Jail stands as a powerful reminder 333 00:22:43,160 --> 00:22:46,640 of Newark's struggle with injustice. 334 00:22:46,640 --> 00:22:49,360 Some of the activists that fought for change 335 00:22:49,360 --> 00:22:51,400 and were incarcerated here 336 00:22:51,400 --> 00:22:53,920 still inspire hope. 337 00:22:54,920 --> 00:22:59,040 Baraka's career would go on to span some 52 years. 338 00:23:00,640 --> 00:23:03,800 Baraka's influence on Newark lasted generations. 339 00:23:03,800 --> 00:23:07,600 Almost 50 years after he was locked up in Essex County Jail, 340 00:23:07,600 --> 00:23:11,320 his son, Ras Baraka, was elected mayor of the city. 341 00:23:11,320 --> 00:23:13,120 NO SOUND 342 00:23:13,120 --> 00:23:17,720 Baraka went on to serve the people of Newark for multiple terms. 343 00:23:24,720 --> 00:23:30,600 In Namibia, the desiccated remains of a settlement sink into the sand. 344 00:23:37,040 --> 00:23:38,880 It's a foreboding landscape 345 00:23:38,880 --> 00:23:41,880 where the Namib desert clashes with the Atlantic Ocean. 346 00:23:43,360 --> 00:23:45,880 You can just about notice a train track, 347 00:23:45,880 --> 00:23:47,760 and just a few miles down the line 348 00:23:47,760 --> 00:23:51,480 a lone station in the middle of nowhere. 349 00:23:51,480 --> 00:23:54,400 Why would anybody have any reason 350 00:23:54,400 --> 00:23:57,720 to run a small-gauge railroad through this area? 351 00:23:58,720 --> 00:24:00,400 At the end of the line, 352 00:24:00,400 --> 00:24:04,160 a series of ramshackle remains may yield the answer. 353 00:24:05,760 --> 00:24:09,000 It's the last place in the world you'd expect to see a town, 354 00:24:09,000 --> 00:24:11,520 but there are signs of a settlement. 355 00:24:11,520 --> 00:24:14,520 It's a collection of houses, some of which are residential, 356 00:24:14,520 --> 00:24:17,520 that have been taken over by the sand to such an extent 357 00:24:17,520 --> 00:24:22,480 that there are sand drifts in the inner hallways of these buildings. 358 00:24:22,480 --> 00:24:25,880 But there's also rusted machinery littering the ground. 359 00:24:25,880 --> 00:24:30,040 When people come to a desolate place like this, 360 00:24:30,040 --> 00:24:33,480 there's usually a very good reason for them to be here. 361 00:24:37,720 --> 00:24:42,360 Today, this site sits in an area called Das Sperrgebiet, 362 00:24:42,360 --> 00:24:44,600 "the forbidden zone". 363 00:24:46,280 --> 00:24:49,880 Local historian Heinz Manns has special permission 364 00:24:49,880 --> 00:24:52,080 to access this restricted area. 365 00:24:54,480 --> 00:24:56,800 This railroad was built 366 00:24:56,800 --> 00:25:00,360 by the German government for the German army 367 00:25:00,360 --> 00:25:03,560 to move their armament to the interior of the country 368 00:25:03,560 --> 00:25:06,680 and to do business with the interior, 369 00:25:06,680 --> 00:25:11,200 to do trade with the local people of Namibia at that time. 370 00:25:12,200 --> 00:25:15,640 The railroad was completed in 1906 371 00:25:15,640 --> 00:25:19,080 and ran from the coast into the heart of Namibia, 372 00:25:19,080 --> 00:25:22,000 which the Germans called South West Africa 373 00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:24,640 and had controlled since 1883. 374 00:25:25,880 --> 00:25:27,640 The Germans established this colony 375 00:25:27,640 --> 00:25:30,440 in an attempt to counter the British, 376 00:25:30,440 --> 00:25:33,080 who had established the South Africa colony. 377 00:25:34,680 --> 00:25:38,760 In 1907, a young railway surveyor from Germany 378 00:25:38,760 --> 00:25:41,680 decided to come to this desolate outpost 379 00:25:41,680 --> 00:25:46,040 hoping the arid climate would help to cure his asthma. 380 00:25:47,160 --> 00:25:50,080 August Stauch worked for the railroad, 381 00:25:50,080 --> 00:25:53,480 and he had a team of workers under him 382 00:25:53,480 --> 00:25:56,640 clearing the railroad track of dune sand. 383 00:25:58,120 --> 00:26:02,000 He was the station master, you can call it. 384 00:26:03,600 --> 00:26:05,680 He came here for health reasons, 385 00:26:05,680 --> 00:26:07,640 but soon he found himself on a quest 386 00:26:07,640 --> 00:26:09,640 for something far more lucrative. 387 00:26:11,280 --> 00:26:15,160 There was supposed to have been diamond finds in the area, 388 00:26:15,160 --> 00:26:17,520 but nothing was ever confirmed. 389 00:26:18,680 --> 00:26:21,160 He just couldn't let go of that idea 390 00:26:21,160 --> 00:26:25,840 that somewhere hidden in these sands were precious gemstones. 391 00:26:27,600 --> 00:26:33,240 Stauch was scorned by geologists, who'd already scoured the area. 392 00:26:33,240 --> 00:26:35,600 But he remained determined. 393 00:26:35,600 --> 00:26:37,160 He instructed his workers 394 00:26:37,160 --> 00:26:40,960 to keep an eye out for gemstones in the sands. 395 00:26:41,880 --> 00:26:45,600 Well, Zacharias Lewala was one of the workers 396 00:26:45,600 --> 00:26:48,480 clearing the railroad track. 397 00:26:48,480 --> 00:26:51,200 He came to August in the morning 398 00:26:51,200 --> 00:26:55,360 and said, "Mr Stauch, look, I found a pretty stone." 399 00:26:58,320 --> 00:27:01,680 Stauch took it and scratched the glass of his watch. 400 00:27:01,680 --> 00:27:03,160 It left a deep cut. 401 00:27:04,160 --> 00:27:07,040 It confirmed what he had long suspected - 402 00:27:07,040 --> 00:27:11,360 that there were diamonds in the sands of Namibia. 403 00:27:11,360 --> 00:27:14,760 Stauch also had them tested at a government laboratory. 404 00:27:14,760 --> 00:27:17,960 They all came back confirmed as genuine, 405 00:27:17,960 --> 00:27:20,080 and the diamond rush was on. 406 00:27:21,960 --> 00:27:24,480 Between June and December 1908, 407 00:27:24,480 --> 00:27:27,840 40,000 carats' worth of diamonds were found 408 00:27:27,840 --> 00:27:30,840 and prospectors were buying up land as fast as they could. 409 00:27:32,480 --> 00:27:36,120 By 1912, the industry had grown so quickly, 410 00:27:36,120 --> 00:27:39,520 a town was built to support the flourishing trade. 411 00:27:40,560 --> 00:27:42,760 It was called Pomona. 412 00:27:45,840 --> 00:27:47,640 Over the next few years, 413 00:27:47,640 --> 00:27:51,720 prospectors would pull nearly five million carats from the sand, 414 00:27:51,720 --> 00:27:55,880 worth almost $20 billion in today's money. 415 00:27:55,880 --> 00:28:00,760 Pomona was the richest area in diamond mining. 416 00:28:00,760 --> 00:28:05,160 There were teachers here, there was a doctor here, two hospitals, 417 00:28:05,160 --> 00:28:08,600 340 permanent employees. 418 00:28:08,600 --> 00:28:12,760 That included wives, children, everything. 419 00:28:12,760 --> 00:28:15,960 Pomona was complete with a mess hall, a school, 420 00:28:15,960 --> 00:28:20,480 even a bowling alley to make the German employees feel more at home. 421 00:28:21,480 --> 00:28:24,800 To get the right people to work here, to get the expertise, 422 00:28:24,800 --> 00:28:27,000 you have to look after the people. 423 00:28:27,800 --> 00:28:30,480 This was a very well thought-out mining town, 424 00:28:30,480 --> 00:28:33,640 not unlike the mining towns that you'll see in the American West. 425 00:28:34,600 --> 00:28:38,840 But not everyone who came to Pomona found such comforts. 426 00:28:41,080 --> 00:28:45,240 This is part of the labourers' quarters, 427 00:28:45,240 --> 00:28:48,520 the workers, the two-year contractors. 428 00:28:49,560 --> 00:28:51,560 Each one had his own little cubicle. 429 00:28:51,560 --> 00:28:55,520 They could park their stuff on top there, their personal belongings. 430 00:28:55,520 --> 00:28:58,040 This is where they lived for two years. 431 00:28:59,040 --> 00:29:02,960 800 local labourers did the manual work, 432 00:29:02,960 --> 00:29:07,240 the brutal task of searching for diamonds in the sand. 433 00:29:07,240 --> 00:29:12,160 These rickety sheds and rusting machinery 434 00:29:12,160 --> 00:29:15,760 were designed to assist the process. 435 00:29:15,760 --> 00:29:18,680 These are the classifiers. 436 00:29:18,680 --> 00:29:22,480 These were used to sift out the diamond gravel. 437 00:29:22,480 --> 00:29:25,080 So these machines were hand-operated. 438 00:29:25,080 --> 00:29:29,760 The first process worked with the material shaking in the water, 439 00:29:29,760 --> 00:29:31,600 so the heavy stuff goes to the bottom. 440 00:29:31,600 --> 00:29:33,920 Diamond is the heavier material around. 441 00:29:33,920 --> 00:29:36,400 That's what they were looking for. 442 00:29:36,400 --> 00:29:39,360 It was painstaking work, 443 00:29:39,360 --> 00:29:42,520 and for those who toiled under the desert sun 444 00:29:42,520 --> 00:29:45,200 it exacted a punishing toll. 445 00:29:46,240 --> 00:29:48,240 The Germans overseeing the operation 446 00:29:48,240 --> 00:29:51,800 treated the local labourers with distrust. 447 00:29:54,040 --> 00:29:56,720 For the mine owners, there was the constant paranoia 448 00:29:56,720 --> 00:29:59,680 of workers smuggling out diamonds with them, 449 00:29:59,680 --> 00:30:03,600 and they went to extreme lengths to prevent this. 450 00:30:03,600 --> 00:30:05,440 They were checking you inside and out 451 00:30:05,440 --> 00:30:08,040 to see whether or not you were stealing the diamonds. 452 00:30:09,480 --> 00:30:12,640 Some suspect they forced the workers to take laxatives 453 00:30:12,640 --> 00:30:14,680 to make sure, even if they swallowed the diamonds, 454 00:30:14,680 --> 00:30:16,400 they couldn't hold on to them. 455 00:30:20,360 --> 00:30:23,200 By 1914, Germany was in control 456 00:30:23,200 --> 00:30:26,920 of a third of the world's diamond supply. 457 00:30:27,920 --> 00:30:30,800 August Stauch, the man who started it all, 458 00:30:30,800 --> 00:30:34,120 had become rich beyond his wildest dreams. 459 00:30:35,120 --> 00:30:40,080 Germany's great diamond rush would soon grind to a halt. 460 00:30:40,080 --> 00:30:43,240 On the night of August 4th, 1914, 461 00:30:43,240 --> 00:30:46,360 the radio station at Luderitz received a report 462 00:30:46,360 --> 00:30:49,080 that Germany and Great Britain were now at war. 463 00:30:50,640 --> 00:30:54,880 During the war they were allowed to mine minimal scale 464 00:30:54,880 --> 00:30:56,440 just to sustain themselves. 465 00:30:56,440 --> 00:30:59,240 But the companies didn't operate, really. 466 00:31:01,680 --> 00:31:02,880 Within the year, 467 00:31:02,880 --> 00:31:07,000 Britain's South African colonial troops invaded Namibia, 468 00:31:07,000 --> 00:31:10,040 forcing the Germans to abandon the town. 469 00:31:13,160 --> 00:31:15,280 They took everything they could, 470 00:31:15,280 --> 00:31:17,360 and they also destroyed a lot of stuff, 471 00:31:17,360 --> 00:31:19,040 the same with the railway line, 472 00:31:19,040 --> 00:31:21,880 so it didn't fall into the enemy's hands. 473 00:31:22,880 --> 00:31:24,480 By the end of the war, 474 00:31:24,480 --> 00:31:29,400 the defeated Germans had lost control of Namibia and the mine. 475 00:31:30,440 --> 00:31:34,720 In 1919, the German-born industrialist Ernest Oppenheimer 476 00:31:34,720 --> 00:31:36,760 took control of Pomona. 477 00:31:38,840 --> 00:31:43,600 Operations continued until deposits ran out in the 1930s, 478 00:31:43,600 --> 00:31:46,240 and the town was left deserted. 479 00:31:47,240 --> 00:31:48,920 Pomona turned into a ghost town 480 00:31:48,920 --> 00:31:51,640 because, with the disappearance of the people, 481 00:31:51,640 --> 00:31:55,080 the desert reclaimed what belonged to it before. 482 00:31:55,080 --> 00:31:59,680 Meanwhile, the man who started Namibia's diamond rush 483 00:31:59,680 --> 00:32:01,720 met a similar kind of fate. 484 00:32:02,720 --> 00:32:04,960 August Stauch was a millionaire overnight, 485 00:32:04,960 --> 00:32:08,360 but he did a lot of wrong investments. 486 00:32:08,360 --> 00:32:11,640 He died a poor man. He had no money. 487 00:32:17,720 --> 00:32:21,720 Today, prospectors in Namibia have reached new frontiers 488 00:32:21,720 --> 00:32:25,040 in their continuing search for diamonds. 489 00:32:25,040 --> 00:32:28,800 There is still mining going on around, sporadic, 490 00:32:28,800 --> 00:32:32,520 but the main diamond mining is happening in the sea now, 491 00:32:32,520 --> 00:32:34,600 so it's offshore. 492 00:32:34,600 --> 00:32:36,920 After being uninhabited for so long, 493 00:32:36,920 --> 00:32:39,080 today the region around Pomona 494 00:32:39,080 --> 00:32:42,840 has some of the highest biodiversity in the country. 495 00:32:42,840 --> 00:32:44,880 Its unique desert plants, 496 00:32:44,880 --> 00:32:46,320 reptiles 497 00:32:46,320 --> 00:32:48,080 and herds of antelope 498 00:32:48,080 --> 00:32:53,000 led to the area's preservation as a national park in 2009. 499 00:33:00,480 --> 00:33:03,480 To the northwest of London, England 500 00:33:03,480 --> 00:33:08,520 a ghostly manor house gives little hint of its radical past. 501 00:33:12,400 --> 00:33:14,480 It's a beautiful sandstone building. 502 00:33:14,480 --> 00:33:19,200 It stands at the end of a quarter- mile-long tree-lined driveway. 503 00:33:20,240 --> 00:33:23,320 The brickwork is crumbling but you can still see 504 00:33:23,320 --> 00:33:26,120 that this place must have been a real sanctuary. 505 00:33:27,880 --> 00:33:32,360 Inside there are trappings of privilege and wealth. 506 00:33:33,800 --> 00:33:38,200 We've got these fine plasterwork ceilings, opulent woodcarvings, 507 00:33:38,200 --> 00:33:40,920 stone-framed windows. 508 00:33:40,920 --> 00:33:43,200 This might seem like a place that would be a home 509 00:33:43,200 --> 00:33:45,120 for upper-class aristocrats 510 00:33:45,120 --> 00:33:48,960 who would resist any kind of social change. 511 00:33:48,960 --> 00:33:51,360 But this mainstay of the Establishment 512 00:33:51,360 --> 00:33:55,560 was once pivotal to a vicious struggle for civil rights. 513 00:33:55,560 --> 00:34:01,040 It was a real hotbed for one of the most important battles of its day. 514 00:34:01,920 --> 00:34:05,920 It was a common occurrence to have the police knocking on the door. 515 00:34:14,360 --> 00:34:17,400 Amanda Pitcairn has a deep family connection 516 00:34:17,400 --> 00:34:19,880 to this sprawling estate. 517 00:34:20,720 --> 00:34:23,160 This house was owned by my great-grandparents. 518 00:34:23,160 --> 00:34:26,560 When I was growing up, I heard lots of stories about this place. 519 00:34:26,560 --> 00:34:29,200 I've never been here before. This is my first time. 520 00:34:29,200 --> 00:34:31,320 It's really exciting actually to see it 521 00:34:31,320 --> 00:34:34,440 because I recognise it from photographs. 522 00:34:34,440 --> 00:34:40,520 This dilapidated mansion was once home to Agnes and Henry Harben. 523 00:34:40,520 --> 00:34:42,560 Harben was very wealthy 524 00:34:42,560 --> 00:34:45,440 because he'd inherited a fortune from his grandfather, 525 00:34:45,440 --> 00:34:48,240 who had built up the Prudential insurance company. 526 00:34:48,240 --> 00:34:51,400 At the time, in the homes of the elite 527 00:34:51,400 --> 00:34:54,920 strict rules of etiquette were still being followed. 528 00:34:54,920 --> 00:34:58,200 This is the room that was pretty much a male preserve. 529 00:34:58,200 --> 00:35:01,840 Men would sit and drink port and smoke cigars and tell bad jokes 530 00:35:01,840 --> 00:35:04,240 until they got very drunk. 531 00:35:04,240 --> 00:35:06,680 This is Newland Park, 532 00:35:06,680 --> 00:35:10,480 a 550-acre estate and 50-room house 533 00:35:10,480 --> 00:35:13,240 with rigidly manicured gardens. 534 00:35:13,240 --> 00:35:18,880 But, despite appearances, Henry Harben was far from conventional. 535 00:35:18,880 --> 00:35:22,640 He was basically what my mother calls a smoked-salmon socialist. 536 00:35:22,640 --> 00:35:24,280 He didn't see any contradiction 537 00:35:24,280 --> 00:35:28,320 between his lifestyle and his political leanings. 538 00:35:28,320 --> 00:35:30,720 He made friends with all sorts of radical people 539 00:35:30,720 --> 00:35:32,760 regardless of their social background. 540 00:35:33,760 --> 00:35:36,960 Henry and Agnes Harben turned their home into a kind of salon 541 00:35:36,960 --> 00:35:40,960 where people with new ideas, people interested in social change, 542 00:35:40,960 --> 00:35:43,560 could gather and discuss the kind of world 543 00:35:43,560 --> 00:35:46,080 they wanted to see in the future. 544 00:35:46,080 --> 00:35:48,560 The first decade of the 20th century 545 00:35:48,560 --> 00:35:52,880 was a time of unprecedented reform in society. 546 00:35:52,880 --> 00:35:57,800 This was a period of great liberalising in social norms, 547 00:35:57,800 --> 00:36:02,480 an embrace of a more egalitarian approach to life. 548 00:36:03,640 --> 00:36:08,200 So in the 1900s, Henry and Agnes became involved in 549 00:36:08,200 --> 00:36:11,200 one of the biggest issues of the day. 550 00:36:12,200 --> 00:36:14,840 All women, regardless of social class, 551 00:36:14,840 --> 00:36:16,400 were still barred from voting. 552 00:36:18,720 --> 00:36:22,440 It's almost hard to remember today, but the world's great democracies, 553 00:36:22,440 --> 00:36:24,600 like Britain, like the US, 554 00:36:24,600 --> 00:36:27,800 they weren't actually all that democratic. 555 00:36:27,800 --> 00:36:29,760 In both Britain and America 556 00:36:29,760 --> 00:36:33,680 women had been fighting for the right to vote, known as suffrage, 557 00:36:33,680 --> 00:36:36,520 since the mid-19th century. 558 00:36:36,520 --> 00:36:40,440 But after decades of getting nowhere with politicians, 559 00:36:40,440 --> 00:36:46,560 a new, all-female group would emerge and take Britain by storm. 560 00:36:47,280 --> 00:36:51,800 Emmeline Pankhurst was this very dramatic leader of the movement, 561 00:36:51,800 --> 00:36:55,040 a real magnet for press attention. 562 00:36:55,040 --> 00:36:58,760 Emmeline had been an ardent campaigner for women's suffrage 563 00:36:58,760 --> 00:37:00,560 for decades. 564 00:37:00,560 --> 00:37:03,680 But her increasing frustration with peaceful tactics 565 00:37:03,680 --> 00:37:07,360 had forced her to form a more radical action group. 566 00:37:07,360 --> 00:37:10,000 This was a very different type of organisation. 567 00:37:10,000 --> 00:37:13,480 Fed up of broken promises given from men in power, 568 00:37:13,480 --> 00:37:15,240 only women could join. 569 00:37:15,240 --> 00:37:18,120 They began a campaign of direct action 570 00:37:18,120 --> 00:37:21,040 with the motto "Deeds, not words." 571 00:37:22,120 --> 00:37:24,560 In an attempt to belittle them, 572 00:37:24,560 --> 00:37:27,840 a journalist labelled them "suffragettes", 573 00:37:27,840 --> 00:37:29,880 as opposed to "suffragists", 574 00:37:29,880 --> 00:37:34,320 which they sort of embraced and took as a badge of honour. 575 00:37:35,320 --> 00:37:37,880 Agnes was a member of the suffragette movement 576 00:37:37,880 --> 00:37:40,240 and totally committed to it. 577 00:37:40,240 --> 00:37:42,840 Henry funded the cause to a great extent. 578 00:37:44,920 --> 00:37:46,920 The Harbens frequently played host 579 00:37:46,920 --> 00:37:49,800 to Emmeline Pankhurst at Newland Park. 580 00:37:49,800 --> 00:37:55,640 Henry used his inherited assets to bankroll the nationwide movement. 581 00:37:55,640 --> 00:37:58,880 But as women's rights continued to be denied, 582 00:37:58,880 --> 00:38:02,120 the suffragettes became increasingly militant. 583 00:38:03,120 --> 00:38:06,880 Emmeline Pankhurst proclaimed that it was her duty to break the law 584 00:38:06,880 --> 00:38:10,800 in order to bring attention to their plight. 585 00:38:10,800 --> 00:38:14,280 Women started smashing windows, 586 00:38:14,280 --> 00:38:16,760 setting post-boxes on fire. 587 00:38:16,760 --> 00:38:20,920 They even chased after Winston Churchill with a horsewhip. 588 00:38:22,000 --> 00:38:27,120 Then it escalated, and the fight got very intense and ugly. 589 00:38:27,120 --> 00:38:30,360 Bombs were sent to the homes of government officials. 590 00:38:31,360 --> 00:38:35,200 In their minds, their actions were completely justified. 591 00:38:35,880 --> 00:38:39,680 In response, many hundreds of women were arrested and imprisoned. 592 00:38:39,680 --> 00:38:44,320 In protest, the women began a campaign of hunger strikes. 593 00:38:44,320 --> 00:38:47,600 If one of these women were to die of starvation, 594 00:38:47,600 --> 00:38:51,560 it would be a political disaster for the country. 595 00:38:51,560 --> 00:38:57,160 So the government began a policy of force-feeding the women. 596 00:38:57,160 --> 00:38:59,680 A warden would restrain a woman, 597 00:38:59,680 --> 00:39:03,400 take a rubber tube, put it down her nostrils into her throat, 598 00:39:03,400 --> 00:39:06,600 sometimes directly into her stomach. 599 00:39:06,600 --> 00:39:08,960 Women broke teeth. They were injured. 600 00:39:08,960 --> 00:39:11,520 Emmeline Pankhurst's sister actually died 601 00:39:11,520 --> 00:39:14,040 after being force-fed in prison. 602 00:39:14,040 --> 00:39:16,640 This was exactly the kind of attention 603 00:39:16,640 --> 00:39:18,880 the government wanted to avoid. 604 00:39:18,880 --> 00:39:21,200 So they changed their tactics. 605 00:39:21,200 --> 00:39:25,680 So hunger strikers would be kept until they were extremely weak, 606 00:39:25,680 --> 00:39:29,320 and then they'd be released long enough to recover, 607 00:39:29,320 --> 00:39:31,360 and then they would get picked up again 608 00:39:31,360 --> 00:39:33,680 and serve out the rest of their sentence. 609 00:39:35,120 --> 00:39:38,840 Emmeline Pankhurst herself was constantly arrested and released, 610 00:39:38,840 --> 00:39:42,440 as many as 12 times in the space of 12 months. 611 00:39:44,480 --> 00:39:50,120 Once released, many suffragettes escaped to Henry and Agnes's home. 612 00:39:50,120 --> 00:39:52,440 My great-grandparents would have felt angry 613 00:39:52,440 --> 00:39:54,480 about the treatment of the suffragettes 614 00:39:54,480 --> 00:39:57,440 and the way they had been brutalised, 615 00:39:57,440 --> 00:39:59,480 and they would do anything to help. 616 00:39:59,480 --> 00:40:01,880 And these poor women were in a bad way. 617 00:40:01,880 --> 00:40:06,600 They had this huge place and there were women with nowhere to go, 618 00:40:06,600 --> 00:40:09,120 so they offered their home. 619 00:40:09,120 --> 00:40:11,520 Newland Park became a place 620 00:40:11,520 --> 00:40:16,080 for the malnourished women to hide out and recover. 621 00:40:17,080 --> 00:40:20,160 For the suffragettes, fresh out of prison, 622 00:40:20,160 --> 00:40:23,960 coming here was like stepping into another world. 623 00:40:25,400 --> 00:40:27,960 The suffragettes were from a different class, basically, 624 00:40:27,960 --> 00:40:30,600 and they would not have been used to 625 00:40:30,600 --> 00:40:33,120 the sort of lifestyle that was led here. 626 00:40:34,120 --> 00:40:36,520 This is a testament to my great-grandmother, 627 00:40:36,520 --> 00:40:40,080 who would have done her utmost to make them feel welcome. 628 00:40:41,280 --> 00:40:44,680 But rumours of the Harbens' involvement in the movement 629 00:40:44,680 --> 00:40:47,600 led police right to their doorstep. 630 00:40:47,600 --> 00:40:53,200 A well-timed tip-off allowed Agnes and Henry to conceal the fugitives. 631 00:40:54,240 --> 00:40:56,320 This is where, in the cellars, 632 00:40:56,320 --> 00:41:00,880 is where they hid Emmeline Pankhurst and more suffragettes. 633 00:41:00,880 --> 00:41:05,120 The story was that they hid them rolled up in lino in the cellar. 634 00:41:06,600 --> 00:41:11,920 Well, it feels so much like a... like a cell, actually, 635 00:41:11,920 --> 00:41:15,840 that they must have felt they were back into jail. 636 00:41:16,760 --> 00:41:19,720 Thanks to their hideout at Newland Park, 637 00:41:19,720 --> 00:41:23,920 the suffragettes were spared a return to prison. 638 00:41:23,920 --> 00:41:27,600 A year later, the outbreak of the First World War 639 00:41:27,600 --> 00:41:30,560 transformed society's view of women 640 00:41:30,560 --> 00:41:34,600 and confirmed their place in a changing world. 641 00:41:34,600 --> 00:41:36,720 Male politicians could no longer claim 642 00:41:36,720 --> 00:41:39,480 that women were unfit to vote. 643 00:41:39,480 --> 00:41:43,960 If they could work in munitions factories and drive ambulances, 644 00:41:43,960 --> 00:41:47,360 why couldn't they walk into a voting booth? 645 00:41:47,360 --> 00:41:51,440 In 1918, the government finally conceded 646 00:41:51,440 --> 00:41:55,240 and the process of allowing women the vote began. 647 00:41:56,280 --> 00:42:00,360 But life at Newland Park wasn't so successful. 648 00:42:00,360 --> 00:42:02,560 Agnes and Henry separated 649 00:42:02,560 --> 00:42:05,600 and their home changed hands several times 650 00:42:05,600 --> 00:42:08,120 before it eventually fell into disrepair. 651 00:42:14,240 --> 00:42:18,000 Today, developers are turning this valuable real estate 652 00:42:18,000 --> 00:42:20,440 into a complex of luxury homes. 653 00:42:21,960 --> 00:42:24,360 It'll feature Harben Drive 654 00:42:24,360 --> 00:42:27,800 and a central statue of Emmeline Pankhurst, 655 00:42:27,800 --> 00:42:32,120 ensuring the importance of this site to a vital social movement 656 00:42:32,120 --> 00:42:33,960 will not be forgotten. 657 00:42:57,160 --> 00:43:00,680 Subtitles by Red Bee Media 55862

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