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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:05,680 --> 00:00:08,920 A Moroccan stronghold governed by a ruler 2 00:00:08,920 --> 00:00:10,960 with friends in high places. 3 00:00:12,200 --> 00:00:16,280 Charlie Chaplin, Winston Churchill, General George Patton, 4 00:00:16,280 --> 00:00:18,760 they all came to pay homage. 5 00:00:22,200 --> 00:00:27,160 In the Czech Republic, a place of hope in an age of tyranny. 6 00:00:27,160 --> 00:00:31,640 He was watching the Holocaust happen. 7 00:00:31,640 --> 00:00:33,800 He had to move people 8 00:00:33,800 --> 00:00:39,440 to where they might have a fighting chance of survival. 9 00:00:42,000 --> 00:00:47,760 An Amazonian paradise that fell victim to the lure of reality TV. 10 00:00:49,640 --> 00:00:52,960 Celebrities and dignitaries all made the same trip 11 00:00:52,960 --> 00:00:55,160 to this stretch of jungle. 12 00:00:55,160 --> 00:00:58,680 That proved to be both a blessing and a curse. 13 00:01:01,000 --> 00:01:04,000 And in Germany, a cathedral of industry 14 00:01:04,000 --> 00:01:06,280 that exacted a heavy toll. 15 00:01:06,280 --> 00:01:10,240 This really was not a healthy environment 16 00:01:10,240 --> 00:01:14,400 and, quite tragically, many workers never saw the age of 40 as a result. 17 00:01:20,160 --> 00:01:22,160 Decaying relics... 18 00:01:24,400 --> 00:01:27,120 ...ruins of lost worlds, 19 00:01:27,120 --> 00:01:30,360 sights haunted by the past... 20 00:01:32,200 --> 00:01:36,520 ...their secrets waiting to be revealed. 21 00:01:44,320 --> 00:01:49,680 High in Morocco's Atlas Mountains, an isolated settlement appears 22 00:01:49,680 --> 00:01:52,800 like a mirage straight out of the Arabian Nights. 23 00:01:58,040 --> 00:02:02,880 Large areas are in ruins, but it is a pretty imposing structure. 24 00:02:04,160 --> 00:02:06,960 It has high walls and narrow windows. 25 00:02:06,960 --> 00:02:11,280 It doesn't shrink into the landscape, it dominates it. 26 00:02:11,280 --> 00:02:14,440 This place was clearly fortified. 27 00:02:15,640 --> 00:02:18,080 Behind the mud brick ramparts, 28 00:02:18,080 --> 00:02:21,440 a labyrinth of unexpected grandeur awaits. 29 00:02:23,000 --> 00:02:26,800 It gets increasingly sophisticated the further in you go. 30 00:02:26,800 --> 00:02:31,960 Every passageway leads to something completely different. 31 00:02:31,960 --> 00:02:34,320 Either a crumbling ruin 32 00:02:34,320 --> 00:02:36,840 or a beautiful room covered in mosaics. 33 00:02:36,840 --> 00:02:41,040 Built by a dynastic family of great influence, 34 00:02:41,040 --> 00:02:45,080 it evolved into the lavish outpost of an enigmatic leader. 35 00:02:48,000 --> 00:02:51,160 Up here, a mountain warlord rose to become 36 00:02:51,160 --> 00:02:53,440 one of the most powerful men in Morocco 37 00:02:53,440 --> 00:02:56,160 and one of the wealthiest in the world. 38 00:02:56,160 --> 00:02:59,200 Yet hubris would lead to his downfall. 39 00:02:59,200 --> 00:03:01,360 To some, he was a pragmatist 40 00:03:01,360 --> 00:03:05,600 who saw the imperial tide crashing in and adapted. 41 00:03:05,600 --> 00:03:09,920 To others, he was a traitor to his country. 42 00:03:18,520 --> 00:03:21,360 Brice Bexter is directly descended 43 00:03:21,360 --> 00:03:24,600 from the powerful clan that once occupied this site. 44 00:03:24,600 --> 00:03:29,360 I first came here in March, 2020, in order to discover 45 00:03:29,360 --> 00:03:30,960 where I was from. 46 00:03:30,960 --> 00:03:33,440 It does give me goosebumps. 47 00:03:33,440 --> 00:03:38,600 My ancestors started our family's name and our family's legacy here, 48 00:03:38,600 --> 00:03:41,960 so, obviously, there's a lot of history and a lot of emotions 49 00:03:41,960 --> 00:03:43,880 when I come back here. 50 00:03:43,880 --> 00:03:47,960 Yet under the rule of Brice's controversial great-grandfather, 51 00:03:47,960 --> 00:03:51,920 Thami El Glaoui, the family's legacy was tainted. 52 00:03:53,000 --> 00:03:58,760 It is undeniable our name comes back a lot in the press, 53 00:03:58,760 --> 00:04:01,960 whether it's positively, whether it's negatively. 54 00:04:01,960 --> 00:04:05,240 I don't think my great-grandfather was a perfect person, 55 00:04:05,240 --> 00:04:08,960 definitely not, but I also always tell people 56 00:04:08,960 --> 00:04:12,680 to not judge their history 100 years later. 57 00:04:14,000 --> 00:04:17,160 This is Kasbah Telouet, 58 00:04:17,160 --> 00:04:21,200 the extravagant seat of power of the El Glaoui family, 59 00:04:21,200 --> 00:04:23,640 who first rose to prominence in this region 60 00:04:23,640 --> 00:04:26,600 200 years before Thami took control. 61 00:04:28,080 --> 00:04:29,600 A kasbah is essentially 62 00:04:29,600 --> 00:04:32,440 a fortified residence for a ruler. 63 00:04:33,760 --> 00:04:36,680 They often housed key buildings, 64 00:04:36,680 --> 00:04:40,040 like garrisons for troops, mosques and residences. 65 00:04:41,640 --> 00:04:44,960 It was like a mini town, and those walls protected that town. 66 00:04:44,960 --> 00:04:48,680 The kasbah and all the people in the region would live 67 00:04:48,680 --> 00:04:51,040 off the agriculture around and bring 68 00:04:51,040 --> 00:04:53,520 all of this harvest back in the kasbah, 69 00:04:53,520 --> 00:04:55,080 so it could be protected here as well. 70 00:04:56,280 --> 00:04:59,960 Here in the Atlas Mountains, this kasbah was a key point 71 00:04:59,960 --> 00:05:02,000 on a vital trade route. 72 00:05:03,160 --> 00:05:06,000 Telouet is on the way to what, in Morocco, 73 00:05:06,000 --> 00:05:08,320 we called the caravan route. 74 00:05:08,320 --> 00:05:12,720 It was the way for the African and the Arab world 75 00:05:12,720 --> 00:05:16,280 to exchange spices, a little bit like the Silk Road in India. 76 00:05:16,280 --> 00:05:20,040 So, you had to go through it with your camels and your horses. 77 00:05:20,040 --> 00:05:23,720 That's how the family slowly and surely built its strength 78 00:05:23,720 --> 00:05:27,280 by controlling taxes and caravans as they were coming through, 79 00:05:27,280 --> 00:05:29,480 in and out of Morocco in the south. 80 00:05:32,320 --> 00:05:36,560 By 1860, the El Glaouis had amassed enough money to build 81 00:05:36,560 --> 00:05:39,480 this commanding symbol of dominance. 82 00:05:39,480 --> 00:05:44,960 As their wealth increased from salt, saffron and the olive trade, 83 00:05:44,960 --> 00:05:47,960 so, too, did the size of their kasbah. 84 00:05:47,960 --> 00:05:51,920 Over the centuries, every one of my ancestors added 85 00:05:51,920 --> 00:05:53,960 their own touch, and you can see the evolution 86 00:05:53,960 --> 00:05:55,760 of all the different time periods. 87 00:05:57,000 --> 00:05:59,960 The biggest change was still to come. 88 00:05:59,960 --> 00:06:04,800 In 1893, a rare event provided the family an opportunity 89 00:06:04,800 --> 00:06:07,320 to elevate their status even further. 90 00:06:09,480 --> 00:06:13,240 At the time, Brice's great-grandfather, Thami, 91 00:06:13,240 --> 00:06:16,520 was 14 years old, and served as second-in-command 92 00:06:16,520 --> 00:06:18,640 to his older brother, Madani. 93 00:06:20,400 --> 00:06:23,120 The Sultan of Morocco was in the Atlas Mountains 94 00:06:23,120 --> 00:06:27,760 when he and his men were caught in an unexpected snowstorm. 95 00:06:27,760 --> 00:06:32,680 My great-grandfather and his brother brought them back here 96 00:06:32,680 --> 00:06:35,000 until the harsh winter passed, 97 00:06:35,000 --> 00:06:39,960 so they had to feed an army of 3,000 people as well as the king himself. 98 00:06:39,960 --> 00:06:42,880 In return for their hospitality, 99 00:06:42,880 --> 00:06:45,600 the family was given political power over Morocco, 100 00:06:45,600 --> 00:06:48,200 south of the Atlas Mountains. 101 00:06:48,200 --> 00:06:49,840 He gave the Glaouis 102 00:06:49,840 --> 00:06:52,280 a 77-millimetre Krupp cannon, 103 00:06:52,280 --> 00:06:56,320 and this was the only weapon of its kind in Morocco 104 00:06:56,320 --> 00:06:59,320 outside of the Imperial Army. 105 00:06:59,320 --> 00:07:03,920 The Glaoui used this weapon to subdue rival warlords. 106 00:07:05,000 --> 00:07:08,440 The whole region was mostly in their hands during that time. 107 00:07:09,600 --> 00:07:12,440 The El Glaouis' stronghold grew to reflect 108 00:07:12,440 --> 00:07:14,760 their unrivalled wealth and authority. 109 00:07:16,920 --> 00:07:19,120 This is the main entrance to the kasbah. 110 00:07:19,120 --> 00:07:23,160 And so, when my ancestors used to welcome people, 111 00:07:23,160 --> 00:07:28,640 they were always welcomed by all the tribe, chanting and dancing, 112 00:07:28,640 --> 00:07:31,600 and just using all their instruments to do 113 00:07:31,600 --> 00:07:34,960 what we call, in Morocco, "loud welcoming." 114 00:07:34,960 --> 00:07:37,520 The farther in you went, 115 00:07:37,520 --> 00:07:40,120 the more exclusive the spaces became. 116 00:07:41,240 --> 00:07:45,960 So, we're in the riad. In Morocco, riads are open courtyards. 117 00:07:45,960 --> 00:07:49,040 All of our houses always have, like, a common area 118 00:07:49,040 --> 00:07:51,560 with, most of the time, a fountain in the middle. 119 00:07:51,560 --> 00:07:54,040 And people used to hide themselves from the shade 120 00:07:54,040 --> 00:07:55,800 and do a lot of, like, gatherings. 121 00:07:55,800 --> 00:07:59,840 And back in the days, they had harems, so a lot of women, 122 00:07:59,840 --> 00:08:05,280 and they used to, you know, have all their women waiting for them here. 123 00:08:05,280 --> 00:08:08,400 Well, you don't have much left of it, 124 00:08:08,400 --> 00:08:11,720 but you can get an idea of what it used to look like. 125 00:08:14,000 --> 00:08:17,600 Below ground, Brice finds the quarters of the servants 126 00:08:17,600 --> 00:08:19,840 who waited on the family above. 127 00:08:21,000 --> 00:08:22,920 You can hear the bats. 128 00:08:22,920 --> 00:08:25,160 SQUEAKING 129 00:08:25,160 --> 00:08:30,560 So, we're under the main room here, and it's not always safe, 130 00:08:30,560 --> 00:08:33,440 but it gives you access to the upper parts 131 00:08:33,440 --> 00:08:36,840 and ways for all the employees to get around the palace. 132 00:08:38,160 --> 00:08:41,680 By 1909, although Thami had not ascended 133 00:08:41,680 --> 00:08:43,880 to be head of the El Glaouis, 134 00:08:43,880 --> 00:08:46,800 he had still made full use of his family's influence 135 00:08:46,800 --> 00:08:51,840 to secure the coveted position of Governor or Pasha of Marrakesh. 136 00:08:53,640 --> 00:08:58,600 Three years later, the world outside the kasbah walls was changing 137 00:08:58,600 --> 00:09:01,120 and Thami's time would come. 138 00:09:02,200 --> 00:09:05,200 In the European scramble to divide up Africa, 139 00:09:05,200 --> 00:09:09,520 Morocco lost its independence to France in 1912. 140 00:09:09,520 --> 00:09:12,960 The French quickly understood that, in order to do anything 141 00:09:12,960 --> 00:09:16,960 in southern Morocco, you would have to ally yourself with the Pasha. 142 00:09:16,960 --> 00:09:21,600 For the younger El Glaoui brother, this was a moment of reckoning. 143 00:09:21,600 --> 00:09:25,800 He could either fight for independence or cast his lot 144 00:09:25,800 --> 00:09:28,080 with the new European powers. 145 00:09:29,800 --> 00:09:33,560 For a man of his ambition, there was only one option. 146 00:09:35,000 --> 00:09:39,440 El Glaoui sided with the French and, in return, gained rule 147 00:09:39,440 --> 00:09:42,960 over a large swathe of southern Morocco. 148 00:09:42,960 --> 00:09:46,640 My great-grandfather was quickly associated 149 00:09:46,640 --> 00:09:51,320 as a collaborator with the French, so, obviously, he was considered 150 00:09:51,320 --> 00:09:53,840 a traitor by most of the people. 151 00:09:55,080 --> 00:09:58,560 After the death of Thami's older brother, Madani, 152 00:09:58,560 --> 00:10:02,120 the French further repaid his support by appointing him 153 00:10:02,120 --> 00:10:05,560 as head of the family instead of his sibling's sons, 154 00:10:05,560 --> 00:10:07,760 who were the rightful heirs. 155 00:10:09,600 --> 00:10:13,360 Over the next two decades, Thami leveraged his position 156 00:10:13,360 --> 00:10:17,960 to consolidate his wealth and become one of the world's richest men. 157 00:10:17,960 --> 00:10:21,680 This was the pinnacle of his power and influence, 158 00:10:21,680 --> 00:10:25,160 and this was a man who enjoyed flaunting it. 159 00:10:26,440 --> 00:10:32,080 This was built by my great-grandfather back in the 1930s. 160 00:10:33,520 --> 00:10:35,680 Of course, he liked to show off, you know. 161 00:10:35,680 --> 00:10:38,320 Like anyone who's successful in life, at some point, I guess, 162 00:10:38,320 --> 00:10:42,200 like, you want to show, you know, the extent of that success. 163 00:10:42,200 --> 00:10:44,440 So, yeah, it was a statement. 164 00:10:44,440 --> 00:10:47,960 He amassed so many riches that everyone either wanted 165 00:10:47,960 --> 00:10:50,840 to see or be seen with him. 166 00:10:50,840 --> 00:10:53,680 He was called the Gatsby of Morocco, 167 00:10:53,680 --> 00:10:58,560 so he used to love throwing amazing parties, hosting great people. 168 00:11:00,000 --> 00:11:04,680 Charlie Chaplin, Winston Churchill and General George Patton all came 169 00:11:04,680 --> 00:11:07,720 to the kasbah to be hosted by the Pasha. 170 00:11:08,880 --> 00:11:11,400 But as the 20th century wore on, 171 00:11:11,400 --> 00:11:16,680 Moroccan nationalist tension grew under continued French rule. 172 00:11:16,680 --> 00:11:19,800 El Glaoui, still aligned with the colonialists, 173 00:11:19,800 --> 00:11:22,520 was about to make a fateful decision, 174 00:11:22,520 --> 00:11:25,760 and no amount of powerful friends could save him. 175 00:11:27,360 --> 00:11:30,400 In 1953, he conspired with the French 176 00:11:30,400 --> 00:11:32,960 to overthrow Sultan Muhammad V. 177 00:11:32,960 --> 00:11:35,320 It was intense. There was a lot of pressure 178 00:11:35,320 --> 00:11:39,000 that came from the French being around and wanting to keep 179 00:11:39,000 --> 00:11:42,960 their... their hands on Morocco as long as possible. 180 00:11:42,960 --> 00:11:46,960 Thami El Glaoui had misread the mood of the nation. 181 00:11:46,960 --> 00:11:51,400 An independence movement in Morocco was simmering under the surface. 182 00:11:51,400 --> 00:11:54,200 The next two years was an eruption of violence 183 00:11:54,200 --> 00:11:57,600 and a unified demand for the return of their Sultan. 184 00:11:57,600 --> 00:12:01,480 In 1955, the French were forced to concede 185 00:12:01,480 --> 00:12:06,400 and bring him back to Morocco, and this spelled disaster for the Pasha. 186 00:12:07,680 --> 00:12:11,400 In an extraordinary scene, the Pasha was publicly shamed 187 00:12:11,400 --> 00:12:15,120 when he was brought to Paris and forced to beg and grovel 188 00:12:15,120 --> 00:12:16,960 at the Sultan's feet. 189 00:12:16,960 --> 00:12:20,280 It was the end of a stunning fall from power. 190 00:12:20,280 --> 00:12:22,880 The Pasha died just months later. 191 00:12:24,560 --> 00:12:28,760 In March, 1956, two months after Thami's death, 192 00:12:28,760 --> 00:12:31,200 Morocco gained independence. 193 00:12:31,200 --> 00:12:34,960 The impact on Kasbah Telouet proved fatal. 194 00:12:34,960 --> 00:12:40,000 That's when most of their palaces, most of their goods 195 00:12:40,000 --> 00:12:42,320 and most of their fortune was seized. 196 00:12:42,320 --> 00:12:46,320 We did get the place back in the late '80s, 197 00:12:46,320 --> 00:12:50,800 but, I mean, the state of the kasbah was already totally degraded. 198 00:12:50,800 --> 00:12:54,440 It had been looted by, you know, all the people in the region 199 00:12:54,440 --> 00:12:57,040 over the decades, so we were left 200 00:12:57,040 --> 00:12:59,840 with almost everything you see today. 201 00:13:07,200 --> 00:13:10,160 Now reunited with his family's property, 202 00:13:10,160 --> 00:13:14,680 Brice must come up with inventive ways to keep the kasbah standing. 203 00:13:14,680 --> 00:13:19,120 It was lucky, I guess, to bring a movie set here 204 00:13:19,120 --> 00:13:22,600 that had this Arabian Nights feeling to it, and it was beautiful 205 00:13:22,600 --> 00:13:25,880 to be able to see, well, Telouet live again like this, 206 00:13:25,880 --> 00:13:28,800 and to be able to imagine what it would have looked like 207 00:13:28,800 --> 00:13:30,960 back in the days. 208 00:13:30,960 --> 00:13:34,120 I'd love to see it go back to its prime. 209 00:13:34,120 --> 00:13:36,840 We have to, you know, rebuild it a little, 210 00:13:36,840 --> 00:13:39,760 but, I mean, we're doing our best today 211 00:13:39,760 --> 00:13:42,240 to protect it and tell its story. 212 00:13:49,360 --> 00:13:53,480 In the Czech Republic, 100 miles east of Prague, 213 00:13:53,480 --> 00:13:57,000 a rundown facility tells an extraordinary story 214 00:13:57,000 --> 00:13:59,160 of deception and survival. 215 00:14:01,400 --> 00:14:03,640 This looks like an ordinary Czech town, 216 00:14:03,640 --> 00:14:08,200 but in the centre, there appears to be abandoned warehouses 217 00:14:08,200 --> 00:14:11,960 configured around a central courtyard. 218 00:14:11,960 --> 00:14:13,720 What was its purpose? 219 00:14:15,520 --> 00:14:18,480 Inside, you see raised concrete plinths 220 00:14:18,480 --> 00:14:21,400 and sturdy pillars holding up the floor, all of which suggest 221 00:14:21,400 --> 00:14:25,920 that this place was once filled with heavy machinery of some sort. 222 00:14:26,960 --> 00:14:30,600 You see, there are sacks of fibre and there are bobbins, 223 00:14:30,600 --> 00:14:34,080 so, clearly, there's some textile industry going on here. 224 00:14:34,080 --> 00:14:36,360 This structure seems to be part of an operation 225 00:14:36,360 --> 00:14:39,800 that's been forgotten by history. 226 00:14:41,120 --> 00:14:45,720 Yet within these walls, an improbable saviour risked everything 227 00:14:45,720 --> 00:14:48,600 to defy a ruthless killing machine. 228 00:14:48,600 --> 00:14:53,040 He was an entrepreneur, a spy and a playboy, 229 00:14:53,040 --> 00:14:56,960 and he conned one of Europe's most dangerous regimes. 230 00:14:56,960 --> 00:14:59,960 There's no doubt it's one of the most important stories 231 00:14:59,960 --> 00:15:01,680 of the 20th century. 232 00:15:01,680 --> 00:15:05,400 What this place produced was hope, 233 00:15:05,400 --> 00:15:09,640 and that's a precious commodity in dark times. 234 00:15:09,640 --> 00:15:13,960 The events that took place here inspired an Oscar-winning movie 235 00:15:13,960 --> 00:15:16,760 known as Schindler's List. 236 00:15:22,520 --> 00:15:25,440 So, I first came back in 1973 237 00:15:25,440 --> 00:15:27,320 when I was very young, with my father. 238 00:15:27,320 --> 00:15:29,440 This was my grandfather's factory. 239 00:15:29,440 --> 00:15:32,200 It's where he worked with his two brothers. 240 00:15:32,200 --> 00:15:37,440 Dr Daniel Low-Beer is the custodian of this site today. 241 00:15:37,440 --> 00:15:40,720 In the early 1900s, this was the beating heart 242 00:15:40,720 --> 00:15:44,120 of his ancestors' thriving textile business. 243 00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:48,600 Our family had been here for many hundreds of years, 244 00:15:48,600 --> 00:15:50,960 and they felt very much part of this land. 245 00:15:50,960 --> 00:15:53,480 They were accepted in Czechoslovakia. 246 00:15:53,480 --> 00:15:57,320 This is where the Jews could express themselves fully, culturally. 247 00:15:58,840 --> 00:16:03,200 But in 1938, the rise of a terrible evil left 248 00:16:03,200 --> 00:16:06,560 Daniel's grandfather, Walter, staring into the abyss. 249 00:16:08,800 --> 00:16:12,280 So, from one day to the next, Czechoslovakia is one country, 250 00:16:12,280 --> 00:16:16,400 and then, it's split into two, and the border goes along the stream 251 00:16:16,400 --> 00:16:19,960 that goes through our factory. And my grandfather wakes up, 252 00:16:19,960 --> 00:16:24,520 and on the other side of the river is a battalion of Nazi soldiers, 253 00:16:24,520 --> 00:16:27,200 who had come in partly to invade, partly to loot, 254 00:16:27,200 --> 00:16:29,000 partly to find what they could. 255 00:16:30,120 --> 00:16:32,960 He said, "You can't come over this river. This is the border. 256 00:16:32,960 --> 00:16:35,240 "Go and check your orders and your borders." 257 00:16:35,240 --> 00:16:36,960 And he held them up, 258 00:16:36,960 --> 00:16:42,040 a Jew on that border holding up the Nazis for three days. 259 00:16:44,360 --> 00:16:49,440 Walter was just one man standing against an entire army. 260 00:16:49,440 --> 00:16:53,120 Shortly afterwards, the Low-Beers were forced to flee, 261 00:16:53,120 --> 00:16:55,720 leaving their life's work behind. 262 00:16:57,400 --> 00:17:00,680 They went to France, and then my father, on a false passport, 263 00:17:00,680 --> 00:17:04,000 was able to get into England. Their identity was shattered 264 00:17:04,000 --> 00:17:06,800 and the factory was stolen by the Nazis. 265 00:17:08,160 --> 00:17:10,400 In the early years of the Second World War, 266 00:17:10,400 --> 00:17:12,800 a variety of companies worked at the factory, 267 00:17:12,800 --> 00:17:16,680 producing textiles and armaments for the German war effort. 268 00:17:16,680 --> 00:17:22,640 Then, in 1944, the site underwent a horrifying transformation. 269 00:17:24,000 --> 00:17:26,800 This was a concentration camp. So, you first of all, 270 00:17:26,800 --> 00:17:29,320 have to imagine the barbed wire which closed it off, 271 00:17:29,320 --> 00:17:32,960 the watchtowers, which would have been looking over this place. 272 00:17:32,960 --> 00:17:36,080 There was 80 to 100 armed SS guards here, 273 00:17:36,080 --> 00:17:37,960 some of them extremely dangerous. 274 00:17:37,960 --> 00:17:42,360 Around 1,200 Jewish captives were transported from Poland 275 00:17:42,360 --> 00:17:44,960 to work in this labour camp. 276 00:17:44,960 --> 00:17:47,560 But the Nazi industrialist who brought them here 277 00:17:47,560 --> 00:17:49,600 had an extraordinary secret. 278 00:17:53,000 --> 00:17:56,400 He certainly was no saint. He didn't regard himself 279 00:17:56,400 --> 00:17:58,720 as a humanitarian. But even ordinary people 280 00:17:58,720 --> 00:18:02,120 can behave in extraordinary ways. 281 00:18:02,120 --> 00:18:05,800 His name was Oskar Schindler, 282 00:18:05,800 --> 00:18:10,800 and this was to be a safe haven to protect a people under siege. 283 00:18:12,000 --> 00:18:13,880 At the start of the war, 284 00:18:13,880 --> 00:18:16,400 his motivation could not have been more different. 285 00:18:17,680 --> 00:18:19,440 Schindler is getting rich, 286 00:18:19,440 --> 00:18:22,720 taking over factories that belong to Jews. 287 00:18:22,720 --> 00:18:25,400 Schindler is coining money. 288 00:18:25,400 --> 00:18:29,800 He is stuffing his pockets cos he's a Nazi, 289 00:18:29,800 --> 00:18:31,960 he's friends with Nazis. 290 00:18:31,960 --> 00:18:37,960 There's Nazi money to be made, and Schindler is living well. 291 00:18:39,880 --> 00:18:44,480 But somewhere or some time during the Second World War, 292 00:18:44,480 --> 00:18:47,000 he began to change his perspective. 293 00:18:48,320 --> 00:18:55,440 People are being taken from Poland's ghettos to Poland's death camps, 294 00:18:55,440 --> 00:19:00,880 and they're being murdered on a wholesale basis. 295 00:19:00,880 --> 00:19:04,640 Schindler was watching the Holocaust happen. 296 00:19:04,640 --> 00:19:07,480 It seems that it was during this period 297 00:19:07,480 --> 00:19:11,840 that Schindler's motivations changed. If he had done nothing, 298 00:19:11,840 --> 00:19:15,000 all of his Jewish workers would have been deported 299 00:19:15,000 --> 00:19:18,000 to extermination camps, most likely Auschwitz. 300 00:19:20,400 --> 00:19:23,760 It was then that Schindler came up with a plan 301 00:19:23,760 --> 00:19:29,320 to outsmart the Nazis. His path to redemption had begun. 302 00:19:29,320 --> 00:19:33,280 Oskar Schindler, with the help of his employees, 303 00:19:33,280 --> 00:19:35,600 began to draw up lists - 304 00:19:35,600 --> 00:19:39,640 lists of people who would effectively be saved 305 00:19:39,640 --> 00:19:41,600 by working at his labour camp. 306 00:19:41,600 --> 00:19:45,920 Schindler told the SS that those on the lists were 307 00:19:45,920 --> 00:19:49,160 highly skilled workers and essential to setting up 308 00:19:49,160 --> 00:19:51,120 and running the factory. 309 00:19:51,120 --> 00:19:57,400 Schindler needs to insulate the people he's trying to save 310 00:19:57,400 --> 00:20:03,000 from the deadly casual brutality of the SS guard force. 311 00:20:04,640 --> 00:20:07,200 By housing the workers inside the factory 312 00:20:07,200 --> 00:20:09,440 and the guards in a separate building, 313 00:20:09,440 --> 00:20:11,960 he reduced the likelihood of these attacks. 314 00:20:11,960 --> 00:20:13,800 So, there's three floors. 315 00:20:13,800 --> 00:20:15,760 The first two would be used for production 316 00:20:15,760 --> 00:20:19,400 and they would have lived above this floor. 317 00:20:19,400 --> 00:20:21,680 This was a relative place of safety. 318 00:20:23,280 --> 00:20:26,440 From the very start, Schindler had no intention 319 00:20:26,440 --> 00:20:29,520 of using his factory to make weapons, 320 00:20:29,520 --> 00:20:34,440 yet he had to convince Nazi officials of the exact opposite. 321 00:20:36,360 --> 00:20:43,520 Schindler has got to pretend that he is building German armaments 322 00:20:43,520 --> 00:20:47,000 in his factory, even though he's producing 323 00:20:47,000 --> 00:20:51,160 approximately no German armaments. 324 00:20:53,120 --> 00:20:55,280 It was tense from the morning to the evening. 325 00:20:55,280 --> 00:20:57,200 There was danger everywhere. 326 00:20:57,200 --> 00:21:00,240 And when the inspections came, yeah, there would be a huge flurry. 327 00:21:00,240 --> 00:21:03,960 He would have to find munitions, he would have to forge documents. 328 00:21:03,960 --> 00:21:08,080 Every hour, every day, 329 00:21:08,080 --> 00:21:12,880 every breath that those people took 330 00:21:12,880 --> 00:21:19,040 was an act of defiance against the Nazis. 331 00:21:20,320 --> 00:21:25,240 Schindler and his workers maintained the deception for over six months 332 00:21:25,240 --> 00:21:30,960 until Germany's total surrender came on 8th May, 1945. 333 00:21:32,000 --> 00:21:34,520 He actually opens the radios of the camp 334 00:21:34,520 --> 00:21:37,560 so that Winston Churchill's victory speech is on. 335 00:21:37,560 --> 00:21:39,680 Everybody hears it, including the German soldiers, 336 00:21:39,680 --> 00:21:41,520 including the Jews. 337 00:21:41,520 --> 00:21:46,280 It's here that he gives a speech, with the German soldiers here, 338 00:21:46,280 --> 00:21:50,960 where he challenges them to be men, not murderers, to disperse. 339 00:21:50,960 --> 00:21:55,280 But only the Jewish prisoners knew Schindler's secret. 340 00:21:55,280 --> 00:21:57,840 In the eyes of the advancing Allied forces, 341 00:21:57,840 --> 00:22:00,600 he was a wanted Nazi war criminal. 342 00:22:02,000 --> 00:22:05,600 It's at five past midnight that the roles change. 343 00:22:05,600 --> 00:22:07,560 He was in charge of his camp, 344 00:22:07,560 --> 00:22:09,800 and then, suddenly, he becomes the hunted. 345 00:22:10,960 --> 00:22:13,720 Some of the workers put together a letter explaining 346 00:22:13,720 --> 00:22:16,400 that Schindler had done everything he could 347 00:22:16,400 --> 00:22:19,320 to save the largest number of Jewish lives possible. 348 00:22:20,520 --> 00:22:23,240 It also asked anyone he showed the letter to 349 00:22:23,240 --> 00:22:25,320 to help him in any way they could. 350 00:22:27,320 --> 00:22:31,160 But paper burns and ink dissolves, 351 00:22:31,160 --> 00:22:34,480 so they made him a ring. 352 00:22:34,480 --> 00:22:37,520 And there's no gold anywhere, apart from on their teeth. 353 00:22:37,520 --> 00:22:41,080 And so, they melt this ring out of their teeth. 354 00:22:41,080 --> 00:22:44,960 But on it, there's a phrase which is taken from the Talmud, 355 00:22:44,960 --> 00:22:49,720 which says, "If you save a life, you save the world entire." 356 00:22:51,240 --> 00:22:55,120 While the workers waited for the camp's official liberation, 357 00:22:55,120 --> 00:22:59,280 Schindler fled west to American lines with the letter, 358 00:22:59,280 --> 00:23:02,200 the ring and a remarkable story. 359 00:23:02,200 --> 00:23:06,640 He had helped save 1,200 people from the Holocaust. 360 00:23:06,640 --> 00:23:13,960 And it is estimated that the descendants of those 1,200 people, 361 00:23:13,960 --> 00:23:20,360 7 to 9,000 people, are alive today 362 00:23:20,360 --> 00:23:25,480 because Oskar Schindler risked everything 363 00:23:25,480 --> 00:23:29,760 to save the lives of people to whom he owed nothing. 364 00:23:31,400 --> 00:23:34,320 It's not clear why he did what he did, 365 00:23:34,320 --> 00:23:37,920 but in some ways, that's what keeps the story alive 366 00:23:37,920 --> 00:23:41,040 and allows the next generation of children 367 00:23:41,040 --> 00:23:43,840 to make their own mind up. And then, most importantly, 368 00:23:43,840 --> 00:23:46,800 what would you do in the same situation? 369 00:23:46,800 --> 00:23:49,760 If Schindler could do it, why couldn't more people do it? 370 00:23:58,000 --> 00:24:03,960 In 2019, Daniel was able to buy back his family's old factory. 371 00:24:03,960 --> 00:24:07,360 Today, he is working to turn the site 372 00:24:07,360 --> 00:24:11,520 into a museum dedicated to those who survived here. 373 00:24:11,520 --> 00:24:14,280 In the Jewish sense, when the world is shattered, 374 00:24:14,280 --> 00:24:16,440 you want to put it back together again. 375 00:24:16,440 --> 00:24:20,320 At the beginning of a marriage, they shatter a glass 376 00:24:20,320 --> 00:24:22,920 because the Jews assume that the world is shattered, 377 00:24:22,920 --> 00:24:24,960 and the job of any marriage is 378 00:24:24,960 --> 00:24:27,560 to try and put bits of it back together. 379 00:24:27,560 --> 00:24:30,280 And I think it's a little bit of the impetus we have here, 380 00:24:30,280 --> 00:24:33,400 in this ruined factory, is to put something back together, 381 00:24:33,400 --> 00:24:36,640 which can tell the story and show survival. 382 00:24:42,200 --> 00:24:45,240 In Brazil, deep in the Amazon rainforest, 383 00:24:45,240 --> 00:24:48,960 are the neglected remains of a pioneering venture. 384 00:24:55,400 --> 00:24:58,160 As you navigate through the waterways, 385 00:24:58,160 --> 00:25:00,760 you come across this ruin 386 00:25:00,760 --> 00:25:04,440 that's just rotting on the side of the jungle. 387 00:25:04,440 --> 00:25:08,120 There is this mess of stilts and beams, 388 00:25:08,120 --> 00:25:11,120 and they reach up hundreds of feet into the air. 389 00:25:12,400 --> 00:25:14,280 You can see the remains of a boardwalk 390 00:25:14,280 --> 00:25:17,360 and some platforms teetering high above the water. 391 00:25:17,360 --> 00:25:21,360 As more wooden skeletons emerge from the forest, 392 00:25:21,360 --> 00:25:24,960 the extent of this site becomes apparent. 393 00:25:24,960 --> 00:25:31,640 This area is remote and exposed. It's not exactly a place 394 00:25:31,640 --> 00:25:35,400 where you would imagine there to be a settlement. 395 00:25:35,400 --> 00:25:38,200 This is a footprint of a vast complex. 396 00:25:38,200 --> 00:25:40,560 To build somewhere like this would have required 397 00:25:40,560 --> 00:25:43,480 specialist local knowledge. 398 00:25:43,480 --> 00:25:46,040 It makes you wonder, why was this created? 399 00:25:46,040 --> 00:25:49,200 Was this some sort of an industrial facility? 400 00:25:49,200 --> 00:25:53,600 This place was built with one thing in mind - 401 00:25:53,600 --> 00:25:56,840 an existential threat to humanity. 402 00:26:19,720 --> 00:26:23,480 Roberto Abdias has worked in the Amazon all his life. 403 00:26:23,480 --> 00:26:26,600 For 17 years, this was home. 404 00:26:40,160 --> 00:26:44,680 Today, these derelict ruins are only accessible by boat. 405 00:26:46,120 --> 00:26:48,160 When first built, a helicopter was 406 00:26:48,160 --> 00:26:50,120 the favoured method of transportation 407 00:26:50,120 --> 00:26:52,120 for those who could afford it. 408 00:26:53,640 --> 00:26:56,960 To see it now, you wouldn't think that some of the richest people 409 00:26:56,960 --> 00:27:00,360 on Earth came to visit this, but they did. 410 00:27:00,360 --> 00:27:03,640 Its story began with a chance encounter 411 00:27:03,640 --> 00:27:05,440 more than four decades ago. 412 00:27:07,360 --> 00:27:09,320 In 1982, 413 00:27:09,320 --> 00:27:10,920 one of the most renowned explorers, 414 00:27:10,920 --> 00:27:16,800 Jacques Cousteau, came and visited this part of the Amazon. 415 00:27:16,800 --> 00:27:19,000 He explored the world and he brought attention 416 00:27:19,000 --> 00:27:21,960 to matters like the disappearing rainforest. 417 00:27:21,960 --> 00:27:25,800 It was while staying at a hotel in the city of Manaus 418 00:27:25,800 --> 00:27:30,040 Cousteau grew close to its owner, Francisco Ritta Bernardino. 419 00:27:31,480 --> 00:27:33,480 Cousteau made a prediction to his new friend. 420 00:27:33,480 --> 00:27:35,680 He predicted that, within 15 years, 421 00:27:35,680 --> 00:27:38,200 the whole world would be talking about the Amazon, 422 00:27:38,200 --> 00:27:40,440 not just climate scientists and biologists, 423 00:27:40,440 --> 00:27:42,640 but also regular concerned citizens. 424 00:27:43,840 --> 00:27:46,520 Bernardino was inspired by Cousteau. 425 00:27:46,520 --> 00:27:49,560 In an effort to prevent further deforestation, 426 00:27:49,560 --> 00:27:51,240 he wanted to make a difference. 427 00:27:52,520 --> 00:27:57,200 He was also a keen businessman with an eye for opportunity. 428 00:27:57,200 --> 00:27:59,960 When Cousteau encouraged him to consider 429 00:27:59,960 --> 00:28:02,920 the fast-growing industry of eco-tourism, 430 00:28:02,920 --> 00:28:05,760 it seemed like the perfect fit. 431 00:28:05,760 --> 00:28:11,840 This is all that remains of Bernardino's Ariau Towers Hotel. 432 00:28:11,840 --> 00:28:13,960 By establishing a resort like this, 433 00:28:13,960 --> 00:28:16,880 people could come and experience the Amazon 434 00:28:16,880 --> 00:28:19,440 without damaging the Amazon. 435 00:28:19,440 --> 00:28:21,560 They could take away from it memories, 436 00:28:21,560 --> 00:28:24,000 without leaving anything behind. 437 00:28:25,240 --> 00:28:27,880 This would be a unique building that would immerse people 438 00:28:27,880 --> 00:28:31,480 right into the heart of this incredible ecosystem. 439 00:28:31,480 --> 00:28:36,200 Bernardino began his ambitious project in 1984. 440 00:28:36,200 --> 00:28:39,960 From the beginning, there were challenges to overcome. 441 00:28:39,960 --> 00:28:43,560 For half of the year, this area is under water. 442 00:29:06,480 --> 00:29:08,840 After two years of building, 443 00:29:08,840 --> 00:29:12,720 Ariau Towers was ready to welcome its first guests. 444 00:29:13,840 --> 00:29:18,200 What Bernardino achieved really was this massive feat 445 00:29:18,200 --> 00:29:21,400 of construction and engineering. 446 00:29:21,400 --> 00:29:26,560 He built, on stilts, 300 rooms, a helipad, 447 00:29:26,560 --> 00:29:29,400 dining rooms, and so much more. 448 00:29:29,400 --> 00:29:32,720 There were walkways that linked one building to the next. 449 00:29:32,720 --> 00:29:35,520 There were catwalks that were up in the trees 450 00:29:35,520 --> 00:29:37,680 so that you could experience the part of the Amazon 451 00:29:37,680 --> 00:29:42,080 where most of the life lived. They'd be able to see pink dolphins. 452 00:29:42,080 --> 00:29:45,680 They would be able to see any number of brilliantly coloured birds. 453 00:29:57,000 --> 00:30:00,160 Ariau Towers tapped into a growing trend, 454 00:30:00,160 --> 00:30:04,120 and its exclusivity attracted the rich and famous. 455 00:30:04,120 --> 00:30:06,400 This was built in an era 456 00:30:06,400 --> 00:30:10,120 when problems with the Amazon rainforest were just becoming 457 00:30:10,120 --> 00:30:13,560 general knowledge in the way that that elimination of rainforest 458 00:30:13,560 --> 00:30:17,960 was also displacing tribal people that lived in the Amazon rainforest. 459 00:30:17,960 --> 00:30:21,000 At its height, it wasn't uncommon 460 00:30:21,000 --> 00:30:24,160 to see celebrities or politicians here. 461 00:30:36,000 --> 00:30:38,440 Business was booming, 462 00:30:38,440 --> 00:30:41,880 and Bernardino's investment appeared to be paying off. 463 00:30:41,880 --> 00:30:46,160 In the late '90s, it is estimated that revenue was 464 00:30:46,160 --> 00:30:48,640 somewhere around $12 million 465 00:30:48,640 --> 00:30:53,120 from the 36,000 guests it was receiving per year. 466 00:30:53,120 --> 00:30:58,360 Then, in 2002, a reality TV juggernaut came calling, 467 00:30:58,360 --> 00:31:02,960 and it seemed like a lucrative opportunity too good to miss. 468 00:31:02,960 --> 00:31:07,600 The hit reality series Survivor was looking for a location 469 00:31:07,600 --> 00:31:12,800 for its sixth season, and Ariau Towers fit the bill. 470 00:31:12,800 --> 00:31:14,960 The production went ahead 471 00:31:14,960 --> 00:31:17,160 and they booked out the entire place for months. 472 00:31:40,760 --> 00:31:43,880 It turns out that interrupting your regular stream of guests 473 00:31:43,880 --> 00:31:46,960 for an entire three months can really be disastrous 474 00:31:46,960 --> 00:31:49,120 in the tourism industry. 475 00:32:02,840 --> 00:32:05,880 The number of visitors began to decline, 476 00:32:05,880 --> 00:32:09,520 and soon, there were staff layoffs that followed. 477 00:32:11,600 --> 00:32:15,200 The hotel limped on for another decade, 478 00:32:15,200 --> 00:32:17,960 but the business never recovered. 479 00:32:17,960 --> 00:32:21,520 Operations ceased in 2016, 480 00:32:21,520 --> 00:32:24,560 and the Amazon quickly reclaimed its ground. 481 00:32:24,560 --> 00:32:30,280 All of the locals who helped to build and operate Ariau Towers 482 00:32:30,280 --> 00:32:35,560 really saw this as their own, so when the facility became defunct, 483 00:32:35,560 --> 00:32:39,800 they took the timbers, they took the beams and the roofs, 484 00:32:39,800 --> 00:32:42,160 leaving very little standing there today. 485 00:33:02,320 --> 00:33:06,240 The Ariau Towers Hotel may have ended in failure, 486 00:33:06,240 --> 00:33:09,120 but Roberto believes it should be remembered 487 00:33:09,120 --> 00:33:11,680 for the good it tried to achieve. 488 00:33:36,000 --> 00:33:39,280 In Germany, just outside of Berlin, 489 00:33:39,280 --> 00:33:43,600 a peculiar collection of buildings litter the countryside. 490 00:33:48,560 --> 00:33:51,800 About 20 miles east of the capital, 491 00:33:51,800 --> 00:33:54,760 this sprawling city gives way 492 00:33:54,760 --> 00:33:59,280 to these portions of green and dark patches of woodlands. 493 00:34:00,440 --> 00:34:01,960 Looking through the trees here, 494 00:34:01,960 --> 00:34:04,280 we start to see some strange stone structures. 495 00:34:04,280 --> 00:34:06,520 Some of them look like they might be churches 496 00:34:06,520 --> 00:34:09,600 or maybe medieval forts. In one place, we see something 497 00:34:09,600 --> 00:34:13,280 that looks like it could be a temple in Cambodia. 498 00:34:16,000 --> 00:34:21,200 Exploring deeper, a confusing picture begins to emerge. 499 00:34:21,200 --> 00:34:24,880 There are long, dark corridors, 500 00:34:24,880 --> 00:34:28,280 and there are deep holes that lead to nowhere. 501 00:34:28,280 --> 00:34:34,320 On the lower levels are the remains of railroad track and old carts. 502 00:34:34,320 --> 00:34:38,000 It's hard to figure out what we're looking at 503 00:34:38,000 --> 00:34:39,720 or what was here. 504 00:34:39,720 --> 00:34:42,960 The rusting metal remains suggest that this was 505 00:34:42,960 --> 00:34:46,480 some sort of industrial complex, but for what trade? 506 00:34:46,480 --> 00:34:49,520 From the fires of this vast complex, 507 00:34:49,520 --> 00:34:52,960 one of Europe's greatest cities was forged. 508 00:34:52,960 --> 00:34:58,480 Just from looking at what is left here, you would have no idea 509 00:34:58,480 --> 00:35:03,400 of the role that this place played in the building of modern Germany. 510 00:35:09,800 --> 00:35:12,680 Kathrin Jurkat is a historian 511 00:35:12,680 --> 00:35:16,160 who works in the shadow of this towering behemoth. 512 00:35:16,160 --> 00:35:21,480 The ground on which it's built is the very reason it exists. 513 00:35:21,480 --> 00:35:23,840 So, 240 million years ago, 514 00:35:23,840 --> 00:35:25,960 at this site, there was an ocean. 515 00:35:25,960 --> 00:35:30,400 There were shells and other animals living inside of it. 516 00:35:30,400 --> 00:35:34,680 These shells, when they died, were transforming into limestone. 517 00:35:34,680 --> 00:35:38,800 Limestone is a really great material to work with 518 00:35:38,800 --> 00:35:42,520 as a building material. It's easier to cut into different shapes 519 00:35:42,520 --> 00:35:46,080 than, say, granite, and it's easier to quarry. 520 00:35:47,960 --> 00:35:50,920 Berlin really is a city of limestone. 521 00:35:50,920 --> 00:35:54,440 You can find it everywhere, from the floors of the Berliner Dom Cathedral 522 00:35:54,440 --> 00:35:58,400 to the roads of the working-class neighbourhoods. 523 00:36:00,400 --> 00:36:03,280 This is Rudersdorf. 524 00:36:03,280 --> 00:36:05,880 For over 750 years, 525 00:36:05,880 --> 00:36:09,960 it was at the heart of an industry that built the German capital. 526 00:36:09,960 --> 00:36:14,320 But this site produced more than Berlin's building blocks. 527 00:36:14,320 --> 00:36:18,760 It also created the vital ingredient that held them together. 528 00:36:21,000 --> 00:36:24,360 So, this is the chamber kiln. It was built in 1666, 529 00:36:24,360 --> 00:36:27,760 and this is the oldest structure we have here in Rudersdorf. 530 00:36:27,760 --> 00:36:30,440 It was used for burning lime. 531 00:36:30,440 --> 00:36:34,600 The cooking of the limestone changes its chemical structure. 532 00:36:34,600 --> 00:36:36,920 If you'd let it cool down, you could crumble 533 00:36:36,920 --> 00:36:40,960 the rocks into a fine powder, what we call quicklime. 534 00:36:40,960 --> 00:36:45,240 Then, if you add water and throw in some sand and other things, 535 00:36:45,240 --> 00:36:47,960 you would have cement. 536 00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:52,960 Quicklime's impact on the city is impossible to overstate. 537 00:36:52,960 --> 00:36:58,600 Berlin's population in 1701 had swelled to over 100,000, 538 00:36:58,600 --> 00:37:01,960 and it was growing in all directions. 539 00:37:01,960 --> 00:37:05,200 As European society advanced 540 00:37:05,200 --> 00:37:08,960 and bigger and bigger stone buildings were being built, 541 00:37:08,960 --> 00:37:13,400 the demand from these furnaces or kilns was enormous. 542 00:37:13,400 --> 00:37:16,160 In order to keep up, 543 00:37:16,160 --> 00:37:19,840 it was the poorly paid labour force that suffered most. 544 00:37:19,840 --> 00:37:24,480 Can you imagine just how difficult and dangerous this work was? 545 00:37:24,480 --> 00:37:29,960 They were moving chunks of rock that were heated to 1,000 degrees. 546 00:37:29,960 --> 00:37:35,440 If the burnt lime came into contact with their skin or their sweat, 547 00:37:35,440 --> 00:37:39,240 which was inevitable in conditions like this, it was like acid. 548 00:37:39,240 --> 00:37:42,640 They could get very severe burns. 549 00:37:42,640 --> 00:37:45,440 Despite the risks, there was constant pressure 550 00:37:45,440 --> 00:37:48,560 to keep the kilns burning, no matter what. 551 00:37:48,560 --> 00:37:52,920 The entire procedure, however, was incredibly inefficient. 552 00:37:54,320 --> 00:37:57,560 The problem with this method is you have to load the kiln, 553 00:37:57,560 --> 00:37:59,800 build this intense fire for four or five days, 554 00:37:59,800 --> 00:38:03,760 you had to pull the limestone out, and repeat the process. 555 00:38:03,760 --> 00:38:08,640 As demand for cement increased, this method wasn't fast enough. 556 00:38:10,000 --> 00:38:12,160 But that wasn't the only issue. 557 00:38:12,160 --> 00:38:16,480 The fuel that fed the fires was also in short supply. 558 00:38:17,880 --> 00:38:19,320 The chamber kiln needed 559 00:38:19,320 --> 00:38:21,760 wood to run, but the Brandenberg Forest was 560 00:38:21,760 --> 00:38:24,920 running out of trees at an alarming rate. 561 00:38:24,920 --> 00:38:27,840 If the city's rapid growth was to continue, 562 00:38:27,840 --> 00:38:31,400 Rudersdorf needed to find a solution fast. 563 00:38:32,680 --> 00:38:36,520 An innovation by British-American inventor Lord Benjamin Rumford 564 00:38:36,520 --> 00:38:39,240 in 1802 would prove vital. 565 00:38:39,240 --> 00:38:44,480 The Rumford kiln operates like a kind of vertical conveyor belt. 566 00:38:44,480 --> 00:38:49,520 Workers bring chunks of lime with carts to the top of the structure, 567 00:38:49,520 --> 00:38:51,960 and they drop it into the central shaft. 568 00:38:51,960 --> 00:38:56,120 There's fires that are kept burning at all times around the shaft. 569 00:38:56,120 --> 00:39:00,600 As the limestone cooks down, they keep adding more limestone 570 00:39:00,600 --> 00:39:03,960 to the top, but at the bottom, workers can open the shaft 571 00:39:03,960 --> 00:39:06,520 and shovel out the cooked limestone. 572 00:39:06,520 --> 00:39:09,040 Whereas, before, it had taken about a week 573 00:39:09,040 --> 00:39:11,120 between loading and unloading the kiln, 574 00:39:11,120 --> 00:39:14,680 this one burned continuously, and instead of burning wood, 575 00:39:14,680 --> 00:39:17,960 which was running out, it used peat for fuel. 576 00:39:17,960 --> 00:39:21,960 Peat burns hotter and there was an untapped supply 577 00:39:21,960 --> 00:39:24,400 in the wetlands around Berlin. 578 00:39:25,560 --> 00:39:28,600 This, combined with the Rumford kilns' ability 579 00:39:28,600 --> 00:39:34,120 to operate 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, saw production triple. 580 00:39:36,000 --> 00:39:38,720 The technological leap was good for business, 581 00:39:38,720 --> 00:39:42,080 but did little to improve the lives of the labour force. 582 00:39:44,200 --> 00:39:46,640 So, this great invention of the Rumford kiln was 583 00:39:46,640 --> 00:39:49,520 not so good for the workers. Before that, they didn't work that long, 584 00:39:49,520 --> 00:39:52,160 but now, they had to work 16 hours a day. 585 00:39:52,160 --> 00:39:55,680 Also, it was very harmful for them to inhale the dust. 586 00:39:55,680 --> 00:39:58,240 A lot of the workers here had a problem with their lungs. 587 00:39:58,240 --> 00:40:03,320 This really was not a healthy environment and, quite tragically, 588 00:40:03,320 --> 00:40:06,320 many workers never saw the age of 40, as a result. 589 00:40:06,320 --> 00:40:11,200 Despite the human cost, the kilns worked around the clock. 590 00:40:11,200 --> 00:40:17,360 Even though 28,000 tons of quicklime were being produced every year, 591 00:40:17,360 --> 00:40:20,360 there was always a need for more. 592 00:40:20,360 --> 00:40:24,960 Berlin was quickly becoming one of the largest cities in Europe. 593 00:40:24,960 --> 00:40:27,720 In 1871, with unification, 594 00:40:27,720 --> 00:40:31,800 Germany became a really great power for the first time, 595 00:40:31,800 --> 00:40:33,760 and that led to a much faster pace 596 00:40:33,760 --> 00:40:36,800 of economic and industrial development. 597 00:40:36,800 --> 00:40:40,320 Berlin had become the capital city of the entire German Empire, 598 00:40:40,320 --> 00:40:43,960 and its population had reached 800,000. 599 00:40:43,960 --> 00:40:47,440 They needed more raw materials. They needed more cement. 600 00:40:47,440 --> 00:40:53,800 At this time, Rudersdorf had five Rumford kilns in constant operation. 601 00:40:53,800 --> 00:40:55,720 It wasn't enough. 602 00:40:55,720 --> 00:40:59,600 The answer was to build something even bigger. 603 00:40:59,600 --> 00:41:04,360 So, this is the shaft kiln battery. It was finished in 1877. 604 00:41:04,360 --> 00:41:08,520 So, the innovation here is that they put 18 kilns 605 00:41:08,520 --> 00:41:13,040 right next to each other so that it functioned like a factory. 606 00:41:13,040 --> 00:41:15,440 This structure was built in a kind of a ditch, 607 00:41:15,440 --> 00:41:18,400 which, at the top, allowed railcars to reach the roof, 608 00:41:18,400 --> 00:41:21,800 and from the bottom, carts could be loaded straight onto the railway. 609 00:41:21,800 --> 00:41:25,000 This complex, located where it is, 610 00:41:25,000 --> 00:41:29,960 is part of why Berlin was able to grow as rapidly as it did. 611 00:41:29,960 --> 00:41:33,240 This place helped build a lot of what remains 612 00:41:33,240 --> 00:41:36,680 as kind of iconic Berlin today, including the Brandenburg Gate. 613 00:41:36,680 --> 00:41:40,440 For almost a century, these kilns burned, 614 00:41:40,440 --> 00:41:44,200 producing hundreds of thousands of tons of quicklime, 615 00:41:44,200 --> 00:41:48,840 fuelling Germany's path to become the nation we know today. 616 00:41:49,960 --> 00:41:52,040 But by the late 1960s, 617 00:41:52,040 --> 00:41:56,120 the once cutting-edge technology was becoming obsolete 618 00:41:56,120 --> 00:41:58,960 and, by 1967, it had been abandoned. 619 00:42:04,000 --> 00:42:07,440 Today, Rudersdorf is open to the public. 620 00:42:07,440 --> 00:42:12,640 It provides a unique insight into a factory that built a city. 621 00:42:13,800 --> 00:42:15,760 It's interesting that it was never torn down 622 00:42:15,760 --> 00:42:18,720 or reused for other purposes. And that's really great, 623 00:42:18,720 --> 00:42:22,880 because you can see what's essentially a museum and a tribute 624 00:42:22,880 --> 00:42:27,960 to all the hard work and innovation 625 00:42:27,960 --> 00:42:32,840 that went into developing these modern building materials. 626 00:42:35,760 --> 00:42:38,280 Subtitles by Red Bee Media 54188

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