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A Moroccan stronghold
governed by a ruler
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with friends in high places.
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00:00:12,200 --> 00:00:16,280
Charlie Chaplin, Winston Churchill,
General George Patton,
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00:00:16,280 --> 00:00:18,760
they all came to pay homage.
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00:00:22,200 --> 00:00:27,160
In the Czech Republic, a place
of hope in an age of tyranny.
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00:00:27,160 --> 00:00:31,640
He was watching
the Holocaust happen.
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00:00:31,640 --> 00:00:33,800
He had to move people
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to where they might have
a fighting chance of survival.
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00:00:42,000 --> 00:00:47,760
An Amazonian paradise that fell
victim to the lure of reality TV.
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00:00:49,640 --> 00:00:52,960
Celebrities and dignitaries
all made the same trip
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00:00:52,960 --> 00:00:55,160
to this stretch of jungle.
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00:00:55,160 --> 00:00:58,680
That proved to be
both a blessing and a curse.
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00:01:01,000 --> 00:01:04,000
And in Germany,
a cathedral of industry
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00:01:04,000 --> 00:01:06,280
that exacted a heavy toll.
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00:01:06,280 --> 00:01:10,240
This really was not
a healthy environment
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and, quite tragically, many workers
never saw the age of 40 as a result.
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Decaying relics...
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...ruins of lost worlds,
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sights haunted by the past...
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...their secrets waiting
to be revealed.
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High in Morocco's Atlas Mountains,
an isolated settlement appears
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like a mirage
straight out of the Arabian Nights.
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Large areas are in ruins, but it is
a pretty imposing structure.
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It has high walls
and narrow windows.
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It doesn't shrink
into the landscape, it dominates it.
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This place was clearly fortified.
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Behind the mud brick ramparts,
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a labyrinth of unexpected grandeur
awaits.
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It gets increasingly sophisticated
the further in you go.
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Every passageway leads to something
completely different.
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Either a crumbling ruin
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or a beautiful room
covered in mosaics.
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Built by a dynastic family
of great influence,
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it evolved into the lavish outpost
of an enigmatic leader.
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Up here, a mountain warlord rose
to become
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one of the most powerful men
in Morocco
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and one of the wealthiest
in the world.
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Yet hubris would lead
to his downfall.
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To some, he was a pragmatist
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00:03:01,360 --> 00:03:05,600
who saw the imperial tide
crashing in and adapted.
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00:03:05,600 --> 00:03:09,920
To others,
he was a traitor to his country.
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Brice Bexter is directly descended
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from the powerful clan
that once occupied this site.
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I first came here in March, 2020,
in order to discover
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where I was from.
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It does give me goosebumps.
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My ancestors started our family's
name and our family's legacy here,
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so, obviously, there's a lot
of history and a lot of emotions
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00:03:41,960 --> 00:03:43,880
when I come back here.
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Yet under the rule of Brice's
controversial great-grandfather,
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Thami El Glaoui,
the family's legacy was tainted.
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It is undeniable our name comes
back a lot in the press,
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whether it's positively,
whether it's negatively.
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00:04:01,960 --> 00:04:05,240
I don't think my great-grandfather
was a perfect person,
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00:04:05,240 --> 00:04:08,960
definitely not,
but I also always tell people
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to not judge their history
100 years later.
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This is Kasbah Telouet,
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the extravagant seat of power
of the El Glaoui family,
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00:04:21,200 --> 00:04:23,640
who first rose to prominence
in this region
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00:04:23,640 --> 00:04:26,600
200 years before Thami took control.
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00:04:28,080 --> 00:04:29,600
A kasbah is essentially
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00:04:29,600 --> 00:04:32,440
a fortified residence for a ruler.
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00:04:33,760 --> 00:04:36,680
They often housed key buildings,
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00:04:36,680 --> 00:04:40,040
like garrisons for troops, mosques
and residences.
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It was like a mini town,
and those walls protected that town.
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The kasbah and all the people
in the region would live
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00:04:48,680 --> 00:04:51,040
off the agriculture around and bring
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00:04:51,040 --> 00:04:53,520
all of this harvest back
in the kasbah,
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00:04:53,520 --> 00:04:55,080
so it could be protected here
as well.
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00:04:56,280 --> 00:04:59,960
Here in the Atlas Mountains,
this kasbah was a key point
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on a vital trade route.
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00:05:03,160 --> 00:05:06,000
Telouet is on the way
to what, in Morocco,
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00:05:06,000 --> 00:05:08,320
we called the caravan route.
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00:05:08,320 --> 00:05:12,720
It was the way
for the African and the Arab world
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00:05:12,720 --> 00:05:16,280
to exchange spices, a little bit
like the Silk Road in India.
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So, you had to go through it
with your camels and your horses.
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That's how the family slowly
and surely built its strength
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by controlling taxes and caravans
as they were coming through,
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in and out of Morocco in the south.
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00:05:32,320 --> 00:05:36,560
By 1860, the El Glaouis had amassed
enough money to build
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this commanding symbol of dominance.
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00:05:39,480 --> 00:05:44,960
As their wealth increased from salt,
saffron and the olive trade,
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00:05:44,960 --> 00:05:47,960
so, too, did the size
of their kasbah.
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Over the centuries,
every one of my ancestors added
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their own touch,
and you can see the evolution
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of all the different time periods.
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00:05:57,000 --> 00:05:59,960
The biggest change was still
to come.
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00:05:59,960 --> 00:06:04,800
In 1893, a rare event provided
the family an opportunity
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00:06:04,800 --> 00:06:07,320
to elevate their status
even further.
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00:06:09,480 --> 00:06:13,240
At the time,
Brice's great-grandfather, Thami,
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was 14 years old,
and served as second-in-command
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00:06:16,520 --> 00:06:18,640
to his older brother, Madani.
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00:06:20,400 --> 00:06:23,120
The Sultan of Morocco was
in the Atlas Mountains
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when he and his men were caught
in an unexpected snowstorm.
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My great-grandfather and his brother
brought them back here
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until the harsh winter passed,
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so they had to feed an army of 3,000
people as well as the king himself.
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00:06:39,960 --> 00:06:42,880
In return for their hospitality,
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the family was given
political power over Morocco,
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00:06:45,600 --> 00:06:48,200
south of the Atlas Mountains.
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He gave the Glaouis
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a 77-millimetre Krupp cannon,
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and this was the only weapon
of its kind in Morocco
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outside of the Imperial Army.
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00:06:59,320 --> 00:07:03,920
The Glaoui used this weapon
to subdue rival warlords.
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00:07:05,000 --> 00:07:08,440
The whole region was mostly
in their hands during that time.
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00:07:09,600 --> 00:07:12,440
The El Glaouis' stronghold grew
to reflect
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00:07:12,440 --> 00:07:14,760
their unrivalled wealth
and authority.
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This is the main entrance
to the kasbah.
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00:07:19,120 --> 00:07:23,160
And so, when my ancestors used
to welcome people,
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they were always welcomed by
all the tribe, chanting and dancing,
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and just using
all their instruments to do
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00:07:31,600 --> 00:07:34,960
what we call, in Morocco,
"loud welcoming."
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The farther in you went,
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00:07:37,520 --> 00:07:40,120
the more exclusive
the spaces became.
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00:07:41,240 --> 00:07:45,960
So, we're in the riad. In Morocco,
riads are open courtyards.
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All of our houses always have,
like, a common area
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00:07:49,040 --> 00:07:51,560
with, most of the time,
a fountain in the middle.
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00:07:51,560 --> 00:07:54,040
And people used to hide themselves
from the shade
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00:07:54,040 --> 00:07:55,800
and do a lot of, like, gatherings.
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00:07:55,800 --> 00:07:59,840
And back in the days,
they had harems, so a lot of women,
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00:07:59,840 --> 00:08:05,280
and they used to, you know, have all
their women waiting for them here.
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00:08:05,280 --> 00:08:08,400
Well, you don't have much left
of it,
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00:08:08,400 --> 00:08:11,720
but you can get an idea
of what it used to look like.
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00:08:14,000 --> 00:08:17,600
Below ground, Brice finds
the quarters of the servants
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00:08:17,600 --> 00:08:19,840
who waited on the family above.
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You can hear the bats.
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SQUEAKING
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So, we're under the main room here,
and it's not always safe,
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but it gives you access
to the upper parts
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00:08:33,440 --> 00:08:36,840
and ways for all the employees
to get around the palace.
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00:08:38,160 --> 00:08:41,680
By 1909,
although Thami had not ascended
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to be head of the El Glaouis,
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he had still made full use
of his family's influence
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to secure the coveted position
of Governor or Pasha of Marrakesh.
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Three years later, the world outside
the kasbah walls was changing
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and Thami's time would come.
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00:09:02,200 --> 00:09:05,200
In the European scramble
to divide up Africa,
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00:09:05,200 --> 00:09:09,520
Morocco lost its independence
to France in 1912.
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00:09:09,520 --> 00:09:12,960
The French quickly understood that,
in order to do anything
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00:09:12,960 --> 00:09:16,960
in southern Morocco, you would have
to ally yourself with the Pasha.
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00:09:16,960 --> 00:09:21,600
For the younger El Glaoui brother,
this was a moment of reckoning.
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He could either fight
for independence or cast his lot
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with the new European powers.
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00:09:29,800 --> 00:09:33,560
For a man of his ambition,
there was only one option.
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00:09:35,000 --> 00:09:39,440
El Glaoui sided with the French
and, in return, gained rule
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over a large swathe
of southern Morocco.
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My great-grandfather was
quickly associated
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as a collaborator with the French,
so, obviously, he was considered
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00:09:51,320 --> 00:09:53,840
a traitor by most of the people.
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00:09:55,080 --> 00:09:58,560
After the death
of Thami's older brother, Madani,
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the French further repaid
his support by appointing him
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as head of the family
instead of his sibling's sons,
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who were the rightful heirs.
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Over the next two decades,
Thami leveraged his position
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to consolidate his wealth and become
one of the world's richest men.
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This was the pinnacle
of his power and influence,
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and this was a man
who enjoyed flaunting it.
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00:10:26,440 --> 00:10:32,080
This was built by my
great-grandfather back in the 1930s.
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00:10:33,520 --> 00:10:35,680
Of course, he liked to show off,
you know.
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Like anyone who's successful
in life, at some point, I guess,
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like, you want to show, you know,
the extent of that success.
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So, yeah, it was a statement.
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He amassed so many riches
that everyone either wanted
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00:10:47,960 --> 00:10:50,840
to see or be seen with him.
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He was called
the Gatsby of Morocco,
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so he used to love throwing amazing
parties, hosting great people.
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Charlie Chaplin, Winston Churchill
and General George Patton all came
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to the kasbah
to be hosted by the Pasha.
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But as the 20th century wore on,
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Moroccan nationalist tension grew
under continued French rule.
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El Glaoui, still aligned
with the colonialists,
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was about to make
a fateful decision,
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and no amount of powerful friends
could save him.
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In 1953, he conspired
with the French
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to overthrow Sultan Muhammad V.
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It was intense.
There was a lot of pressure
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that came from the French
being around and wanting to keep
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their... their hands on Morocco
as long as possible.
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Thami El Glaoui had misread
the mood of the nation.
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An independence movement in Morocco
was simmering under the surface.
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The next two years was
an eruption of violence
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and a unified demand
for the return of their Sultan.
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In 1955, the French were forced
to concede
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and bring him back to Morocco, and
this spelled disaster for the Pasha.
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In an extraordinary scene,
the Pasha was publicly shamed
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when he was brought to Paris
and forced to beg and grovel
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at the Sultan's feet.
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It was the end
of a stunning fall from power.
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The Pasha died just months later.
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00:12:24,560 --> 00:12:28,760
In March, 1956,
two months after Thami's death,
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Morocco gained independence.
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00:12:31,200 --> 00:12:34,960
The impact on Kasbah Telouet
proved fatal.
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That's when most of their palaces,
most of their goods
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00:12:40,000 --> 00:12:42,320
and most of their fortune
was seized.
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We did get the place back
in the late '80s,
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but, I mean, the state of the kasbah
was already totally degraded.
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It had been looted by, you know,
all the people in the region
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00:12:54,440 --> 00:12:57,040
over the decades, so we were left
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00:12:57,040 --> 00:12:59,840
with almost everything
you see today.
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Now reunited
with his family's property,
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00:13:10,160 --> 00:13:14,680
Brice must come up with inventive
ways to keep the kasbah standing.
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It was lucky, I guess, to bring
a movie set here
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that had this Arabian Nights feeling
to it, and it was beautiful
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to be able to see, well, Telouet
live again like this,
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and to be able to imagine
what it would have looked like
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back in the days.
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00:13:30,960 --> 00:13:34,120
I'd love to see it
go back to its prime.
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00:13:34,120 --> 00:13:36,840
We have to, you know, rebuild it
a little,
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00:13:36,840 --> 00:13:39,760
but, I mean,
we're doing our best today
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to protect it and tell its story.
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00:13:49,360 --> 00:13:53,480
In the Czech Republic,
100 miles east of Prague,
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00:13:53,480 --> 00:13:57,000
a rundown facility tells
an extraordinary story
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00:13:57,000 --> 00:13:59,160
of deception and survival.
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00:14:01,400 --> 00:14:03,640
This looks like
an ordinary Czech town,
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00:14:03,640 --> 00:14:08,200
but in the centre, there appears
to be abandoned warehouses
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00:14:08,200 --> 00:14:11,960
configured around
a central courtyard.
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What was its purpose?
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00:14:15,520 --> 00:14:18,480
Inside, you see
raised concrete plinths
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00:14:18,480 --> 00:14:21,400
and sturdy pillars holding up
the floor, all of which suggest
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00:14:21,400 --> 00:14:25,920
that this place was once filled
with heavy machinery of some sort.
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00:14:26,960 --> 00:14:30,600
You see, there are sacks of fibre
and there are bobbins,
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00:14:30,600 --> 00:14:34,080
so, clearly, there's some textile
industry going on here.
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00:14:34,080 --> 00:14:36,360
This structure seems to be part
of an operation
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00:14:36,360 --> 00:14:39,800
that's been forgotten by history.
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00:14:41,120 --> 00:14:45,720
Yet within these walls, an
improbable saviour risked everything
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00:14:45,720 --> 00:14:48,600
to defy a ruthless killing machine.
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00:14:48,600 --> 00:14:53,040
He was an entrepreneur,
a spy and a playboy,
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00:14:53,040 --> 00:14:56,960
and he conned one of Europe's
most dangerous regimes.
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00:14:56,960 --> 00:14:59,960
There's no doubt it's one
of the most important stories
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00:14:59,960 --> 00:15:01,680
of the 20th century.
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00:15:01,680 --> 00:15:05,400
What this place produced was hope,
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00:15:05,400 --> 00:15:09,640
and that's a precious commodity
in dark times.
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00:15:09,640 --> 00:15:13,960
The events that took place here
inspired an Oscar-winning movie
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00:15:13,960 --> 00:15:16,760
known as Schindler's List.
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00:15:22,520 --> 00:15:25,440
So, I first came back in 1973
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00:15:25,440 --> 00:15:27,320
when I was very young,
with my father.
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00:15:27,320 --> 00:15:29,440
This was my grandfather's factory.
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00:15:29,440 --> 00:15:32,200
It's where he worked
with his two brothers.
240
00:15:32,200 --> 00:15:37,440
Dr Daniel Low-Beer is the custodian
of this site today.
241
00:15:37,440 --> 00:15:40,720
In the early 1900s,
this was the beating heart
242
00:15:40,720 --> 00:15:44,120
of his ancestors' thriving
textile business.
243
00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:48,600
Our family had been here
for many hundreds of years,
244
00:15:48,600 --> 00:15:50,960
and they felt
very much part of this land.
245
00:15:50,960 --> 00:15:53,480
They were accepted
in Czechoslovakia.
246
00:15:53,480 --> 00:15:57,320
This is where the Jews could express
themselves fully, culturally.
247
00:15:58,840 --> 00:16:03,200
But in 1938,
the rise of a terrible evil left
248
00:16:03,200 --> 00:16:06,560
Daniel's grandfather, Walter,
staring into the abyss.
249
00:16:08,800 --> 00:16:12,280
So, from one day to the next,
Czechoslovakia is one country,
250
00:16:12,280 --> 00:16:16,400
and then, it's split into two,
and the border goes along the stream
251
00:16:16,400 --> 00:16:19,960
that goes through our factory.
And my grandfather wakes up,
252
00:16:19,960 --> 00:16:24,520
and on the other side of the river
is a battalion of Nazi soldiers,
253
00:16:24,520 --> 00:16:27,200
who had come in partly to invade,
partly to loot,
254
00:16:27,200 --> 00:16:29,000
partly to find what they could.
255
00:16:30,120 --> 00:16:32,960
He said, "You can't come
over this river. This is the border.
256
00:16:32,960 --> 00:16:35,240
"Go and check your orders
and your borders."
257
00:16:35,240 --> 00:16:36,960
And he held them up,
258
00:16:36,960 --> 00:16:42,040
a Jew on that border holding up
the Nazis for three days.
259
00:16:44,360 --> 00:16:49,440
Walter was just one man standing
against an entire army.
260
00:16:49,440 --> 00:16:53,120
Shortly afterwards,
the Low-Beers were forced to flee,
261
00:16:53,120 --> 00:16:55,720
leaving their life's work behind.
262
00:16:57,400 --> 00:17:00,680
They went to France, and
then my father, on a false passport,
263
00:17:00,680 --> 00:17:04,000
was able to get into England.
Their identity was shattered
264
00:17:04,000 --> 00:17:06,800
and the factory was stolen
by the Nazis.
265
00:17:08,160 --> 00:17:10,400
In the early years
of the Second World War,
266
00:17:10,400 --> 00:17:12,800
a variety of companies
worked at the factory,
267
00:17:12,800 --> 00:17:16,680
producing textiles and armaments
for the German war effort.
268
00:17:16,680 --> 00:17:22,640
Then, in 1944, the site underwent
a horrifying transformation.
269
00:17:24,000 --> 00:17:26,800
This was a concentration camp.
So, you first of all,
270
00:17:26,800 --> 00:17:29,320
have to imagine the barbed wire
which closed it off,
271
00:17:29,320 --> 00:17:32,960
the watchtowers, which would have
been looking over this place.
272
00:17:32,960 --> 00:17:36,080
There was 80 to 100 armed
SS guards here,
273
00:17:36,080 --> 00:17:37,960
some of them extremely dangerous.
274
00:17:37,960 --> 00:17:42,360
Around 1,200 Jewish captives
were transported from Poland
275
00:17:42,360 --> 00:17:44,960
to work in this labour camp.
276
00:17:44,960 --> 00:17:47,560
But the Nazi industrialist
who brought them here
277
00:17:47,560 --> 00:17:49,600
had an extraordinary secret.
278
00:17:53,000 --> 00:17:56,400
He certainly was no saint.
He didn't regard himself
279
00:17:56,400 --> 00:17:58,720
as a humanitarian.
But even ordinary people
280
00:17:58,720 --> 00:18:02,120
can behave in extraordinary ways.
281
00:18:02,120 --> 00:18:05,800
His name was Oskar Schindler,
282
00:18:05,800 --> 00:18:10,800
and this was to be a safe haven
to protect a people under siege.
283
00:18:12,000 --> 00:18:13,880
At the start of the war,
284
00:18:13,880 --> 00:18:16,400
his motivation could not have been
more different.
285
00:18:17,680 --> 00:18:19,440
Schindler is getting rich,
286
00:18:19,440 --> 00:18:22,720
taking over factories
that belong to Jews.
287
00:18:22,720 --> 00:18:25,400
Schindler is coining money.
288
00:18:25,400 --> 00:18:29,800
He is stuffing his pockets
cos he's a Nazi,
289
00:18:29,800 --> 00:18:31,960
he's friends with Nazis.
290
00:18:31,960 --> 00:18:37,960
There's Nazi money to be made,
and Schindler is living well.
291
00:18:39,880 --> 00:18:44,480
But somewhere or some time
during the Second World War,
292
00:18:44,480 --> 00:18:47,000
he began to change his perspective.
293
00:18:48,320 --> 00:18:55,440
People are being taken from Poland's
ghettos to Poland's death camps,
294
00:18:55,440 --> 00:19:00,880
and they're being murdered
on a wholesale basis.
295
00:19:00,880 --> 00:19:04,640
Schindler was watching
the Holocaust happen.
296
00:19:04,640 --> 00:19:07,480
It seems that it was
during this period
297
00:19:07,480 --> 00:19:11,840
that Schindler's motivations
changed. If he had done nothing,
298
00:19:11,840 --> 00:19:15,000
all of his Jewish workers
would have been deported
299
00:19:15,000 --> 00:19:18,000
to extermination camps,
most likely Auschwitz.
300
00:19:20,400 --> 00:19:23,760
It was then that Schindler came up
with a plan
301
00:19:23,760 --> 00:19:29,320
to outsmart the Nazis.
His path to redemption had begun.
302
00:19:29,320 --> 00:19:33,280
Oskar Schindler, with the help
of his employees,
303
00:19:33,280 --> 00:19:35,600
began to draw up lists -
304
00:19:35,600 --> 00:19:39,640
lists of people
who would effectively be saved
305
00:19:39,640 --> 00:19:41,600
by working at his labour camp.
306
00:19:41,600 --> 00:19:45,920
Schindler told the SS
that those on the lists were
307
00:19:45,920 --> 00:19:49,160
highly skilled workers
and essential to setting up
308
00:19:49,160 --> 00:19:51,120
and running the factory.
309
00:19:51,120 --> 00:19:57,400
Schindler needs to insulate
the people he's trying to save
310
00:19:57,400 --> 00:20:03,000
from the deadly casual brutality
of the SS guard force.
311
00:20:04,640 --> 00:20:07,200
By housing the workers
inside the factory
312
00:20:07,200 --> 00:20:09,440
and the guards
in a separate building,
313
00:20:09,440 --> 00:20:11,960
he reduced the likelihood
of these attacks.
314
00:20:11,960 --> 00:20:13,800
So, there's three floors.
315
00:20:13,800 --> 00:20:15,760
The first two would be used
for production
316
00:20:15,760 --> 00:20:19,400
and they would have lived
above this floor.
317
00:20:19,400 --> 00:20:21,680
This was a relative place of safety.
318
00:20:23,280 --> 00:20:26,440
From the very start,
Schindler had no intention
319
00:20:26,440 --> 00:20:29,520
of using his factory
to make weapons,
320
00:20:29,520 --> 00:20:34,440
yet he had to convince Nazi
officials of the exact opposite.
321
00:20:36,360 --> 00:20:43,520
Schindler has got to pretend
that he is building German armaments
322
00:20:43,520 --> 00:20:47,000
in his factory,
even though he's producing
323
00:20:47,000 --> 00:20:51,160
approximately no German armaments.
324
00:20:53,120 --> 00:20:55,280
It was tense
from the morning to the evening.
325
00:20:55,280 --> 00:20:57,200
There was danger everywhere.
326
00:20:57,200 --> 00:21:00,240
And when the inspections came,
yeah, there would be a huge flurry.
327
00:21:00,240 --> 00:21:03,960
He would have to find munitions,
he would have to forge documents.
328
00:21:03,960 --> 00:21:08,080
Every hour, every day,
329
00:21:08,080 --> 00:21:12,880
every breath that those people took
330
00:21:12,880 --> 00:21:19,040
was an act of defiance
against the Nazis.
331
00:21:20,320 --> 00:21:25,240
Schindler and his workers maintained
the deception for over six months
332
00:21:25,240 --> 00:21:30,960
until Germany's total surrender came
on 8th May, 1945.
333
00:21:32,000 --> 00:21:34,520
He actually opens the radios
of the camp
334
00:21:34,520 --> 00:21:37,560
so that Winston Churchill's
victory speech is on.
335
00:21:37,560 --> 00:21:39,680
Everybody hears it,
including the German soldiers,
336
00:21:39,680 --> 00:21:41,520
including the Jews.
337
00:21:41,520 --> 00:21:46,280
It's here that he gives a speech,
with the German soldiers here,
338
00:21:46,280 --> 00:21:50,960
where he challenges them to be men,
not murderers, to disperse.
339
00:21:50,960 --> 00:21:55,280
But only the Jewish prisoners knew
Schindler's secret.
340
00:21:55,280 --> 00:21:57,840
In the eyes of the advancing
Allied forces,
341
00:21:57,840 --> 00:22:00,600
he was a wanted Nazi war criminal.
342
00:22:02,000 --> 00:22:05,600
It's at five past midnight
that the roles change.
343
00:22:05,600 --> 00:22:07,560
He was in charge of his camp,
344
00:22:07,560 --> 00:22:09,800
and then, suddenly, he becomes
the hunted.
345
00:22:10,960 --> 00:22:13,720
Some of the workers put together
a letter explaining
346
00:22:13,720 --> 00:22:16,400
that Schindler had done
everything he could
347
00:22:16,400 --> 00:22:19,320
to save the largest number
of Jewish lives possible.
348
00:22:20,520 --> 00:22:23,240
It also asked anyone he showed
the letter to
349
00:22:23,240 --> 00:22:25,320
to help him in any way they could.
350
00:22:27,320 --> 00:22:31,160
But paper burns and ink dissolves,
351
00:22:31,160 --> 00:22:34,480
so they made him a ring.
352
00:22:34,480 --> 00:22:37,520
And there's no gold anywhere,
apart from on their teeth.
353
00:22:37,520 --> 00:22:41,080
And so, they melt this ring
out of their teeth.
354
00:22:41,080 --> 00:22:44,960
But on it, there's a phrase
which is taken from the Talmud,
355
00:22:44,960 --> 00:22:49,720
which says, "If you save a life,
you save the world entire."
356
00:22:51,240 --> 00:22:55,120
While the workers waited
for the camp's official liberation,
357
00:22:55,120 --> 00:22:59,280
Schindler fled west
to American lines with the letter,
358
00:22:59,280 --> 00:23:02,200
the ring and a remarkable story.
359
00:23:02,200 --> 00:23:06,640
He had helped save 1,200 people
from the Holocaust.
360
00:23:06,640 --> 00:23:13,960
And it is estimated that the
descendants of those 1,200 people,
361
00:23:13,960 --> 00:23:20,360
7 to 9,000 people, are alive today
362
00:23:20,360 --> 00:23:25,480
because Oskar Schindler risked
everything
363
00:23:25,480 --> 00:23:29,760
to save the lives of people
to whom he owed nothing.
364
00:23:31,400 --> 00:23:34,320
It's not clear
why he did what he did,
365
00:23:34,320 --> 00:23:37,920
but in some ways, that's what keeps
the story alive
366
00:23:37,920 --> 00:23:41,040
and allows the next generation
of children
367
00:23:41,040 --> 00:23:43,840
to make their own mind up.
And then, most importantly,
368
00:23:43,840 --> 00:23:46,800
what would you do
in the same situation?
369
00:23:46,800 --> 00:23:49,760
If Schindler could do it,
why couldn't more people do it?
370
00:23:58,000 --> 00:24:03,960
In 2019, Daniel was able to buy back
his family's old factory.
371
00:24:03,960 --> 00:24:07,360
Today, he is working
to turn the site
372
00:24:07,360 --> 00:24:11,520
into a museum dedicated
to those who survived here.
373
00:24:11,520 --> 00:24:14,280
In the Jewish sense,
when the world is shattered,
374
00:24:14,280 --> 00:24:16,440
you want to put it back together
again.
375
00:24:16,440 --> 00:24:20,320
At the beginning of a marriage,
they shatter a glass
376
00:24:20,320 --> 00:24:22,920
because the Jews assume
that the world is shattered,
377
00:24:22,920 --> 00:24:24,960
and the job of any marriage is
378
00:24:24,960 --> 00:24:27,560
to try and put
bits of it back together.
379
00:24:27,560 --> 00:24:30,280
And I think it's a little bit
of the impetus we have here,
380
00:24:30,280 --> 00:24:33,400
in this ruined factory, is to put
something back together,
381
00:24:33,400 --> 00:24:36,640
which can tell the story
and show survival.
382
00:24:42,200 --> 00:24:45,240
In Brazil,
deep in the Amazon rainforest,
383
00:24:45,240 --> 00:24:48,960
are the neglected remains
of a pioneering venture.
384
00:24:55,400 --> 00:24:58,160
As you navigate
through the waterways,
385
00:24:58,160 --> 00:25:00,760
you come across this ruin
386
00:25:00,760 --> 00:25:04,440
that's just rotting
on the side of the jungle.
387
00:25:04,440 --> 00:25:08,120
There is this mess of stilts
and beams,
388
00:25:08,120 --> 00:25:11,120
and they reach up
hundreds of feet into the air.
389
00:25:12,400 --> 00:25:14,280
You can see the remains
of a boardwalk
390
00:25:14,280 --> 00:25:17,360
and some platforms teetering
high above the water.
391
00:25:17,360 --> 00:25:21,360
As more wooden skeletons emerge
from the forest,
392
00:25:21,360 --> 00:25:24,960
the extent of this site becomes
apparent.
393
00:25:24,960 --> 00:25:31,640
This area is remote and exposed.
It's not exactly a place
394
00:25:31,640 --> 00:25:35,400
where you would imagine
there to be a settlement.
395
00:25:35,400 --> 00:25:38,200
This is a footprint
of a vast complex.
396
00:25:38,200 --> 00:25:40,560
To build somewhere like this
would have required
397
00:25:40,560 --> 00:25:43,480
specialist local knowledge.
398
00:25:43,480 --> 00:25:46,040
It makes you wonder,
why was this created?
399
00:25:46,040 --> 00:25:49,200
Was this some sort of
an industrial facility?
400
00:25:49,200 --> 00:25:53,600
This place was built
with one thing in mind -
401
00:25:53,600 --> 00:25:56,840
an existential threat to humanity.
402
00:26:19,720 --> 00:26:23,480
Roberto Abdias has worked
in the Amazon all his life.
403
00:26:23,480 --> 00:26:26,600
For 17 years, this was home.
404
00:26:40,160 --> 00:26:44,680
Today, these derelict ruins are
only accessible by boat.
405
00:26:46,120 --> 00:26:48,160
When first built, a helicopter was
406
00:26:48,160 --> 00:26:50,120
the favoured method
of transportation
407
00:26:50,120 --> 00:26:52,120
for those who could afford it.
408
00:26:53,640 --> 00:26:56,960
To see it now, you wouldn't think
that some of the richest people
409
00:26:56,960 --> 00:27:00,360
on Earth came to visit this,
but they did.
410
00:27:00,360 --> 00:27:03,640
Its story began
with a chance encounter
411
00:27:03,640 --> 00:27:05,440
more than four decades ago.
412
00:27:07,360 --> 00:27:09,320
In 1982,
413
00:27:09,320 --> 00:27:10,920
one of the most renowned explorers,
414
00:27:10,920 --> 00:27:16,800
Jacques Cousteau, came and visited
this part of the Amazon.
415
00:27:16,800 --> 00:27:19,000
He explored the world
and he brought attention
416
00:27:19,000 --> 00:27:21,960
to matters like
the disappearing rainforest.
417
00:27:21,960 --> 00:27:25,800
It was while staying at a hotel
in the city of Manaus
418
00:27:25,800 --> 00:27:30,040
Cousteau grew close to its owner,
Francisco Ritta Bernardino.
419
00:27:31,480 --> 00:27:33,480
Cousteau made a prediction
to his new friend.
420
00:27:33,480 --> 00:27:35,680
He predicted that, within 15 years,
421
00:27:35,680 --> 00:27:38,200
the whole world would be talking
about the Amazon,
422
00:27:38,200 --> 00:27:40,440
not just climate scientists
and biologists,
423
00:27:40,440 --> 00:27:42,640
but also regular concerned citizens.
424
00:27:43,840 --> 00:27:46,520
Bernardino was inspired by Cousteau.
425
00:27:46,520 --> 00:27:49,560
In an effort to prevent
further deforestation,
426
00:27:49,560 --> 00:27:51,240
he wanted to make a difference.
427
00:27:52,520 --> 00:27:57,200
He was also a keen businessman
with an eye for opportunity.
428
00:27:57,200 --> 00:27:59,960
When Cousteau encouraged him
to consider
429
00:27:59,960 --> 00:28:02,920
the fast-growing industry
of eco-tourism,
430
00:28:02,920 --> 00:28:05,760
it seemed like the perfect fit.
431
00:28:05,760 --> 00:28:11,840
This is all that remains
of Bernardino's Ariau Towers Hotel.
432
00:28:11,840 --> 00:28:13,960
By establishing a resort like this,
433
00:28:13,960 --> 00:28:16,880
people could come and experience
the Amazon
434
00:28:16,880 --> 00:28:19,440
without damaging the Amazon.
435
00:28:19,440 --> 00:28:21,560
They could take away
from it memories,
436
00:28:21,560 --> 00:28:24,000
without leaving anything behind.
437
00:28:25,240 --> 00:28:27,880
This would be a unique building
that would immerse people
438
00:28:27,880 --> 00:28:31,480
right into the heart
of this incredible ecosystem.
439
00:28:31,480 --> 00:28:36,200
Bernardino began
his ambitious project in 1984.
440
00:28:36,200 --> 00:28:39,960
From the beginning,
there were challenges to overcome.
441
00:28:39,960 --> 00:28:43,560
For half of the year,
this area is under water.
442
00:29:06,480 --> 00:29:08,840
After two years of building,
443
00:29:08,840 --> 00:29:12,720
Ariau Towers was ready to welcome
its first guests.
444
00:29:13,840 --> 00:29:18,200
What Bernardino achieved
really was this massive feat
445
00:29:18,200 --> 00:29:21,400
of construction and engineering.
446
00:29:21,400 --> 00:29:26,560
He built, on stilts, 300 rooms,
a helipad,
447
00:29:26,560 --> 00:29:29,400
dining rooms, and so much more.
448
00:29:29,400 --> 00:29:32,720
There were walkways that linked
one building to the next.
449
00:29:32,720 --> 00:29:35,520
There were catwalks
that were up in the trees
450
00:29:35,520 --> 00:29:37,680
so that you could experience
the part of the Amazon
451
00:29:37,680 --> 00:29:42,080
where most of the life lived.
They'd be able to see pink dolphins.
452
00:29:42,080 --> 00:29:45,680
They would be able to see any number
of brilliantly coloured birds.
453
00:29:57,000 --> 00:30:00,160
Ariau Towers tapped
into a growing trend,
454
00:30:00,160 --> 00:30:04,120
and its exclusivity attracted
the rich and famous.
455
00:30:04,120 --> 00:30:06,400
This was built in an era
456
00:30:06,400 --> 00:30:10,120
when problems with the Amazon
rainforest were just becoming
457
00:30:10,120 --> 00:30:13,560
general knowledge in the way that
that elimination of rainforest
458
00:30:13,560 --> 00:30:17,960
was also displacing tribal people
that lived in the Amazon rainforest.
459
00:30:17,960 --> 00:30:21,000
At its height, it wasn't uncommon
460
00:30:21,000 --> 00:30:24,160
to see celebrities
or politicians here.
461
00:30:36,000 --> 00:30:38,440
Business was booming,
462
00:30:38,440 --> 00:30:41,880
and Bernardino's investment appeared
to be paying off.
463
00:30:41,880 --> 00:30:46,160
In the late '90s,
it is estimated that revenue was
464
00:30:46,160 --> 00:30:48,640
somewhere around $12 million
465
00:30:48,640 --> 00:30:53,120
from the 36,000 guests
it was receiving per year.
466
00:30:53,120 --> 00:30:58,360
Then, in 2002, a reality
TV juggernaut came calling,
467
00:30:58,360 --> 00:31:02,960
and it seemed like a lucrative
opportunity too good to miss.
468
00:31:02,960 --> 00:31:07,600
The hit reality series Survivor
was looking for a location
469
00:31:07,600 --> 00:31:12,800
for its sixth season,
and Ariau Towers fit the bill.
470
00:31:12,800 --> 00:31:14,960
The production went ahead
471
00:31:14,960 --> 00:31:17,160
and they booked out the entire place
for months.
472
00:31:40,760 --> 00:31:43,880
It turns out that interrupting
your regular stream of guests
473
00:31:43,880 --> 00:31:46,960
for an entire three months
can really be disastrous
474
00:31:46,960 --> 00:31:49,120
in the tourism industry.
475
00:32:02,840 --> 00:32:05,880
The number of visitors began
to decline,
476
00:32:05,880 --> 00:32:09,520
and soon, there were staff layoffs
that followed.
477
00:32:11,600 --> 00:32:15,200
The hotel limped on
for another decade,
478
00:32:15,200 --> 00:32:17,960
but the business never recovered.
479
00:32:17,960 --> 00:32:21,520
Operations ceased in 2016,
480
00:32:21,520 --> 00:32:24,560
and the Amazon quickly reclaimed
its ground.
481
00:32:24,560 --> 00:32:30,280
All of the locals who helped
to build and operate Ariau Towers
482
00:32:30,280 --> 00:32:35,560
really saw this as their own,
so when the facility became defunct,
483
00:32:35,560 --> 00:32:39,800
they took the timbers,
they took the beams and the roofs,
484
00:32:39,800 --> 00:32:42,160
leaving very little
standing there today.
485
00:33:02,320 --> 00:33:06,240
The Ariau Towers Hotel
may have ended in failure,
486
00:33:06,240 --> 00:33:09,120
but Roberto believes
it should be remembered
487
00:33:09,120 --> 00:33:11,680
for the good it tried to achieve.
488
00:33:36,000 --> 00:33:39,280
In Germany, just outside of Berlin,
489
00:33:39,280 --> 00:33:43,600
a peculiar collection of buildings
litter the countryside.
490
00:33:48,560 --> 00:33:51,800
About 20 miles east of the capital,
491
00:33:51,800 --> 00:33:54,760
this sprawling city gives way
492
00:33:54,760 --> 00:33:59,280
to these portions of green
and dark patches of woodlands.
493
00:34:00,440 --> 00:34:01,960
Looking through the trees here,
494
00:34:01,960 --> 00:34:04,280
we start to see
some strange stone structures.
495
00:34:04,280 --> 00:34:06,520
Some of them look like
they might be churches
496
00:34:06,520 --> 00:34:09,600
or maybe medieval forts.
In one place, we see something
497
00:34:09,600 --> 00:34:13,280
that looks like it could be
a temple in Cambodia.
498
00:34:16,000 --> 00:34:21,200
Exploring deeper, a confusing
picture begins to emerge.
499
00:34:21,200 --> 00:34:24,880
There are long, dark corridors,
500
00:34:24,880 --> 00:34:28,280
and there are deep holes
that lead to nowhere.
501
00:34:28,280 --> 00:34:34,320
On the lower levels are the remains
of railroad track and old carts.
502
00:34:34,320 --> 00:34:38,000
It's hard to figure out
what we're looking at
503
00:34:38,000 --> 00:34:39,720
or what was here.
504
00:34:39,720 --> 00:34:42,960
The rusting metal remains suggest
that this was
505
00:34:42,960 --> 00:34:46,480
some sort of industrial complex,
but for what trade?
506
00:34:46,480 --> 00:34:49,520
From the fires of this vast complex,
507
00:34:49,520 --> 00:34:52,960
one of Europe's greatest cities
was forged.
508
00:34:52,960 --> 00:34:58,480
Just from looking at what is left
here, you would have no idea
509
00:34:58,480 --> 00:35:03,400
of the role that this place played
in the building of modern Germany.
510
00:35:09,800 --> 00:35:12,680
Kathrin Jurkat is a historian
511
00:35:12,680 --> 00:35:16,160
who works in the shadow
of this towering behemoth.
512
00:35:16,160 --> 00:35:21,480
The ground on which it's built is
the very reason it exists.
513
00:35:21,480 --> 00:35:23,840
So, 240 million years ago,
514
00:35:23,840 --> 00:35:25,960
at this site, there was an ocean.
515
00:35:25,960 --> 00:35:30,400
There were shells and other animals
living inside of it.
516
00:35:30,400 --> 00:35:34,680
These shells, when they died,
were transforming into limestone.
517
00:35:34,680 --> 00:35:38,800
Limestone is a really great material
to work with
518
00:35:38,800 --> 00:35:42,520
as a building material. It's easier
to cut into different shapes
519
00:35:42,520 --> 00:35:46,080
than, say, granite,
and it's easier to quarry.
520
00:35:47,960 --> 00:35:50,920
Berlin really is a city
of limestone.
521
00:35:50,920 --> 00:35:54,440
You can find it everywhere, from the
floors of the Berliner Dom Cathedral
522
00:35:54,440 --> 00:35:58,400
to the roads of the working-class
neighbourhoods.
523
00:36:00,400 --> 00:36:03,280
This is Rudersdorf.
524
00:36:03,280 --> 00:36:05,880
For over 750 years,
525
00:36:05,880 --> 00:36:09,960
it was at the heart of an industry
that built the German capital.
526
00:36:09,960 --> 00:36:14,320
But this site produced
more than Berlin's building blocks.
527
00:36:14,320 --> 00:36:18,760
It also created the vital ingredient
that held them together.
528
00:36:21,000 --> 00:36:24,360
So, this is the chamber kiln.
It was built in 1666,
529
00:36:24,360 --> 00:36:27,760
and this is the oldest structure
we have here in Rudersdorf.
530
00:36:27,760 --> 00:36:30,440
It was used for burning lime.
531
00:36:30,440 --> 00:36:34,600
The cooking of the limestone changes
its chemical structure.
532
00:36:34,600 --> 00:36:36,920
If you'd let it cool down,
you could crumble
533
00:36:36,920 --> 00:36:40,960
the rocks into a fine powder,
what we call quicklime.
534
00:36:40,960 --> 00:36:45,240
Then, if you add water and throw
in some sand and other things,
535
00:36:45,240 --> 00:36:47,960
you would have cement.
536
00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:52,960
Quicklime's impact on the city is
impossible to overstate.
537
00:36:52,960 --> 00:36:58,600
Berlin's population in 1701
had swelled to over 100,000,
538
00:36:58,600 --> 00:37:01,960
and it was growing
in all directions.
539
00:37:01,960 --> 00:37:05,200
As European society advanced
540
00:37:05,200 --> 00:37:08,960
and bigger and bigger stone
buildings were being built,
541
00:37:08,960 --> 00:37:13,400
the demand from these furnaces
or kilns was enormous.
542
00:37:13,400 --> 00:37:16,160
In order to keep up,
543
00:37:16,160 --> 00:37:19,840
it was the poorly paid labour force
that suffered most.
544
00:37:19,840 --> 00:37:24,480
Can you imagine just how difficult
and dangerous this work was?
545
00:37:24,480 --> 00:37:29,960
They were moving chunks of rock
that were heated to 1,000 degrees.
546
00:37:29,960 --> 00:37:35,440
If the burnt lime came into contact
with their skin or their sweat,
547
00:37:35,440 --> 00:37:39,240
which was inevitable in conditions
like this, it was like acid.
548
00:37:39,240 --> 00:37:42,640
They could get very severe burns.
549
00:37:42,640 --> 00:37:45,440
Despite the risks,
there was constant pressure
550
00:37:45,440 --> 00:37:48,560
to keep the kilns burning,
no matter what.
551
00:37:48,560 --> 00:37:52,920
The entire procedure, however,
was incredibly inefficient.
552
00:37:54,320 --> 00:37:57,560
The problem with this method is
you have to load the kiln,
553
00:37:57,560 --> 00:37:59,800
build this intense fire
for four or five days,
554
00:37:59,800 --> 00:38:03,760
you had to pull the limestone out,
and repeat the process.
555
00:38:03,760 --> 00:38:08,640
As demand for cement increased,
this method wasn't fast enough.
556
00:38:10,000 --> 00:38:12,160
But that wasn't the only issue.
557
00:38:12,160 --> 00:38:16,480
The fuel that fed the fires was also
in short supply.
558
00:38:17,880 --> 00:38:19,320
The chamber kiln needed
559
00:38:19,320 --> 00:38:21,760
wood to run,
but the Brandenberg Forest was
560
00:38:21,760 --> 00:38:24,920
running out of trees
at an alarming rate.
561
00:38:24,920 --> 00:38:27,840
If the city's rapid growth was
to continue,
562
00:38:27,840 --> 00:38:31,400
Rudersdorf needed to find
a solution fast.
563
00:38:32,680 --> 00:38:36,520
An innovation by British-American
inventor Lord Benjamin Rumford
564
00:38:36,520 --> 00:38:39,240
in 1802 would prove vital.
565
00:38:39,240 --> 00:38:44,480
The Rumford kiln operates like
a kind of vertical conveyor belt.
566
00:38:44,480 --> 00:38:49,520
Workers bring chunks of lime with
carts to the top of the structure,
567
00:38:49,520 --> 00:38:51,960
and they drop it
into the central shaft.
568
00:38:51,960 --> 00:38:56,120
There's fires that are kept burning
at all times around the shaft.
569
00:38:56,120 --> 00:39:00,600
As the limestone cooks down,
they keep adding more limestone
570
00:39:00,600 --> 00:39:03,960
to the top, but at the bottom,
workers can open the shaft
571
00:39:03,960 --> 00:39:06,520
and shovel out the cooked limestone.
572
00:39:06,520 --> 00:39:09,040
Whereas, before, it had taken
about a week
573
00:39:09,040 --> 00:39:11,120
between loading and unloading
the kiln,
574
00:39:11,120 --> 00:39:14,680
this one burned continuously,
and instead of burning wood,
575
00:39:14,680 --> 00:39:17,960
which was running out,
it used peat for fuel.
576
00:39:17,960 --> 00:39:21,960
Peat burns hotter
and there was an untapped supply
577
00:39:21,960 --> 00:39:24,400
in the wetlands around Berlin.
578
00:39:25,560 --> 00:39:28,600
This, combined with the Rumford
kilns' ability
579
00:39:28,600 --> 00:39:34,120
to operate 24 hours a day, 365 days
a year, saw production triple.
580
00:39:36,000 --> 00:39:38,720
The technological leap was
good for business,
581
00:39:38,720 --> 00:39:42,080
but did little to improve
the lives of the labour force.
582
00:39:44,200 --> 00:39:46,640
So, this great invention
of the Rumford kiln was
583
00:39:46,640 --> 00:39:49,520
not so good for the workers. Before
that, they didn't work that long,
584
00:39:49,520 --> 00:39:52,160
but now, they had to work
16 hours a day.
585
00:39:52,160 --> 00:39:55,680
Also, it was very harmful for them
to inhale the dust.
586
00:39:55,680 --> 00:39:58,240
A lot of the workers here had
a problem with their lungs.
587
00:39:58,240 --> 00:40:03,320
This really was not a healthy
environment and, quite tragically,
588
00:40:03,320 --> 00:40:06,320
many workers never saw
the age of 40, as a result.
589
00:40:06,320 --> 00:40:11,200
Despite the human cost,
the kilns worked around the clock.
590
00:40:11,200 --> 00:40:17,360
Even though 28,000 tons of quicklime
were being produced every year,
591
00:40:17,360 --> 00:40:20,360
there was always a need for more.
592
00:40:20,360 --> 00:40:24,960
Berlin was quickly becoming
one of the largest cities in Europe.
593
00:40:24,960 --> 00:40:27,720
In 1871, with unification,
594
00:40:27,720 --> 00:40:31,800
Germany became a really great power
for the first time,
595
00:40:31,800 --> 00:40:33,760
and that led to a much faster pace
596
00:40:33,760 --> 00:40:36,800
of economic and industrial
development.
597
00:40:36,800 --> 00:40:40,320
Berlin had become the capital city
of the entire German Empire,
598
00:40:40,320 --> 00:40:43,960
and its population had reached
800,000.
599
00:40:43,960 --> 00:40:47,440
They needed more raw materials.
They needed more cement.
600
00:40:47,440 --> 00:40:53,800
At this time, Rudersdorf had five
Rumford kilns in constant operation.
601
00:40:53,800 --> 00:40:55,720
It wasn't enough.
602
00:40:55,720 --> 00:40:59,600
The answer was to build
something even bigger.
603
00:40:59,600 --> 00:41:04,360
So, this is the shaft kiln battery.
It was finished in 1877.
604
00:41:04,360 --> 00:41:08,520
So, the innovation here is
that they put 18 kilns
605
00:41:08,520 --> 00:41:13,040
right next to each other so that
it functioned like a factory.
606
00:41:13,040 --> 00:41:15,440
This structure was built
in a kind of a ditch,
607
00:41:15,440 --> 00:41:18,400
which, at the top, allowed railcars
to reach the roof,
608
00:41:18,400 --> 00:41:21,800
and from the bottom, carts could be
loaded straight onto the railway.
609
00:41:21,800 --> 00:41:25,000
This complex, located where it is,
610
00:41:25,000 --> 00:41:29,960
is part of why Berlin was able
to grow as rapidly as it did.
611
00:41:29,960 --> 00:41:33,240
This place helped build
a lot of what remains
612
00:41:33,240 --> 00:41:36,680
as kind of iconic Berlin today,
including the Brandenburg Gate.
613
00:41:36,680 --> 00:41:40,440
For almost a century,
these kilns burned,
614
00:41:40,440 --> 00:41:44,200
producing hundreds of thousands
of tons of quicklime,
615
00:41:44,200 --> 00:41:48,840
fuelling Germany's path to become
the nation we know today.
616
00:41:49,960 --> 00:41:52,040
But by the late 1960s,
617
00:41:52,040 --> 00:41:56,120
the once cutting-edge technology
was becoming obsolete
618
00:41:56,120 --> 00:41:58,960
and, by 1967, it had been abandoned.
619
00:42:04,000 --> 00:42:07,440
Today, Rudersdorf is open
to the public.
620
00:42:07,440 --> 00:42:12,640
It provides a unique insight
into a factory that built a city.
621
00:42:13,800 --> 00:42:15,760
It's interesting
that it was never torn down
622
00:42:15,760 --> 00:42:18,720
or reused for other purposes.
And that's really great,
623
00:42:18,720 --> 00:42:22,880
because you can see what's
essentially a museum and a tribute
624
00:42:22,880 --> 00:42:27,960
to all the hard work and innovation
625
00:42:27,960 --> 00:42:32,840
that went into developing
these modern building materials.
626
00:42:35,760 --> 00:42:38,280
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