All language subtitles for Abandoned.Engineering.S13E04.Episode.4.1080p.UKTV.WEB-DL.AAC2.0.H.264-FFG_track3_[eng]

In Panama, a military base
on the front lines

against a drug-running tyrant...

A ruthless dictator, CIA meddling,
narco kingpins, you name it.

This story's got it all.

...in Italy, a life cut short
turns a utopian dream

into a nightmare...

Was the death the result
of nefarious activities

from a foreign power?

...in Tunisia, an ancient place
of spectacle

born out of a bloody
power struggle...

Emperors were overthrown,

new emperors were appointed.

There was conflict
in the Roman Empire.

...and in Poland, a grim facility

caught between the treachery
of two regimes.

The people held here fought
against the very worst inhumanity

and were jailed for it.

Decaying relics...

...ruins of lost worlds...

...sights haunted by the past...

...their secrets waiting
to be revealed.

In Panama, on the outskirts
of the capital,

a random collection of buildings
tells a complex story of conquest.

In the shadow
of the Bridge of Americas

is what appears to be a public park.

But have a closer look

and you'll see some strange remains.

There's a lot of long,
rectangular buildings.

They were clearly built
with some purpose in mind.

But there's very little left
to suggest

what exactly that might be.

More structures nearby
point to an official function.

You see the word "policia",

and we understand
that this must have been

a Panamanian police building
of some sort.

When you look at the pitting here,

people have been
shooting this place up,

and you don't shoot up
your own base.

For many years, this country had
very close ties with the US,

but in the 1980s, those ties
were stretched to breaking point.

It is as though Manuel Noriega
wants to force George Bush senior

into having a war in Panama.

This place has changed immensely.

It's not what it used to be.

The houses were nicely painted.

Everything was new.

Grass was green.

Ricardo Eva was a soldier
and interpreter in the US Army.

When he was first
stationed here in 1984,

the country was
a very different place.

Everything was American,
right here, in the heart of Panama.

There were a lot of families
living here, a lot of young kids,

young children playing around,

grabbing mangoes from the trees.

Life was idyllic.

The only reason these buildings
exist at all is because of one thing.

The Panama Canal.

The canal was built by the Americans
in the early 1900s,

and under the terms
of the agreement with Panama,

they were granted ownership
in perpetuity

of a 553-square-mile area of land
called the Canal Zone.

This was America's first step
onto the world stage

as an imperial great power.

Unsurprisingly, an investment
of this size needed protecting.

In 1913, at the end
of this man-made causeway,

huge gun batteries were installed

to guard the Pacific entrance
of the Panama Canal.

And here, administrative
and housing facilities were built.

It was called Fort Amador.

The Canal Commission
believed that the US citizens

within the Canal Zone

should live in beautiful
communities

with a high quality of life.

Whenever you cross from Panama
to the Canal Zone area,

it's a totally different world.

We had our own commissaries,
little stores, theatres,

bowling alleys, swimming pools,
you name it.

We had everything here.

A country inside another country,
if you will.

Amongst Panamanians,

especially as we moved
into the 1960s,

there was resentment that started
to grow at this American presence.

So the United States used to guard
this area very jealously,

to a point where it became a problem
for Panamanian citizens

to cross the Panama Canal

to go to the other side
of their own country,

because we had
Canal Zone police officers

that could stop you at will.

On the 9th of January 1964,
tensions boiled over

when a group of angry
Panamanian students

marched into the Canal Zone

and tried to raise
their national flag

next to the Stars and Stripes.

They're met by a crowd of
American students who surround them

and grab the Panamanian flag,
tear it down.

And that is a gross insult

to the Panamanian people.

And it leads to this riot
between the two groups.

Over 20 people killed

and several hundred injured
in this fighting.

That was the spark that ignited
the nationalism in Panama.

PROTESTERS CLAMOUR

The rising wave
of anti-American sentiment

eventually forced the US
back to the negotiating table.

In 1977, a historic new canal treaty
was agreed upon.

There is going to be
a phased withdrawal

of American armed forces
from the Panama Canal Zone.

And on the last day of 1999,

the Panama Canal itself

will become sovereign
Panamanian territory.

Fort Amador became
a jointly operated base,

with the north side
remaining as US housing,

and much of the south side

was turned over
to the Panamanian forces.

But the US maintained the right
to defend the canal,

which basically meant
that they could come in

any time they wanted
if they felt it was under threat.

Relations were strained

but hadn't yet reached
a breaking point.

That time came in the 1980s,

when a power-hungry military leader
seized control of Panama.

Manuel Noriega was
absolutely ruthless

and someone who was determined
to retain power at all costs.

So he creates the PDF,
the Panamanian Defense Force.

And this is going to be, you know,
under his personal control.

During this time,

areas of Fort Amador became
a dangerous place for Americans.

The PDF were pretty much
under orders

to harass us Americans
that were here in Panama.

He put his strategic buildings
and headquarters

all throughout this area,

and that's what converted it
pretty much into a no-go zone.

It was one of Noriega's ways
of thumbing his nose at the US.

"Look, you used to be here.

"Now I'm here, and you're not
allowed here any longer."

But Noriega's relationship with
the United States was complicated.

Their connection dated back
to around 1958.

Allegedly, he was recruited
by the CIA initially

whilst studying
at a military academy in Peru,

and from there, he went on
to forge close ties with Washington.

Noriega was a very useful client,

because Panama was a place

where the United States could,
you know,

base a lot of its anti-communist
activity in Central America.

Noriega also provided the CIA
valuable information

on drug cartel activity.

But the Americans became aware

that Noriega wasn't working
against the cartels.

In fact, he was working
with the cartels

and making big profits

by shipping drugs
into the United States.

He was playing everyone.

It is said that Pablo Escobar paid
Noriega many millions of dollars

to allow him to process cocaine
in Darien,

in the Panamanian side
of the jungle.

By this point,

Washington's relationship
with Noriega was over,

and they wanted him out.

In 1988, Noriega was indicted
by courts in Florida

on drug trafficking charges.

The United States demanded
that he step down from office,

but the dictator remained defiant
and refused to leave Panama.

On December 15th, 1989,

Noriega even went
as far as declaring

that a state of war existed

between America and Panama.

The day after,

a marine is killed
by Noriega's people.

That incident was one
of the breaking points.

The United States said,
"You know what? This is it.

"We can no longer deal with this."

At 1am on the 20th of December,
Operation Just Cause begins.

The objectives of the US invasion
are clear.

Protect American lives,

preserve the integrity
of the Panama Canal,

and apprehend Manuel Noriega.

Fort Amador is a key battleground.

This was one of Noriega's
main headquarters.

Operationally,
we had to take this building.

We had a couple of Apache
helicopters flying around,

and they shot off the roofs,

while ground troops, 82nd Airborne,
surrounded this whole area.

And then they're pinned down
for a while by snipers,

but then they start
moving into Fort Amador.

You're scared. They're scared.
What's going to happen?

There's bullets
flying all over the place.

After issuing warnings to surrender,

the US military
bring out the big guns,

and start shelling the PDF barracks
with 105mm howitzers.

The Panamanian National Guard
hasn't got a chance.

It is a decisive victory
for the United States

in record time.

In about three hours
we had everything under control.

People who were in this building,

we detained them,
and we had them sitting here,

of course, with their hands tied
and all that.

But Noriega was nowhere to be found.

A few days later, he turned up,

hiding out at the Vatican embassy
in Panama City.

And what happened next

was one of the most bizarre scenes
of the invasion.

The Americans pull up
some loudspeakers

mounted on the back of vehicles,

and they blast the loudest
rock music they can find.

Noriega, believe it or not,
actually likes classical music.

And then after some time,
Noriega says, "I'm done."

And he comes out with his hands up
and surrenders to American forces.

In 1992, the fallen dictator
was found guilty of drug trafficking

and sentenced to 40 years
in a federal prison.

Seven years later, in December 1999,

the now democratic country took
full control of the Panama Canal.

When the Americans left,

Fort Amador, no longer needed,
fell into complete disrepair.

But the ghosts of American
imperialism live on.

Noriega served 17 years
in a US prison

and was eventually extradited
back to Panama

to face charges there.

He died in 2017.

But ultimately,
it was not without cost,

this American intervention
against him.

Official estimates suggest
around 500 civilians were killed

during Operation Just Cause.

Unofficial estimates say
the death toll was much higher.

Part of my job
was to gather evidence

and interview the claimants
of the damages

after the Panamanian invasion.

I had to go out
with the other assessors,

and I saw that first-hand.

The damage was... was huge.

Actually, I felt sad
seeing all of that.

Uh, because being a US soldier,

we were of the idea
that such force wasn't necessary.

I don't believe the ends
justify the means.

I don't. I don't believe it.

In Warsaw, Poland,
is a secretive facility

that struck fear into the hearts
of the city's residents.

We see this complex of buildings
behind a tall wall.

There's not that much
to distinguish them

from the rest of the city,

but the other buildings

don't have barbed wire around them

or bars on the windows.

There are multiple housing blocks,

some of them connected
by sky bridges.

Inside, the function of this
compound quickly becomes clear.

But all is not as it seems.

The prison was built
to house common criminals,

but almost from the start,
it took on a political dimension.

The cells look really sparse
and dank, like literal hellholes.

And there's a spooky corridor
that leads into a boiler room.

But you have this very eerie sense
when you walk in

that something, you know, far worse
was going on here.

These rooms hide the stories
of innocent victims

considered inconvenient
by the government.

In a different set of circumstances,

many of the Polish inmates
would be revered national heroes.

I can only imagine

what it must have felt like,
being taken prisoner,

not knowing what was
going to happen.

Were they going to be killed?

Were they going to be tortured?
Would they ever return?

Historian Dr Alexandra Richie
is an expert

on this prison's dark history.

Her interest goes much deeper
than just scholarly curiosity.

This cell was inhabited
by my father-in-law,

Wladyslaw Bartoszewski.

He spent almost six years
of his life in this prison.

His only crime was fighting
to save his country.

He was only 23 years old,

and the things that happened here
were absolutely terrible.

This is Mokotow Prison.

The events that tied Wladyslaw's
fate to this cruel facility

began with the outbreak
of World War II.

At the start of the conflict,

the Soviet Union,
not yet fighting with the Allies,

made a side deal with Nazi Germany.

Poland was kind of in the crosshairs
of this pact,

not only not to go to war
with each other,

but to essentially kind of
split up the spoils of Europe.

So the Nazis invaded Poland
from the West,

the Soviets invaded from the east.

Hitler's forces,
vastly outnumbering Poland's,

quickly took the capital, Warsaw.

But the Polish people
didn't give up the fight.

They create an underground army
and military.

The Home Army eventually it's called

was a very sophisticated group of
around about 300,000 men and women.

They did not want to be dominated
by these totalitarian systems.

They were fighting for
a free Poland.

These people are priests.
They're army officers.

They're schoolteachers.
They're college professors.

And, you know, they're seated
throughout Polish society.

Alex's father-in-law, Wladyslaw,
joined the Polish Home Army in 1942.

For the next two years,
he risked his life

fighting in a guerilla war
against the Nazi occupiers.

By 1944, the tide
seemed to be turning.

It was becoming obvious
that Germany was losing control

over the territories
it had occupied.

The Warsaw Uprising broke out
on the 1st of August 1944,

and the main aim for the Poles
was to try and take over

as many important buildings,
bridges, airports

as they possibly could.

It was a gamble,

and they threw everything that
they had into taking the city back.

But the Polish resistance
was no match for the Germans.

One hope was that the Soviet army,
now siding with the Allies,

was nearing Warsaw,
and would come to Poland's aid.

The Poles had allied themselves

to the British
and to the Western Allies,

but of course, by definition,
to the Soviets as well.

And so they went and fought
thinking that they were allies.

But Poland hadn't banked on
the treachery

of one of history's most notorious
dictators, Joseph Stalin.

The Soviet leader
had his own plan for Poland.

The Soviets made no effort
to intervene

and help the Poles
and get the Germans out of there

and save the city of Warsaw.

85% of Warsaw is destroyed
during the rising,

while the Soviets are sitting
on the hulls of their tanks

on the outskirts of the city,
just, like, watching.

Stalin always had
an ulterior motive,

and that was political control.

He wanted to create a buffer zone

between Russia
and the rest of Europe,

and he also wanted to control
large swathes of territory.

The Soviets were happy to see

the Germans do their dirty work
for them,

kill all these Polish nationalists.

Then the Soviets roll in

so they can take over
this passive, defeated population

and easily bring them
into the Soviet empire.

When the Red Army
entered the ruined city,

Mokotow Prison was one of
the few buildings left standing.

It was quickly transformed
into a sinister tool

of communist repression.

The first thing that, you know,
the Soviets do

is they create a ministry
of public security.

You know, very Orwellian name.

It has nothing to do with
public security.

It has to do with
public persecution.

They want to find every remnant
of the Polish nationalist movement.

They either want to, like, kill them
or they want to convert them

to, you know, passive pawns
of the Soviet state.

The Home Army represented
a huge threat for Stalin

because they represented
Western democratic values

in the sense of freedom,

freedom of speech,
freedom of religion.

Tens of thousands of Poles

were incarcerated, were tortured,
and many of them were executed.

Alex's father-in-law, Wladyslaw,
was one of those rounded up

and imprisoned without trial
during Stalin's violent purge.

The sort of box-like area
at the end here

was a punishment cell.

At the time, there was a wall here
and a tiny kind of trap door,

and prisoners were pushed in
as a sort of solitary confinement.

From this cell, my father-in-law

remembers hearing people
being executed.

So they didn't know
what was going on, had no idea,

and then all of a sudden would hear
this loud shot ringing out.

You didn't know
if you were going to be next.

And this was all part of the fear
that was generated in this prison.

The torture didn't end there.

One of the most disgusting ironies
of this Soviet conquest

is that they then take
Polish nationalists

who'd been fighting so bravely
against the Nazis

to free their country,

and they put these
Polish nationalists

in cells with German Nazis

in Mokotow Prison,
as if they're just as bad.

My father-in-law was in Auschwitz,

and for him,
the experience of Auschwitz

was by far the worst that
he ever experienced in his life.

Just two doors down
was the prison cell of Hoess,

who was the commandant of Auschwitz.

And this was to humiliate
and demean the Polish prisoners.

In other words,
they were made to think

that they were even below
Nazi criminals.

It isn't known exactly how many
political prisoners

were killed by the Soviets,

but their intention was clear.

They wanted to completely rewrite
the story

of the Second World War in Poland.

Their bodies were just taken
and disappeared somewhere.

And this was a deliberate attempt

to erase, to eradicate these people
from history.

Mention of the heroic stance
of the Polish Home Army

against the Nazis
was completely forbidden.

There was, under Stalinism,
no Holocaust.

Everybody who was killed
in the Second World War

was simply a victim of fascism.

When Wladyslaw was released in 1954,

he defied the communist authorities

by dedicating himself to keeping
the story of the Home Army alive.

He wrote books about
what had happened during the war.

Many of the things he wrote
were either censored heavily

or not published at all.

This facility continued to house
perceived enemies of the regime

until communism collapsed in 1989.

Finally, people were free
to actually talk about these things

and go into archives

and interview survivors,
for example,

and actually put together a story
that, in a way, had been frozen

by the Soviet system since 1945.

After the Democratic Republic
of Poland was established in 1990,

Mokotow Prison still continued
to operate.

In 2016, it closed for good.

Meanwhile, Wladyslaw spent
his final years

building a brighter future for Poland

as part of the newly
democratic government.

So he had an incredible career.

I mean, going from a young man
in a Soviet prison

and then ending up in a free Poland
as foreign minister

and a minister of high office

until the day he died,
so it was an extraordinary life.

In Italy, the town of Ivrea
hides pockets of revolutionary zeal.

It looks like any other
normal Italian town.

That is, until you notice

the modern architecture
that's in the middle of it.

Miles of glass dot the landscape.

And there's this mishmash
of buildings

spread throughout the town.

One of the structures
looks like a typewriter.

Who would build a building

to look like a typewriter?

You can tell that a lot
of work went on right here,

but you can't really tell
what it was.

Below the surface,

rumours still swirl
of ruthless espionage...

...and a death
under mysterious circumstances.

What's strange is that an autopsy
was never requested or carried out.

Some people think that the CIA
was involved.

What was it about this
sleepy country town

that might have been
worth killing for?

Matteo Olivetti is part
of the centuries-old family

that transformed the town of Ivrea.

I came here in 1972,

and all these buildings,

when I was small,
they were full of people.

It's all part of a utopian community

created by Matteo's ancestors.

The Olivetti family
is a corporate dynasty

that is associated with
the development

of cutting-edge technologies,

reaching all the way back

to the era of innovation
in the mid-19th century.

Back then, Matteo's great-grandfather
was a visionary electrical engineer.

Camillo Olivetti saw
great potential in typewriters

and decided to capitalise on it.

Everything starts here in Ivrea,

and in 1908,

Camillo puts up
the Olivetti factory of typewriters.

Camillo Olivetti designed
the first Olivetti typewriter.

It was known for the fact

that it was composed
of over 3,000 parts,

and yet it weighed only 40lb.

In 1933, Camillo brought in his son
Adriano to manage the firm.

Under his leadership,
when he took over the company,

the company's productivity soared.

And by 1933, Olivetti was producing
half of Italy's typewriters.

But the rise of a brutal dictator
threatened to destroy

everything he had built.

As the Second World War loomed,

Benito Mussolini ruled Italy
with an iron fist.

The Olivetti family was
in a precarious position

under the fascist dictatorship
of Benito Mussolini,

and that's because they were Jewish

and the dictatorship
was anti-Semitic.

But typewriters were as important
then as computers are today,

and Olivetti offered
Mussolini's government

an Italian-made typewriter,

and they needed them
in large quantities.

The Olivetti factory produced
typewriters throughout the war,

but secretly,
Adriano was participating

in the underground
anti-fascist movement.

He was imprisoned by Mussolini
in 1944.

Adriano had to do a daring escape
from jail to Switzerland.

He stayed in neutral Switzerland
until the end of the war,

returning to Italy in 1945.

When he came back, he decided
to transform his company,

and he really put in place
democratic ideals

and used that

as a way to change how his workers

lived and operated and worked.

He commissioned

some of the brightest
architectural minds in Europe

to design a city for his company.

He wanted to make it
a wonderful place to be,

a wonderful place to work,

a wonderful place to be
a member of a community.

Employees were promised
flexible working hours,

free childcare,

cultural activities,
perks and bonuses.

Who wouldn't want to work here?

This complex is Adriano Olivetti's
vision for a new way of life.

Matteo remembers Ivrea's
social services building,

the beating heart
of his uncle's utopia.

We needed a real space
for all the welfare

of all the people that worked for us
and for the factory.

This building was the epitome
of Adriano's philosophy.

It housed a library, a nursery,
healthcare centres

and an auditorium.

There was the "infermeria",

and I remember when we knew
all the doctors.

This was the library,

and I remember
when I was a little kid

that we'd come here and get books.

There was an idea to elevate
the cultural part

of the people that worked
for Olivetti.

To fund his idealistic vision,

Adriano continued to push
the boundaries

of technological innovation.

He decides that computers
are the future.

He ventured into electronics,

collaborating with Chinese-Italian
chief engineer Mario Tchou.

Olivetti was soon
outstripping the competition.

In 1959, Adriano unveiled

one of the world's first
mainframe computers.

With all revolutionary,
brilliant ideas,

there's always someone out there
who wants to steal them.

There was a lot of communists
in Italy.

And so this was a big problem.

With Cold War tensions growing,

there were some global powers
that felt threatened by Olivetti.

The United States
is already concerned

that Italy might ultimately
go communist,

and that concern reaches
a higher level of escalation

when they realise
that the Olivettis have

this high-end computer technology.

In February 1960, Adriano boarded
a train to Switzerland,

but he would never
make it to his destination,

for he died suddenly en route.

What's strange is that an autopsy
was never requested or carried out.

His official cause of death
is a stroke.

Yet many believed there was more
to Adriano Olivetti's death

than meets the eye.

It doesn't seem to me to be
an absurd stretch of possibility

that the CIA may have carried out

a pointed assassination
against Adriano Olivetti

over this issue of
this critical technology

becoming something that provides
an advantage for the communists.

But the sinister occurrences
were far from over.

A year later, Mario Tchou,
his chief engineer,

dies in a tragic car accident.

It came out that somebody said

that there was the smell of alcohol
in the car, but he didn't drink.

And it's a lot of little things
that make you think,

"Hm, maybe something happened
more than just a car accident."

There's no proof,

but when you look closely at
the circumstances of that accident,

it certainly does look suspicious.

The double tragedy marked

a turning point
for the Olivetti family.

In 1963, a financial crisis
hit Italy,

and a year later, the Olivettis
sold off their computer division

to General Electric.

The next year,

the company reveals
a world-changing invention

that it had heretofore kept secret.

In 1965, at the New York
World's Fair,

the Programma 101 made its debut.

Programma 101 is considered by many
to be the first desktop computer.

40,000 of these P101s were sold,

and it was even used
in the Apollo 11 mission of NASA.

But by the 1980s,

as computer technology
ultimately takes over,

people need typewriters less.

The company eventually stops
manufacturing them altogether.

In 1978, we were more or less
90,000 people in the world,

and now it's 500.

Ivrea is abandoned by 2003,

but its name has been immortalised
by its pioneering design

and its visionary family.

Today, Matteo is determined to keep
his family's unique experiment alive.

I try to keep up this history
of the family.

That's the important thing.

It was one of the most successful

commercial industrial towns
in the world,

and it becomes eventually
a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

In Northeast Africa,
in the Tunisian town of El Jem,

a colossal building bears witness
to ancient rivalries.

Right in the middle of town,
we have a massive Roman structure.

You pass through these outer walls

and enter this vast oval floor
surrounded by stadium seating.

This was a place to put on a show.

And what entertainment
did the Romans enjoy more

than gladiatorial games?

But this was much more than just
an arena for savage Roman spectacle.

Its remarkable size
hints at its intended purpose.

This is one of the biggest,
grandest amphitheatres

in the entire Roman world.

Why do we have this here in Africa?

The answer may lie
in one of the most violent periods

of Roman history.

It became known as the year
of the Six Emperors.

There was murder, there was ruin,

and it was all happening
right here in El Jem.

Archaeologist Rached Hamdi
decodes this site

to piece together what was happening
almost 2,000 years ago.

It had three levels of galleries
which could fit

35,000 people.

It's thought that
the mighty structure

was adorned with statues
of Roman gods,

had 64 arches,
120ft-high red limestone walls,

and might even have had
a fabric awning as a roof.

The town it towers over offers a clue

as to why this iconic structure
is here.

Today it's known as El Jem,

but under the Romans

it was known as Thysdrus.

This was one of the wealthiest

and most thriving parts
of the empire.

El Jem sat in the province
the Romans called Africa.

It allowed vital access

to the strategically important

Mediterranean coast.

At the time of El Jem's construction,

treacherous rivalries
were sending shock waves

across the Roman Empire.

This amphitheatre was built
in the year 238 CE.

This was a very important
and dangerous year

for the Roman Empire.

When the Emperor in Rome decided
to fund his warring campaigns

by taxing the people of El Jem,

they rebelled and demanded
their governor, Gordian I,

be put on the imperial throne.

At 80 years old,
he reluctantly agreed,

but only on the condition that
his son would rule alongside him.

But when his son
was killed in battle,

Gordian took his own life.

Gordian hanged himself with a belt
just 22 days into his reign,

the shortest reign in Roman history.

This was one of six changes
in rule that year.

From the ashes of this chaos,

Gordian's grandson
rose to take the throne.

It's thought by some that Gordian III

may have constructed
the mammoth amphitheatre

to immortalise his family.

It wasn't until the turn
of the 20th century

that archaeologists discovered

the true extent
of the dynastic monument.

What they found
was an intact basement level

that covered the entire footprint
of the arena.

Nearby, ancient mosaics suggest
why this basement was so big.

In Gordian's time,
El Jem was at the centre

of a highly lucrative
and well organised trade

in wild animals

caught by professional hunters
in the interior of Africa.

Many thousands of leopards,
elephants and other African animals

would have passed through

the subterranean corridors of El Jem.

You came here to watch gladiators
and wild animals killing each other.

The basement was designed
to ensure the games ran

with chilling efficiency.

We have all of the hidden chambers
necessary

to create the very best
in Roman spectacle.

Below the arena floor, Rached Hamdi
finds evidence of how it worked.

The El Jem amphitheatre stood
as a symbol of Roman dominance

over this region

until they lost power
two centuries later.

By the Middle Ages, Rome's influence
in North Africa had ceased

and the empire had fallen.

Once this was no longer
a provincial capital,

it was abandoned.

Over the coming centuries,
the people of El Jem

plundered the stones
of the mighty Colosseum,

leaving it to crumble.

Today, the residents of El Jem make
full use of the ancient monument.

Subtitles by Red Bee Media