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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:06,120 --> 00:00:10,000 In Panama, a military base on the front lines 2 00:00:10,000 --> 00:00:12,160 against a drug-running tyrant... 3 00:00:13,280 --> 00:00:18,800 A ruthless dictator, CIA meddling, narco kingpins, you name it. 4 00:00:18,800 --> 00:00:20,360 This story's got it all. 5 00:00:23,080 --> 00:00:27,480 ...in Italy, a life cut short turns a utopian dream 6 00:00:27,480 --> 00:00:29,240 into a nightmare... 7 00:00:29,240 --> 00:00:33,440 Was the death the result of nefarious activities 8 00:00:33,440 --> 00:00:34,960 from a foreign power? 9 00:00:36,480 --> 00:00:39,880 ...in Tunisia, an ancient place of spectacle 10 00:00:39,880 --> 00:00:42,760 born out of a bloody power struggle... 11 00:00:42,760 --> 00:00:44,960 Emperors were overthrown, 12 00:00:44,960 --> 00:00:47,520 new emperors were appointed. 13 00:00:47,520 --> 00:00:50,400 There was conflict in the Roman Empire. 14 00:00:52,600 --> 00:00:55,520 ...and in Poland, a grim facility 15 00:00:55,520 --> 00:00:58,560 caught between the treachery of two regimes. 16 00:00:59,640 --> 00:01:03,840 The people held here fought against the very worst inhumanity 17 00:01:03,840 --> 00:01:05,120 and were jailed for it. 18 00:01:11,720 --> 00:01:13,320 Decaying relics... 19 00:01:15,240 --> 00:01:17,680 ...ruins of lost worlds... 20 00:01:19,080 --> 00:01:21,560 ...sights haunted by the past... 21 00:01:23,480 --> 00:01:27,400 ...their secrets waiting to be revealed. 22 00:01:35,960 --> 00:01:39,320 In Panama, on the outskirts of the capital, 23 00:01:39,320 --> 00:01:44,000 a random collection of buildings tells a complex story of conquest. 24 00:01:48,400 --> 00:01:50,520 In the shadow of the Bridge of Americas 25 00:01:50,520 --> 00:01:52,360 is what appears to be a public park. 26 00:01:52,360 --> 00:01:53,720 But have a closer look 27 00:01:53,720 --> 00:01:56,680 and you'll see some strange remains. 28 00:01:57,680 --> 00:02:01,320 There's a lot of long, rectangular buildings. 29 00:02:01,320 --> 00:02:04,320 They were clearly built with some purpose in mind. 30 00:02:05,680 --> 00:02:08,600 But there's very little left to suggest 31 00:02:08,600 --> 00:02:10,720 what exactly that might be. 32 00:02:11,920 --> 00:02:15,600 More structures nearby point to an official function. 33 00:02:16,920 --> 00:02:18,840 You see the word "policia", 34 00:02:18,840 --> 00:02:21,640 and we understand that this must have been 35 00:02:21,640 --> 00:02:26,840 a Panamanian police building of some sort. 36 00:02:28,440 --> 00:02:30,160 When you look at the pitting here, 37 00:02:30,160 --> 00:02:32,720 people have been shooting this place up, 38 00:02:32,720 --> 00:02:37,040 and you don't shoot up your own base. 39 00:02:38,920 --> 00:02:42,880 For many years, this country had very close ties with the US, 40 00:02:42,880 --> 00:02:48,320 but in the 1980s, those ties were stretched to breaking point. 41 00:02:48,320 --> 00:02:55,480 It is as though Manuel Noriega wants to force George Bush senior 42 00:02:55,480 --> 00:02:58,800 into having a war in Panama. 43 00:03:06,240 --> 00:03:09,440 This place has changed immensely. 44 00:03:09,440 --> 00:03:11,960 It's not what it used to be. 45 00:03:11,960 --> 00:03:14,600 The houses were nicely painted. 46 00:03:14,600 --> 00:03:15,640 Everything was new. 47 00:03:15,640 --> 00:03:17,520 Grass was green. 48 00:03:18,920 --> 00:03:22,920 Ricardo Eva was a soldier and interpreter in the US Army. 49 00:03:24,800 --> 00:03:27,720 When he was first stationed here in 1984, 50 00:03:27,720 --> 00:03:30,280 the country was a very different place. 51 00:03:30,280 --> 00:03:34,680 Everything was American, right here, in the heart of Panama. 52 00:03:34,680 --> 00:03:38,880 There were a lot of families living here, a lot of young kids, 53 00:03:38,880 --> 00:03:41,280 young children playing around, 54 00:03:41,280 --> 00:03:43,880 grabbing mangoes from the trees. 55 00:03:43,880 --> 00:03:44,960 Life was idyllic. 56 00:03:46,400 --> 00:03:50,680 The only reason these buildings exist at all is because of one thing. 57 00:03:52,080 --> 00:03:53,480 The Panama Canal. 58 00:03:55,560 --> 00:03:59,400 The canal was built by the Americans in the early 1900s, 59 00:03:59,400 --> 00:04:02,120 and under the terms of the agreement with Panama, 60 00:04:02,120 --> 00:04:05,000 they were granted ownership in perpetuity 61 00:04:05,000 --> 00:04:11,480 of a 553-square-mile area of land called the Canal Zone. 62 00:04:12,520 --> 00:04:16,320 This was America's first step onto the world stage 63 00:04:16,320 --> 00:04:17,640 as an imperial great power. 64 00:04:18,880 --> 00:04:22,760 Unsurprisingly, an investment of this size needed protecting. 65 00:04:25,040 --> 00:04:29,400 In 1913, at the end of this man-made causeway, 66 00:04:29,400 --> 00:04:32,200 huge gun batteries were installed 67 00:04:32,200 --> 00:04:35,160 to guard the Pacific entrance of the Panama Canal. 68 00:04:37,560 --> 00:04:41,560 And here, administrative and housing facilities were built. 69 00:04:42,840 --> 00:04:45,320 It was called Fort Amador. 70 00:04:48,240 --> 00:04:50,960 The Canal Commission believed that the US citizens 71 00:04:50,960 --> 00:04:52,200 within the Canal Zone 72 00:04:52,200 --> 00:04:54,480 should live in beautiful communities 73 00:04:54,480 --> 00:04:56,160 with a high quality of life. 74 00:04:57,120 --> 00:05:02,160 Whenever you cross from Panama to the Canal Zone area, 75 00:05:02,160 --> 00:05:03,880 it's a totally different world. 76 00:05:03,880 --> 00:05:09,160 We had our own commissaries, little stores, theatres, 77 00:05:09,160 --> 00:05:11,760 bowling alleys, swimming pools, you name it. 78 00:05:11,760 --> 00:05:13,520 We had everything here. 79 00:05:13,520 --> 00:05:16,600 A country inside another country, if you will. 80 00:05:17,760 --> 00:05:19,120 Amongst Panamanians, 81 00:05:19,120 --> 00:05:21,600 especially as we moved into the 1960s, 82 00:05:21,600 --> 00:05:25,920 there was resentment that started to grow at this American presence. 83 00:05:27,000 --> 00:05:33,000 So the United States used to guard this area very jealously, 84 00:05:33,000 --> 00:05:37,520 to a point where it became a problem for Panamanian citizens 85 00:05:37,520 --> 00:05:40,760 to cross the Panama Canal 86 00:05:40,760 --> 00:05:44,160 to go to the other side of their own country, 87 00:05:44,160 --> 00:05:48,320 because we had Canal Zone police officers 88 00:05:48,320 --> 00:05:50,440 that could stop you at will. 89 00:05:52,120 --> 00:05:56,440 On the 9th of January 1964, tensions boiled over 90 00:05:56,440 --> 00:05:59,040 when a group of angry Panamanian students 91 00:05:59,040 --> 00:06:00,880 marched into the Canal Zone 92 00:06:00,880 --> 00:06:03,000 and tried to raise their national flag 93 00:06:03,000 --> 00:06:05,000 next to the Stars and Stripes. 94 00:06:06,160 --> 00:06:10,560 They're met by a crowd of American students who surround them 95 00:06:10,560 --> 00:06:13,040 and grab the Panamanian flag, tear it down. 96 00:06:13,040 --> 00:06:16,920 And that is a gross insult 97 00:06:16,920 --> 00:06:19,120 to the Panamanian people. 98 00:06:19,120 --> 00:06:22,240 And it leads to this riot between the two groups. 99 00:06:22,240 --> 00:06:23,880 Over 20 people killed 100 00:06:23,880 --> 00:06:26,720 and several hundred injured in this fighting. 101 00:06:28,120 --> 00:06:32,520 That was the spark that ignited the nationalism in Panama. 102 00:06:32,520 --> 00:06:34,880 PROTESTERS CLAMOUR 103 00:06:34,880 --> 00:06:37,760 The rising wave of anti-American sentiment 104 00:06:37,760 --> 00:06:42,280 eventually forced the US back to the negotiating table. 105 00:06:42,280 --> 00:06:47,120 In 1977, a historic new canal treaty was agreed upon. 106 00:06:49,600 --> 00:06:52,120 There is going to be a phased withdrawal 107 00:06:52,120 --> 00:06:55,960 of American armed forces from the Panama Canal Zone. 108 00:06:55,960 --> 00:07:01,240 And on the last day of 1999, 109 00:07:01,240 --> 00:07:03,520 the Panama Canal itself 110 00:07:03,520 --> 00:07:07,520 will become sovereign Panamanian territory. 111 00:07:08,560 --> 00:07:11,760 Fort Amador became a jointly operated base, 112 00:07:11,760 --> 00:07:14,240 with the north side remaining as US housing, 113 00:07:14,240 --> 00:07:16,280 and much of the south side 114 00:07:16,280 --> 00:07:18,960 was turned over to the Panamanian forces. 115 00:07:18,960 --> 00:07:23,320 But the US maintained the right to defend the canal, 116 00:07:23,320 --> 00:07:25,360 which basically meant that they could come in 117 00:07:25,360 --> 00:07:28,000 any time they wanted if they felt it was under threat. 118 00:07:29,200 --> 00:07:30,920 Relations were strained 119 00:07:30,920 --> 00:07:33,920 but hadn't yet reached a breaking point. 120 00:07:33,920 --> 00:07:36,560 That time came in the 1980s, 121 00:07:36,560 --> 00:07:40,600 when a power-hungry military leader seized control of Panama. 122 00:07:43,240 --> 00:07:45,800 Manuel Noriega was absolutely ruthless 123 00:07:45,800 --> 00:07:49,440 and someone who was determined to retain power at all costs. 124 00:07:49,440 --> 00:07:53,520 So he creates the PDF, the Panamanian Defense Force. 125 00:07:53,520 --> 00:07:56,600 And this is going to be, you know, under his personal control. 126 00:07:57,600 --> 00:07:59,000 During this time, 127 00:07:59,000 --> 00:08:03,400 areas of Fort Amador became a dangerous place for Americans. 128 00:08:04,600 --> 00:08:06,400 The PDF were pretty much under orders 129 00:08:06,400 --> 00:08:10,320 to harass us Americans that were here in Panama. 130 00:08:10,320 --> 00:08:13,960 He put his strategic buildings and headquarters 131 00:08:13,960 --> 00:08:15,280 all throughout this area, 132 00:08:15,280 --> 00:08:19,520 and that's what converted it pretty much into a no-go zone. 133 00:08:19,520 --> 00:08:24,400 It was one of Noriega's ways of thumbing his nose at the US. 134 00:08:24,400 --> 00:08:26,720 "Look, you used to be here. 135 00:08:26,720 --> 00:08:29,720 "Now I'm here, and you're not allowed here any longer." 136 00:08:30,800 --> 00:08:35,080 But Noriega's relationship with the United States was complicated. 137 00:08:35,080 --> 00:08:39,600 Their connection dated back to around 1958. 138 00:08:39,600 --> 00:08:42,720 Allegedly, he was recruited by the CIA initially 139 00:08:42,720 --> 00:08:45,360 whilst studying at a military academy in Peru, 140 00:08:45,360 --> 00:08:49,400 and from there, he went on to forge close ties with Washington. 141 00:08:49,400 --> 00:08:51,760 Noriega was a very useful client, 142 00:08:51,760 --> 00:08:53,360 because Panama was a place 143 00:08:53,360 --> 00:08:54,560 where the United States could, you know, 144 00:08:54,560 --> 00:08:57,640 base a lot of its anti-communist activity in Central America. 145 00:08:59,280 --> 00:09:03,360 Noriega also provided the CIA valuable information 146 00:09:03,360 --> 00:09:05,600 on drug cartel activity. 147 00:09:07,040 --> 00:09:08,880 But the Americans became aware 148 00:09:08,880 --> 00:09:11,840 that Noriega wasn't working against the cartels. 149 00:09:11,840 --> 00:09:13,760 In fact, he was working with the cartels 150 00:09:13,760 --> 00:09:16,200 and making big profits 151 00:09:16,200 --> 00:09:18,880 by shipping drugs into the United States. 152 00:09:18,880 --> 00:09:20,160 He was playing everyone. 153 00:09:20,160 --> 00:09:26,120 It is said that Pablo Escobar paid Noriega many millions of dollars 154 00:09:26,120 --> 00:09:29,400 to allow him to process cocaine in Darien, 155 00:09:29,400 --> 00:09:31,000 in the Panamanian side of the jungle. 156 00:09:32,560 --> 00:09:33,800 By this point, 157 00:09:33,800 --> 00:09:37,120 Washington's relationship with Noriega was over, 158 00:09:37,120 --> 00:09:38,880 and they wanted him out. 159 00:09:40,280 --> 00:09:44,760 In 1988, Noriega was indicted by courts in Florida 160 00:09:44,760 --> 00:09:47,880 on drug trafficking charges. 161 00:09:47,880 --> 00:09:51,680 The United States demanded that he step down from office, 162 00:09:51,680 --> 00:09:56,360 but the dictator remained defiant and refused to leave Panama. 163 00:09:56,360 --> 00:09:58,880 On December 15th, 1989, 164 00:09:58,880 --> 00:10:01,400 Noriega even went as far as declaring 165 00:10:01,400 --> 00:10:03,640 that a state of war existed 166 00:10:03,640 --> 00:10:05,320 between America and Panama. 167 00:10:06,880 --> 00:10:08,720 The day after, 168 00:10:08,720 --> 00:10:13,640 a marine is killed by Noriega's people. 169 00:10:15,080 --> 00:10:18,760 That incident was one of the breaking points. 170 00:10:18,760 --> 00:10:21,080 The United States said, "You know what? This is it. 171 00:10:21,080 --> 00:10:22,720 "We can no longer deal with this." 172 00:10:22,720 --> 00:10:28,680 At 1am on the 20th of December, Operation Just Cause begins. 173 00:10:30,520 --> 00:10:33,880 The objectives of the US invasion are clear. 174 00:10:33,880 --> 00:10:35,800 Protect American lives, 175 00:10:35,800 --> 00:10:38,800 preserve the integrity of the Panama Canal, 176 00:10:38,800 --> 00:10:42,520 and apprehend Manuel Noriega. 177 00:10:42,520 --> 00:10:45,200 Fort Amador is a key battleground. 178 00:10:46,720 --> 00:10:50,200 This was one of Noriega's main headquarters. 179 00:10:50,200 --> 00:10:53,040 Operationally, we had to take this building. 180 00:10:53,040 --> 00:10:57,680 We had a couple of Apache helicopters flying around, 181 00:10:57,680 --> 00:10:59,440 and they shot off the roofs, 182 00:10:59,440 --> 00:11:05,440 while ground troops, 82nd Airborne, surrounded this whole area. 183 00:11:06,520 --> 00:11:08,880 And then they're pinned down for a while by snipers, 184 00:11:08,880 --> 00:11:11,040 but then they start moving into Fort Amador. 185 00:11:13,680 --> 00:11:17,640 You're scared. They're scared. What's going to happen? 186 00:11:17,640 --> 00:11:20,440 There's bullets flying all over the place. 187 00:11:22,920 --> 00:11:25,480 After issuing warnings to surrender, 188 00:11:25,480 --> 00:11:27,880 the US military bring out the big guns, 189 00:11:27,880 --> 00:11:33,600 and start shelling the PDF barracks with 105mm howitzers. 190 00:11:33,600 --> 00:11:37,320 The Panamanian National Guard hasn't got a chance. 191 00:11:37,320 --> 00:11:43,480 It is a decisive victory for the United States 192 00:11:43,480 --> 00:11:45,680 in record time. 193 00:11:47,360 --> 00:11:50,800 In about three hours we had everything under control. 194 00:11:50,800 --> 00:11:52,120 People who were in this building, 195 00:11:52,120 --> 00:11:54,840 we detained them, and we had them sitting here, 196 00:11:54,840 --> 00:11:57,680 of course, with their hands tied and all that. 197 00:11:58,840 --> 00:12:01,520 But Noriega was nowhere to be found. 198 00:12:02,600 --> 00:12:04,720 A few days later, he turned up, 199 00:12:04,720 --> 00:12:07,640 hiding out at the Vatican embassy in Panama City. 200 00:12:07,640 --> 00:12:08,760 And what happened next 201 00:12:08,760 --> 00:12:11,400 was one of the most bizarre scenes of the invasion. 202 00:12:13,760 --> 00:12:16,400 The Americans pull up some loudspeakers 203 00:12:16,400 --> 00:12:18,320 mounted on the back of vehicles, 204 00:12:18,320 --> 00:12:24,000 and they blast the loudest rock music they can find. 205 00:12:25,680 --> 00:12:29,080 Noriega, believe it or not, actually likes classical music. 206 00:12:29,080 --> 00:12:33,000 And then after some time, Noriega says, "I'm done." 207 00:12:33,000 --> 00:12:36,080 And he comes out with his hands up and surrenders to American forces. 208 00:12:38,200 --> 00:12:43,080 In 1992, the fallen dictator was found guilty of drug trafficking 209 00:12:43,080 --> 00:12:46,840 and sentenced to 40 years in a federal prison. 210 00:12:46,840 --> 00:12:50,280 Seven years later, in December 1999, 211 00:12:50,280 --> 00:12:54,360 the now democratic country took full control of the Panama Canal. 212 00:12:56,800 --> 00:12:58,280 When the Americans left, 213 00:12:58,280 --> 00:13:03,040 Fort Amador, no longer needed, fell into complete disrepair. 214 00:13:03,040 --> 00:13:06,320 But the ghosts of American imperialism live on. 215 00:13:14,000 --> 00:13:17,440 Noriega served 17 years in a US prison 216 00:13:17,440 --> 00:13:20,720 and was eventually extradited back to Panama 217 00:13:20,720 --> 00:13:22,360 to face charges there. 218 00:13:23,800 --> 00:13:25,960 He died in 2017. 219 00:13:27,840 --> 00:13:30,680 But ultimately, it was not without cost, 220 00:13:30,680 --> 00:13:32,480 this American intervention against him. 221 00:13:34,240 --> 00:13:38,400 Official estimates suggest around 500 civilians were killed 222 00:13:38,400 --> 00:13:41,360 during Operation Just Cause. 223 00:13:41,360 --> 00:13:44,800 Unofficial estimates say the death toll was much higher. 224 00:13:47,400 --> 00:13:51,360 Part of my job was to gather evidence 225 00:13:51,360 --> 00:13:56,200 and interview the claimants of the damages 226 00:13:56,200 --> 00:13:59,400 after the Panamanian invasion. 227 00:13:59,400 --> 00:14:02,160 I had to go out with the other assessors, 228 00:14:02,160 --> 00:14:04,360 and I saw that first-hand. 229 00:14:04,360 --> 00:14:07,160 The damage was... was huge. 230 00:14:07,160 --> 00:14:09,680 Actually, I felt sad seeing all of that. 231 00:14:09,680 --> 00:14:12,200 Uh, because being a US soldier, 232 00:14:12,200 --> 00:14:16,080 we were of the idea that such force wasn't necessary. 233 00:14:16,080 --> 00:14:19,040 I don't believe the ends justify the means. 234 00:14:20,080 --> 00:14:22,040 I don't. I don't believe it. 235 00:14:28,840 --> 00:14:32,280 In Warsaw, Poland, is a secretive facility 236 00:14:32,280 --> 00:14:35,840 that struck fear into the hearts of the city's residents. 237 00:14:42,680 --> 00:14:47,120 We see this complex of buildings behind a tall wall. 238 00:14:47,120 --> 00:14:48,800 There's not that much to distinguish them 239 00:14:48,800 --> 00:14:50,200 from the rest of the city, 240 00:14:50,200 --> 00:14:51,480 but the other buildings 241 00:14:51,480 --> 00:14:54,000 don't have barbed wire around them 242 00:14:54,000 --> 00:14:56,640 or bars on the windows. 243 00:14:56,640 --> 00:14:59,480 There are multiple housing blocks, 244 00:14:59,480 --> 00:15:03,120 some of them connected by sky bridges. 245 00:15:04,400 --> 00:15:08,480 Inside, the function of this compound quickly becomes clear. 246 00:15:09,880 --> 00:15:11,640 But all is not as it seems. 247 00:15:13,520 --> 00:15:17,000 The prison was built to house common criminals, 248 00:15:17,000 --> 00:15:21,520 but almost from the start, it took on a political dimension. 249 00:15:22,680 --> 00:15:26,040 The cells look really sparse and dank, like literal hellholes. 250 00:15:26,040 --> 00:15:29,840 And there's a spooky corridor that leads into a boiler room. 251 00:15:30,840 --> 00:15:33,720 But you have this very eerie sense when you walk in 252 00:15:33,720 --> 00:15:36,600 that something, you know, far worse was going on here. 253 00:15:38,800 --> 00:15:43,000 These rooms hide the stories of innocent victims 254 00:15:43,000 --> 00:15:45,760 considered inconvenient by the government. 255 00:15:47,640 --> 00:15:49,280 In a different set of circumstances, 256 00:15:49,280 --> 00:15:52,600 many of the Polish inmates would be revered national heroes. 257 00:15:54,320 --> 00:15:56,160 I can only imagine 258 00:15:56,160 --> 00:15:59,440 what it must have felt like, being taken prisoner, 259 00:15:59,440 --> 00:16:01,240 not knowing what was going to happen. 260 00:16:01,240 --> 00:16:02,560 Were they going to be killed? 261 00:16:02,560 --> 00:16:05,440 Were they going to be tortured? Would they ever return? 262 00:16:14,120 --> 00:16:17,680 Historian Dr Alexandra Richie is an expert 263 00:16:17,680 --> 00:16:20,840 on this prison's dark history. 264 00:16:20,840 --> 00:16:24,800 Her interest goes much deeper than just scholarly curiosity. 265 00:16:28,400 --> 00:16:32,240 This cell was inhabited by my father-in-law, 266 00:16:32,240 --> 00:16:33,720 Wladyslaw Bartoszewski. 267 00:16:33,720 --> 00:16:37,280 He spent almost six years of his life in this prison. 268 00:16:38,200 --> 00:16:42,360 His only crime was fighting to save his country. 269 00:16:42,360 --> 00:16:44,720 He was only 23 years old, 270 00:16:44,720 --> 00:16:48,000 and the things that happened here were absolutely terrible. 271 00:16:49,360 --> 00:16:51,880 This is Mokotow Prison. 272 00:16:53,680 --> 00:16:57,640 The events that tied Wladyslaw's fate to this cruel facility 273 00:16:57,640 --> 00:17:00,360 began with the outbreak of World War II. 274 00:17:02,160 --> 00:17:04,000 At the start of the conflict, 275 00:17:04,000 --> 00:17:07,640 the Soviet Union, not yet fighting with the Allies, 276 00:17:07,640 --> 00:17:10,240 made a side deal with Nazi Germany. 277 00:17:12,080 --> 00:17:16,400 Poland was kind of in the crosshairs of this pact, 278 00:17:16,400 --> 00:17:18,520 not only not to go to war with each other, 279 00:17:18,520 --> 00:17:22,040 but to essentially kind of split up the spoils of Europe. 280 00:17:22,040 --> 00:17:26,560 So the Nazis invaded Poland from the West, 281 00:17:26,560 --> 00:17:29,280 the Soviets invaded from the east. 282 00:17:31,440 --> 00:17:35,000 Hitler's forces, vastly outnumbering Poland's, 283 00:17:35,000 --> 00:17:37,240 quickly took the capital, Warsaw. 284 00:17:38,600 --> 00:17:41,280 But the Polish people didn't give up the fight. 285 00:17:42,200 --> 00:17:45,120 They create an underground army and military. 286 00:17:45,120 --> 00:17:46,840 The Home Army eventually it's called 287 00:17:46,840 --> 00:17:52,920 was a very sophisticated group of around about 300,000 men and women. 288 00:17:52,920 --> 00:17:59,400 They did not want to be dominated by these totalitarian systems. 289 00:17:59,400 --> 00:18:02,000 They were fighting for a free Poland. 290 00:18:02,000 --> 00:18:05,360 These people are priests. They're army officers. 291 00:18:05,360 --> 00:18:08,240 They're schoolteachers. They're college professors. 292 00:18:08,240 --> 00:18:11,040 And, you know, they're seated throughout Polish society. 293 00:18:12,320 --> 00:18:17,800 Alex's father-in-law, Wladyslaw, joined the Polish Home Army in 1942. 294 00:18:18,840 --> 00:18:21,320 For the next two years, he risked his life 295 00:18:21,320 --> 00:18:24,960 fighting in a guerilla war against the Nazi occupiers. 296 00:18:26,320 --> 00:18:29,920 By 1944, the tide seemed to be turning. 297 00:18:31,320 --> 00:18:34,560 It was becoming obvious that Germany was losing control 298 00:18:34,560 --> 00:18:37,760 over the territories it had occupied. 299 00:18:37,760 --> 00:18:41,440 The Warsaw Uprising broke out on the 1st of August 1944, 300 00:18:41,440 --> 00:18:44,800 and the main aim for the Poles was to try and take over 301 00:18:44,800 --> 00:18:48,360 as many important buildings, bridges, airports 302 00:18:48,360 --> 00:18:49,640 as they possibly could. 303 00:18:51,520 --> 00:18:52,520 It was a gamble, 304 00:18:52,520 --> 00:18:55,120 and they threw everything that they had into taking the city back. 305 00:18:56,160 --> 00:18:59,640 But the Polish resistance was no match for the Germans. 306 00:19:01,560 --> 00:19:05,760 One hope was that the Soviet army, now siding with the Allies, 307 00:19:05,760 --> 00:19:09,120 was nearing Warsaw, and would come to Poland's aid. 308 00:19:10,960 --> 00:19:12,760 The Poles had allied themselves 309 00:19:12,760 --> 00:19:15,240 to the British and to the Western Allies, 310 00:19:15,240 --> 00:19:17,800 but of course, by definition, to the Soviets as well. 311 00:19:17,800 --> 00:19:21,800 And so they went and fought thinking that they were allies. 312 00:19:21,800 --> 00:19:24,160 But Poland hadn't banked on the treachery 313 00:19:24,160 --> 00:19:29,000 of one of history's most notorious dictators, Joseph Stalin. 314 00:19:29,000 --> 00:19:32,520 The Soviet leader had his own plan for Poland. 315 00:19:33,520 --> 00:19:35,680 The Soviets made no effort to intervene 316 00:19:35,680 --> 00:19:39,360 and help the Poles and get the Germans out of there 317 00:19:39,360 --> 00:19:41,400 and save the city of Warsaw. 318 00:19:41,400 --> 00:19:45,600 85% of Warsaw is destroyed during the rising, 319 00:19:45,600 --> 00:19:48,120 while the Soviets are sitting on the hulls of their tanks 320 00:19:48,120 --> 00:19:50,800 on the outskirts of the city, just, like, watching. 321 00:19:50,800 --> 00:19:53,880 Stalin always had an ulterior motive, 322 00:19:53,880 --> 00:19:55,720 and that was political control. 323 00:19:55,720 --> 00:19:58,040 He wanted to create a buffer zone 324 00:19:58,040 --> 00:20:00,240 between Russia and the rest of Europe, 325 00:20:00,240 --> 00:20:03,720 and he also wanted to control large swathes of territory. 326 00:20:04,720 --> 00:20:06,480 The Soviets were happy to see 327 00:20:06,480 --> 00:20:08,800 the Germans do their dirty work for them, 328 00:20:08,800 --> 00:20:10,640 kill all these Polish nationalists. 329 00:20:10,640 --> 00:20:12,720 Then the Soviets roll in 330 00:20:12,720 --> 00:20:16,880 so they can take over this passive, defeated population 331 00:20:16,880 --> 00:20:19,720 and easily bring them into the Soviet empire. 332 00:20:21,720 --> 00:20:24,720 When the Red Army entered the ruined city, 333 00:20:24,720 --> 00:20:28,520 Mokotow Prison was one of the few buildings left standing. 334 00:20:29,760 --> 00:20:32,920 It was quickly transformed into a sinister tool 335 00:20:32,920 --> 00:20:34,400 of communist repression. 336 00:20:36,160 --> 00:20:39,320 The first thing that, you know, the Soviets do 337 00:20:39,320 --> 00:20:42,560 is they create a ministry of public security. 338 00:20:42,560 --> 00:20:44,560 You know, very Orwellian name. 339 00:20:44,560 --> 00:20:46,480 It has nothing to do with public security. 340 00:20:46,480 --> 00:20:48,760 It has to do with public persecution. 341 00:20:48,760 --> 00:20:52,640 They want to find every remnant of the Polish nationalist movement. 342 00:20:52,640 --> 00:20:56,280 They either want to, like, kill them or they want to convert them 343 00:20:56,280 --> 00:20:58,920 to, you know, passive pawns of the Soviet state. 344 00:20:59,920 --> 00:21:03,440 The Home Army represented a huge threat for Stalin 345 00:21:03,440 --> 00:21:09,600 because they represented Western democratic values 346 00:21:09,600 --> 00:21:11,160 in the sense of freedom, 347 00:21:11,160 --> 00:21:13,080 freedom of speech, freedom of religion. 348 00:21:14,080 --> 00:21:16,360 Tens of thousands of Poles 349 00:21:16,360 --> 00:21:20,360 were incarcerated, were tortured, and many of them were executed. 350 00:21:22,120 --> 00:21:25,840 Alex's father-in-law, Wladyslaw, was one of those rounded up 351 00:21:25,840 --> 00:21:29,960 and imprisoned without trial during Stalin's violent purge. 352 00:21:32,120 --> 00:21:35,560 The sort of box-like area at the end here 353 00:21:35,560 --> 00:21:37,440 was a punishment cell. 354 00:21:37,440 --> 00:21:41,320 At the time, there was a wall here and a tiny kind of trap door, 355 00:21:41,320 --> 00:21:45,920 and prisoners were pushed in as a sort of solitary confinement. 356 00:21:45,920 --> 00:21:48,000 From this cell, my father-in-law 357 00:21:48,000 --> 00:21:51,240 remembers hearing people being executed. 358 00:21:51,240 --> 00:21:55,040 So they didn't know what was going on, had no idea, 359 00:21:55,040 --> 00:21:58,600 and then all of a sudden would hear this loud shot ringing out. 360 00:21:58,600 --> 00:22:01,160 You didn't know if you were going to be next. 361 00:22:01,160 --> 00:22:05,600 And this was all part of the fear that was generated in this prison. 362 00:22:05,600 --> 00:22:09,320 The torture didn't end there. 363 00:22:09,320 --> 00:22:13,000 One of the most disgusting ironies of this Soviet conquest 364 00:22:13,000 --> 00:22:16,040 is that they then take Polish nationalists 365 00:22:16,040 --> 00:22:18,720 who'd been fighting so bravely against the Nazis 366 00:22:18,720 --> 00:22:19,960 to free their country, 367 00:22:19,960 --> 00:22:22,360 and they put these Polish nationalists 368 00:22:22,360 --> 00:22:25,120 in cells with German Nazis 369 00:22:25,120 --> 00:22:29,280 in Mokotow Prison, as if they're just as bad. 370 00:22:30,560 --> 00:22:32,480 My father-in-law was in Auschwitz, 371 00:22:32,480 --> 00:22:34,760 and for him, the experience of Auschwitz 372 00:22:34,760 --> 00:22:39,040 was by far the worst that he ever experienced in his life. 373 00:22:40,000 --> 00:22:45,480 Just two doors down was the prison cell of Hoess, 374 00:22:45,480 --> 00:22:47,360 who was the commandant of Auschwitz. 375 00:22:47,360 --> 00:22:51,960 And this was to humiliate and demean the Polish prisoners. 376 00:22:51,960 --> 00:22:53,600 In other words, they were made to think 377 00:22:53,600 --> 00:22:57,040 that they were even below Nazi criminals. 378 00:22:58,080 --> 00:23:01,200 It isn't known exactly how many political prisoners 379 00:23:01,200 --> 00:23:02,960 were killed by the Soviets, 380 00:23:02,960 --> 00:23:05,640 but their intention was clear. 381 00:23:05,640 --> 00:23:08,400 They wanted to completely rewrite the story 382 00:23:08,400 --> 00:23:10,400 of the Second World War in Poland. 383 00:23:11,440 --> 00:23:14,720 Their bodies were just taken and disappeared somewhere. 384 00:23:14,720 --> 00:23:16,440 And this was a deliberate attempt 385 00:23:16,440 --> 00:23:20,000 to erase, to eradicate these people from history. 386 00:23:20,000 --> 00:23:24,360 Mention of the heroic stance of the Polish Home Army 387 00:23:24,360 --> 00:23:26,880 against the Nazis was completely forbidden. 388 00:23:26,880 --> 00:23:30,080 There was, under Stalinism, no Holocaust. 389 00:23:30,080 --> 00:23:33,080 Everybody who was killed in the Second World War 390 00:23:33,080 --> 00:23:34,760 was simply a victim of fascism. 391 00:23:36,360 --> 00:23:39,800 When Wladyslaw was released in 1954, 392 00:23:39,800 --> 00:23:41,960 he defied the communist authorities 393 00:23:41,960 --> 00:23:46,280 by dedicating himself to keeping the story of the Home Army alive. 394 00:23:48,640 --> 00:23:51,120 He wrote books about what had happened during the war. 395 00:23:51,120 --> 00:23:55,200 Many of the things he wrote were either censored heavily 396 00:23:55,200 --> 00:23:56,720 or not published at all. 397 00:23:57,800 --> 00:24:02,880 This facility continued to house perceived enemies of the regime 398 00:24:02,880 --> 00:24:06,120 until communism collapsed in 1989. 399 00:24:08,440 --> 00:24:12,120 Finally, people were free to actually talk about these things 400 00:24:12,120 --> 00:24:13,720 and go into archives 401 00:24:13,720 --> 00:24:16,160 and interview survivors, for example, 402 00:24:16,160 --> 00:24:20,440 and actually put together a story that, in a way, had been frozen 403 00:24:20,440 --> 00:24:23,640 by the Soviet system since 1945. 404 00:24:25,720 --> 00:24:30,640 After the Democratic Republic of Poland was established in 1990, 405 00:24:30,640 --> 00:24:33,520 Mokotow Prison still continued to operate. 406 00:24:34,920 --> 00:24:37,840 In 2016, it closed for good. 407 00:24:42,840 --> 00:24:46,560 Meanwhile, Wladyslaw spent his final years 408 00:24:46,560 --> 00:24:49,320 building a brighter future for Poland 409 00:24:49,320 --> 00:24:53,080 as part of the newly democratic government. 410 00:24:53,080 --> 00:24:54,760 So he had an incredible career. 411 00:24:54,760 --> 00:24:58,120 I mean, going from a young man in a Soviet prison 412 00:24:58,120 --> 00:25:01,360 and then ending up in a free Poland as foreign minister 413 00:25:01,360 --> 00:25:03,520 and a minister of high office 414 00:25:03,520 --> 00:25:06,680 until the day he died, so it was an extraordinary life. 415 00:25:14,960 --> 00:25:20,000 In Italy, the town of Ivrea hides pockets of revolutionary zeal. 416 00:25:26,200 --> 00:25:28,800 It looks like any other normal Italian town. 417 00:25:28,800 --> 00:25:30,240 That is, until you notice 418 00:25:30,240 --> 00:25:32,560 the modern architecture that's in the middle of it. 419 00:25:34,120 --> 00:25:36,800 Miles of glass dot the landscape. 420 00:25:36,800 --> 00:25:38,640 And there's this mishmash of buildings 421 00:25:38,640 --> 00:25:40,200 spread throughout the town. 422 00:25:40,200 --> 00:25:43,400 One of the structures looks like a typewriter. 423 00:25:43,400 --> 00:25:45,800 Who would build a building 424 00:25:45,800 --> 00:25:47,160 to look like a typewriter? 425 00:25:48,640 --> 00:25:50,520 You can tell that a lot of work went on right here, 426 00:25:50,520 --> 00:25:52,520 but you can't really tell what it was. 427 00:25:54,160 --> 00:25:55,400 Below the surface, 428 00:25:55,400 --> 00:26:00,720 rumours still swirl of ruthless espionage... 429 00:26:01,840 --> 00:26:05,360 ...and a death under mysterious circumstances. 430 00:26:06,640 --> 00:26:10,400 What's strange is that an autopsy was never requested or carried out. 431 00:26:10,400 --> 00:26:15,160 Some people think that the CIA was involved. 432 00:26:15,160 --> 00:26:18,440 What was it about this sleepy country town 433 00:26:18,440 --> 00:26:21,040 that might have been worth killing for? 434 00:26:27,080 --> 00:26:31,200 Matteo Olivetti is part of the centuries-old family 435 00:26:31,200 --> 00:26:33,720 that transformed the town of Ivrea. 436 00:26:36,240 --> 00:26:40,160 I came here in 1972, 437 00:26:40,160 --> 00:26:42,200 and all these buildings, 438 00:26:42,200 --> 00:26:46,920 when I was small, they were full of people. 439 00:26:48,640 --> 00:26:51,960 It's all part of a utopian community 440 00:26:51,960 --> 00:26:54,520 created by Matteo's ancestors. 441 00:26:56,720 --> 00:27:00,680 The Olivetti family is a corporate dynasty 442 00:27:00,680 --> 00:27:02,600 that is associated with the development 443 00:27:02,600 --> 00:27:04,520 of cutting-edge technologies, 444 00:27:04,520 --> 00:27:05,680 reaching all the way back 445 00:27:05,680 --> 00:27:08,320 to the era of innovation in the mid-19th century. 446 00:27:09,360 --> 00:27:16,000 Back then, Matteo's great-grandfather was a visionary electrical engineer. 447 00:27:16,000 --> 00:27:19,720 Camillo Olivetti saw great potential in typewriters 448 00:27:19,720 --> 00:27:21,560 and decided to capitalise on it. 449 00:27:21,560 --> 00:27:25,120 Everything starts here in Ivrea, 450 00:27:25,120 --> 00:27:27,440 and in 1908, 451 00:27:27,440 --> 00:27:31,920 Camillo puts up the Olivetti factory of typewriters. 452 00:27:33,560 --> 00:27:37,080 Camillo Olivetti designed the first Olivetti typewriter. 453 00:27:37,080 --> 00:27:38,200 It was known for the fact 454 00:27:38,200 --> 00:27:40,200 that it was composed of over 3,000 parts, 455 00:27:40,200 --> 00:27:42,320 and yet it weighed only 40lb. 456 00:27:43,920 --> 00:27:49,200 In 1933, Camillo brought in his son Adriano to manage the firm. 457 00:27:50,520 --> 00:27:53,280 Under his leadership, when he took over the company, 458 00:27:53,280 --> 00:27:55,720 the company's productivity soared. 459 00:27:55,720 --> 00:28:00,680 And by 1933, Olivetti was producing half of Italy's typewriters. 460 00:28:03,600 --> 00:28:06,400 But the rise of a brutal dictator threatened to destroy 461 00:28:06,400 --> 00:28:08,400 everything he had built. 462 00:28:09,840 --> 00:28:12,640 As the Second World War loomed, 463 00:28:12,640 --> 00:28:17,320 Benito Mussolini ruled Italy with an iron fist. 464 00:28:18,520 --> 00:28:20,720 The Olivetti family was in a precarious position 465 00:28:20,720 --> 00:28:23,440 under the fascist dictatorship of Benito Mussolini, 466 00:28:23,440 --> 00:28:26,680 and that's because they were Jewish 467 00:28:26,680 --> 00:28:28,800 and the dictatorship was anti-Semitic. 468 00:28:28,800 --> 00:28:32,520 But typewriters were as important then as computers are today, 469 00:28:32,520 --> 00:28:34,760 and Olivetti offered Mussolini's government 470 00:28:34,760 --> 00:28:36,400 an Italian-made typewriter, 471 00:28:36,400 --> 00:28:38,120 and they needed them in large quantities. 472 00:28:39,120 --> 00:28:43,400 The Olivetti factory produced typewriters throughout the war, 473 00:28:43,400 --> 00:28:46,680 but secretly, Adriano was participating 474 00:28:46,680 --> 00:28:49,640 in the underground anti-fascist movement. 475 00:28:49,640 --> 00:28:53,560 He was imprisoned by Mussolini in 1944. 476 00:28:53,560 --> 00:28:57,760 Adriano had to do a daring escape from jail to Switzerland. 477 00:28:59,600 --> 00:29:02,840 He stayed in neutral Switzerland until the end of the war, 478 00:29:02,840 --> 00:29:06,040 returning to Italy in 1945. 479 00:29:08,120 --> 00:29:12,280 When he came back, he decided to transform his company, 480 00:29:12,280 --> 00:29:16,200 and he really put in place democratic ideals 481 00:29:16,200 --> 00:29:17,240 and used that 482 00:29:17,240 --> 00:29:19,960 as a way to change how his workers 483 00:29:19,960 --> 00:29:23,160 lived and operated and worked. 484 00:29:23,160 --> 00:29:24,200 He commissioned 485 00:29:24,200 --> 00:29:26,880 some of the brightest architectural minds in Europe 486 00:29:26,880 --> 00:29:29,720 to design a city for his company. 487 00:29:30,800 --> 00:29:34,040 He wanted to make it a wonderful place to be, 488 00:29:34,040 --> 00:29:35,280 a wonderful place to work, 489 00:29:35,280 --> 00:29:38,120 a wonderful place to be a member of a community. 490 00:29:38,120 --> 00:29:41,080 Employees were promised flexible working hours, 491 00:29:41,080 --> 00:29:42,520 free childcare, 492 00:29:42,520 --> 00:29:46,040 cultural activities, perks and bonuses. 493 00:29:46,040 --> 00:29:47,920 Who wouldn't want to work here? 494 00:29:48,960 --> 00:29:54,520 This complex is Adriano Olivetti's vision for a new way of life. 495 00:29:56,120 --> 00:30:00,160 Matteo remembers Ivrea's social services building, 496 00:30:00,160 --> 00:30:03,000 the beating heart of his uncle's utopia. 497 00:30:06,280 --> 00:30:09,840 We needed a real space for all the welfare 498 00:30:09,840 --> 00:30:13,600 of all the people that worked for us and for the factory. 499 00:30:15,320 --> 00:30:18,960 This building was the epitome of Adriano's philosophy. 500 00:30:20,000 --> 00:30:23,040 It housed a library, a nursery, healthcare centres 501 00:30:23,040 --> 00:30:24,240 and an auditorium. 502 00:30:25,640 --> 00:30:28,400 There was the "infermeria", 503 00:30:28,400 --> 00:30:31,880 and I remember when we knew all the doctors. 504 00:30:33,600 --> 00:30:35,360 This was the library, 505 00:30:35,360 --> 00:30:39,080 and I remember when I was a little kid 506 00:30:39,080 --> 00:30:42,320 that we'd come here and get books. 507 00:30:42,320 --> 00:30:47,320 There was an idea to elevate the cultural part 508 00:30:47,320 --> 00:30:51,160 of the people that worked for Olivetti. 509 00:30:52,920 --> 00:30:55,480 To fund his idealistic vision, 510 00:30:55,480 --> 00:30:58,200 Adriano continued to push the boundaries 511 00:30:58,200 --> 00:31:00,200 of technological innovation. 512 00:31:01,680 --> 00:31:04,160 He decides that computers are the future. 513 00:31:06,200 --> 00:31:07,760 He ventured into electronics, 514 00:31:07,760 --> 00:31:11,080 collaborating with Chinese-Italian chief engineer Mario Tchou. 515 00:31:12,920 --> 00:31:15,920 Olivetti was soon outstripping the competition. 516 00:31:17,040 --> 00:31:20,080 In 1959, Adriano unveiled 517 00:31:20,080 --> 00:31:23,360 one of the world's first mainframe computers. 518 00:31:26,520 --> 00:31:29,520 With all revolutionary, brilliant ideas, 519 00:31:29,520 --> 00:31:32,520 there's always someone out there who wants to steal them. 520 00:31:34,160 --> 00:31:37,120 There was a lot of communists in Italy. 521 00:31:37,120 --> 00:31:39,640 And so this was a big problem. 522 00:31:40,960 --> 00:31:43,400 With Cold War tensions growing, 523 00:31:43,400 --> 00:31:47,240 there were some global powers that felt threatened by Olivetti. 524 00:31:50,280 --> 00:31:51,840 The United States is already concerned 525 00:31:51,840 --> 00:31:53,800 that Italy might ultimately go communist, 526 00:31:53,800 --> 00:31:58,560 and that concern reaches a higher level of escalation 527 00:31:58,560 --> 00:32:01,080 when they realise that the Olivettis have 528 00:32:01,080 --> 00:32:03,720 this high-end computer technology. 529 00:32:04,880 --> 00:32:09,360 In February 1960, Adriano boarded a train to Switzerland, 530 00:32:09,360 --> 00:32:11,560 but he would never make it to his destination, 531 00:32:11,560 --> 00:32:13,040 for he died suddenly en route. 532 00:32:14,520 --> 00:32:18,000 What's strange is that an autopsy was never requested or carried out. 533 00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:20,440 His official cause of death is a stroke. 534 00:32:21,880 --> 00:32:26,280 Yet many believed there was more to Adriano Olivetti's death 535 00:32:26,280 --> 00:32:27,680 than meets the eye. 536 00:32:29,520 --> 00:32:33,880 It doesn't seem to me to be an absurd stretch of possibility 537 00:32:33,880 --> 00:32:36,200 that the CIA may have carried out 538 00:32:36,200 --> 00:32:38,760 a pointed assassination against Adriano Olivetti 539 00:32:38,760 --> 00:32:42,320 over this issue of this critical technology 540 00:32:42,320 --> 00:32:45,760 becoming something that provides an advantage for the communists. 541 00:32:47,320 --> 00:32:50,600 But the sinister occurrences were far from over. 542 00:32:52,280 --> 00:32:56,200 A year later, Mario Tchou, his chief engineer, 543 00:32:56,200 --> 00:32:58,560 dies in a tragic car accident. 544 00:32:59,560 --> 00:33:01,720 It came out that somebody said 545 00:33:01,720 --> 00:33:06,800 that there was the smell of alcohol in the car, but he didn't drink. 546 00:33:06,800 --> 00:33:10,960 And it's a lot of little things that make you think, 547 00:33:10,960 --> 00:33:16,480 "Hm, maybe something happened more than just a car accident." 548 00:33:17,760 --> 00:33:18,880 There's no proof, 549 00:33:18,880 --> 00:33:21,760 but when you look closely at the circumstances of that accident, 550 00:33:21,760 --> 00:33:23,440 it certainly does look suspicious. 551 00:33:25,240 --> 00:33:26,880 The double tragedy marked 552 00:33:26,880 --> 00:33:29,240 a turning point for the Olivetti family. 553 00:33:31,760 --> 00:33:35,960 In 1963, a financial crisis hit Italy, 554 00:33:35,960 --> 00:33:40,480 and a year later, the Olivettis sold off their computer division 555 00:33:40,480 --> 00:33:41,840 to General Electric. 556 00:33:43,600 --> 00:33:44,680 The next year, 557 00:33:44,680 --> 00:33:47,240 the company reveals a world-changing invention 558 00:33:47,240 --> 00:33:49,880 that it had heretofore kept secret. 559 00:33:51,960 --> 00:33:54,800 In 1965, at the New York World's Fair, 560 00:33:54,800 --> 00:33:57,800 the Programma 101 made its debut. 561 00:33:59,320 --> 00:34:03,520 Programma 101 is considered by many to be the first desktop computer. 562 00:34:04,920 --> 00:34:08,240 40,000 of these P101s were sold, 563 00:34:08,240 --> 00:34:11,760 and it was even used in the Apollo 11 mission of NASA. 564 00:34:13,440 --> 00:34:15,360 But by the 1980s, 565 00:34:15,360 --> 00:34:18,480 as computer technology ultimately takes over, 566 00:34:18,480 --> 00:34:21,160 people need typewriters less. 567 00:34:21,160 --> 00:34:24,680 The company eventually stops manufacturing them altogether. 568 00:34:24,680 --> 00:34:30,840 In 1978, we were more or less 90,000 people in the world, 569 00:34:30,840 --> 00:34:32,160 and now it's 500. 570 00:34:33,960 --> 00:34:36,840 Ivrea is abandoned by 2003, 571 00:34:36,840 --> 00:34:40,200 but its name has been immortalised by its pioneering design 572 00:34:40,200 --> 00:34:41,640 and its visionary family. 573 00:34:48,240 --> 00:34:54,240 Today, Matteo is determined to keep his family's unique experiment alive. 574 00:34:57,160 --> 00:35:00,080 I try to keep up this history of the family. 575 00:35:00,080 --> 00:35:02,600 That's the important thing. 576 00:35:02,600 --> 00:35:04,280 It was one of the most successful 577 00:35:04,280 --> 00:35:08,160 commercial industrial towns in the world, 578 00:35:08,160 --> 00:35:10,640 and it becomes eventually a UNESCO World Heritage Site. 579 00:35:16,800 --> 00:35:20,880 In Northeast Africa, in the Tunisian town of El Jem, 580 00:35:20,880 --> 00:35:24,920 a colossal building bears witness to ancient rivalries. 581 00:35:31,320 --> 00:35:37,920 Right in the middle of town, we have a massive Roman structure. 582 00:35:37,920 --> 00:35:40,840 You pass through these outer walls 583 00:35:40,840 --> 00:35:46,160 and enter this vast oval floor surrounded by stadium seating. 584 00:35:46,160 --> 00:35:49,200 This was a place to put on a show. 585 00:35:49,200 --> 00:35:51,600 And what entertainment did the Romans enjoy more 586 00:35:51,600 --> 00:35:53,520 than gladiatorial games? 587 00:35:54,680 --> 00:35:59,400 But this was much more than just an arena for savage Roman spectacle. 588 00:36:00,560 --> 00:36:04,800 Its remarkable size hints at its intended purpose. 589 00:36:05,920 --> 00:36:09,440 This is one of the biggest, grandest amphitheatres 590 00:36:09,440 --> 00:36:12,560 in the entire Roman world. 591 00:36:12,560 --> 00:36:17,520 Why do we have this here in Africa? 592 00:36:19,040 --> 00:36:23,280 The answer may lie in one of the most violent periods 593 00:36:23,280 --> 00:36:24,400 of Roman history. 594 00:36:25,680 --> 00:36:28,240 It became known as the year of the Six Emperors. 595 00:36:29,440 --> 00:36:31,960 There was murder, there was ruin, 596 00:36:31,960 --> 00:36:36,760 and it was all happening right here in El Jem. 597 00:36:44,080 --> 00:36:47,800 Archaeologist Rached Hamdi decodes this site 598 00:36:47,800 --> 00:36:53,280 to piece together what was happening almost 2,000 years ago. 599 00:37:10,760 --> 00:37:13,680 It had three levels of galleries which could fit 600 00:37:13,680 --> 00:37:15,200 35,000 people. 601 00:37:16,760 --> 00:37:19,560 It's thought that the mighty structure 602 00:37:19,560 --> 00:37:23,400 was adorned with statues of Roman gods, 603 00:37:23,400 --> 00:37:30,000 had 64 arches, 120ft-high red limestone walls, 604 00:37:30,000 --> 00:37:33,160 and might even have had a fabric awning as a roof. 605 00:37:35,320 --> 00:37:37,720 The town it towers over offers a clue 606 00:37:37,720 --> 00:37:40,440 as to why this iconic structure is here. 607 00:37:42,280 --> 00:37:44,880 Today it's known as El Jem, 608 00:37:44,880 --> 00:37:46,080 but under the Romans 609 00:37:46,080 --> 00:37:47,760 it was known as Thysdrus. 610 00:37:49,160 --> 00:37:51,400 This was one of the wealthiest 611 00:37:51,400 --> 00:37:54,960 and most thriving parts of the empire. 612 00:37:56,400 --> 00:38:00,760 El Jem sat in the province the Romans called Africa. 613 00:38:02,440 --> 00:38:04,160 It allowed vital access 614 00:38:04,160 --> 00:38:05,920 to the strategically important 615 00:38:05,920 --> 00:38:07,600 Mediterranean coast. 616 00:38:16,960 --> 00:38:19,480 At the time of El Jem's construction, 617 00:38:19,480 --> 00:38:22,200 treacherous rivalries were sending shock waves 618 00:38:22,200 --> 00:38:24,080 across the Roman Empire. 619 00:38:26,400 --> 00:38:31,760 This amphitheatre was built in the year 238 CE. 620 00:38:31,760 --> 00:38:38,040 This was a very important and dangerous year 621 00:38:38,040 --> 00:38:39,200 for the Roman Empire. 622 00:38:41,280 --> 00:38:45,520 When the Emperor in Rome decided to fund his warring campaigns 623 00:38:45,520 --> 00:38:48,440 by taxing the people of El Jem, 624 00:38:48,440 --> 00:38:52,480 they rebelled and demanded their governor, Gordian I, 625 00:38:52,480 --> 00:38:55,440 be put on the imperial throne. 626 00:38:55,440 --> 00:38:58,360 At 80 years old, he reluctantly agreed, 627 00:38:58,360 --> 00:39:01,800 but only on the condition that his son would rule alongside him. 628 00:39:03,040 --> 00:39:05,680 But when his son was killed in battle, 629 00:39:05,680 --> 00:39:07,640 Gordian took his own life. 630 00:39:09,200 --> 00:39:14,360 Gordian hanged himself with a belt just 22 days into his reign, 631 00:39:14,360 --> 00:39:17,000 the shortest reign in Roman history. 632 00:39:18,480 --> 00:39:21,680 This was one of six changes in rule that year. 633 00:39:22,920 --> 00:39:25,120 From the ashes of this chaos, 634 00:39:25,120 --> 00:39:28,320 Gordian's grandson rose to take the throne. 635 00:39:28,320 --> 00:39:31,720 It's thought by some that Gordian III 636 00:39:31,720 --> 00:39:34,520 may have constructed the mammoth amphitheatre 637 00:39:34,520 --> 00:39:36,320 to immortalise his family. 638 00:39:37,760 --> 00:39:40,520 It wasn't until the turn of the 20th century 639 00:39:40,520 --> 00:39:41,880 that archaeologists discovered 640 00:39:41,880 --> 00:39:44,560 the true extent of the dynastic monument. 641 00:39:54,840 --> 00:39:57,680 What they found was an intact basement level 642 00:39:57,680 --> 00:40:00,920 that covered the entire footprint of the arena. 643 00:40:02,840 --> 00:40:07,960 Nearby, ancient mosaics suggest why this basement was so big. 644 00:40:10,040 --> 00:40:13,040 In Gordian's time, El Jem was at the centre 645 00:40:13,040 --> 00:40:16,360 of a highly lucrative and well organised trade 646 00:40:16,360 --> 00:40:18,280 in wild animals 647 00:40:18,280 --> 00:40:22,200 caught by professional hunters in the interior of Africa. 648 00:40:26,160 --> 00:40:30,920 Many thousands of leopards, elephants and other African animals 649 00:40:30,920 --> 00:40:32,200 would have passed through 650 00:40:32,200 --> 00:40:35,160 the subterranean corridors of El Jem. 651 00:40:36,400 --> 00:40:42,160 You came here to watch gladiators and wild animals killing each other. 652 00:40:44,240 --> 00:40:47,480 The basement was designed to ensure the games ran 653 00:40:47,480 --> 00:40:49,240 with chilling efficiency. 654 00:41:02,360 --> 00:41:06,320 We have all of the hidden chambers necessary 655 00:41:06,320 --> 00:41:11,920 to create the very best in Roman spectacle. 656 00:41:14,240 --> 00:41:20,040 Below the arena floor, Rached Hamdi finds evidence of how it worked. 657 00:41:47,320 --> 00:41:51,760 The El Jem amphitheatre stood as a symbol of Roman dominance 658 00:41:51,760 --> 00:41:53,240 over this region 659 00:41:53,240 --> 00:41:56,760 until they lost power two centuries later. 660 00:41:56,760 --> 00:42:00,840 By the Middle Ages, Rome's influence in North Africa had ceased 661 00:42:00,840 --> 00:42:02,560 and the empire had fallen. 662 00:42:04,240 --> 00:42:08,640 Once this was no longer a provincial capital, 663 00:42:08,640 --> 00:42:10,080 it was abandoned. 664 00:42:11,800 --> 00:42:14,960 Over the coming centuries, the people of El Jem 665 00:42:14,960 --> 00:42:18,560 plundered the stones of the mighty Colosseum, 666 00:42:18,560 --> 00:42:20,120 leaving it to crumble. 667 00:42:26,040 --> 00:42:31,560 Today, the residents of El Jem make full use of the ancient monument. 668 00:42:47,600 --> 00:42:49,600 Subtitles by Red Bee Media 55022

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