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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:05,960 --> 00:00:09,840 A Tunisian stronghold that held the key to Allied victory 2 00:00:09,840 --> 00:00:11,360 in World War II. 3 00:00:11,360 --> 00:00:14,280 The British Field Marshal, Montgomery, said 4 00:00:14,280 --> 00:00:17,600 that the fate of the enemy would be decided here. 5 00:00:21,400 --> 00:00:23,840 In Alabama, the pride of a community 6 00:00:23,840 --> 00:00:26,480 that was born out of a harsh reality. 7 00:00:27,800 --> 00:00:29,080 At a time when people 8 00:00:29,080 --> 00:00:32,040 were struggling for freedom in this country, 9 00:00:32,040 --> 00:00:34,640 this building stood as a beacon of hope. 10 00:00:36,800 --> 00:00:41,320 A lavish complex in Lebanon embroiled in an unexpected tragedy. 11 00:00:42,720 --> 00:00:47,160 You had every component of a bomb just sitting there 12 00:00:47,160 --> 00:00:50,000 waiting for the spark that would ignite it. 13 00:00:52,760 --> 00:00:55,920 And in Greece, an unforgiving institution 14 00:00:55,920 --> 00:00:58,920 for the country's ambitious elite. 15 00:00:58,920 --> 00:01:01,120 It looks like a paradise, 16 00:01:01,120 --> 00:01:03,760 but this place was designed to toughen you up. 17 00:01:09,720 --> 00:01:10,720 Decaying relics... 18 00:01:11,960 --> 00:01:13,440 ...ruins of lost Worlds... 19 00:01:15,280 --> 00:01:17,200 ...sights haunted by the past... 20 00:01:18,560 --> 00:01:21,720 ...their secrets waiting to be revealed. 21 00:01:33,960 --> 00:01:36,960 In Tunisia, a hostile landscape 22 00:01:36,960 --> 00:01:40,320 disguises remnants of a fateful confrontation. 23 00:01:48,160 --> 00:01:52,960 Dug into the ground are structures that seem at one with the landscape 24 00:01:52,960 --> 00:01:55,840 until you get closer to them. 25 00:01:55,840 --> 00:01:57,400 Are they medieval? 26 00:01:57,400 --> 00:01:58,840 Are they modern? 27 00:01:58,840 --> 00:02:00,160 Who has made them? 28 00:02:01,400 --> 00:02:06,240 This facility has clearly been stripped of everything of value. 29 00:02:06,240 --> 00:02:13,840 All that's left is the echoing space and the concrete structures. 30 00:02:13,840 --> 00:02:17,240 A complex buried high on the hillside reveals 31 00:02:17,240 --> 00:02:19,320 who once occupied this site. 32 00:02:20,640 --> 00:02:25,520 If you look up, you will see very clearly painted 33 00:02:25,520 --> 00:02:27,520 exactly who was here. 34 00:02:28,680 --> 00:02:33,520 These subterranean layers formed a vital part of the Nazi plan 35 00:02:33,520 --> 00:02:38,480 to stop the allies dead in their tracks in North Africa. 36 00:02:38,480 --> 00:02:42,440 The natural advantages of this piece of terrain 37 00:02:42,440 --> 00:02:45,400 mean that nobody can get through here. 38 00:02:47,920 --> 00:02:50,560 Overcoming this required the invention 39 00:02:50,560 --> 00:02:53,280 of an entirely new type of warfare, 40 00:02:53,280 --> 00:02:57,040 conducted by a ragtag group of rogues 41 00:02:57,040 --> 00:03:00,120 who called themselves the Pirates of the High Desert. 42 00:03:03,640 --> 00:03:07,000 Major Muhammad Maaz has served in the Tunisian army 43 00:03:07,000 --> 00:03:08,920 for over 20 years. 44 00:03:08,920 --> 00:03:11,520 He spent a decade uncovering the secrets 45 00:03:11,520 --> 00:03:14,320 of these remote structures. 46 00:03:14,320 --> 00:03:15,560 HE SPEAKS ARABIC 47 00:03:33,200 --> 00:03:37,520 This site's construction began in 1936, 48 00:03:37,520 --> 00:03:40,920 but it wasn't the Nazis doing the building. 49 00:03:40,920 --> 00:03:42,640 In the early 20th century, 50 00:03:42,640 --> 00:03:46,480 {\an8}Tunisia was part of the French Empire. 51 00:03:46,480 --> 00:03:51,320 The French were concerned about the Italian influence in Africa. 52 00:03:51,320 --> 00:03:56,960 {\an8}Libya had fallen under the authority and power of the dictators in Italy, 53 00:03:56,960 --> 00:03:59,600 {\an8}and they felt that Tunisia was next. 54 00:04:01,640 --> 00:04:04,920 The French solution was this, 55 00:04:04,920 --> 00:04:06,920 the Mareth Line. 56 00:04:06,920 --> 00:04:11,040 A 22 mile long, heavily armed chain of bunkers 57 00:04:11,040 --> 00:04:14,480 designed to protect Tunisia against an Italian invasion 58 00:04:14,480 --> 00:04:16,880 from neighbouring Libya. 59 00:04:16,880 --> 00:04:19,800 {\an8}Bound on either side by natural obstacles, 60 00:04:19,800 --> 00:04:23,360 {\an8}these fortifications formed an impenetrable wall. 61 00:04:25,360 --> 00:04:28,480 It was the perfect place to stage a defence. 62 00:04:29,560 --> 00:04:32,240 Yet it wasn't an attack on the Mareth Line 63 00:04:32,240 --> 00:04:34,680 that the French should have feared. 64 00:04:34,680 --> 00:04:37,240 The real threat was closer to home. 65 00:04:38,520 --> 00:04:42,840 Germany's blitzkrieg victory over France in 1940 66 00:04:42,840 --> 00:04:46,200 led to the installation of pro-Nazi governments 67 00:04:46,200 --> 00:04:51,040 in both the French North African colonies and France itself. 68 00:04:51,040 --> 00:04:56,160 German led axis forces swiftly took control over much of North Africa, 69 00:04:56,160 --> 00:04:58,200 including Libya and Tunisia. 70 00:04:59,240 --> 00:05:02,480 The region's strategic importance would soon make it 71 00:05:02,480 --> 00:05:06,200 a key battleground in the world's deadliest conflict. 72 00:05:07,880 --> 00:05:12,440 It is a small step across the narrowest bit 73 00:05:12,440 --> 00:05:17,520 of the Mediterranean Sea to Sicily, and you're on Italian soil. 74 00:05:17,520 --> 00:05:21,640 Once you can fight the Italians and the Germans in Italy, 75 00:05:21,640 --> 00:05:27,240 you can fight the Italians and the Germans in Germany. 76 00:05:27,240 --> 00:05:29,880 Winning the war in Tunisia 77 00:05:29,880 --> 00:05:33,680 is the first step to winning the war in Europe. 78 00:05:35,400 --> 00:05:40,360 In 1942, the British launched an invasion of North Africa. 79 00:05:40,360 --> 00:05:44,000 Churchill appointed Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, 80 00:05:44,000 --> 00:05:46,080 known as Monty, to lead it. 81 00:05:47,200 --> 00:05:51,720 Americans landed in Morocco and Algeria to the west of Tunisia, 82 00:05:51,720 --> 00:05:55,280 while British forces pushed in from Egypt to the east, 83 00:05:55,280 --> 00:05:59,000 trapping the Germans in a pincer movement in Tunisia. 84 00:05:59,000 --> 00:06:01,680 But the heavily fortified Mareth Line 85 00:06:01,680 --> 00:06:05,280 now stood in the way of Allied victory. 86 00:06:05,280 --> 00:06:09,480 Nazi commander Erwin Rommel was tasked with stopping them. 87 00:06:11,760 --> 00:06:13,920 Rommel was beloved by Hitler. 88 00:06:15,040 --> 00:06:21,200 He was so confident that the British called him the Desert Fox. 89 00:06:23,400 --> 00:06:27,240 Rommel was determined that the Mareth Line would be defended 90 00:06:27,240 --> 00:06:30,480 with the belief that so long as he held the Mareth Line, 91 00:06:30,480 --> 00:06:33,680 then Tunisia would never fall to the allies. 92 00:06:35,200 --> 00:06:37,560 He massively reinforced the line, 93 00:06:37,560 --> 00:06:42,280 adding emplacements of pillbox and machine guns on either side. 94 00:06:42,280 --> 00:06:46,480 He also added a five mile wide minefield that ran 95 00:06:46,480 --> 00:06:48,760 for the entirety of its length. 96 00:06:50,360 --> 00:06:53,240 Attacking this line of fortifications would 97 00:06:53,240 --> 00:06:56,160 have to be done at great cost. 98 00:06:57,640 --> 00:07:01,040 Paying a price in blood. 99 00:07:02,440 --> 00:07:07,160 Even then, there was no guarantee a head on assault would succeed. 100 00:07:07,160 --> 00:07:11,240 British Commander Montgomery knew the only way to defeat the Nazis 101 00:07:11,240 --> 00:07:14,200 was to find a way around the Mareth Line. 102 00:07:15,480 --> 00:07:19,280 But to get to it, he had to move thousands of troops and vehicles 103 00:07:19,280 --> 00:07:23,360 across 20 miles of treacherous mountainous terrain 104 00:07:23,360 --> 00:07:26,280 and then 100 miles of trackless desert 105 00:07:26,280 --> 00:07:28,880 that was deemed impossible to penetrate. 106 00:07:32,640 --> 00:07:36,480 It was a huge gamble, and something no-one, 107 00:07:36,480 --> 00:07:39,400 including the Germans, thought possible. 108 00:07:39,400 --> 00:07:43,320 But Montgomery already had a secret mission under way, 109 00:07:43,320 --> 00:07:46,080 one he'd set in motion months earlier. 110 00:07:47,640 --> 00:07:51,040 The solution came with this new British special forces 111 00:07:51,040 --> 00:07:55,840 that were actually going to change the face of warfare. 112 00:07:55,840 --> 00:07:59,560 This covert ops team of soldiers was called 113 00:07:59,560 --> 00:08:03,200 the Long Range Desert Group, or the LRDG for short. 114 00:08:04,920 --> 00:08:10,480 It was originally led by maverick military engineer Ralph Bagnold. 115 00:08:10,480 --> 00:08:16,080 Bagnold was a brilliant geologist, 116 00:08:16,080 --> 00:08:17,480 an amateur archaeologist, 117 00:08:18,600 --> 00:08:20,360 Royal Signals officer, 118 00:08:20,360 --> 00:08:26,840 he was one of the British desert lovers like Lawrence of Arabia. 119 00:08:26,840 --> 00:08:30,840 Bagnold had spent the '30s pioneering new ways of getting 120 00:08:30,840 --> 00:08:33,680 around the desert, like four-wheel drive vehicles 121 00:08:33,680 --> 00:08:36,960 that could move heavy equipment through the shifting sands. 122 00:08:36,960 --> 00:08:41,720 Bagnold formed the core of a unit 123 00:08:41,720 --> 00:08:43,680 who know how to work with a desert, 124 00:08:43,680 --> 00:08:48,160 rather than to have to fight against the desert environment. 125 00:08:48,160 --> 00:08:52,680 They can go places no-one ever expected them to be. 126 00:08:54,680 --> 00:08:58,680 On Montgomery's orders, they set out deep behind enemy lines 127 00:08:58,680 --> 00:09:01,320 in specially modified off road trucks 128 00:09:01,320 --> 00:09:04,000 to find a route around the Mareth Line. 129 00:09:06,760 --> 00:09:10,080 The LRDG probed the mountains and out into the desert, 130 00:09:10,080 --> 00:09:13,600 looking for a route that would allow the allies to avoid the Mareth Line 131 00:09:13,600 --> 00:09:15,400 and outflank the Germans. 132 00:09:15,400 --> 00:09:17,200 After weeks of searching, 133 00:09:17,200 --> 00:09:20,240 they managed to chart a navigable course. 134 00:09:20,240 --> 00:09:22,400 Armed with this vital information, 135 00:09:22,400 --> 00:09:25,240 Montgomery launched a two pronged attack. 136 00:09:26,880 --> 00:09:31,320 So the British Army pins down Rommel's troops 137 00:09:31,320 --> 00:09:33,560 in the Mareth Line. 138 00:09:33,560 --> 00:09:37,920 Another chunk of the British Army sneaked through the desert 139 00:09:37,920 --> 00:09:43,240 find their way, assisted by the Long Range Desert Group, 140 00:09:43,240 --> 00:09:47,800 and deliver a sharp left hook 141 00:09:47,800 --> 00:09:49,560 to the German Army. 142 00:09:50,680 --> 00:09:53,760 But victory was far from certain. 143 00:09:53,760 --> 00:09:58,320 Two weeks of hellish fighting followed before the British finally 144 00:09:58,320 --> 00:10:03,520 overpowered the Mareth Line, paving the way for victory in North Africa. 145 00:10:04,720 --> 00:10:09,000 Tunisia was fundamental to the North African campaign, 146 00:10:09,000 --> 00:10:13,160 and the North African campaign was fundamental to the success 147 00:10:13,160 --> 00:10:15,400 of the Second World War. 148 00:10:15,400 --> 00:10:18,040 Montgomery said that without the probing 149 00:10:18,040 --> 00:10:20,000 of the Long Range Desert Group, 150 00:10:20,000 --> 00:10:23,080 then his attack would have been a leap in the dark. 151 00:10:28,520 --> 00:10:31,240 At the end of the battle for the Mareth Line, 152 00:10:31,240 --> 00:10:34,360 its bunkers were disarmed and decommissioned. 153 00:10:34,360 --> 00:10:38,320 The now empty structures were left to decay. 154 00:10:38,320 --> 00:10:43,000 In the 1990s, a museum opened where we can all learn 155 00:10:43,000 --> 00:10:46,840 about what happened here during the Second World War. 156 00:10:50,720 --> 00:10:55,520 In Lebanon's capital city, an elegant structure sticks out 157 00:10:55,520 --> 00:10:58,200 from the high rises that surround it. 158 00:11:04,040 --> 00:11:06,560 Beirut can be a city of noise and commotion, 159 00:11:06,560 --> 00:11:10,800 but tucked away in the centre of it all is something of an oasis. 160 00:11:10,800 --> 00:11:12,720 When you turn onto this street, 161 00:11:12,720 --> 00:11:15,960 the architecture of the space is drastically different 162 00:11:15,960 --> 00:11:17,880 than everything around it. 163 00:11:17,880 --> 00:11:22,400 You walk into this house and it's very elaborate, very beautiful. 164 00:11:22,400 --> 00:11:26,280 It has marble floors, beautiful ceilings. 165 00:11:26,280 --> 00:11:30,400 These were clearly built by and for the city's elite. 166 00:11:31,640 --> 00:11:36,200 Yet the faded opulence hides the hallmarks of a traumatic event. 167 00:11:37,360 --> 00:11:40,560 Everywhere you look, you start to notice damage. 168 00:11:40,560 --> 00:11:45,120 The great windows at the back of the building are missing entirely. 169 00:11:45,120 --> 00:11:48,600 It's like someone has reconstructed whole segments of the outside wall 170 00:11:48,600 --> 00:11:51,800 but never bothered to paint it. 171 00:11:51,800 --> 00:11:54,400 This level of devastation and destruction 172 00:11:54,400 --> 00:11:56,040 doesn't happen over time. 173 00:11:56,040 --> 00:11:59,600 Something very quick and violent has happened here. 174 00:11:59,600 --> 00:12:02,520 It was a normal day, the weather was fantastic, 175 00:12:02,520 --> 00:12:05,760 and all of a sudden, there was a huge circle, 176 00:12:05,760 --> 00:12:08,880 just like a nuclear bomb over this area. 177 00:12:08,880 --> 00:12:11,800 People had to evacuate immediately. 178 00:12:11,800 --> 00:12:14,080 The city was collapsing around them. 179 00:12:14,080 --> 00:12:17,520 That day would make headlines the world over 180 00:12:17,520 --> 00:12:20,640 and headlines of the worst possible kind. 181 00:12:20,640 --> 00:12:22,200 I've been through wars. 182 00:12:22,200 --> 00:12:24,000 I've been through civil unrest. 183 00:12:24,000 --> 00:12:27,040 I've never, ever seen something like that. 184 00:12:35,360 --> 00:12:38,120 Eli Khoury co-owns this building. 185 00:12:38,120 --> 00:12:40,760 When he and his business partners first decided 186 00:12:40,760 --> 00:12:43,560 to make this the headquarters for their media company, 187 00:12:43,560 --> 00:12:46,400 it had been neglected for years. 188 00:12:46,400 --> 00:12:49,200 {\an8}I'm the type that always wants to dream big. 189 00:12:49,200 --> 00:12:52,960 {\an8}When we moved in, which was in 2010, 190 00:12:52,960 --> 00:12:54,600 well, it was in shambles. 191 00:12:54,600 --> 00:12:57,920 Cost roughly about $4 to $5 million to fix it. 192 00:12:57,920 --> 00:13:02,360 Believe me, it was funny because people didn't want to go home. 193 00:13:02,360 --> 00:13:05,760 I mean, they wanted to stay here, work late. 194 00:13:05,760 --> 00:13:11,640 Every Friday, we used to do like an in-house sort of little party. 195 00:13:11,640 --> 00:13:15,160 But this building was not always used as an office. 196 00:13:15,160 --> 00:13:20,200 It began life over a century earlier as a glamorous private residence. 197 00:13:21,600 --> 00:13:26,800 More than once, it was a victim of the country's turbulent past. 198 00:13:26,800 --> 00:13:29,320 In 18th and 19th century Beirut, 199 00:13:29,320 --> 00:13:32,640 {\an8}the aristocracy was formed by prominent Christian families 200 00:13:32,640 --> 00:13:36,400 that held massive wealth and power in Lebanon. 201 00:13:36,400 --> 00:13:41,480 {\an8}They built these palatial homes in the style of European villas. 202 00:13:41,480 --> 00:13:43,880 {\an8}This one is called Villa Mokbel. 203 00:13:46,800 --> 00:13:49,560 It was built in the late 19th century, 204 00:13:49,560 --> 00:13:54,600 and it became known as a gathering place for politicians, 205 00:13:54,600 --> 00:13:56,560 artists and great thinkers. 206 00:13:58,080 --> 00:14:00,880 It's a combination of Tuscan and Ottoman, 207 00:14:00,880 --> 00:14:05,360 and there are only five houses remaining like this in the country. 208 00:14:05,360 --> 00:14:08,400 These houses were filled with beautiful art pieces 209 00:14:08,400 --> 00:14:10,520 and things of this sort. 210 00:14:10,520 --> 00:14:14,360 At one point, there were about 30 of these palaces on this street. 211 00:14:14,360 --> 00:14:17,760 But few of these palazzos would escape the chaos 212 00:14:17,760 --> 00:14:20,600 that descended on Beirut in the 1970s. 213 00:14:24,840 --> 00:14:28,760 Civil War broke out and some of the heaviest fighting took place here, 214 00:14:28,760 --> 00:14:30,520 right in the heart of the city. 215 00:14:30,520 --> 00:14:33,680 As rival militias fought for control, 216 00:14:33,680 --> 00:14:37,920 these buildings would suffer from artillery strikes and looting. 217 00:14:39,480 --> 00:14:44,400 Villa Mokbel was one of those caught in the conflict's crossfire. 218 00:14:44,400 --> 00:14:46,640 At the end of the war in 1990, 219 00:14:46,640 --> 00:14:51,160 the derelict, battle scarred mansion changed ownership a number of times 220 00:14:51,160 --> 00:14:54,760 until Eli stepped in to transform it. 221 00:14:54,760 --> 00:14:59,560 But little did he know, Beirut was once again heading for disaster. 222 00:15:00,680 --> 00:15:03,280 Things were going well, but there was a slow moving 223 00:15:03,280 --> 00:15:06,880 catastrophe building just down the road. 224 00:15:06,880 --> 00:15:11,560 Tuesday, the 4th of August 2020 started like any other day 225 00:15:11,560 --> 00:15:14,600 for Eli and his 40 employees. 226 00:15:14,600 --> 00:15:17,000 I came here with my colleague. 227 00:15:17,000 --> 00:15:22,120 We were both talking on the phone and just looking at the port, 228 00:15:22,120 --> 00:15:26,040 looking at the sky, and then the whole thing happened. 229 00:15:28,720 --> 00:15:29,720 Oh, my God. 230 00:15:29,720 --> 00:15:31,960 The scene I saw was incredible. 231 00:15:34,560 --> 00:15:37,000 The explosion actually went through the buildings 232 00:15:37,000 --> 00:15:38,600 as if they were liquid. 233 00:15:40,720 --> 00:15:43,800 This is when my colleague and I... 234 00:15:43,800 --> 00:15:44,840 He pushed me. 235 00:15:45,920 --> 00:15:47,800 So we jump on the floor. 236 00:15:47,800 --> 00:15:52,320 The lady that was on that balcony actually flew all... all the way 237 00:15:52,320 --> 00:15:53,480 to that end. 238 00:15:55,040 --> 00:15:58,080 And she fell unconscious, unfortunately. 239 00:15:59,240 --> 00:16:03,600 The blast Eli witnessed destroyed 77,000 homes 240 00:16:03,600 --> 00:16:06,920 and caused $15 billion worth of damage. 241 00:16:08,080 --> 00:16:11,880 The chain of events that led to this disaster was set in motion 242 00:16:11,880 --> 00:16:13,360 seven years earlier. 243 00:16:15,400 --> 00:16:20,240 In 2013, a Russian owned ship, the MV Rhosus, 244 00:16:20,240 --> 00:16:23,520 made an unscheduled stop in the port of Beirut. 245 00:16:23,520 --> 00:16:26,800 Port authorities inspected the ship and they did not 246 00:16:26,800 --> 00:16:28,760 like what they found. 247 00:16:28,760 --> 00:16:31,520 They discovered that the ship's hull was leaking 248 00:16:31,520 --> 00:16:36,160 and water was constantly being pumped out to keep it afloat. 249 00:16:36,160 --> 00:16:39,400 They decided very quickly that this ship was unsafe 250 00:16:39,400 --> 00:16:40,880 to continue its journey, 251 00:16:40,880 --> 00:16:44,360 and grounded them there in the port of Beirut. 252 00:16:44,360 --> 00:16:48,680 The ship's Russian owner refused to pay the mounting port bills, 253 00:16:48,680 --> 00:16:51,560 and shortly after, mysteriously vanished. 254 00:16:52,880 --> 00:16:57,320 The ship's cargo was unloaded and stuffed into a warehouse 255 00:16:57,320 --> 00:16:59,520 right there at the port. 256 00:16:59,520 --> 00:17:03,840 What was off-loaded was a potentially deadly cargo. 257 00:17:03,840 --> 00:17:11,240 2,750 tons of ammonium nitrate, a volatile compound that is used 258 00:17:11,240 --> 00:17:15,960 in fertiliser but can also be employed to make explosives. 259 00:17:18,280 --> 00:17:21,920 The cargo sat there in hangar 12 for years, 260 00:17:21,920 --> 00:17:24,000 completely neglected. 261 00:17:24,000 --> 00:17:26,760 Customs officials at the port sent multiple letters 262 00:17:26,760 --> 00:17:30,960 to government lawyers in Beirut, pleading for the volatile payload 263 00:17:30,960 --> 00:17:32,480 to be removed. 264 00:17:32,480 --> 00:17:34,840 Every request was ignored. 265 00:17:36,040 --> 00:17:38,320 In the weeks leading up to the disaster, 266 00:17:38,320 --> 00:17:40,560 even the Prime Minister and President 267 00:17:40,560 --> 00:17:44,000 were warned of the potential dangers of the situation. 268 00:17:45,480 --> 00:17:48,240 Despite wide knowledge of this safety risk, 269 00:17:48,240 --> 00:17:50,320 nobody took any action. 270 00:17:50,320 --> 00:17:53,000 But there was an even bigger problem. 271 00:17:54,320 --> 00:17:58,920 The ammonium nitrate was stored in bags that were spilling, 272 00:17:58,920 --> 00:18:05,400 and it was stored with kerosene, hydrochloric acid, 273 00:18:05,400 --> 00:18:09,760 and 15 tons of fireworks. 274 00:18:10,800 --> 00:18:13,640 When you put all of these materials together, 275 00:18:13,640 --> 00:18:16,320 you've essentially got the makings of a giant bomb. 276 00:18:18,280 --> 00:18:20,920 All that was missing now was a spark. 277 00:18:22,880 --> 00:18:28,880 That spark came on the 4th of August when an unexplained fire broke out, 278 00:18:28,880 --> 00:18:32,400 thought to have originated at the north end of hangar 12. 279 00:18:32,400 --> 00:18:35,080 It spread quickly across the warehouse. 280 00:18:35,080 --> 00:18:37,720 Fireworks stored nearby discharge, 281 00:18:37,720 --> 00:18:41,160 and hangar 12 goes up in a ball of flame. 282 00:18:41,160 --> 00:18:44,680 Seconds later, the ammonium nitrate detonates 283 00:18:44,680 --> 00:18:47,600 in a blinding, enormous explosion. 284 00:18:47,600 --> 00:18:48,920 Oh, my God! 285 00:18:51,400 --> 00:18:56,200 It creates the shock wave that goes across the city, breaks out windows, 286 00:18:56,200 --> 00:18:59,160 knocks down buildings, blows people over. 287 00:19:01,080 --> 00:19:04,440 We went out, we started seeing people with blood all over. 288 00:19:04,440 --> 00:19:09,680 It was a scene from the worst World War II movie you've ever seen. 289 00:19:09,680 --> 00:19:11,680 Over 200 people die. 290 00:19:11,680 --> 00:19:14,920 You know, hundreds of thousands are homeless. 291 00:19:18,080 --> 00:19:22,680 One of the most saddening moment was watching a lady 292 00:19:22,680 --> 00:19:27,000 coming down from her apartment with a dead baby in her hands. 293 00:19:28,200 --> 00:19:29,480 It was incredible. 294 00:19:31,880 --> 00:19:37,640 Remarkably, we had 41 injured, but thank God no-one died. 295 00:19:40,080 --> 00:19:43,200 Like many of the buildings in the blast radius, 296 00:19:43,200 --> 00:19:46,280 Villa Mokbel was shattered into pieces 297 00:19:46,280 --> 00:19:49,760 and needed emergency stabilisation to keep it standing. 298 00:19:51,000 --> 00:19:54,680 Today, it remains in ruins until Eli can raise the funds 299 00:19:54,680 --> 00:19:56,520 to once again restore it. 300 00:19:57,880 --> 00:19:59,800 If I were to fix it again, 301 00:19:59,800 --> 00:20:02,800 it will cost between $2 to $3 million. 302 00:20:03,960 --> 00:20:07,440 If things get better, we would want to come back to this office 303 00:20:07,440 --> 00:20:10,680 because it was beautiful to work out of here. 304 00:20:17,080 --> 00:20:20,960 In the aftermath of the explosion, an investigation was launched, 305 00:20:20,960 --> 00:20:25,080 but any attempt to hold particular government officials accountable 306 00:20:25,080 --> 00:20:27,320 has been blocked on multiple occasions. 307 00:20:27,320 --> 00:20:28,880 For the people of Beirut, 308 00:20:28,880 --> 00:20:32,080 the long wait for justice continues. 309 00:20:32,080 --> 00:20:36,280 The country is going through a real, real tough stuff now. 310 00:20:36,280 --> 00:20:40,920 It's actually a tough job to be Lebanese. 311 00:20:40,920 --> 00:20:42,480 It's not an easy job. 312 00:20:48,240 --> 00:20:52,240 In downtown Birmingham, Alabama, is an imposing structure 313 00:20:52,240 --> 00:20:56,880 that played a part in one of America's greatest times of change. 314 00:21:01,760 --> 00:21:06,080 Standing alone like a monolith is this very dramatic 315 00:21:06,080 --> 00:21:07,120 seven story building. 316 00:21:07,120 --> 00:21:13,400 It might be a former department store or an office block. 317 00:21:13,400 --> 00:21:15,040 It's just so vast. 318 00:21:15,040 --> 00:21:17,480 What can it be used for? 319 00:21:17,480 --> 00:21:20,840 On the upper level are long corridors with fading business signs 320 00:21:20,840 --> 00:21:23,600 for lawyers, doctors and dentists. 321 00:21:23,600 --> 00:21:27,320 But I'd say it's been a while since anyone sat inside of those chairs. 322 00:21:27,320 --> 00:21:31,000 It's almost as if the people left in a great hurry. 323 00:21:32,120 --> 00:21:35,720 Further exploration reveals there is much more to this site 324 00:21:35,720 --> 00:21:37,760 than meets the eye. 325 00:21:37,760 --> 00:21:42,880 The whole second floor is dominated by this enormous ballroom 326 00:21:42,880 --> 00:21:45,560 with balconies and a stage. 327 00:21:45,560 --> 00:21:49,480 This was a place for big public meetings of some sort. 328 00:21:50,920 --> 00:21:55,480 Discarded paraphernalia hints at an ominous agenda. 329 00:21:55,480 --> 00:22:00,520 They're strange symbols, a coffin and throne like seating. 330 00:22:00,520 --> 00:22:03,360 It all feels sort of ritualistic. 331 00:22:04,640 --> 00:22:06,840 Yet looks can be deceiving. 332 00:22:06,840 --> 00:22:08,960 And all is not what it seems. 333 00:22:10,000 --> 00:22:14,440 It was a place where people organised to make sure 334 00:22:14,440 --> 00:22:17,920 that democracy was for all of American citizens. 335 00:22:22,680 --> 00:22:27,880 Corey D Hawkins is a local lawyer who grew up in northern Alabama. 336 00:22:27,880 --> 00:22:31,800 Since 2013, he has headed up the group that originally 337 00:22:31,800 --> 00:22:35,760 constructed this grand century old building. 338 00:22:35,760 --> 00:22:40,480 It was the place that African Americans were proud of, 339 00:22:40,480 --> 00:22:43,600 {\an8}and whether they were a member of the organisation or not, 340 00:22:43,600 --> 00:22:45,880 {\an8}this was their building. 341 00:22:45,880 --> 00:22:49,560 That organisation is one often shrouded in secrecy. 342 00:22:51,360 --> 00:22:56,680 We have been accused of being a cult, which is not true. 343 00:22:56,680 --> 00:22:59,120 Being a part of the Illuminati. 344 00:22:59,120 --> 00:23:02,800 I am a fourth generation Mason. 345 00:23:02,800 --> 00:23:07,760 My father, my grandfather, my great-grandfather were all Masons. 346 00:23:07,760 --> 00:23:12,400 Freemasonry has been described as a beautiful system of morality. 347 00:23:12,400 --> 00:23:13,600 In simple terms, 348 00:23:13,600 --> 00:23:18,360 {\an8}the Freemasons are a male social and philanthropic organisation, 349 00:23:18,360 --> 00:23:20,880 and its origins date back to medieval Europe 350 00:23:20,880 --> 00:23:23,360 and the guilds of stone masons. 351 00:23:23,360 --> 00:23:29,360 {\an8}Through his career, a mason would move up from being an apprentice 352 00:23:29,360 --> 00:23:32,960 {\an8}to a journeyman, to eventually a master mason, 353 00:23:32,960 --> 00:23:38,320 {\an8}and at each level, they were taught secret code words and handshakes. 354 00:23:38,320 --> 00:23:42,120 That way, as stone masons made their way across Europe to the next job, 355 00:23:42,120 --> 00:23:45,880 each man would be paid according to his skill level. 356 00:23:47,360 --> 00:23:51,080 By the mid 1700s, the handshake still remained, 357 00:23:51,080 --> 00:23:55,200 but the society had evolved into a fraternity no longer connected 358 00:23:55,200 --> 00:23:58,520 to the stonemasonry labour force. 359 00:23:58,520 --> 00:24:01,880 Yet there were no lodges for African Americans. 360 00:24:02,960 --> 00:24:06,200 That is, until Revolutionary War hero Prince Hall 361 00:24:06,200 --> 00:24:08,600 made it his mission to change that. 362 00:24:11,200 --> 00:24:13,920 Prince Hall was an extraordinary man. 363 00:24:13,920 --> 00:24:20,760 Born, raised as a slave in Boston, by 1770, he had earned his freedom. 364 00:24:21,800 --> 00:24:24,800 He sought admittance to an established lodge 365 00:24:24,800 --> 00:24:27,800 and was prevented because of his colour. 366 00:24:27,800 --> 00:24:30,400 {\an8}But he wasn't daunted, he continued. 367 00:24:31,760 --> 00:24:35,520 Hall realised he had to sidestep the American Masons 368 00:24:35,520 --> 00:24:37,720 that denied him access. 369 00:24:37,720 --> 00:24:41,680 Instead, he petitioned the Duke of Cumberland in England, 370 00:24:41,680 --> 00:24:46,520 the home of Freemasonry, to ask permission to start his own lodge. 371 00:24:46,520 --> 00:24:52,400 A charter was granted and the African lodge number 459 began. 372 00:24:52,400 --> 00:24:54,840 Many African American lodges, including this one, 373 00:24:54,840 --> 00:24:57,640 are descended from Prince Hall's. 374 00:24:57,640 --> 00:25:02,480 Fast forward to the early 1900s, and Birmingham's Prince Hall Masons 375 00:25:02,480 --> 00:25:05,440 were determined to build a state headquarters worthy 376 00:25:05,440 --> 00:25:07,560 of their hard-fought history. 377 00:25:08,920 --> 00:25:12,240 You have to remember that this was a period of Jim Crow laws, 378 00:25:12,240 --> 00:25:16,280 meaning that segregation was enshrined in law. 379 00:25:16,280 --> 00:25:19,640 This building, therefore, was to be the beacon of hope 380 00:25:19,640 --> 00:25:21,240 for those communities. 381 00:25:24,280 --> 00:25:29,400 The order raised $720,000 from its members, 382 00:25:29,400 --> 00:25:34,120 and in 1922 construction started on their new Masonic Temple. 383 00:25:35,560 --> 00:25:39,160 Two years later, it opened its doors. 384 00:25:39,160 --> 00:25:44,320 There's a photo from 1924, when the Masons were congregated 385 00:25:44,320 --> 00:25:48,320 here in this room at the statewide meeting. 386 00:25:48,320 --> 00:25:52,680 But this building was much more than just a headquarters for the Masons. 387 00:25:52,680 --> 00:25:55,960 This building was intended to be one that people could walk in proudly 388 00:25:55,960 --> 00:25:59,200 through the front door without fear of reprisal. 389 00:25:59,200 --> 00:26:02,240 It was full of excitement and creativity, 390 00:26:02,240 --> 00:26:07,320 businesses and activities designed to uplift the community. 391 00:26:07,320 --> 00:26:10,600 On the 17th Street side, ground level, 392 00:26:10,600 --> 00:26:12,400 you had a drug store, 393 00:26:12,400 --> 00:26:15,240 barbershop, shoeshine shop. 394 00:26:15,240 --> 00:26:17,080 There were several dentists here. 395 00:26:17,080 --> 00:26:20,280 Doctors and attorneys were in here. 396 00:26:20,280 --> 00:26:25,080 Places like that, where people can just walk in right off the street 397 00:26:25,080 --> 00:26:29,520 and not have to worry about if they were offending anyone 398 00:26:29,520 --> 00:26:32,800 just because of the colour of their skin. 399 00:26:32,800 --> 00:26:35,160 For African Americans, that was new, 400 00:26:35,160 --> 00:26:37,840 gave people a sense of pride and hope in 401 00:26:37,840 --> 00:26:40,480 what the future holds for our people. 402 00:26:41,680 --> 00:26:46,120 Over the next three decades, the Masonic Temple helped transform 403 00:26:46,120 --> 00:26:51,280 the Fourth Avenue District into a thriving business and cultural hub. 404 00:26:51,280 --> 00:26:54,400 But the biggest test was still yet to come. 405 00:26:55,520 --> 00:27:00,840 In the 1960s, the long overdue fight for civil rights 406 00:27:00,840 --> 00:27:03,480 was really coming to a boil. 407 00:27:03,480 --> 00:27:09,680 And Birmingham is today synonymous with the intensity of this fight. 408 00:27:11,920 --> 00:27:15,840 In January 1963, Martin Luther King 409 00:27:15,840 --> 00:27:19,560 announced he wanted to lead a demonstration in Birmingham. 410 00:27:19,560 --> 00:27:22,960 It was while he was in the city to recruit nonviolent protesters 411 00:27:22,960 --> 00:27:26,320 for the Birmingham campaign that Martin Luther King came 412 00:27:26,320 --> 00:27:28,200 to the Masonic Temple. 413 00:27:28,200 --> 00:27:31,120 And there is a photo where he's making a pool shot. 414 00:27:31,120 --> 00:27:34,600 So, that lets you know that he was in this building, 415 00:27:34,600 --> 00:27:36,840 and we're proud of that. 416 00:27:36,840 --> 00:27:41,600 King chose Birmingham because of its strong segregation laws 417 00:27:41,600 --> 00:27:45,040 and because it had officials there like Bull Connor, 418 00:27:45,040 --> 00:27:50,040 who was a symbol of segregation. 419 00:27:50,040 --> 00:27:52,440 But Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth, 420 00:27:52,440 --> 00:27:55,600 a key civil rights spokesperson in Birmingham, 421 00:27:55,600 --> 00:27:57,960 didn't want to proceed with the protest, 422 00:27:57,960 --> 00:28:01,160 while Connor, the city's public safety officer 423 00:28:01,160 --> 00:28:04,440 and de facto police chief, was still in office. 424 00:28:05,600 --> 00:28:09,080 He believed that if a desegregation accord was reached 425 00:28:09,080 --> 00:28:14,080 with local businesses, that Connor would actually reverse it 426 00:28:14,080 --> 00:28:15,840 and then reinforce segregation. 427 00:28:18,000 --> 00:28:21,560 The only way to remove Conner was if the City of Birmingham 428 00:28:21,560 --> 00:28:25,320 voted to change how the local government was set up. 429 00:28:26,840 --> 00:28:31,320 Jamison Davis played a crucial role in making that happen 430 00:28:31,320 --> 00:28:34,040 from his legal practice at the Masonic Temple. 431 00:28:35,200 --> 00:28:38,880 There were four or five lawyers that were in this building, 432 00:28:38,880 --> 00:28:42,960 {\an8}and we were all working toward the same end 433 00:28:42,960 --> 00:28:47,200 {\an8}of getting the city of Birmingham changed 434 00:28:47,200 --> 00:28:50,840 from a three person city commission 435 00:28:50,840 --> 00:28:53,960 to a nine person City Council. 436 00:28:53,960 --> 00:29:00,320 Once the voters voted to change the form of government, 437 00:29:00,320 --> 00:29:05,800 that changed the attitude of all of the people 438 00:29:05,800 --> 00:29:10,080 that lived in the city toward progress by blacks. 439 00:29:12,920 --> 00:29:16,160 Birmingham then held its first mayoral election. 440 00:29:16,160 --> 00:29:17,960 Connor ran, but lost. 441 00:29:19,240 --> 00:29:22,600 And with the more moderate Albert Boutwell in office, 442 00:29:22,600 --> 00:29:25,120 the marches actually could go forward. 443 00:29:26,640 --> 00:29:28,000 On April 3rd, 1963, 444 00:29:29,080 --> 00:29:32,800 the campaign began with lunch counter sit ins, 445 00:29:32,800 --> 00:29:37,640 a march to City Hall and a boycott of downtown businesses. 446 00:29:37,640 --> 00:29:42,400 But toward the end of April, things were starting to flag. 447 00:29:42,400 --> 00:29:44,600 It was hard for people to keep going in the streets and facing 448 00:29:44,600 --> 00:29:47,320 the kind of abuse they were facing. 449 00:29:47,320 --> 00:29:49,800 The civil rights campaign in Birmingham 450 00:29:49,800 --> 00:29:52,520 was in danger of falling apart. 451 00:29:52,520 --> 00:29:56,120 It would take a profound leap of faith to save it. 452 00:29:57,400 --> 00:30:00,880 Some leaders came up with a pretty radical idea, 453 00:30:00,880 --> 00:30:05,400 which was to send the children out to help lead these protests, 454 00:30:05,400 --> 00:30:06,520 the Children's Crusade. 455 00:30:06,520 --> 00:30:08,200 This was very controversial, obviously, 456 00:30:08,200 --> 00:30:10,920 cos they were sending these kids into harm's way. 457 00:30:10,920 --> 00:30:14,240 In May, the campaign was reinvigorated 458 00:30:14,240 --> 00:30:17,240 by these young people's presence. 459 00:30:17,240 --> 00:30:21,680 But Bull Connor, despite no longer having any real lawmaking power 460 00:30:21,680 --> 00:30:24,400 after being ousted by Birmingham's voters, 461 00:30:24,400 --> 00:30:29,040 refused to relinquish control of the city's police force. 462 00:30:29,040 --> 00:30:34,000 He was willing to use the most extreme and vicious methods 463 00:30:34,000 --> 00:30:37,400 to drive these protesters off the streets. 464 00:30:37,400 --> 00:30:42,080 Over 900 children were arrested, and then he began to implement 465 00:30:42,080 --> 00:30:46,360 even more draconian measures involving the use of water cannons 466 00:30:46,360 --> 00:30:47,880 and attack dogs. 467 00:30:51,400 --> 00:30:55,720 I remember looking out the window and watching the water 468 00:30:55,720 --> 00:30:58,640 coming out of those hoses, hitting young people 469 00:30:58,640 --> 00:31:01,440 and knocking them down in the street. 470 00:31:01,440 --> 00:31:05,080 Often when protesters were injured, they didn't go to the hospital. 471 00:31:05,080 --> 00:31:09,760 They came to the Masonic Temple because there were doctors there. 472 00:31:10,800 --> 00:31:15,440 Outside, the tide was turning in the fight for equality. 473 00:31:15,440 --> 00:31:18,920 The shocking scenes were enough to spark both national 474 00:31:18,920 --> 00:31:20,800 and international outrage. 475 00:31:23,080 --> 00:31:27,120 Eventually, Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent a representative 476 00:31:27,120 --> 00:31:30,520 down to Birmingham to try to negotiate a compromise, 477 00:31:30,520 --> 00:31:33,320 and indeed, the result of all this was the effective 478 00:31:33,320 --> 00:31:35,360 desegregation of Birmingham. 479 00:31:37,120 --> 00:31:42,120 It was very good because you knew that you were making progress, 480 00:31:42,120 --> 00:31:47,840 because in the next year, the Civil Rights Act was passed, 481 00:31:47,840 --> 00:31:52,680 and the next year, 1965, the Voting Rights Act was passed. 482 00:31:55,720 --> 00:31:59,960 That that was the genius of King's movement 483 00:31:59,960 --> 00:32:03,920 was to make people see for themselves that this was unfair, 484 00:32:03,920 --> 00:32:05,520 that it had to change. 485 00:32:11,040 --> 00:32:13,800 For a long time after the Civil Rights Campaign, 486 00:32:13,800 --> 00:32:16,960 this building continued to be popular, 487 00:32:16,960 --> 00:32:21,800 useful and a centre for this community in this city. 488 00:32:21,800 --> 00:32:26,080 But as the years passed, the businesses slowly vacated 489 00:32:26,080 --> 00:32:28,840 until the last occupants left in 2011. 490 00:32:30,360 --> 00:32:32,440 Its legacy, however, is secure, 491 00:32:32,440 --> 00:32:36,720 and there are multimillion dollar plans in progress 492 00:32:36,720 --> 00:32:38,680 to bring it back to life. 493 00:32:38,680 --> 00:32:43,080 As one of his last acts in office, President Obama 494 00:32:43,080 --> 00:32:47,160 signed an executive order establishing a civil rights 495 00:32:47,160 --> 00:32:49,360 national monument in Birmingham, 496 00:32:49,360 --> 00:32:53,960 and it includes protecting the Prince Hall Lodge Masonic Temple. 497 00:33:01,080 --> 00:33:05,320 On the Greek island of Spetses, is a collection of monolithic 498 00:33:05,320 --> 00:33:09,080 constructions intended to mould the country's elite. 499 00:33:15,000 --> 00:33:19,880 Here, in this town of Red roof buildings, we see this compound, 500 00:33:19,880 --> 00:33:23,520 a very imposing, large white structures. 501 00:33:24,720 --> 00:33:28,760 They were clearly designed to be stately and impressive, 502 00:33:28,760 --> 00:33:30,920 but it's kind of eerily empty. 503 00:33:32,520 --> 00:33:36,680 There's an old basketball court with a hoop just lying on the ground 504 00:33:36,680 --> 00:33:39,320 and then what seems like an old gymnasium. 505 00:33:39,320 --> 00:33:42,920 You can still see the wooden climbing frames along the sides. 506 00:33:42,920 --> 00:33:46,680 It all gives a very ghost town feel about the place. 507 00:33:48,360 --> 00:33:51,920 Entering through a broken door, you're greeted by a vast number 508 00:33:51,920 --> 00:33:56,240 of chairs and desks piled precariously on top of each other. 509 00:33:56,240 --> 00:33:59,720 Concealed within this Aladdin's cave of artefacts 510 00:33:59,720 --> 00:34:03,240 is evidence this facility had a financial motive. 511 00:34:04,600 --> 00:34:08,520 It says here how much money they were getting. 512 00:34:08,520 --> 00:34:11,520 Rows of old lockers with the doors just hanging open. 513 00:34:11,520 --> 00:34:12,680 Blackboards. 514 00:34:12,680 --> 00:34:14,720 I mean, it looks like a school, 515 00:34:14,720 --> 00:34:19,200 but why would you have such a huge educational facility like this 516 00:34:19,200 --> 00:34:21,080 stranded on a tiny island? 517 00:34:22,800 --> 00:34:28,280 This complex was built to achieve an ambitious national dream. 518 00:34:28,280 --> 00:34:33,560 But for the people contained within, it felt more like a prison. 519 00:34:33,560 --> 00:34:37,040 The first year was very difficult, especially for me. 520 00:34:37,040 --> 00:34:41,000 - For everybody. - And for everybody, because we were bad boys. 521 00:34:41,000 --> 00:34:44,120 This was no luxury five-star resort. 522 00:34:44,120 --> 00:34:47,440 This place was designed to toughen you up. 523 00:34:47,440 --> 00:34:51,840 It was a world-class institution with a very serious purpose. 524 00:34:57,160 --> 00:35:01,080 Leontios Portokalakis and Panos Karamitsos 525 00:35:01,080 --> 00:35:03,960 met here in the 1960s. 526 00:35:03,960 --> 00:35:06,480 No Facebook, no internet at that time, 527 00:35:06,480 --> 00:35:08,080 {\an8}not even cellular phones. 528 00:35:08,080 --> 00:35:11,680 {\an8}So we had to rely on each other. 529 00:35:11,680 --> 00:35:12,840 {\an8}We became brothers. 530 00:35:12,840 --> 00:35:14,800 {\an8}It's a like a family. 531 00:35:16,400 --> 00:35:21,400 Forging strong alliances was central to this facility's vision. 532 00:35:21,400 --> 00:35:24,880 It was conceived in an era when Greece was still emerging 533 00:35:24,880 --> 00:35:28,120 from the dark shadow of tyranny. 534 00:35:28,120 --> 00:35:29,640 At the start of the 20th century, 535 00:35:29,640 --> 00:35:32,280 {\an8}Greece was still a relatively young country, 536 00:35:32,280 --> 00:35:35,320 {\an8}having been ruled for much of the previous 500 years 537 00:35:35,320 --> 00:35:36,920 {\an8}by the Ottoman Empire. 538 00:35:38,240 --> 00:35:41,160 In a bloody war of independence in the 1820s, 539 00:35:41,160 --> 00:35:45,640 the Greeks had taken back Athens and many of the surrounding areas, 540 00:35:45,640 --> 00:35:48,320 {\an8}but much of the mainland and the islands 541 00:35:48,320 --> 00:35:51,240 were still controlled by the Turks. 542 00:35:51,240 --> 00:35:55,960 That all changed when a legendary leader hailing from Crete 543 00:35:55,960 --> 00:35:57,400 took power in 1910. 544 00:35:58,880 --> 00:36:02,000 Eleftherios Venizelos was a young politician 545 00:36:02,000 --> 00:36:05,400 determined to unite all Greeks into one nation. 546 00:36:06,800 --> 00:36:09,840 By 1913, after fighting against the Turks 547 00:36:09,840 --> 00:36:12,000 with his Balkan neighbours, 548 00:36:12,000 --> 00:36:15,040 he managed to retake former Greek land. 549 00:36:15,040 --> 00:36:17,200 Then, during the First World War, 550 00:36:17,200 --> 00:36:19,200 after siding with the allies, 551 00:36:19,200 --> 00:36:21,040 he seized back even more. 552 00:36:22,040 --> 00:36:27,560 By 1920, Greece had doubled in size and population under his leadership. 553 00:36:28,600 --> 00:36:33,640 Venizelos believed that this re-established country 554 00:36:33,640 --> 00:36:37,840 with its deep cultural roots, needed a strong, elite, 555 00:36:37,840 --> 00:36:43,160 {\an8}a leadership class who could manage the challenges that lay ahead. 556 00:36:43,160 --> 00:36:47,960 {\an8}And he was very aligned to looking at his allies in Britain and saying, 557 00:36:47,960 --> 00:36:50,560 {\an8}"Well, how did the British do it?" 558 00:36:50,560 --> 00:36:54,560 Venizelos used the centuries old English boarding school, 559 00:36:54,560 --> 00:36:58,160 Eton College, as the blueprint for his vision. 560 00:36:58,160 --> 00:37:02,000 The aim was to educate future leaders of Greece. 561 00:37:02,000 --> 00:37:08,720 By that time, Eton had already produced 15 British prime ministers. 562 00:37:08,720 --> 00:37:13,000 The Duke of Wellington supposedly said after defeating Napoleon, 563 00:37:13,000 --> 00:37:17,840 that the Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton. 564 00:37:17,840 --> 00:37:21,080 For Venizelos, his country's future depended 565 00:37:21,080 --> 00:37:23,800 on the realisation of this dream. 566 00:37:23,800 --> 00:37:28,040 Yet no-one else was willing to invest in his idea. 567 00:37:28,040 --> 00:37:33,840 He didn't have anywhere near the money to build his school. 568 00:37:33,840 --> 00:37:37,640 The grand plan looked destined to fail 569 00:37:37,640 --> 00:37:41,080 until an old friend offered him a lifeline. 570 00:37:41,080 --> 00:37:45,240 Sotirios Anargyros was the wealthiest man in Spetses, 571 00:37:45,240 --> 00:37:48,560 having made a fortune trading tobacco in America. 572 00:37:48,560 --> 00:37:51,600 But he offered the cash on one condition, 573 00:37:51,600 --> 00:37:55,520 that the school be built on his beloved Spetses. 574 00:37:55,520 --> 00:38:00,680 In 1927, the Anargyros and Korgialeneios school of Spetses 575 00:38:00,680 --> 00:38:03,360 opened its doors to wealthy families. 576 00:38:04,760 --> 00:38:09,960 It featured five neoclassical buildings, manicured gardens, 577 00:38:09,960 --> 00:38:12,080 state of the art sports facilities, 578 00:38:12,080 --> 00:38:17,360 and even an amphitheatre with breathtaking views out over the sea. 579 00:38:17,360 --> 00:38:22,160 The school brought in noted scholars and educators 580 00:38:22,160 --> 00:38:24,760 to train these young men, 581 00:38:24,760 --> 00:38:28,920 but it also really sought to toughen these kids up. 582 00:38:28,920 --> 00:38:31,440 These might be the spoiled children of the elite, 583 00:38:31,440 --> 00:38:34,120 but they wouldn't be spoiled for long. 584 00:38:35,400 --> 00:38:38,840 The school adopted the harsh discipline system of Eton, 585 00:38:38,840 --> 00:38:44,080 complete with a timetable that kept the boys busy from 6am to 10pm. 586 00:38:45,440 --> 00:38:48,320 Every half an hour, we had something to do. 587 00:38:48,320 --> 00:38:50,400 We were kept busy. 588 00:38:50,400 --> 00:38:53,360 There was no other disciplinary system like that 589 00:38:53,360 --> 00:38:55,200 in any other school of Greece. 590 00:38:55,200 --> 00:38:58,080 That system included physical punishment 591 00:38:58,080 --> 00:39:01,040 by the teachers for alleged bad behaviour. 592 00:39:02,120 --> 00:39:05,360 The boys could be caned for the slightest breach, 593 00:39:05,360 --> 00:39:09,120 from speaking in class to not cleaning their rooms. 594 00:39:09,120 --> 00:39:11,400 If that wasn't bad enough, 595 00:39:11,400 --> 00:39:14,840 the students themselves were forced into a brutal hierarchy. 596 00:39:16,040 --> 00:39:18,680 Older boys who'd earned their rank 597 00:39:18,680 --> 00:39:22,880 were free to dish out punishments as they saw fit. 598 00:39:22,880 --> 00:39:24,880 That was one of the saddest memories, 599 00:39:24,880 --> 00:39:28,280 because we had to cope with the discipline tactics 600 00:39:28,280 --> 00:39:32,440 of the teachers and also the discipline tactics 601 00:39:32,440 --> 00:39:35,200 of the boys of the higher grade. 602 00:39:35,200 --> 00:39:39,080 The daily curriculum also included harsh activities 603 00:39:39,080 --> 00:39:41,240 intended to build character. 604 00:39:42,920 --> 00:39:46,560 Every morning the boys had to take a plunge into the cold sea 605 00:39:46,560 --> 00:39:48,760 or face punishment. 606 00:39:48,760 --> 00:39:50,640 That was the start of the day. 607 00:39:50,640 --> 00:39:52,480 At 6am, in the morning, 608 00:39:52,480 --> 00:39:59,040 it was dark in winter, and some days it was snowing also, 609 00:39:59,040 --> 00:40:01,360 and we had to go inside the sea. 610 00:40:02,800 --> 00:40:06,800 The regime was tough, but the school's early years 611 00:40:06,800 --> 00:40:09,960 delivered on Venizelos's promise. 612 00:40:09,960 --> 00:40:14,120 In the 1930s, future Greek Prime Minister Georgios Rallis 613 00:40:14,120 --> 00:40:15,520 was educated there. 614 00:40:17,080 --> 00:40:21,200 Yet Rallis would be the only Prime Minister produced here. 615 00:40:21,200 --> 00:40:24,000 13 years after the school opened, 616 00:40:24,000 --> 00:40:27,200 world events forced it into a radical new era. 617 00:40:30,440 --> 00:40:34,320 Greece was devastated by conflict in the 1940s, 618 00:40:34,320 --> 00:40:38,800 first under occupation by the Nazis and then by a three year civil war. 619 00:40:40,560 --> 00:40:43,520 With the country in a state of post-war poverty, 620 00:40:43,520 --> 00:40:45,600 parents were less able to afford 621 00:40:45,600 --> 00:40:48,480 expensive boarding schools. 622 00:40:48,480 --> 00:40:52,320 The school then began to target a different type of student 623 00:40:52,320 --> 00:40:54,000 to keep its doors open. 624 00:40:55,360 --> 00:40:58,800 Greek shipping tycoons working abroad knew that their children 625 00:40:58,800 --> 00:41:03,000 would be well taken care of here by the round the clock boarding. 626 00:41:03,000 --> 00:41:06,440 Another type of student who got sent to the school were 627 00:41:06,440 --> 00:41:10,400 basically the ne'er do well kids of the upper classes, 628 00:41:10,400 --> 00:41:14,320 kids who were out of control or making trouble, 629 00:41:14,320 --> 00:41:16,840 a little bit like the way some people 630 00:41:16,840 --> 00:41:20,440 would send a wayward child off to a military academy 631 00:41:20,440 --> 00:41:23,080 to get straightened out. 632 00:41:23,080 --> 00:41:25,400 Panos was one of those children. 633 00:41:28,400 --> 00:41:30,360 I was a bad boy before I come here. 634 00:41:30,360 --> 00:41:32,680 - - Yes. - No. - That's why they put me in this school. 635 00:41:32,680 --> 00:41:36,320 - Yes. - In order to have more discipline. 636 00:41:36,320 --> 00:41:38,960 Confined on this tiny island, 637 00:41:38,960 --> 00:41:41,800 this was almost the school version of Alcatraz. 638 00:41:41,800 --> 00:41:46,800 We have many, many escapes from students during our lessons. 639 00:41:48,360 --> 00:41:51,920 But the school was running on borrowed time. 640 00:41:51,920 --> 00:41:54,920 As Greek society became more liberal, 641 00:41:54,920 --> 00:41:58,480 the school's conservative approach to education gradually 642 00:41:58,480 --> 00:42:01,000 became less popular. 643 00:42:01,000 --> 00:42:03,880 Student numbers declined in the 1970s, 644 00:42:03,880 --> 00:42:09,800 and by 1983 there were only five pupils attending the massive school. 645 00:42:09,800 --> 00:42:13,920 Without enough income to maintain the extensive facilities, 646 00:42:13,920 --> 00:42:15,600 it was forced to close. 647 00:42:20,160 --> 00:42:24,720 Today, Leontios and Panos helped run a foundation which is working 648 00:42:24,720 --> 00:42:26,720 to revitalise the school. 649 00:42:26,720 --> 00:42:28,880 Their goal is to host summer schools, 650 00:42:28,880 --> 00:42:31,440 conferences and academies here. 651 00:42:31,440 --> 00:42:35,880 Our task is to make the whole foundation more popular 652 00:42:35,880 --> 00:42:38,160 and attract more seminars. 653 00:42:38,160 --> 00:42:41,400 All of us, we feel very proud. 654 00:42:41,400 --> 00:42:43,720 We lived a part of this vision. 655 00:43:13,280 --> 00:43:14,600 Subtitles by Red Bee Media 56198

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