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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,200 --> 00:00:04,160 Narrator: An American war machine given a second life. 2 00:00:07,200 --> 00:00:10,560 Landing people on the moon was an epic, defining moment 3 00:00:10,600 --> 00:00:13,280 but it wasn't the end of the mission. 4 00:00:15,200 --> 00:00:19,840 An eerie shrine in Bulgaria that offered the promise of immortality. 5 00:00:19,880 --> 00:00:22,480 Children would burst into tears at 6 00:00:22,520 --> 00:00:25,880 the sight of the departed father of their country. 7 00:00:28,720 --> 00:00:31,160 An attack on a British city 8 00:00:31,200 --> 00:00:34,080 designed to grind its people into submission. 9 00:00:34,120 --> 00:00:38,040 As much as 95% of its buildings were damaged or destroyed. 10 00:00:41,720 --> 00:00:45,640 And an Italian labour of love born from the ashes of trauma. 11 00:00:47,000 --> 00:00:50,000 This was architecture intended to look forward 12 00:00:50,040 --> 00:00:52,440 to a new kind of future. 13 00:00:57,720 --> 00:00:59,999 Decaying relics, 14 00:01:00,000 --> 00:01:00,160 decaying relics, 15 00:01:00,200 --> 00:01:03,080 ruins of lost worlds, 16 00:01:03,120 --> 00:01:06,720 sites haunted by the past, 17 00:01:06,760 --> 00:01:11,360 their secrets waiting to be revealed. 18 00:01:20,960 --> 00:01:23,560 In California, usa, 19 00:01:23,600 --> 00:01:24,920 lies a behemoth 20 00:01:24,960 --> 00:01:27,320 with a story that is out of this world. 21 00:01:33,440 --> 00:01:35,256 Obviously we're in San Francisco bay. 22 00:01:35,280 --> 00:01:39,680 This is a bustling bay with lots of industry, lots of naval facilities. 23 00:01:41,120 --> 00:01:43,920 And then you come up and you see this huge vision before you. 24 00:01:45,600 --> 00:01:47,320 And there's no mystery what this is. 25 00:01:47,360 --> 00:01:49,280 It's an aircraft carrier. 26 00:01:51,520 --> 00:01:53,400 It's imposing, 27 00:01:53,440 --> 00:01:55,280 it's sleek, 28 00:01:55,320 --> 00:01:57,320 it's deadly. 29 00:01:58,640 --> 00:01:59,999 Inside, the vessel has everything you'd expect to see 30 00:02:00,000 --> 00:02:01,336 inside, the vessel has everything you'd expect to see 31 00:02:01,360 --> 00:02:02,840 onboard a us Navy ship. 32 00:02:06,720 --> 00:02:08,640 Everywhere you turn 33 00:02:08,680 --> 00:02:11,760 there are more dials, more instruments, more screens. 34 00:02:13,720 --> 00:02:18,040 And then there are rows and rows of beds for the crew. 35 00:02:18,080 --> 00:02:19,600 There's a kitchen, 36 00:02:19,640 --> 00:02:23,400 there's just everything that you need to survive and function. 37 00:02:23,440 --> 00:02:25,000 It's essentially a floating city. 38 00:02:27,960 --> 00:02:32,960 This ship served a vital role in the 20th century's greatest conflict, 39 00:02:34,120 --> 00:02:37,240 but there are features that reveal it also had another mission. 40 00:02:38,280 --> 00:02:40,440 And that's this airstream trailer, 41 00:02:40,480 --> 00:02:43,960 parked conspicuously with a presidential seal on it, 42 00:02:44,000 --> 00:02:47,680 and that suggests that this aircraft carrier had a very specific purpose 43 00:02:47,720 --> 00:02:49,360 in addition to its wartime roles. 44 00:02:59,400 --> 00:03:00,000 Right now we're in what's called 'primary flight', 45 00:03:00,001 --> 00:03:01,736 right now we're in what's called 'primary flight', 46 00:03:01,760 --> 00:03:03,280 and it's basically the same thing 47 00:03:03,320 --> 00:03:06,000 as air-traffic controller at a civilian airport. 48 00:03:06,040 --> 00:03:09,000 The air boss would be running the show up here, 49 00:03:09,040 --> 00:03:11,600 directing flight operations down the flight deck. 50 00:03:13,160 --> 00:03:16,560 Retired us naval officer Ron cappa 51 00:03:16,600 --> 00:03:20,120 has inspected numerous aircraft carriers over his military career. 52 00:03:21,160 --> 00:03:24,840 This one, the USS hornet, is a true legend. 53 00:03:28,200 --> 00:03:31,160 The hornet was part of a carrier task group 54 00:03:31,200 --> 00:03:33,416 that was responsible for launching many strikes. 55 00:03:33,440 --> 00:03:37,080 The carrier could launch planes about every 30 seconds. 56 00:03:37,120 --> 00:03:40,920 They were the most modern and the biggest of the time. 57 00:03:45,200 --> 00:03:48,320 Construction begins in August 1942 58 00:03:48,360 --> 00:03:51,360 and it's finished in August 1943. 59 00:03:51,400 --> 00:03:55,960 It took just one year to build this massive aircraft carrier. 60 00:03:58,280 --> 00:03:59,999 When launched into action against the axis powers in world war ii 61 00:04:00,000 --> 00:04:02,496 when launched into action against the axis powers in world war ii 62 00:04:02,520 --> 00:04:04,200 she was a fearsome beast. 63 00:04:06,520 --> 00:04:10,360 The ship was stocked with some serious air power, 64 00:04:10,400 --> 00:04:15,680 including air groups of fighter, bomber and torpedo squadrons. 65 00:04:17,200 --> 00:04:20,079 If you look at the USS hornet, the history of this ship, 66 00:04:20,120 --> 00:04:24,160 it is intertwined with the history of the American war in the pacific 67 00:04:24,200 --> 00:04:25,680 in world war ii. 68 00:04:26,800 --> 00:04:28,496 The ship fought in multiple campaigns 69 00:04:28,520 --> 00:04:29,920 in new Guinea, 70 00:04:29,960 --> 00:04:33,960 in the Philippines, in iwo jima, saipan. 71 00:04:34,000 --> 00:04:35,920 It had, like, seven battle stars. 72 00:04:38,520 --> 00:04:41,000 The hornet's most famous engagement 73 00:04:41,040 --> 00:04:43,256 was the battle of the philippine sea, 74 00:04:43,280 --> 00:04:46,880 later dubbed the great marianas Turkey shoot. 75 00:04:49,480 --> 00:04:52,600 The battle of the philippine sea was quite historic. 76 00:04:52,640 --> 00:04:54,296 The Japanese were looking for the Americans 77 00:04:54,320 --> 00:04:56,936 and they were in the philippine sea around the Mariana islands, 78 00:04:56,960 --> 00:04:59,999 and the Japanese actually spotted the fleet 79 00:05:00,000 --> 00:05:00,720 and the Japanese actually spotted the fleet 80 00:05:00,760 --> 00:05:05,080 before the Americans had, you know, discovered the Japanese. 81 00:05:06,680 --> 00:05:09,880 The Japanese launched everything they had from their own carriers 82 00:05:09,920 --> 00:05:12,720 to try to wipe out the American carrier fleet. 83 00:05:12,760 --> 00:05:15,840 The hornet was among the ones sent by American admirals in the pacific 84 00:05:15,880 --> 00:05:17,040 to intercept, 85 00:05:17,080 --> 00:05:19,096 and they had this phenomenal shoot-down ratio 86 00:05:19,120 --> 00:05:21,880 where 500 Japanese aircraft shot down 87 00:05:21,920 --> 00:05:24,520 with the loss of something like 30 American planes. 88 00:05:26,040 --> 00:05:27,880 The Japanese fight and fight, 89 00:05:27,920 --> 00:05:29,720 but they get crushed, 90 00:05:30,800 --> 00:05:35,680 and are never able to significantly strike with their carriers again. 91 00:05:36,720 --> 00:05:39,760 As the battle in the pacific theatre raged on, 92 00:05:39,800 --> 00:05:43,880 the hornet's crew worked tirelessly to press home their advantage. 93 00:05:45,280 --> 00:05:48,520 Life for the crew during world war ii 94 00:05:48,560 --> 00:05:51,880 was very hectic, very hot and very busy. 95 00:05:51,920 --> 00:05:54,096 There was something going on all the time, 96 00:05:54,120 --> 00:05:55,976 especially when you're in battle conditions - 97 00:05:56,000 --> 00:05:57,736 you were either preparing for battle, 98 00:05:57,760 --> 00:05:59,999 you were fuelling up ready to go into another battle, 99 00:06:00,000 --> 00:06:00,600 you were fuelling up ready to go into another battle, 100 00:06:00,640 --> 00:06:03,200 you were arming up, you were taking on stores. 101 00:06:03,240 --> 00:06:06,400 There was something going on 24/7 every day. 102 00:06:07,400 --> 00:06:10,680 And they continued to deliver knockout blows. 103 00:06:10,720 --> 00:06:14,120 In just 18 months of combat operations, 104 00:06:14,160 --> 00:06:16,200 the crew of the USS hornet 105 00:06:16,240 --> 00:06:19,880 shot down 668 Japanese planes 106 00:06:19,920 --> 00:06:23,640 and sank over a million tonnes of Japanese ships. 107 00:06:25,360 --> 00:06:28,320 At the war's end, the ship was modernised 108 00:06:28,360 --> 00:06:30,440 and sent back out to sea 109 00:06:30,480 --> 00:06:33,080 to support the fight against Vietnamese communists. 110 00:06:34,160 --> 00:06:38,400 But soon it would be called to take part in its greatest operation yet. 111 00:06:39,440 --> 00:06:43,600 On July 12, 1969, 112 00:06:43,640 --> 00:06:47,160 the hornet slipped her moors at Pearl harbor 113 00:06:47,200 --> 00:06:50,240 and embarked on a new mission in the pacific. 114 00:06:51,560 --> 00:06:54,680 Built for battle, the ship was pressed into the service of science. 115 00:06:56,760 --> 00:06:58,440 One week later, 116 00:06:58,480 --> 00:06:59,999 Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the moon. 117 00:07:00,000 --> 00:07:02,680 Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the moon. 118 00:07:04,040 --> 00:07:06,720 - (Crackly) It's one small step for man... 119 00:07:09,240 --> 00:07:12,040 One giant leap for mankind. 120 00:07:12,080 --> 00:07:14,120 God, it looks beautiful from here. 121 00:07:14,160 --> 00:07:18,000 The Apollo 11 mission was so important and so symbolic. 122 00:07:18,040 --> 00:07:21,040 The idea of landing a man on the moon 123 00:07:21,080 --> 00:07:24,080 was something that people have dreamed of for centuries. 124 00:07:26,240 --> 00:07:28,216 You know, for those of us old enough to remember watching this, 125 00:07:28,240 --> 00:07:30,256 it was hard enough getting these guys into space 126 00:07:30,280 --> 00:07:31,896 and then somebody had to pick 'em up, 127 00:07:31,920 --> 00:07:34,280 and that was the job of the USS hornet. 128 00:07:34,880 --> 00:07:37,400 The hornet's basically an airport at sea, 129 00:07:37,440 --> 00:07:41,640 and it's the perfect base of operations to recover this capsule, 130 00:07:41,680 --> 00:07:45,240 which is gonna come hurtling out of space and land in the ocean. 131 00:07:47,960 --> 00:07:50,320 23 July, early afternoon... 132 00:07:52,400 --> 00:07:56,160 The hornet waited in the predesignated splashdown zone, 133 00:07:56,200 --> 00:07:59,560 while the Apollo 11 astronauts made their final checks. 134 00:08:02,720 --> 00:08:05,800 June '69, captain seiberlich was in command. 135 00:08:05,840 --> 00:08:09,520 They did like 15 or 16 simulated retrievals, 136 00:08:09,560 --> 00:08:11,936 you know, to make sure that everything was prepared 137 00:08:11,960 --> 00:08:13,240 and the crew was prepared. 138 00:08:15,000 --> 00:08:18,000 Weeks of planning were about to be put to the test, 139 00:08:18,040 --> 00:08:20,520 as the eyes of the world watched on. 140 00:08:23,240 --> 00:08:24,760 But there was a problem. 141 00:08:27,280 --> 00:08:30,880 Top-secret reconnaissance satellite recon information 142 00:08:30,920 --> 00:08:35,000 held that a storm was threatening the original splashdown zone, 143 00:08:35,039 --> 00:08:38,280 but they couldn't really tell the guys at NASA how they knew this. 144 00:08:38,320 --> 00:08:40,320 It was all very cloak and dagger. 145 00:08:40,360 --> 00:08:43,520 To come down in the middle of a storm like this 146 00:08:43,560 --> 00:08:47,360 could have torn the parachutes that were bringing the capsule in 147 00:08:47,400 --> 00:08:48,840 to shreds, 148 00:08:48,880 --> 00:08:52,880 which meant that they would have hit the water at much too high of speed 149 00:08:52,920 --> 00:08:55,640 and very likely killed the astronauts on impact. 150 00:09:00,720 --> 00:09:02,640 Fearing catastrophe, 151 00:09:02,680 --> 00:09:07,080 the operative that spotted the danger circumvented protocol 152 00:09:07,120 --> 00:09:11,240 to alert a chief naval officer to the peril that lay in wait. 153 00:09:13,440 --> 00:09:14,560 And little-known fact, 154 00:09:14,600 --> 00:09:19,400 the splashdown zone was actually moved 250 miles at the last minute. 155 00:09:21,160 --> 00:09:25,440 On 24 July, in the final hours before splashdown, 156 00:09:25,480 --> 00:09:28,160 the hornet raced to take up its new position. 157 00:09:28,200 --> 00:09:29,640 (Comms chatter) 158 00:09:29,680 --> 00:09:31,760 The crew was on high alert. 159 00:09:31,800 --> 00:09:35,280 Returning astronauts were not the only visitors they were expecting. 160 00:09:38,320 --> 00:09:39,800 Early in the morning, 161 00:09:39,840 --> 00:09:41,616 president Nixon arrived aboard marine one. 162 00:09:41,640 --> 00:09:44,640 You know, my past history in the Navy, 163 00:09:44,680 --> 00:09:47,176 when we had dignitaries aboard it was all spick and span. 164 00:09:47,200 --> 00:09:48,616 You don't want anything to go wrong, 165 00:09:48,640 --> 00:09:51,240 so I'm sure, you know, tensions were high. 166 00:09:52,800 --> 00:09:54,976 It must have been hell for the skipper 167 00:09:55,000 --> 00:09:57,416 having the president of the united states, his commander-in-chief, 168 00:09:57,440 --> 00:09:58,840 onboard, looking over his shoulder. 169 00:10:00,880 --> 00:10:04,800 Meanwhile, the Columbia capsule hurtled back to earth. 170 00:10:12,400 --> 00:10:17,280 Around 6am they see Columbia come through the atmosphere 171 00:10:17,320 --> 00:10:19,440 and land in the water. 172 00:10:27,080 --> 00:10:30,560 So the Navy rescue team came up to the capsule on boats, 173 00:10:30,600 --> 00:10:34,760 began the process of stabilising it and getting the crew out, 174 00:10:34,800 --> 00:10:39,200 but not before they handed them Hazmat suits. 175 00:10:41,680 --> 00:10:43,776 Something that most people don't remember about these lunar missions 176 00:10:43,800 --> 00:10:47,520 is that we had no idea what bacteria, what pathogens 177 00:10:47,560 --> 00:10:48,680 existed on the moon, 178 00:10:48,720 --> 00:10:50,400 so when these guys came back 179 00:10:50,440 --> 00:10:52,296 they had to be very strictly quarantined 180 00:10:52,320 --> 00:10:54,176 in case they were carrying some superbug 181 00:10:54,200 --> 00:10:56,600 that had never been seen on earth before. 182 00:10:59,320 --> 00:11:00,000 Once the astronauts arrived on the hornet, 183 00:11:00,001 --> 00:11:01,616 once the astronauts arrived on the hornet, 184 00:11:01,640 --> 00:11:05,240 they were placed into what would be their home for the next four days. 185 00:11:09,320 --> 00:11:11,536 This is where the astronauts were put inside 186 00:11:11,560 --> 00:11:13,480 to where they could get cleaned up 187 00:11:13,520 --> 00:11:15,920 and get rid of their contamination suits. 188 00:11:16,440 --> 00:11:18,200 As we enter the trailer, 189 00:11:18,240 --> 00:11:22,880 off to my right we have their sitting, eating area right in here. 190 00:11:24,520 --> 00:11:26,616 Back in here is their little kitchenette 191 00:11:26,640 --> 00:11:29,760 and actually one of the first microwaves ever produced. 192 00:11:31,200 --> 00:11:34,520 So after the astronauts were placed inside the quarantine facility, 193 00:11:34,560 --> 00:11:36,120 president Nixon came up 194 00:11:36,160 --> 00:11:39,240 and was talking to them through this window right here. 195 00:11:42,080 --> 00:11:45,480 He waves to them and, you know, sort of pantomime shaking their hand 196 00:11:45,520 --> 00:11:48,160 and has this little chat through the glass with them. 197 00:11:49,560 --> 00:11:53,920 The hornet, with its cargo of returning heroes safely onboard, 198 00:11:53,960 --> 00:11:57,120 then set off for its final destination of Hawaii. 199 00:11:59,760 --> 00:12:00,000 So the astronauts actually stayed in this trailer for the whole journey, 200 00:12:00,001 --> 00:12:03,440 so the astronauts actually stayed in this trailer for the whole journey, 201 00:12:03,480 --> 00:12:07,680 then they were loaded onto a plane, still in the trailer, 202 00:12:07,720 --> 00:12:09,040 flown to Houston, 203 00:12:09,080 --> 00:12:11,840 where they rode out the rest of their quarantine 204 00:12:11,880 --> 00:12:13,800 in a larger facility. 205 00:12:16,280 --> 00:12:19,600 And just a year after participating in this recovery 206 00:12:19,640 --> 00:12:21,880 of the astronauts from Apollo 11, 207 00:12:21,920 --> 00:12:23,720 the USS hornet is mothballed 208 00:12:23,760 --> 00:12:26,680 and, you know, basically put on the shelf. 209 00:12:26,720 --> 00:12:30,120 It's ended its useful life, no longer valuable as a naval asset. 210 00:12:39,840 --> 00:12:45,120 In 1998 the ship was donated to the aircraft carrier hornet foundation, 211 00:12:45,160 --> 00:12:49,800 its service to america immortalised. 212 00:12:49,840 --> 00:12:53,240 The USS hornet was turned into a museum 213 00:12:53,280 --> 00:12:57,800 so that people could come and learn the story of not only world war ii 214 00:12:57,840 --> 00:12:59,040 and those postwar years 215 00:12:59,080 --> 00:13:00,000 but also this special story of NASA's Apollo 11 mission. 216 00:13:00,001 --> 00:13:04,000 But also this special story of NASA's Apollo 11 mission. 217 00:13:06,520 --> 00:13:08,200 As you're moving about the ship, 218 00:13:08,240 --> 00:13:11,720 you're seeing what the sailors of that period of time - 219 00:13:11,760 --> 00:13:13,080 my period of time, to be exact - 220 00:13:13,120 --> 00:13:15,760 were actually dealing with, what we lived through, 221 00:13:15,800 --> 00:13:18,800 what the spaces looked like, how small the passageways were. 222 00:13:19,840 --> 00:13:22,040 The USS hornet to me means a lot, 223 00:13:22,080 --> 00:13:24,840 and to be a part of it right now 224 00:13:24,880 --> 00:13:27,320 is like going back, being a kid again. 225 00:13:27,360 --> 00:13:31,360 And I get to talk to people about the things that the ship did. 226 00:13:31,400 --> 00:13:34,280 I can't express how much I like to do that 227 00:13:34,320 --> 00:13:36,920 and how much I feel part of the ship. 228 00:13:38,600 --> 00:13:41,880 The story tells us, you know, that carriers are basically a way 229 00:13:41,920 --> 00:13:44,376 to achieve a sovereign piece of American real estate 230 00:13:44,400 --> 00:13:47,160 in the middle of the ocean, wherever you need it. 231 00:13:48,160 --> 00:13:49,760 You can have the capacity 232 00:13:49,800 --> 00:13:53,000 to pull a space capsule onboard or recover the crew, 233 00:13:53,040 --> 00:13:55,616 and you can also launch airstrikes from this thing anywhere, anytime. 234 00:13:55,640 --> 00:13:56,800 As the Navy always says, 235 00:13:56,840 --> 00:13:59,800 "don't piss us off. We can be there in 24 hours or less." 236 00:14:05,920 --> 00:14:09,680 In the Bulgarian capital, where few residents have ventured, 237 00:14:09,720 --> 00:14:14,360 is a reminder of a power that once consumed Eastern Europe. 238 00:14:18,240 --> 00:14:19,800 Sofia is a beautiful city. 239 00:14:19,840 --> 00:14:24,000 It has got activity, it's got nightlife. 240 00:14:24,040 --> 00:14:26,520 There are no obvious abandoned buildings here. 241 00:14:26,560 --> 00:14:30,880 Everything looks very well maintained and even pristine. 242 00:14:32,040 --> 00:14:35,000 Yet in the centre of this immaculate town, 243 00:14:35,040 --> 00:14:38,840 hidden from view, is the entrance way to another world. 244 00:14:41,920 --> 00:14:48,920 Here we've got narrow tunnels which are branching off into the darkness. 245 00:14:51,200 --> 00:14:55,640 At the heart of the labyrinthian network lies a spartan room. 246 00:14:59,840 --> 00:15:00,000 It's almost like an old hospital or maybe an asylum. 247 00:15:00,001 --> 00:15:03,800 It's almost like an old hospital or maybe an asylum. 248 00:15:03,840 --> 00:15:07,080 You have these tiled walls and these thick doors. 249 00:15:09,160 --> 00:15:13,760 There's these old refrigerators with big power supplies, 250 00:15:13,800 --> 00:15:16,040 a big metal table. 251 00:15:16,080 --> 00:15:18,800 It's just kind of creepy and strange. 252 00:15:21,040 --> 00:15:23,160 When I look at this table, 253 00:15:23,200 --> 00:15:27,240 all I can think is this is a mortuary slab. 254 00:15:30,720 --> 00:15:36,200 Reality is that these tunnels were used for a kind of dark propaganda 255 00:15:36,240 --> 00:15:39,040 to convince the people to follow a certain way of life. 256 00:15:44,800 --> 00:15:48,160 Behind me there is a building of national bank, 257 00:15:48,200 --> 00:15:51,240 and in front of me there is a national theatre building, 258 00:15:51,280 --> 00:15:53,800 also the building of ministry of defence. 259 00:15:53,840 --> 00:15:57,440 But the real story, the hidden story, is underground. 260 00:16:00,440 --> 00:16:02,520 Ivo maev is a journalist 261 00:16:02,560 --> 00:16:06,720 who has spent many years exploring the city's secret tunnels. 262 00:16:08,280 --> 00:16:11,200 The inconspicuous gateway to Sofia's netherworld 263 00:16:11,240 --> 00:16:14,160 is located near a busy marketplace. 264 00:16:16,680 --> 00:16:18,920 It's Christmas mood here 265 00:16:18,960 --> 00:16:21,680 but it's quite different downstairs. 266 00:16:24,480 --> 00:16:26,960 Very few people know about this place here. 267 00:16:27,000 --> 00:16:28,800 Here is the past of Bulgaria. 268 00:16:34,280 --> 00:16:36,840 Most of the tunnels date back to the cold war, 269 00:16:36,880 --> 00:16:40,600 when Bulgaria was a communist country. 270 00:16:40,640 --> 00:16:43,720 This government ruled over its people with an iron fist. 271 00:16:45,800 --> 00:16:49,280 Georgi dimitrov was the leader of Bulgaria. 272 00:16:49,320 --> 00:16:52,360 He was put into place by the Soviets in 1946 273 00:16:52,400 --> 00:16:54,040 and he was fine with that. 274 00:16:54,080 --> 00:16:56,640 He wanted to be a communist leader. 275 00:16:56,680 --> 00:16:59,840 He had no problem following the directives of the Soviets. 276 00:17:02,040 --> 00:17:05,960 Bulgarians readily accepted dimitrov's dictatorial control, 277 00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:09,880 for they were a population in dire need of hope. 278 00:17:11,960 --> 00:17:15,400 Bulgaria was a desperately poor country at the time, 279 00:17:15,440 --> 00:17:21,480 and the people saw communism as a way out of this grinding poverty 280 00:17:21,520 --> 00:17:23,880 after years of bloodshed and violence. 281 00:17:26,520 --> 00:17:33,160 The Soviets help Bulgaria to very rapidly industrialise, 282 00:17:33,200 --> 00:17:35,360 so ordinary Bulgarians 283 00:17:35,400 --> 00:17:41,200 are suddenly experiencing a very different standard of living 284 00:17:41,240 --> 00:17:43,040 from what went before. 285 00:17:44,520 --> 00:17:47,960 As the country slowly clambered out of destitution, 286 00:17:48,000 --> 00:17:50,640 it soon faced a new threat, 287 00:17:50,680 --> 00:17:53,360 one that demanded the tunnel's construction. 288 00:17:58,000 --> 00:17:59,800 Official propaganda says 289 00:17:59,840 --> 00:18:00,000 that the nuclear war between east and west will happen one day, 290 00:18:00,001 --> 00:18:03,880 that the nuclear war between east and west will happen one day, 291 00:18:03,920 --> 00:18:07,200 and that's why officially 292 00:18:07,240 --> 00:18:10,760 the government promoted tunnels and shelters 293 00:18:10,800 --> 00:18:13,760 as places for security, 294 00:18:13,800 --> 00:18:16,240 a safety zone for people. 295 00:18:18,240 --> 00:18:21,560 The reality of who the tunnels were actually built for 296 00:18:21,600 --> 00:18:23,560 was radically different. 297 00:18:26,760 --> 00:18:29,480 It's believed that this labyrinth 298 00:18:29,520 --> 00:18:34,960 encompasses nearly 150 miles of tunnels built as escape routes, 299 00:18:35,000 --> 00:18:37,616 so that important communist party officials could get away 300 00:18:37,640 --> 00:18:39,400 in case of a nuclear attack. 301 00:18:41,400 --> 00:18:44,840 So all these tunnels went across the city 302 00:18:44,880 --> 00:18:49,680 and went up into all the different important buildings - 303 00:18:49,720 --> 00:18:53,400 the bank, different communist leaders' places. 304 00:18:53,440 --> 00:18:57,280 It was just a really elaborate way for them to get around 305 00:18:57,320 --> 00:18:58,800 with nobody seeing them. 306 00:19:00,840 --> 00:19:04,560 Yet the tunnels weren't just escape routes and passageways 307 00:19:04,600 --> 00:19:06,640 for communist dignitaries. 308 00:19:06,680 --> 00:19:10,920 They would go on to serve a far more macabre purpose. 309 00:19:14,880 --> 00:19:17,256 So dimitrov had been in power about three years 310 00:19:17,280 --> 00:19:21,240 and went on a trip to the Soviet union and died there. 311 00:19:22,920 --> 00:19:24,520 It's unclear what happened. 312 00:19:24,560 --> 00:19:27,440 Nobody quite knows what became of him, 313 00:19:27,480 --> 00:19:28,760 but we know that he died, 314 00:19:28,800 --> 00:19:31,920 and this was a huge blow to the Bulgarian communists. 315 00:19:33,320 --> 00:19:35,200 The solution of the ruling party 316 00:19:35,240 --> 00:19:38,680 was to transform their deceased leader into a deity. 317 00:19:41,320 --> 00:19:44,960 Dimitrov is going to be refrigerated, 318 00:19:45,000 --> 00:19:48,080 embalmed, plasticised, 319 00:19:48,120 --> 00:19:50,680 moisturised 320 00:19:50,720 --> 00:19:56,720 and kept going as long as Bulgaria remains communist. 321 00:19:58,040 --> 00:19:59,920 It was really important 322 00:19:59,960 --> 00:20:00,000 to keep the name and the image of dimitrov alive. 323 00:20:00,001 --> 00:20:03,720 To keep the name and the image of dimitrov alive. 324 00:20:03,760 --> 00:20:08,360 He had become central to this idea of what communism was. 325 00:20:09,360 --> 00:20:13,280 To house his body, the government built an extravagant mausoleum. 326 00:20:14,280 --> 00:20:16,456 Just as the pyramids housed the pharaohs, 327 00:20:16,480 --> 00:20:20,080 this was to be the eternal home of dimitrov 328 00:20:20,120 --> 00:20:22,640 and the centre of political beliefs in Bulgaria. 329 00:20:24,680 --> 00:20:27,400 They put inside a big beacon, 330 00:20:27,440 --> 00:20:34,280 very expensive Soviet equipment for freezing, air-conditioning, 331 00:20:34,320 --> 00:20:38,960 keeping fresh air, and all other functions, 332 00:20:39,000 --> 00:20:44,120 to be not only a shelter in case of nuclear war 333 00:20:44,160 --> 00:20:50,600 but also to keep at least one mummy of the communist gov. Alive. 334 00:20:52,040 --> 00:20:54,480 Located directly below his shrine 335 00:20:54,520 --> 00:20:58,040 was a secret room that connected to the vast tunnel system. 336 00:21:00,080 --> 00:21:03,200 And this is the most interesting place. 337 00:21:03,240 --> 00:21:08,560 Here we can see a big hydraulic platform, 338 00:21:08,600 --> 00:21:13,640 which is fixed just under the centre of mausoleum. 339 00:21:16,200 --> 00:21:20,000 So the body of georgi dimitrov was here 340 00:21:20,040 --> 00:21:27,040 and was pushed up for the visitors in a special glass box. 341 00:21:28,120 --> 00:21:31,400 You had a seven-man team of doctors 342 00:21:31,440 --> 00:21:34,400 that did daily inspections of dimitrov's body. 343 00:21:34,440 --> 00:21:37,200 They even took care of his clothes. 344 00:21:37,240 --> 00:21:39,456 They had a new suit made for him regularly 345 00:21:39,480 --> 00:21:40,760 by his own personal tailor. 346 00:21:42,880 --> 00:21:45,560 Everybody in the whole country 347 00:21:45,600 --> 00:21:52,600 is expected to make a pilgrimage to this communist, godless mausoleum, 348 00:21:53,760 --> 00:21:56,960 as though they were making a pilgrimage 349 00:21:57,000 --> 00:21:59,720 to an ancient Christian Saint's grave. 350 00:22:02,600 --> 00:22:04,896 I visited at least three times when I was in the school. 351 00:22:04,920 --> 00:22:06,920 What I remember - 352 00:22:06,960 --> 00:22:09,680 the cold temperature inside, 353 00:22:09,720 --> 00:22:13,200 the smell of something like hospital, 354 00:22:13,240 --> 00:22:16,440 and see a body of a person 355 00:22:16,480 --> 00:22:19,240 who I saw only in the book, 356 00:22:19,280 --> 00:22:22,120 inside a glass box. 357 00:22:25,240 --> 00:22:27,280 For the next 40 years, 358 00:22:27,320 --> 00:22:30,920 dimitrov's preserved corpse remained an ever-present attraction, 359 00:22:31,920 --> 00:22:37,080 but in 1990 his body would be removed and a scandal uncovered. 360 00:22:41,840 --> 00:22:45,640 It is not unreasonable to ask the question, 361 00:22:45,680 --> 00:22:48,560 did dimitrov fall or was he pushed? 362 00:22:56,160 --> 00:22:59,999 Fall of communism officially was in November 1989. 363 00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:00,520 Fall of communism officially was in November 1989. 364 00:23:00,560 --> 00:23:02,640 One year later 365 00:23:02,680 --> 00:23:04,560 the first post-communist government 366 00:23:04,600 --> 00:23:07,640 decided to have official funeral of georgi dimitrov. 367 00:23:07,680 --> 00:23:09,760 Secretly during the night 368 00:23:09,800 --> 00:23:12,840 his body was transported to the central graveyard 369 00:23:12,880 --> 00:23:14,800 and was buried there. 370 00:23:17,200 --> 00:23:22,240 However, when laid to rest, his remains were not entirely intact. 371 00:23:22,280 --> 00:23:26,400 An embalmer had removed his brain for examination, 372 00:23:26,440 --> 00:23:28,760 as they suspected Russian foul play 373 00:23:28,800 --> 00:23:31,880 was the real reason for his untimely death. 374 00:23:31,920 --> 00:23:36,000 He had been called to the Soviet union by Stalin, 375 00:23:36,040 --> 00:23:37,960 and it's there that he died. 376 00:23:40,120 --> 00:23:45,240 The test proved that dimitrov was poisoned by Mercury, 377 00:23:45,280 --> 00:23:48,880 because in his brain and in his hair 378 00:23:48,920 --> 00:23:51,920 were registered more than 20 times more Mercury 379 00:23:51,960 --> 00:23:56,360 comparing to normal dose for any human body. 380 00:23:57,680 --> 00:23:59,999 It's one of those mysteries that we can't prove but makes some sense. 381 00:24:00,000 --> 00:24:02,960 It's one of those mysteries that we can't prove but makes some sense. 382 00:24:03,440 --> 00:24:05,280 Whatever the truth, 383 00:24:05,320 --> 00:24:07,696 the mausoleum was demolished after dimitrov's removal 384 00:24:07,720 --> 00:24:09,400 and the tunnels abandoned. 385 00:24:17,560 --> 00:24:19,840 It's been over three decades 386 00:24:19,880 --> 00:24:23,520 since communism's dark shadow lifted from over Bulgaria. 387 00:24:24,800 --> 00:24:28,800 Ivo still finds that period painful to remember. 388 00:24:31,280 --> 00:24:33,840 There is no option to have any romantic memories 389 00:24:33,880 --> 00:24:35,320 from the communist times. 390 00:24:35,360 --> 00:24:39,320 This building was controversial enough. 391 00:24:39,360 --> 00:24:42,840 A lot of people hate it and I'm among these people, 392 00:24:44,480 --> 00:24:50,160 because really this place was the heart of communist propaganda. 393 00:24:50,200 --> 00:24:53,360 It was very important the building to be demolished. 394 00:25:01,600 --> 00:25:03,160 In north-east england, 395 00:25:03,200 --> 00:25:06,400 the city of hull hides an extraordinary ruin 396 00:25:06,440 --> 00:25:08,680 in a very ordinary street. 397 00:25:13,840 --> 00:25:16,760 There are houses, grocery stores, bars, 398 00:25:16,800 --> 00:25:18,960 and then right in amongst them all 399 00:25:19,000 --> 00:25:21,761 there's something that you definitely don't expect to see. 400 00:25:24,280 --> 00:25:26,800 This building is in really bad shape, 401 00:25:26,840 --> 00:25:28,560 so much so 402 00:25:28,600 --> 00:25:32,680 that the whole structure is held up by steel girders and scaffolding. 403 00:25:33,720 --> 00:25:36,520 Something much more destructive than just time 404 00:25:36,560 --> 00:25:39,360 has reduced this place to near rubble. 405 00:25:42,160 --> 00:25:45,480 On the edge of town is a brutish construction 406 00:25:45,520 --> 00:25:48,880 that at first glance appears entirely unrelated. 407 00:25:50,160 --> 00:25:52,280 Surrounded by lush green farmlands 408 00:25:52,320 --> 00:25:55,280 is a series of stout concrete structures 409 00:25:55,320 --> 00:25:58,880 that seem to serve no agricultural purpose at all. 410 00:26:01,280 --> 00:26:06,640 And what we're looking at here is a relic of the idea 411 00:26:06,680 --> 00:26:11,120 that you could send enough airplanes and drop enough bombs 412 00:26:11,160 --> 00:26:14,280 to break the will of a people. 413 00:26:17,280 --> 00:26:21,880 These rural ruins and the battered brick shell 6 miles away 414 00:26:21,920 --> 00:26:23,840 are relics of a time 415 00:26:23,880 --> 00:26:26,600 when britain was fighting to preserve its very existence. 416 00:26:28,120 --> 00:26:30,200 The creeping horror 417 00:26:30,240 --> 00:26:36,080 of the idea of going to sleep in your bed and never waking up 418 00:26:36,120 --> 00:26:38,600 drove the people into the countryside. 419 00:26:47,960 --> 00:26:49,440 Well, when I first came in, 420 00:26:49,480 --> 00:26:51,080 it was completely overgrown. 421 00:26:51,120 --> 00:26:54,840 The trees had taken over really at the back 422 00:26:54,880 --> 00:26:57,800 and it was almost like a secret garden. 423 00:27:00,240 --> 00:27:02,120 Hilary byers has fought for decades 424 00:27:02,160 --> 00:27:05,680 to save this site from being torn down. 425 00:27:05,720 --> 00:27:09,120 She works to ensure the tragedy of what happened here 426 00:27:09,160 --> 00:27:10,920 is never forgotten. 427 00:27:12,280 --> 00:27:16,160 We're intending to create memorials around the site 428 00:27:16,200 --> 00:27:18,416 so we shall have boards with names on, 429 00:27:18,440 --> 00:27:21,280 but we shall also have interpretation 430 00:27:21,320 --> 00:27:24,640 explaining to people just what happened here. 431 00:27:26,440 --> 00:27:31,000 In 1914 when this building was originally constructed, 432 00:27:31,040 --> 00:27:33,800 it served the local community as a cinema. 433 00:27:35,280 --> 00:27:38,000 It was called the national picture theatre. 434 00:27:39,080 --> 00:27:42,760 It could seat over 900 people in its stalls and balcony levels, 435 00:27:42,800 --> 00:27:45,360 and it had a 24-foot screen 436 00:27:45,400 --> 00:27:47,960 that stretched across the far end of the cinema. 437 00:27:48,800 --> 00:27:51,840 Their advertising material said, 438 00:27:51,880 --> 00:27:55,920 "our chairs are as comfortable as father's armchair at home." 439 00:27:55,960 --> 00:27:59,999 You know, they were at pains to tell you this was no fleapit. 440 00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:00,240 You know, they were at pains to tell you this was no fleapit. 441 00:28:00,280 --> 00:28:03,000 This was... this was the real deal. 442 00:28:04,960 --> 00:28:06,840 Cinemas like this 443 00:28:06,880 --> 00:28:09,520 provided entertainment for rich and poor alike. 444 00:28:10,720 --> 00:28:13,136 One of the reasons for the popularity of the cinema 445 00:28:13,160 --> 00:28:14,600 is that it was so affordable. 446 00:28:14,640 --> 00:28:17,840 Going to see a show cost under seven cents. 447 00:28:19,440 --> 00:28:22,080 If they were in the cheaper seats, 448 00:28:22,120 --> 00:28:24,520 they would come into this foyer, 449 00:28:24,560 --> 00:28:28,320 they would go up steps here 450 00:28:28,360 --> 00:28:30,680 or over here 451 00:28:30,720 --> 00:28:34,040 and into the auditorium through the doors, 452 00:28:34,080 --> 00:28:36,480 and then, of course, 453 00:28:36,520 --> 00:28:40,360 the floor gradually sloped down towards the screen. 454 00:28:42,520 --> 00:28:45,320 This was a place where people came to enjoy themselves, 455 00:28:45,360 --> 00:28:47,800 to meet up with friends and family, 456 00:28:47,840 --> 00:28:50,280 but something happened to threaten all that. 457 00:28:52,680 --> 00:28:55,480 On 3 September 1939 458 00:28:55,520 --> 00:28:57,960 britain declared war on Nazi Germany, 459 00:28:58,000 --> 00:28:59,600 marking the start 460 00:28:59,640 --> 00:29:00,000 of the most destructive conflict in human history. 461 00:29:00,001 --> 00:29:02,561 Of the most destructive conflict in human history. 462 00:29:06,960 --> 00:29:08,280 One year later 463 00:29:08,320 --> 00:29:11,120 the people of britain felt the full force of Hitler's wrath. 464 00:29:13,800 --> 00:29:16,480 The Germans sent wave after wave of bombers 465 00:29:16,520 --> 00:29:21,080 to drop an immense amount of ordnance all over cities in britain. 466 00:29:22,360 --> 00:29:24,616 The blitz bought the reality of the war 467 00:29:24,640 --> 00:29:28,680 from mainland Europe to the very doorstep of the British people. 468 00:29:30,560 --> 00:29:32,480 Hull was no exception, 469 00:29:32,520 --> 00:29:36,760 and its citizens were subjected to a brutal and sustained attack. 470 00:29:38,400 --> 00:29:41,960 Hull is a really important English city. 471 00:29:42,000 --> 00:29:44,840 It's industrial, it has a port, 472 00:29:44,880 --> 00:29:51,760 but also hull faces Germany across the north sea. 473 00:29:51,800 --> 00:29:56,320 Unlike some industrial places in the United Kingdom, 474 00:29:56,360 --> 00:29:58,200 especially england, 475 00:29:58,240 --> 00:29:59,999 hull is easy to bomb 476 00:30:00,000 --> 00:30:01,160 hull is easy to bomb 477 00:30:01,200 --> 00:30:03,760 because it's easy to get to. 478 00:30:05,800 --> 00:30:09,520 This meant that the city was also the secondary target 479 00:30:09,560 --> 00:30:11,760 for many other German bombing raids. 480 00:30:13,720 --> 00:30:17,760 If you're in hull, the luftwaffe gets you when they're coming, 481 00:30:17,800 --> 00:30:20,920 but they also get you when they're going. 482 00:30:20,960 --> 00:30:24,840 Ordinary citizens resorted to sleeping in the surrounding fields 483 00:30:24,880 --> 00:30:29,400 to survive the night, a practice known as 'trekking'. 484 00:30:30,400 --> 00:30:33,240 They got a decent night's sleep somewhere, 485 00:30:33,280 --> 00:30:34,880 wherever they could, 486 00:30:34,920 --> 00:30:38,680 and came back into the city the next day. 487 00:30:39,960 --> 00:30:43,880 They would rather sleep rough in the country 488 00:30:43,920 --> 00:30:47,760 than get bombed to death in the city. 489 00:30:49,080 --> 00:30:53,040 And the city responded by aiming its defences up towards the sky. 490 00:30:54,920 --> 00:30:57,440 Dennis Chapman is a local historian 491 00:30:57,480 --> 00:30:59,999 that helped rediscover this site in 2014. 492 00:31:00,000 --> 00:31:01,696 That helped rediscover this site in 2014. 493 00:31:01,720 --> 00:31:04,560 Where we are now is in the middle of a... 494 00:31:04,600 --> 00:31:06,560 One of the four gun emplacements, 495 00:31:06,600 --> 00:31:11,400 so the gun itself, which was a 3.7 inch gun, 496 00:31:11,440 --> 00:31:13,120 was centrally located here. 497 00:31:14,680 --> 00:31:16,800 Known as station h31, 498 00:31:16,840 --> 00:31:21,440 it was part of a web of gun batteries around hull 499 00:31:21,480 --> 00:31:24,840 designed to fight back against relentless luftwaffe attacks. 500 00:31:24,880 --> 00:31:27,800 There should be seven ammunition recesses, 501 00:31:27,840 --> 00:31:30,016 so that's where the shells were stored, 502 00:31:30,040 --> 00:31:32,416 and the men would then collect the appropriate shell 503 00:31:32,440 --> 00:31:35,680 and obviously feed it into the gun to be fired. 504 00:31:35,720 --> 00:31:37,656 And then in addition to those recesses, 505 00:31:37,680 --> 00:31:39,080 you've got the two shelters, 506 00:31:39,120 --> 00:31:41,336 which is where the men would have sheltered 507 00:31:41,360 --> 00:31:43,000 when they weren't on the gun. 508 00:31:44,240 --> 00:31:46,360 On a busy night, it would be hectic 509 00:31:46,400 --> 00:31:49,760 because they'd all be working at once, 510 00:31:49,800 --> 00:31:51,136 there'd be information going out to the guns, 511 00:31:51,160 --> 00:31:52,336 they'd be changing all the time 512 00:31:52,360 --> 00:31:54,920 as the position of the aircraft would be changing. 513 00:31:57,640 --> 00:31:59,240 But try as they might, 514 00:31:59,280 --> 00:32:00,000 hull's Valiant defenders could not stop the bombs from falling. 515 00:32:00,001 --> 00:32:03,480 Hull's Valiant defenders could not stop the bombs from falling. 516 00:32:05,280 --> 00:32:10,120 As much as 95% of its buildings were damaged or destroyed. 517 00:32:11,760 --> 00:32:14,056 All of Europe suffered in the second world war, 518 00:32:14,080 --> 00:32:18,200 but the home secretary at the time said it - 519 00:32:18,240 --> 00:32:22,600 no place in britain suffered worse than hull. 520 00:32:25,040 --> 00:32:29,000 The national picture theatre would not escape the carnage, 521 00:32:29,040 --> 00:32:32,520 but it wasn't Hitler who had the last laugh. 522 00:32:35,240 --> 00:32:38,320 The circumstances around this building's destruction 523 00:32:38,360 --> 00:32:41,960 are truly bizarre. You couldn't write it. 524 00:32:44,800 --> 00:32:47,560 On 18 march 1941, 525 00:32:47,600 --> 00:32:49,720 a full house had assembled 526 00:32:49,760 --> 00:32:53,600 to watch one of wartime britain's most popular films. 527 00:32:55,080 --> 00:32:56,440 You've got a movie theatre 528 00:32:56,480 --> 00:32:59,999 filled with moviegoers watching 'the great dictator'. 529 00:33:00,000 --> 00:33:01,256 Filled with moviegoers watching 'the great dictator'. 530 00:33:01,280 --> 00:33:04,400 They're watching Charlie chaplin, 531 00:33:04,440 --> 00:33:07,720 a working-class English guy, 532 00:33:07,760 --> 00:33:11,000 who is mocking Hitler. 533 00:33:12,360 --> 00:33:16,240 As you can imagine, Hitler and his buddies weren't amused at all, 534 00:33:16,280 --> 00:33:18,240 but the film was hugely popular 535 00:33:18,280 --> 00:33:21,880 with audiences in the us, the UK, and other allied countries. 536 00:33:21,920 --> 00:33:23,800 They couldn't get enough of it. 537 00:33:24,880 --> 00:33:26,560 And suddenly the film stops. 538 00:33:28,680 --> 00:33:31,200 The projectionist puts a gel on, 539 00:33:31,240 --> 00:33:33,320 which says that there's an air raid. 540 00:33:36,640 --> 00:33:41,480 For almost seven hours, Hitler's fury rained down on hull. 541 00:33:42,480 --> 00:33:46,160 With the air-raid sirens screaming outside, 542 00:33:46,200 --> 00:33:49,480 the people inside must have been terrified. 543 00:33:50,840 --> 00:33:52,960 And then a bomb hit. 544 00:33:55,520 --> 00:33:58,680 It sent bricks and debris flying back through the building 545 00:33:58,720 --> 00:33:59,999 towards the occupants taking shelter in the foyer. 546 00:34:00,000 --> 00:34:02,336 Towards the occupants taking shelter in the foyer. 547 00:34:02,360 --> 00:34:05,520 The smoke and screaming that surrounded them 548 00:34:05,560 --> 00:34:07,280 must have been all-consuming. 549 00:34:10,520 --> 00:34:14,560 So it's quite ironic that that was the film that was showing 550 00:34:14,600 --> 00:34:16,960 the night that the cinema was bombed. 551 00:34:17,000 --> 00:34:20,480 A room full of English people 552 00:34:20,520 --> 00:34:22,560 watching Charlie chaplin 553 00:34:22,600 --> 00:34:26,240 playing the character that is clearly based on Hitler, 554 00:34:26,280 --> 00:34:30,199 and then Hitler takes a SWAT at them. 555 00:34:30,240 --> 00:34:35,040 He wanted to punish the British for laughing at him. 556 00:34:37,480 --> 00:34:42,320 In total 91 people lost their lives that night, 557 00:34:42,360 --> 00:34:45,240 including nine on the road opposite the cinema. 558 00:34:45,280 --> 00:34:49,440 But by some miracle, nobody in the cinema died. 559 00:34:51,639 --> 00:34:55,639 The national picture theatre was destroyed beyond repair 560 00:34:55,679 --> 00:34:57,720 that fateful night, 561 00:34:57,760 --> 00:34:59,999 yet no amount of bombs could break the people's will 562 00:35:00,000 --> 00:35:01,936 yet no amount of bombs could break the people's will 563 00:35:01,960 --> 00:35:04,720 or stop them laughing at Hitler's expense. 564 00:35:04,760 --> 00:35:08,240 Some British people even look back at this time 565 00:35:08,280 --> 00:35:10,600 with a weird sense of nostalgia. 566 00:35:13,880 --> 00:35:16,000 In england it's called blitz spirit. 567 00:35:17,400 --> 00:35:18,840 The sentiment being 568 00:35:18,880 --> 00:35:22,080 that if we could survive the blitz, we can survive anything. 569 00:35:28,880 --> 00:35:30,680 At the conflict's end, 570 00:35:30,720 --> 00:35:34,560 most of britain's destroyed buildings were slowly torn down 571 00:35:34,600 --> 00:35:36,560 and replaced with modern structures. 572 00:35:36,600 --> 00:35:40,400 That any of this cinema still stands 573 00:35:40,440 --> 00:35:43,800 is tribute to the work of people like hilary. 574 00:35:43,840 --> 00:35:47,160 It's a memorial to everybody, 575 00:35:47,200 --> 00:35:50,320 all the civilians who died during world war ii, 576 00:35:50,360 --> 00:35:56,120 and to the experience of civilians, those who survived as well. 577 00:36:02,760 --> 00:36:05,440 On the outskirts of the Italian capital, 578 00:36:05,480 --> 00:36:07,240 nestled in a wooded glade, 579 00:36:07,280 --> 00:36:09,840 is a structure built in the name of defiance. 580 00:36:16,240 --> 00:36:18,320 We're in the town of fregene, 581 00:36:18,360 --> 00:36:25,200 a seaside community only about 20 miles outside of Rome. 582 00:36:26,880 --> 00:36:28,680 In the middle of a pine forest 583 00:36:28,720 --> 00:36:32,720 lies one of the oddest structures you'll ever see. 584 00:36:32,760 --> 00:36:37,120 It's a feast of geometrical shapes hidden amongst the trees. 585 00:36:38,360 --> 00:36:41,720 They're bundled together in a really chaotic way 586 00:36:41,760 --> 00:36:44,600 like a giant game of Tetris. 587 00:36:47,120 --> 00:36:48,680 It seems clear 588 00:36:48,720 --> 00:36:51,840 whoever built this place had a disregard for the conventional. 589 00:36:53,440 --> 00:36:57,320 The main building is kind of a study in contradictions. 590 00:36:57,360 --> 00:36:59,999 Clearly they're meant to make some kind of architectural statement, 591 00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:00,440 clearly they're meant to make some kind of architectural statement, 592 00:37:00,480 --> 00:37:04,240 so it's not obvious whether it's a house or a small school 593 00:37:04,280 --> 00:37:07,920 or a substation for a power company. 594 00:37:07,960 --> 00:37:10,360 It really... It could be almost anything. 595 00:37:10,960 --> 00:37:13,680 Often structures are a product of their time. 596 00:37:13,720 --> 00:37:16,040 This one was a reaction. 597 00:37:18,000 --> 00:37:21,640 This building cannot just be a house. 598 00:37:21,680 --> 00:37:24,040 It has to serve some kind of function. 599 00:37:25,200 --> 00:37:29,720 This crazy design is somehow also the proclamation of an ideology. 600 00:37:55,440 --> 00:37:58,440 Raynaldo perugini grew up in the bizarre structure. 601 00:38:00,400 --> 00:38:03,520 This was a home in which the normal rules didn't apply. 602 00:38:30,840 --> 00:38:34,920 The project was started by two architecture professors from Rome, 603 00:38:34,960 --> 00:38:38,560 giuseppe perugini and his wife uga de plaisant. 604 00:38:39,600 --> 00:38:42,440 They wanted to build 605 00:38:42,480 --> 00:38:46,320 a kind of a homestead that would reflect the trends 606 00:38:46,360 --> 00:38:49,360 that were moving through architecture at the time. 607 00:38:50,880 --> 00:38:53,960 Italy in the 1950s was changing. 608 00:38:55,800 --> 00:38:59,160 Everything from music to cinema and design 609 00:38:59,200 --> 00:39:00,000 was taking on a new lease of life. 610 00:39:00,001 --> 00:39:01,520 Was taking on a new lease of life. 611 00:39:01,560 --> 00:39:04,480 The inspiration was earlier conflict. 612 00:39:06,360 --> 00:39:11,400 Italy's fascist government collapsed at the end of world war ii, 613 00:39:11,440 --> 00:39:14,440 and in the period that followed 614 00:39:14,480 --> 00:39:18,000 there was a kind of a countermovement 615 00:39:18,040 --> 00:39:20,520 that wanted to reject fascism 616 00:39:20,560 --> 00:39:23,560 and the kind of monolithic style 617 00:39:23,600 --> 00:39:26,600 that we associate with fascist architecture. 618 00:39:28,920 --> 00:39:31,160 And there was no better location 619 00:39:31,200 --> 00:39:34,160 for the two architects to realise their dream 620 00:39:34,200 --> 00:39:36,760 than the glamourous seaside town of fregene. 621 00:39:39,560 --> 00:39:41,680 Fregene is a popular coastal town 622 00:39:41,720 --> 00:39:44,680 that came to prominence in the 1960s and '70s 623 00:39:44,720 --> 00:39:48,280 when it was the centre of the fashion and cinema worlds. 624 00:39:50,360 --> 00:39:52,480 During this period, 625 00:39:52,520 --> 00:39:55,800 it was a place where Italian intellectuals and bohemians 626 00:39:55,840 --> 00:39:57,640 would often gather. 627 00:39:57,680 --> 00:39:59,999 The filmmaker fellini had a house there 628 00:40:00,000 --> 00:40:01,336 the filmmaker fellini had a house there 629 00:40:01,360 --> 00:40:05,800 and actually shot some scenes in several of his movies, 630 00:40:05,840 --> 00:40:08,120 including the film 'la dolce vita'. 631 00:40:09,120 --> 00:40:11,360 Over a period of seven years, 632 00:40:11,400 --> 00:40:15,640 architect giuseppe perugini, his wife and later their son 633 00:40:15,680 --> 00:40:19,840 built this place as their eccentric holiday home. 634 00:40:22,760 --> 00:40:28,520 This is casa albero, which translates simply as 'treehouse'. 635 00:40:46,560 --> 00:40:48,960 And in the mind of perugini, 636 00:40:49,000 --> 00:40:51,376 this was supposed to be a never-ending house 637 00:40:51,400 --> 00:40:54,560 whose life and energy could go on forever. 638 00:40:56,840 --> 00:40:59,999 This main building was only one aspect of the crazy concept. 639 00:41:00,000 --> 00:41:02,800 This main building was only one aspect of the crazy concept. 640 00:41:47,240 --> 00:41:49,720 Innovation, experimentation, boldness - 641 00:41:49,760 --> 00:41:54,160 these are the kind of things that always get people excited, 642 00:41:54,200 --> 00:41:58,920 so this house became the venue for some of the craziest parties 643 00:41:58,960 --> 00:41:59,999 amongst the rich Italian bourgeoisie. 644 00:42:00,000 --> 00:42:02,320 Amongst the rich Italian bourgeoisie. 645 00:42:05,000 --> 00:42:08,680 But casa albero's days were sadly numbered. 646 00:42:10,360 --> 00:42:14,600 By the mid-1970s the family used the building less and less. 647 00:42:15,640 --> 00:42:20,000 Then in 1995 giuseppe perugini died, 648 00:42:20,040 --> 00:42:23,000 followed by his wife nine years later. 649 00:42:24,560 --> 00:42:28,440 After the architect's death, the house fell into disrepair. 650 00:42:28,480 --> 00:42:31,240 It's been vandalised with graffiti, 651 00:42:31,280 --> 00:42:34,920 became a squat and the venue for illegal parties. 652 00:42:36,560 --> 00:42:39,480 That captured the attention of the media, 653 00:42:39,520 --> 00:42:42,000 who then branded this structure as abandoned. 654 00:42:51,880 --> 00:42:55,560 Today this building is a shell of what it once was. 655 00:42:55,600 --> 00:42:59,320 Raynaldo, though, has big plans to change all that. 656 00:43:00,720 --> 00:43:04,000 He's tirelessly trying to preserve his family's vision 657 00:43:04,040 --> 00:43:07,040 and turn it into a cultural hub once again, 658 00:43:08,120 --> 00:43:13,320 and raynaldo is adamant his father's dream should and will live on. 659 00:43:14,360 --> 00:43:17,359 Captioned by ai-media ai-media. TV 55253

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