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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:02,960 --> 00:00:05,416 Tom ward (narrates): A once lavish theatre in america 2 00:00:05,440 --> 00:00:07,640 that saw the house brought down. 3 00:00:09,240 --> 00:00:12,800 The decibels were so crazy loud 4 00:00:12,840 --> 00:00:16,720 that they were doing physical damage to the building. 5 00:00:20,480 --> 00:00:24,320 An ancient Turkish city with a poisonous secret. 6 00:00:24,360 --> 00:00:26,296 Those who approached the deadly grotto 7 00:00:26,320 --> 00:00:28,080 dropped dead immediately 8 00:00:28,120 --> 00:00:30,480 and were dragged away to the underworld. 9 00:00:32,680 --> 00:00:37,040 Pock marked sicilian ruins snared in an ingenious trap. 10 00:00:39,120 --> 00:00:42,080 There was a massive feat of misdirection, 11 00:00:42,120 --> 00:00:45,800 of sleight of hand with thousands of lives hanging in the balance. 12 00:00:49,200 --> 00:00:51,760 And a war torn shell in the Balkans 13 00:00:51,800 --> 00:00:54,960 given new purpose by a blockbuster series. 14 00:00:56,440 --> 00:00:59,280 No spoilers, but once you see it, 15 00:00:59,320 --> 00:01:00,000 you can't unsee it. 16 00:01:00,001 --> 00:01:01,320 You can't unsee it. 17 00:01:05,800 --> 00:01:10,840 Decaying relics, ruins of lost worlds. 18 00:01:11,960 --> 00:01:15,560 Sights haunted by the past, 19 00:01:15,600 --> 00:01:19,360 their secrets waiting to be revealed. 20 00:01:30,440 --> 00:01:34,320 In the usa, on Cleveland's Lorraine Avenue 21 00:01:34,360 --> 00:01:35,720 is a forgotten treasure. 22 00:01:41,280 --> 00:01:45,080 There's some older homes, there's some empty storefronts, 23 00:01:45,120 --> 00:01:47,640 it's all just a little bit rundown. 24 00:01:48,840 --> 00:01:52,840 Then you see this marquee with the word variety on it. 25 00:01:52,880 --> 00:01:55,040 This could only be a theatre. 26 00:01:55,080 --> 00:01:59,280 Despite its modern sign, the interior has seen better days. 27 00:02:00,440 --> 00:02:04,160 When you step inside, it's like you're going back in time. 28 00:02:04,200 --> 00:02:07,840 You have turnstiles, massive mirrors, 29 00:02:07,880 --> 00:02:10,199 rusting machinery. 30 00:02:10,240 --> 00:02:13,520 There's plaster that's peeling off the walls, 31 00:02:13,560 --> 00:02:15,480 there's giant chandeliers. 32 00:02:16,800 --> 00:02:19,720 The main hall is kind of a beautiful wreck, 33 00:02:19,760 --> 00:02:23,360 but clearly in its heyday, this was quite the place. 34 00:02:25,040 --> 00:02:29,040 Having entertained generations in majestic surroundings, 35 00:02:29,080 --> 00:02:31,800 a surprising event would spell its downfall. 36 00:02:34,400 --> 00:02:36,400 It was deafening, 37 00:02:36,440 --> 00:02:38,696 I mean, there were chunks of the ceiling 38 00:02:38,720 --> 00:02:42,600 literally raining down on top of the crowd. 39 00:02:42,640 --> 00:02:44,000 The only way you could stop it 40 00:02:44,040 --> 00:02:46,040 was to run in and pull the breaker, 41 00:02:46,080 --> 00:02:48,400 ending the power for the whole thing. 42 00:02:53,320 --> 00:02:56,280 Rose zitiello first came to the variety theatre 43 00:02:56,320 --> 00:02:58,120 more than 35 years ago. 44 00:02:59,880 --> 00:03:00,000 Pass the turnstiles here 45 00:03:00,001 --> 00:03:01,480 pass the turnstiles here 46 00:03:01,520 --> 00:03:05,000 where you would have given the attendant your ticket, 47 00:03:05,040 --> 00:03:07,056 you would have walked into this inner lobby 48 00:03:07,080 --> 00:03:09,680 and this is where the concessions were sold, 49 00:03:09,720 --> 00:03:15,080 so, the popcorn and the beverages, candy bars, 50 00:03:15,120 --> 00:03:18,520 so this was a popular area just to sort of be a meet 51 00:03:18,560 --> 00:03:21,600 and greet area before you went to take your seat. 52 00:03:24,320 --> 00:03:26,720 When it opened in 1927, 53 00:03:26,760 --> 00:03:30,080 the huge main auditorium was the height of luxury. 54 00:03:31,520 --> 00:03:33,376 This would have been one of the aisles 55 00:03:33,400 --> 00:03:35,600 to walk to one of your seats. 56 00:03:35,640 --> 00:03:39,160 There was 1,900 seats in this main floor. 57 00:03:39,200 --> 00:03:43,520 You can really see the vast size of it. 58 00:03:43,560 --> 00:03:47,400 This theatre was a very opulent 59 00:03:47,440 --> 00:03:51,160 and extravagantly appointed theatre. 60 00:03:51,200 --> 00:03:54,160 I mean, you could still see some of the velvet curtains 61 00:03:54,200 --> 00:03:58,520 and the wall treatments still hanging on the walls here. 62 00:03:58,560 --> 00:03:59,999 I mean, most people in 1927, 63 00:04:00,000 --> 00:04:01,200 I mean, most people in 1927, 64 00:04:01,240 --> 00:04:03,840 maybe they had emigrated here, 65 00:04:03,880 --> 00:04:06,120 just within the last 10 to 15 years 66 00:04:06,160 --> 00:04:10,160 with the large wave of immigration that Cleveland saw at that time, 67 00:04:10,200 --> 00:04:14,000 so, for them to be able to come to a theatre 68 00:04:14,040 --> 00:04:19,519 for a modest ticket price and be in a luxury theatre for an evening 69 00:04:19,560 --> 00:04:22,200 I think, was a very grand event. 70 00:04:24,160 --> 00:04:26,120 The house was regularly packed out 71 00:04:26,160 --> 00:04:28,800 to see the latest vaudeville shows. 72 00:04:30,960 --> 00:04:33,600 Vaudeville acts included musicians, 73 00:04:33,640 --> 00:04:37,880 singers, trained animals, magicians. 74 00:04:37,920 --> 00:04:41,000 People would pay their nickel or dime at the door 75 00:04:41,040 --> 00:04:45,160 and get an evening of what was literally a variety show, 76 00:04:45,200 --> 00:04:46,280 a little bit of everything. 77 00:04:47,920 --> 00:04:52,280 But the theatre hadn't only been designed for live performances, 78 00:04:52,320 --> 00:04:56,560 vaudeville was competing against a new and exciting medium, 79 00:04:56,600 --> 00:04:57,840 moving pictures. 80 00:04:59,200 --> 00:05:00,000 So, to my right here 81 00:05:00,001 --> 00:05:01,480 so, to my right here 82 00:05:01,520 --> 00:05:03,480 is where the magic happens, 83 00:05:04,840 --> 00:05:09,440 this is the peerless magnarc high intensity lamp. 84 00:05:10,960 --> 00:05:14,320 The first film that they opened at the variety theatre 85 00:05:14,360 --> 00:05:16,960 was 'hula' with Clara bow. 86 00:05:17,000 --> 00:05:19,000 She was a big sex symbol 87 00:05:19,040 --> 00:05:21,480 and this movie was a little controversial. 88 00:05:22,240 --> 00:05:26,840 She swims nude in a lagoon, she wears pants, 89 00:05:26,880 --> 00:05:29,440 she does a little striptease behind a bush. 90 00:05:29,480 --> 00:05:33,400 She's trying to seduce a married man and wins, 91 00:05:33,440 --> 00:05:35,960 which is not the way it's supposed to turn out. 92 00:05:37,040 --> 00:05:38,920 It was considered scandalous. 93 00:05:38,960 --> 00:05:44,000 The crowd was standing clear around 118th, 94 00:05:44,040 --> 00:05:47,920 up 119th to get in this theatre to see that show. 95 00:05:49,120 --> 00:05:53,120 When silent films became talkies in the late 1920s, 96 00:05:53,160 --> 00:05:56,160 even more people were drawn to the variety. 97 00:05:56,200 --> 00:05:58,880 And its success attracted a new owner. 98 00:06:00,080 --> 00:06:03,920 The Warner brothers studio decided to buy it in 1929. 99 00:06:03,960 --> 00:06:07,480 Warner brothers was really making a play 100 00:06:07,520 --> 00:06:09,880 for theatres all over the country 101 00:06:09,920 --> 00:06:13,280 so, that they would have a built-in audience for their films, 102 00:06:13,320 --> 00:06:15,656 we think it was part of their business model 103 00:06:15,680 --> 00:06:20,200 probably made them an offer that they could not turn down. 104 00:06:20,240 --> 00:06:23,640 This is right in the middle of Hollywood's golden age 105 00:06:23,680 --> 00:06:25,496 and everyone would come to the variety 106 00:06:25,520 --> 00:06:27,560 to see the latest blockbuster movie. 107 00:06:29,440 --> 00:06:32,920 After decades of entertaining the people of Cleveland, 108 00:06:32,960 --> 00:06:36,600 vast social and cultural changes in the late 1940s 109 00:06:36,640 --> 00:06:38,760 began to undermine its success. 110 00:06:41,200 --> 00:06:42,280 During this period, 111 00:06:43,480 --> 00:06:45,960 a lot of the American middle class was moving 112 00:06:46,000 --> 00:06:49,400 out of centre of cities and out to the suburbs, 113 00:06:49,440 --> 00:06:51,320 that's spelled a real problem 114 00:06:51,360 --> 00:06:54,200 for these great old downtown theatres. 115 00:06:56,560 --> 00:06:59,680 With multiplex cinemas opening out of the city centre 116 00:06:59,720 --> 00:07:00,000 with multiple screens, several movies playing, 117 00:07:00,001 --> 00:07:03,400 with multiple screens, several movies playing, 118 00:07:03,440 --> 00:07:04,960 the variety just couldn't compete. 119 00:07:06,320 --> 00:07:09,160 At the same time, a new form of entertainment 120 00:07:09,200 --> 00:07:10,800 was gaining the upper hand. 121 00:07:12,920 --> 00:07:14,280 With the rise of television, 122 00:07:14,320 --> 00:07:16,736 people were staying in and just weren't going 123 00:07:16,760 --> 00:07:18,840 to the theatre much anymore. 124 00:07:18,880 --> 00:07:20,840 They could see great entertainers 125 00:07:20,880 --> 00:07:22,240 in their own living rooms. 126 00:07:24,120 --> 00:07:27,720 In 1954, Warner brothers sold the theatre 127 00:07:27,760 --> 00:07:32,080 and the coming decades would see its fortunes decline yet further. 128 00:07:33,440 --> 00:07:35,296 The theatre was sold to different owners 129 00:07:35,320 --> 00:07:37,720 and it was really starting to fall apart. 130 00:07:39,560 --> 00:07:41,360 But it wouldn't go out quietly. 131 00:07:44,560 --> 00:07:48,160 In 1976, a new owner bought the variety 132 00:07:48,200 --> 00:07:50,560 with a plan to reverse its fortunes. 133 00:07:53,600 --> 00:07:56,200 A burgeoning music scene would provide him 134 00:07:56,240 --> 00:07:58,680 with a much needed revenue stream. 135 00:07:58,720 --> 00:07:59,720 During the '80s, 136 00:07:59,760 --> 00:08:00,000 there was quite a Cleveland presence of independent labels 137 00:08:00,001 --> 00:08:04,360 there was quite a Cleveland presence of independent labels 138 00:08:04,400 --> 00:08:08,440 and punk rock bands and they actually found a home here 139 00:08:08,480 --> 00:08:10,160 at the variety theatre. 140 00:08:10,200 --> 00:08:11,760 Through the '80s, 141 00:08:11,800 --> 00:08:16,880 the theatre hosted whole series of rock concerts, bands, 142 00:08:16,920 --> 00:08:20,560 everything from rem to metallica. 143 00:08:21,760 --> 00:08:25,160 One of these shows would go down in music history. 144 00:08:28,760 --> 00:08:34,440 One of the most infamous events was on December 2, 1984. 145 00:08:34,480 --> 00:08:39,440 And on that evening everybody knew that motorhead was playing here, 146 00:08:39,480 --> 00:08:43,240 there were at least 1,900 people on the main floor 147 00:08:43,280 --> 00:08:47,400 and a couple hundred people more in the balcony. 148 00:08:47,440 --> 00:08:52,600 Now, this is a band that is proud of how loud they are. 149 00:08:54,400 --> 00:08:56,360 That evening was no different. 150 00:08:57,520 --> 00:08:59,999 The volume started out loud, it got progressively louder, 151 00:09:00,000 --> 00:09:02,656 the volume started out loud, it got progressively louder, 152 00:09:02,680 --> 00:09:06,040 louder than the management had pre-authorised 153 00:09:06,080 --> 00:09:11,520 and negotiated with the band and the sound was deafening. 154 00:09:12,760 --> 00:09:15,080 The band's volume reached 155 00:09:15,120 --> 00:09:19,680 a literally ear splitting 130 decibels 156 00:09:19,720 --> 00:09:21,600 which would have set the record 157 00:09:21,640 --> 00:09:25,240 as the loudest rock performance ever measured, 158 00:09:25,280 --> 00:09:28,680 beating a previous performance by the who. 159 00:09:30,160 --> 00:09:33,560 They played song after song at top 160 00:09:33,600 --> 00:09:36,320 volume and the audience kept wanting more, 161 00:09:36,360 --> 00:09:38,080 so they kept playing. 162 00:09:43,920 --> 00:09:46,240 But the thunderous noise of the band 163 00:09:46,280 --> 00:09:51,400 inside this aging theatre was a recipe for disaster. 164 00:09:51,440 --> 00:09:53,496 The performance was so loud that chunks of plaster 165 00:09:53,520 --> 00:09:55,000 started falling from the ceiling. 166 00:09:56,320 --> 00:09:59,999 The plaster began raining down on the audience, 167 00:10:00,000 --> 00:10:00,840 the plaster began raining down on the audience, 168 00:10:00,880 --> 00:10:03,280 as you know the theatre was not designed 169 00:10:03,320 --> 00:10:06,080 for heavy metal music, 170 00:10:06,120 --> 00:10:09,600 so, the maintenance man sees the plaster falling 171 00:10:09,640 --> 00:10:11,720 and at that moment, 172 00:10:11,760 --> 00:10:15,880 he doesn't know if it's just superficial plaster falling, 173 00:10:15,920 --> 00:10:17,760 is it a structural problem, 174 00:10:17,800 --> 00:10:20,280 does he have to get this crowd out of here. 175 00:10:21,520 --> 00:10:25,120 He tried to get the band to turn down to no avail. 176 00:10:25,160 --> 00:10:27,040 They were loud, they were proud, 177 00:10:27,080 --> 00:10:29,840 they were gonna be as loud as they could. 178 00:10:29,880 --> 00:10:32,560 And it finally got so bad that he went 179 00:10:32,600 --> 00:10:35,960 and he just pulled the breaker and shut the whole thing down. 180 00:10:40,320 --> 00:10:44,560 The damage to the ceiling was in fact only superficial, 181 00:10:44,600 --> 00:10:47,520 but the fallout wasn't over yet. 182 00:10:47,560 --> 00:10:51,120 Incensed by the noise, local residents took action. 183 00:10:55,360 --> 00:10:58,280 The theatre, this rear wall where we're standing right here 184 00:10:58,320 --> 00:10:59,999 abuts right against a residential district, 185 00:11:00,000 --> 00:11:01,016 abuts right against a residential district, 186 00:11:01,040 --> 00:11:05,080 so, it's a densely populated neighbourhood here. 187 00:11:05,120 --> 00:11:09,280 And the neighbours could hear the band, 188 00:11:09,320 --> 00:11:13,360 they also found out later about the falling plaster. 189 00:11:13,400 --> 00:11:16,160 They began to complain, file lawsuits, 190 00:11:16,200 --> 00:11:19,440 and eventually the theatre had to stop hosting rock shows. 191 00:11:20,760 --> 00:11:23,200 One of the neighbours actually recorded 192 00:11:23,240 --> 00:11:26,320 one of the concerts from their house. 193 00:11:26,360 --> 00:11:30,080 And it was so loud that they could listen to every word 194 00:11:30,120 --> 00:11:34,520 and every beat that was going on and they used that recording 195 00:11:34,560 --> 00:11:37,680 as a tool to go to court to shut the whole thing down. 196 00:11:38,880 --> 00:11:42,600 Struggling to survive without the income from live music, 197 00:11:42,640 --> 00:11:47,480 the theatre limped on until closing as an entertainment venue in 1990. 198 00:11:54,360 --> 00:11:58,840 Today, thanks to a dedicated group of local campaigners, 199 00:11:58,880 --> 00:11:59,999 the future looks bright for the variety theatre. 200 00:12:00,000 --> 00:12:02,560 The future looks bright for the variety theatre. 201 00:12:02,600 --> 00:12:06,920 They're really enthusiastic about saving this building 202 00:12:06,960 --> 00:12:11,760 that was once so beautiful and making it really at the heart 203 00:12:11,800 --> 00:12:13,880 of a rebirth of this neighbourhood. 204 00:12:15,720 --> 00:12:19,880 With modern technology and sound attenuation measures, 205 00:12:19,920 --> 00:12:23,640 the theatre can now be restored for live music 206 00:12:23,680 --> 00:12:26,080 and without upsetting our neighbours. 207 00:12:34,960 --> 00:12:37,960 Hidden on the Italian island of sicily 208 00:12:38,000 --> 00:12:40,160 are traces of a bitter conflict. 209 00:12:45,920 --> 00:12:48,680 So, this is an idyllic part of sicily, 210 00:12:48,720 --> 00:12:51,800 looking out towards the mediterranean sea. 211 00:12:51,840 --> 00:12:55,480 A modern road cuts its way through the countryside, 212 00:12:55,520 --> 00:12:59,960 and there's a dusty ride and if you look closely 213 00:13:00,000 --> 00:13:03,240 it seems like there's something built into the hillside. 214 00:13:03,280 --> 00:13:06,000 Somebody has built infrastructure 215 00:13:06,040 --> 00:13:08,840 to defend this place against a modern attack. 216 00:13:10,840 --> 00:13:14,640 50 miles east is a church that at first doesn't appear 217 00:13:14,680 --> 00:13:16,800 to bare any scars of this conflict. 218 00:13:19,280 --> 00:13:21,640 Like a subterranean world, 219 00:13:21,680 --> 00:13:24,960 another sicily lays under this church. 220 00:13:26,920 --> 00:13:31,000 You see evidence of ancient devotion, 221 00:13:31,040 --> 00:13:35,080 ancient fear of death and then aeroplane. 222 00:13:36,720 --> 00:13:39,960 Although these places are 50 miles apart, 223 00:13:40,000 --> 00:13:43,720 they were part of a make or break moment in the war. 224 00:13:45,960 --> 00:13:48,800 This moment relied on a grand deception 225 00:13:48,840 --> 00:13:52,360 unlike anything that had been attempted before. 226 00:13:52,400 --> 00:13:55,360 Nobody would ever believe 227 00:13:55,400 --> 00:13:59,120 somebody could try something so desperate. 228 00:13:59,160 --> 00:14:00,000 And that's just what they were counting on. 229 00:14:00,001 --> 00:14:02,441 And that's just what they were counting on. 230 00:14:09,760 --> 00:14:12,400 Roberto piccione is a historian 231 00:14:12,440 --> 00:14:15,440 who has lived in the ancient walled city of Syracuse 232 00:14:15,480 --> 00:14:17,120 for more than 50 years. 233 00:14:18,840 --> 00:14:21,720 This is the church of San filippo, 234 00:14:21,760 --> 00:14:25,120 in the middle of the old Jewish quarter 235 00:14:25,160 --> 00:14:27,840 and underground there is something special. 236 00:14:29,280 --> 00:14:34,520 It seems to be going down and down until you're in this, 237 00:14:34,560 --> 00:14:38,720 this labyrinth that might stretch underneath the entire city. 238 00:14:39,760 --> 00:14:42,120 About 2,000 years ago, 239 00:14:42,160 --> 00:14:44,840 this was an aqueduct, a Greek aqueduct. 240 00:14:46,720 --> 00:14:48,776 But there are signs that these tunnels 241 00:14:48,800 --> 00:14:51,760 were put to a very different use, 242 00:14:51,800 --> 00:14:54,440 nearly two millennia later. 243 00:14:54,480 --> 00:14:59,200 Here we can see a messerschmitt German plane, 244 00:14:59,240 --> 00:15:00,000 an Italian plane, and a stucco. 245 00:15:00,001 --> 00:15:02,400 An Italian plane, and a stucco. 246 00:15:02,440 --> 00:15:05,480 And here we can see a parachute. 247 00:15:07,640 --> 00:15:13,360 This kind of draw just describes what the people saw every day. 248 00:15:15,600 --> 00:15:18,000 From early 1943, 249 00:15:18,040 --> 00:15:21,920 they saw their city mercilessly bombed by the allies 250 00:15:21,960 --> 00:15:25,280 and fled to these catacombs to wait out the onslaught. 251 00:15:29,240 --> 00:15:32,080 People stay here, entire family 252 00:15:32,120 --> 00:15:36,640 just try to wait the handing of the bombing, 253 00:15:36,680 --> 00:15:40,200 talking, singing, praying, 254 00:15:40,240 --> 00:15:42,200 playing with the young kids 255 00:15:42,240 --> 00:15:47,120 for avoid that they be scared and try to stay together. 256 00:15:47,160 --> 00:15:48,560 It must have been terrible 257 00:15:48,600 --> 00:15:50,776 to have been in these air raid shelters 258 00:15:50,800 --> 00:15:54,080 and to hear the sounds of war all around you 259 00:15:54,120 --> 00:15:55,680 and be afraid that the bomb 260 00:15:55,720 --> 00:15:57,480 that lands to the side of you 261 00:15:57,520 --> 00:15:59,999 may in a minute land right on top of you. 262 00:16:00,000 --> 00:16:01,856 May in a minute land right on top of you. 263 00:16:01,880 --> 00:16:06,120 After months of terror, on 9 July, the cacophony ended. 264 00:16:09,400 --> 00:16:11,960 So, when the bombing stopped, 265 00:16:12,000 --> 00:16:16,280 I think, that the people ask themselves now 266 00:16:16,320 --> 00:16:18,320 what is going to happen, 267 00:16:18,360 --> 00:16:21,040 and what happened was the invasion. 268 00:16:22,640 --> 00:16:24,360 50 miles west, 269 00:16:24,400 --> 00:16:27,760 Italian troops tasked with defending a key route 270 00:16:27,800 --> 00:16:29,680 in to the island's interior 271 00:16:29,720 --> 00:16:32,800 nervously waited in the ponte dirillo bunkers. 272 00:16:36,800 --> 00:16:40,880 Here we are inside the ponte dirillo position 273 00:16:40,920 --> 00:16:44,200 and here there were about 30 men. 274 00:16:44,240 --> 00:16:47,160 From this window, we have a really good view 275 00:16:47,200 --> 00:16:51,560 of the sea just on the right, and in the other side, 276 00:16:51,600 --> 00:16:56,320 we have the road that was really important. 277 00:16:56,360 --> 00:16:58,360 The soldiers here were about to face 278 00:16:58,400 --> 00:16:59,999 the largest allied invasion force yet deployed in the war. 279 00:17:00,000 --> 00:17:02,720 The largest allied invasion force yet deployed in the war. 280 00:17:05,880 --> 00:17:08,560 Yet this place was barely defended 281 00:17:08,599 --> 00:17:12,240 and is one of the few remnants of access defences on sicily. 282 00:17:13,920 --> 00:17:17,280 We have only light defence, 283 00:17:17,319 --> 00:17:20,440 so, machine gun and gun 284 00:17:20,480 --> 00:17:23,560 and there was only one small Cannon. 285 00:17:24,680 --> 00:17:26,599 You have to ask the question 286 00:17:26,640 --> 00:17:30,920 why do the Nazis fortify France 287 00:17:31,960 --> 00:17:35,120 ahead of the 1944 invasion. 288 00:17:35,160 --> 00:17:36,320 But... 289 00:17:36,360 --> 00:17:41,000 They're not nearly as intensive about fortifying sicily. 290 00:17:41,040 --> 00:17:45,840 It can in part be explained by a daring allied deception. 291 00:17:48,440 --> 00:17:51,200 You have a dead body released from a submarine, 292 00:17:51,240 --> 00:17:55,040 fake documents, it's really like something out of a James Bond film. 293 00:17:56,560 --> 00:17:59,999 In 1943 with the Nazi's desert army defeated in Tunisia, 294 00:18:00,000 --> 00:18:01,736 in 1943 with the Nazi's desert army defeated in Tunisia, 295 00:18:01,760 --> 00:18:03,936 allied military strategists were looking 296 00:18:03,960 --> 00:18:06,400 for a way to invade fortress Europe. 297 00:18:08,480 --> 00:18:13,720 The only problem was that the Italian and German forces knew 298 00:18:13,760 --> 00:18:16,560 that the allied attack would have to come 299 00:18:16,600 --> 00:18:19,280 somewhere along the southern European coast. 300 00:18:21,760 --> 00:18:24,680 Sicily was the obvious choice, 301 00:18:24,720 --> 00:18:29,040 but a battle against a concentrated access force could be disastrous. 302 00:18:30,120 --> 00:18:33,680 So, the allies turned to deception on a grand scale... 303 00:18:35,240 --> 00:18:37,720 Operation mincemeat. 304 00:18:37,760 --> 00:18:42,520 A Spanish fisherman fishing off the southern coast of Spain 305 00:18:42,560 --> 00:18:47,480 pulls a badly decomposed dead body 306 00:18:47,520 --> 00:18:49,280 out of the water 307 00:18:49,320 --> 00:18:53,760 and the body is wearing the battle dress 308 00:18:53,800 --> 00:18:55,720 of a royal marine major. 309 00:18:57,160 --> 00:18:59,920 He had on his person a number of plans. 310 00:19:01,320 --> 00:19:03,576 When the German commanders heard about this discovery, 311 00:19:03,600 --> 00:19:05,776 they thought they had hit the jackpot. 312 00:19:05,800 --> 00:19:08,680 This was worth its weight in gold. 313 00:19:09,840 --> 00:19:15,200 What the Germans have got is a plan for the invasion 314 00:19:15,240 --> 00:19:17,760 of Southern Europe through Greece 315 00:19:17,800 --> 00:19:21,280 and the Balkans and it's a lie. 316 00:19:22,920 --> 00:19:25,560 The bogus plans said that any troops 317 00:19:25,600 --> 00:19:28,520 moving towards sicily were simply a decoy. 318 00:19:31,200 --> 00:19:34,600 The access powers moved their attention 319 00:19:34,640 --> 00:19:37,640 away from sicily and many of their armaments too, 320 00:19:37,680 --> 00:19:41,160 and they weren't ready for an attack there. 321 00:19:41,200 --> 00:19:44,240 You had two panzer divisions being relocated 322 00:19:44,280 --> 00:19:45,440 from the eastern front, 323 00:19:45,480 --> 00:19:48,720 you had seven divisions set up in Greece. 324 00:19:48,760 --> 00:19:51,360 You had another ten set up in the Balkans. 325 00:19:51,400 --> 00:19:55,520 It was a massive redistribution of forces for an invasion 326 00:19:55,560 --> 00:19:58,360 that was gonna come in a completely different place. 327 00:20:00,520 --> 00:20:04,520 Sicily's physical defences were also neglected. 328 00:20:04,560 --> 00:20:06,320 The bunkers at ponte dirillo 329 00:20:06,360 --> 00:20:09,400 are one of the few remaining signs of war on the island. 330 00:20:11,840 --> 00:20:16,240 It doesn't appear as if it's a place ready 331 00:20:16,280 --> 00:20:18,680 to defend itself from a major assault. 332 00:20:19,960 --> 00:20:21,000 And it wasn't. 333 00:20:23,440 --> 00:20:28,280 9 July 1943, in the dead of night, 334 00:20:28,320 --> 00:20:32,640 thousands of allied paratroopers descend on to the island. 335 00:20:32,680 --> 00:20:36,640 Their mission to secure key positions like ponte dirillo. 336 00:20:39,080 --> 00:20:44,440 The Americans landed from these hills 337 00:20:44,480 --> 00:20:46,080 that we can see in front. 338 00:20:47,400 --> 00:20:51,200 There was a total of about 100 paratroopers 339 00:20:51,240 --> 00:20:54,760 from different groups that attacked this front point. 340 00:20:56,760 --> 00:20:57,840 All these marks... 341 00:20:59,360 --> 00:21:00,000 Are American bullet... 342 00:21:00,001 --> 00:21:01,240 Are American bullet... 343 00:21:02,520 --> 00:21:03,560 Everywhere. 344 00:21:05,160 --> 00:21:07,400 There were several German tanks. 345 00:21:07,440 --> 00:21:08,960 We don't know exactly the number, 346 00:21:09,000 --> 00:21:12,240 but it's sure that one was stopped 347 00:21:12,280 --> 00:21:15,240 just in front of the Ridge. 348 00:21:17,040 --> 00:21:19,296 After a very short but fierce battle, 349 00:21:19,320 --> 00:21:22,760 they managed to capture the bunker complex. 350 00:21:22,800 --> 00:21:27,520 It was supposed to take an entire infantry regiment to capture this, 351 00:21:27,560 --> 00:21:29,960 but that hadn't even landed in sicily yet. 352 00:21:30,960 --> 00:21:34,600 When the main landing force arrived on the nearby beaches, 353 00:21:34,640 --> 00:21:37,360 access opposition on sicily's southern shores 354 00:21:37,400 --> 00:21:39,400 was soon washed away. 355 00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:44,200 During the allied landings, 356 00:21:44,240 --> 00:21:48,480 this coast was really full 357 00:21:48,520 --> 00:21:50,960 of boat everywhere. 358 00:21:51,000 --> 00:21:55,480 The eye witness like my father told me 359 00:21:55,520 --> 00:21:58,560 that it was impossible to see the sea. 360 00:21:59,640 --> 00:22:00,000 Everywhere there were landing craft, merchant Navy ships. 361 00:22:00,001 --> 00:22:03,680 Everywhere there were landing craft, merchant Navy ships. 362 00:22:05,720 --> 00:22:10,880 Over the next three days, the invasion involved 3,000 ships, 363 00:22:10,920 --> 00:22:13,520 150,000 allied troops, 364 00:22:13,560 --> 00:22:15,440 and 4,000 aircraft 365 00:22:15,480 --> 00:22:18,920 and opposing them was a relatively modest German force 366 00:22:18,960 --> 00:22:21,200 of only two divisions. 367 00:22:21,240 --> 00:22:25,040 The German leadership still thought that the main attack 368 00:22:25,080 --> 00:22:26,520 was going to come elsewhere. 369 00:22:27,800 --> 00:22:30,960 In just under six weeks of bitter fighting, 370 00:22:31,000 --> 00:22:34,320 the entire island was controlled by allied troops. 371 00:22:35,720 --> 00:22:38,760 Operation mincemeat wasn't the only reason 372 00:22:38,800 --> 00:22:40,776 that the access were defeated in sicily, 373 00:22:40,800 --> 00:22:43,920 but it was a really important aspect of it. 374 00:22:45,200 --> 00:22:47,280 They don't have an easy time of it, 375 00:22:47,320 --> 00:22:49,720 but they have a much easier time 376 00:22:49,760 --> 00:22:54,520 than if the Germans had concentrated force there to stop them. 377 00:22:56,320 --> 00:22:58,280 The success of this invasion marked 378 00:22:58,320 --> 00:22:59,999 a key turning point in the war. 379 00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:01,240 A key turning point in the war. 380 00:23:02,040 --> 00:23:03,080 For the first time, 381 00:23:03,120 --> 00:23:06,360 the allies were beginning to take back Europe. 382 00:23:12,800 --> 00:23:16,320 Today, a memorial stands at ponte dirillo 383 00:23:16,360 --> 00:23:20,680 in tribute to the us troops who gave their lives there. 384 00:23:20,720 --> 00:23:25,120 For Roberto, these sacrifices must never be forgotten. 385 00:23:27,280 --> 00:23:29,480 Doesn't matter if they were British, 386 00:23:29,520 --> 00:23:31,360 American, Italian, or German. 387 00:23:31,400 --> 00:23:35,480 They were young guys that lose their life in sicily. 388 00:23:36,920 --> 00:23:41,440 So, it's important to remember this part of history for avoid 389 00:23:41,480 --> 00:23:43,920 that this will not happen again. 390 00:23:52,440 --> 00:23:55,800 In Croatia, on the outskirts of Dubrovnik, 391 00:23:55,840 --> 00:23:57,560 is a once opulent structure 392 00:23:57,600 --> 00:23:59,999 that fell victim to tragic circumstance. 393 00:24:00,000 --> 00:24:02,400 That fell victim to tragic circumstance. 394 00:24:04,720 --> 00:24:09,080 Just a short distance from one of the oldest cities in Europe, 395 00:24:09,120 --> 00:24:10,800 perched on the side of a cliff 396 00:24:10,840 --> 00:24:14,160 is a very big and very modern looking building. 397 00:24:15,400 --> 00:24:18,920 It doesn't appear to be in too bad shape, 398 00:24:18,960 --> 00:24:20,920 but the closer you get, 399 00:24:20,960 --> 00:24:24,040 you realise that's not at all the case, 400 00:24:24,080 --> 00:24:25,920 the whole thing's an absolute mess. 401 00:24:27,600 --> 00:24:31,440 Amidst the destruction are traces of a glorious past. 402 00:24:33,160 --> 00:24:36,440 There seems to be sort of this panoramic restaurant 403 00:24:36,480 --> 00:24:38,840 and then a terrace with swimming pools. 404 00:24:39,680 --> 00:24:42,160 Inside all the rooms look identical 405 00:24:42,200 --> 00:24:43,976 and they've been stripped bare except 406 00:24:44,000 --> 00:24:47,840 for a few broken toilets and old bathtubs. 407 00:24:49,240 --> 00:24:52,120 But the views out are still fantastic, 408 00:24:52,160 --> 00:24:56,360 it's picture postcard stuff everywhere you look. 409 00:24:56,400 --> 00:24:59,560 You can tell, in its day, this place was spectacular. 410 00:25:00,960 --> 00:25:04,200 Yet the architectural style suggests a building 411 00:25:04,240 --> 00:25:05,960 only four decades old. 412 00:25:08,080 --> 00:25:11,280 And that makes you think that something very sudden 413 00:25:11,320 --> 00:25:13,400 and quite terrible happened here. 414 00:25:14,840 --> 00:25:19,040 But from the ruins, a pop culture legend was born. 415 00:25:19,080 --> 00:25:20,720 A lot of people know Dubrovnik 416 00:25:20,760 --> 00:25:22,600 from the series 'game of thrones'. 417 00:25:24,280 --> 00:25:26,920 This is where one of the most shocking scenes 418 00:25:26,960 --> 00:25:28,680 in the entire series was filmed. 419 00:25:39,440 --> 00:25:42,080 Ivan vukovic grew up nearby 420 00:25:42,120 --> 00:25:46,000 and has many fond memories of the time he spent here. 421 00:25:46,040 --> 00:25:49,560 This is a place where I came with my parents, 422 00:25:49,600 --> 00:25:51,480 it was my playground. 423 00:25:51,520 --> 00:25:53,960 It was the part of my childhood. 424 00:25:56,240 --> 00:25:59,999 Everybody loved to come here because it was a pure luxury. 425 00:26:00,000 --> 00:26:01,736 Everybody loved to come here because it was a pure luxury. 426 00:26:01,760 --> 00:26:03,560 And look at it now, 427 00:26:03,600 --> 00:26:05,920 it's like the days of glory are over. 428 00:26:06,960 --> 00:26:09,296 When construction began in the mid '80s, 429 00:26:09,320 --> 00:26:13,040 Croatia was actually still a part of socialist yugoslavia, 430 00:26:13,080 --> 00:26:17,040 and it was approaching a pretty important juncture in its history. 431 00:26:18,280 --> 00:26:22,320 And this building has really come to represent that. 432 00:26:24,760 --> 00:26:27,840 Croatia was one of the wealthier Yugoslav nations 433 00:26:27,880 --> 00:26:30,800 and this construction was part of an ambitious plan 434 00:26:30,840 --> 00:26:32,800 to further boost the local economy. 435 00:26:34,640 --> 00:26:37,800 It's very unusual to get something like this 436 00:26:37,840 --> 00:26:39,760 in the times of the '80s 437 00:26:39,800 --> 00:26:44,440 or before because at that time everybody had to be equal 438 00:26:44,480 --> 00:26:47,320 that some of the theories of socialism. 439 00:26:49,240 --> 00:26:50,600 Under socialist rule, 440 00:26:50,640 --> 00:26:54,200 the focus was on primary and secondary industries 441 00:26:54,240 --> 00:26:57,920 like mining and factories. 442 00:26:57,960 --> 00:26:59,999 This building was designed to make money 443 00:27:00,000 --> 00:27:00,200 this building was designed to make money 444 00:27:00,240 --> 00:27:04,160 for the country but in an entirely different way. 445 00:27:04,200 --> 00:27:08,240 This was built to attract wealthy western tourists. 446 00:27:11,080 --> 00:27:14,600 This is the hotel Belvedere. 447 00:27:14,640 --> 00:27:17,440 It first welcomed guests in 1985. 448 00:27:20,880 --> 00:27:23,800 This place is one of the rooms 449 00:27:23,840 --> 00:27:27,720 of 200 in total of hotel Belvedere. 450 00:27:27,760 --> 00:27:30,680 I found one list, 451 00:27:30,720 --> 00:27:31,880 who was here, 452 00:27:31,920 --> 00:27:34,160 how much money they spent, 453 00:27:34,200 --> 00:27:38,480 and the date is July 25, 1990. 454 00:27:38,520 --> 00:27:40,776 They are mostly people coming from the west, 455 00:27:40,800 --> 00:27:45,080 Spain, us, United Kingdom. 456 00:27:45,120 --> 00:27:47,800 Croatia never had a hotel like this. 457 00:27:50,960 --> 00:27:52,560 This place had everything. 458 00:27:52,600 --> 00:27:54,040 It had an indoor pool, 459 00:27:55,200 --> 00:27:56,520 had an outdoor pool, 460 00:27:57,920 --> 00:27:59,999 it had international cuisine, it had a discotheque, 461 00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:00,840 it had international cuisine, it had a discotheque, 462 00:28:00,880 --> 00:28:02,800 it even had a helipad. 463 00:28:02,840 --> 00:28:05,520 I mean, imagine what it would have been like, 464 00:28:05,560 --> 00:28:10,600 looking out over the adriatic, drinking a cocktail, 465 00:28:10,640 --> 00:28:13,880 it must have been fantastic. 466 00:28:15,240 --> 00:28:18,320 It wasn't just wealthy western tourists lured 467 00:28:18,360 --> 00:28:19,920 in by all the luxury on offer. 468 00:28:22,120 --> 00:28:25,080 My mother could come and spend her money 469 00:28:25,120 --> 00:28:28,560 to buy some exclusive things in exclusive shops 470 00:28:29,840 --> 00:28:31,880 and my father was freaking out 471 00:28:31,920 --> 00:28:36,480 while he was sitting in this tavern just one deck below. 472 00:28:38,000 --> 00:28:40,080 In its first six years of operation, 473 00:28:40,120 --> 00:28:44,600 it gained a reputation as one of Europe's finest hotels. 474 00:28:46,320 --> 00:28:49,280 The future was looking very bright indeed. 475 00:28:52,880 --> 00:28:57,440 But by 1991, a new Yugoslav leader was emerging, 476 00:28:57,480 --> 00:28:59,999 one that would tear apart the Balkan states 477 00:29:00,000 --> 00:29:00,480 one that would tear apart the Balkan states 478 00:29:00,520 --> 00:29:03,440 and Usher in the end of hotel Belvedere. 479 00:29:06,920 --> 00:29:08,640 Slobodan milosevic's ideas 480 00:29:08,680 --> 00:29:12,120 that he's going to concentrate Yugoslav power 481 00:29:12,160 --> 00:29:15,400 in his own homeland of Serbia and its capital Belgrade 482 00:29:15,440 --> 00:29:16,880 and he's going to take power 483 00:29:16,920 --> 00:29:18,696 from the other regions like Slovenia, 484 00:29:18,720 --> 00:29:21,960 Croatia, Montenegro, and transport it to Serbia. 485 00:29:23,240 --> 00:29:25,200 As far as Croatia was concerned, 486 00:29:25,240 --> 00:29:29,320 there was no way they were going to let that happen. 487 00:29:29,360 --> 00:29:31,160 They wanted independence. 488 00:29:34,640 --> 00:29:36,760 Civil war ensues 489 00:29:36,800 --> 00:29:40,320 and there's battling over every key area including Dubrovnik 490 00:29:40,360 --> 00:29:43,800 which the Serbs want because of its tourist potential. 491 00:29:43,840 --> 00:29:47,440 At 6:00am on 1 October 1991, 492 00:29:47,480 --> 00:29:49,960 the siege of Dubrovnik began. 493 00:29:52,400 --> 00:29:55,200 It was attacked from the land, from the sea, 494 00:29:55,240 --> 00:29:58,240 and from the air by the Yugoslav national army. 495 00:29:59,680 --> 00:30:00,000 I remember clearly that day because it was sunny, 496 00:30:00,001 --> 00:30:03,560 I remember clearly that day because it was sunny, 497 00:30:03,600 --> 00:30:05,400 and I asked my mother 498 00:30:05,440 --> 00:30:09,000 what is that thunderstorm coming from the south 499 00:30:09,040 --> 00:30:11,760 because I was a kid, I was 11 years old. 500 00:30:11,800 --> 00:30:16,080 Unfortunately the war started, hell broke loose. 501 00:30:20,240 --> 00:30:22,536 Strategically positioned on the route 502 00:30:22,560 --> 00:30:25,280 to Dubrovnik's old town, 503 00:30:25,320 --> 00:30:28,440 Croatian troops rushed to fortify the hotel. 504 00:30:32,840 --> 00:30:35,480 If Yugoslav troops broke through here, 505 00:30:35,520 --> 00:30:36,680 the city would fall. 506 00:30:40,720 --> 00:30:44,920 There was lots of direct hits from the cannons from their Navy. 507 00:30:46,920 --> 00:30:50,720 And lots of the mortars were falling around and, you know, 508 00:30:50,760 --> 00:30:53,840 the shrapnel are the ones making most of the damage, 509 00:30:53,880 --> 00:30:55,520 so, when you walk around the hotel, 510 00:30:55,560 --> 00:30:59,999 you will see any window that is still in one place, 511 00:31:00,000 --> 00:31:00,480 you will see any window that is still in one place, 512 00:31:00,520 --> 00:31:03,120 it's all shattered glass around. 513 00:31:04,920 --> 00:31:09,920 Dubrovnik's vicious bombardment lasted seven long months, 514 00:31:09,960 --> 00:31:13,600 but the hotel was never taken by Yugoslav troops. 515 00:31:16,880 --> 00:31:20,800 You know, how Croatia won the war, 516 00:31:20,840 --> 00:31:24,680 so, you have to be like relieved or happy 517 00:31:24,720 --> 00:31:27,440 and then you see the aftermath. 518 00:31:28,600 --> 00:31:31,360 Many people lost their lives for freedom. 519 00:31:31,400 --> 00:31:33,280 It was very, very hard 520 00:31:33,320 --> 00:31:37,720 because when the war ends it takes time to recover. 521 00:31:37,760 --> 00:31:41,480 Yugoslavia built it and then yugoslavia destroyed it. 522 00:31:44,520 --> 00:31:47,296 After the war, there's some thought to restoring the hotel Belvedere, 523 00:31:47,320 --> 00:31:49,960 but the damage was so extensive that it was decided 524 00:31:50,000 --> 00:31:52,400 that it was just not feasible. 525 00:31:52,440 --> 00:31:54,800 Even after the bombing stopped, 526 00:31:54,840 --> 00:31:58,200 terrible dangers remained for many years to come. 527 00:32:00,200 --> 00:32:02,360 So, after this hotel was abandoned, 528 00:32:02,400 --> 00:32:04,440 this became my playground. 529 00:32:04,480 --> 00:32:06,840 I was playing here in these bushes 530 00:32:06,880 --> 00:32:10,000 and I saw something which looked like a toy, 531 00:32:10,040 --> 00:32:13,560 I picked it up and took it to my dad's place. 532 00:32:13,600 --> 00:32:15,160 And dad said, 533 00:32:15,200 --> 00:32:18,880 "don't move, it's not a toy, it's a cluster bomb." 534 00:32:20,200 --> 00:32:24,920 There's no need for me to play any lottery to win any jackpots, 535 00:32:24,960 --> 00:32:28,440 because I survived the cluster bomb, 536 00:32:28,480 --> 00:32:32,800 I think, I won my jackpot like 40 something years ago. 537 00:32:38,080 --> 00:32:42,600 If there's something eerily familiar about the amphitheatre, 538 00:32:42,640 --> 00:32:45,640 that's because in 2013, 539 00:32:45,680 --> 00:32:48,200 it became the location for something different 540 00:32:48,240 --> 00:32:50,360 when 'game of thrones' came to town. 541 00:32:52,440 --> 00:32:54,880 This is where oberyn fought the mountain 542 00:32:54,920 --> 00:32:57,240 in what was an epic battle. 543 00:32:58,400 --> 00:32:59,999 The scene was called trial by combat, 544 00:33:00,000 --> 00:33:00,960 the scene was called trial by combat, 545 00:33:01,000 --> 00:33:03,360 and they'd been fighting in this area 546 00:33:03,400 --> 00:33:06,160 where all the extras were cheering 547 00:33:06,200 --> 00:33:09,280 and being on the side mostly of oberyn martell. 548 00:33:10,840 --> 00:33:16,160 No spoilers, but this scene was something that once you see it, 549 00:33:16,200 --> 00:33:17,920 you can't unsee it. 550 00:33:20,520 --> 00:33:24,320 The original 'game of thrones' series may now be over, 551 00:33:24,360 --> 00:33:27,920 but the hotel's final chapter is yet to be written. 552 00:33:30,040 --> 00:33:35,440 The hotel was originally built to attract wealthy western tourists 553 00:33:35,480 --> 00:33:37,360 and it may live up to that dream. 554 00:33:38,640 --> 00:33:41,960 In 2014, it was bought for 12 million Euros, 555 00:33:42,000 --> 00:33:45,960 so, its glory days may yet still return. 556 00:33:48,480 --> 00:33:51,560 I would love to see it brand new, 557 00:33:51,600 --> 00:33:53,936 to look it through the brand-new window, 558 00:33:53,960 --> 00:33:57,480 brand-new balcony, and still having this 559 00:33:57,520 --> 00:33:59,999 amazing views of the city and surrounding areas. 560 00:34:00,000 --> 00:34:02,520 Amazing views of the city and surrounding areas. 561 00:34:12,320 --> 00:34:13,920 In western Turkey, 562 00:34:13,960 --> 00:34:17,679 mysterious white rocks jut out over the landscape. 563 00:34:23,600 --> 00:34:26,920 From afar these rocks look soft and ethereal, 564 00:34:26,960 --> 00:34:29,080 like something out of a fairy-tale. 565 00:34:29,120 --> 00:34:31,720 It's creased with stalactites 566 00:34:31,760 --> 00:34:33,896 and tessellated with hundreds of pools 567 00:34:33,920 --> 00:34:35,800 of sparkling turquoise water. 568 00:34:37,520 --> 00:34:40,880 Though striking, these rocks are hiding something 569 00:34:40,920 --> 00:34:43,440 even more extraordinary. 570 00:34:43,480 --> 00:34:47,000 Behind this glistening hillside is a whole hidden world, 571 00:34:47,040 --> 00:34:50,480 a world that dates back over 2,000 years. 572 00:34:50,520 --> 00:34:53,360 If you just happen to be driving on the wrong side of the road, 573 00:34:53,400 --> 00:34:55,296 you wouldn't even know that it existed. 574 00:34:55,320 --> 00:34:58,960 It exudes a mysterious charm, 575 00:34:59,000 --> 00:35:00,000 there are these tumbled down stone buildings. 576 00:35:00,001 --> 00:35:02,481 There are these tumbled down stone buildings. 577 00:35:03,000 --> 00:35:06,880 This city was once renowned across the ancient world. 578 00:35:08,040 --> 00:35:10,560 People travelled hundreds of miles 579 00:35:10,600 --> 00:35:12,720 to come and be buried in this place 580 00:35:12,760 --> 00:35:15,440 because of the magical powers people said it possessed. 581 00:35:16,520 --> 00:35:20,240 This sight helps develop one of the most powerful religions 582 00:35:20,280 --> 00:35:21,800 of the modern world. 583 00:35:21,840 --> 00:35:25,320 Until recently, it has been shrouded in secrecy. 584 00:35:26,400 --> 00:35:29,440 This ancient city has a poisonous secret, 585 00:35:29,480 --> 00:35:31,960 one that laid buried for thousands of years. 586 00:35:38,040 --> 00:35:40,840 Doctor inci turkoglu is a historian, 587 00:35:40,880 --> 00:35:44,440 who has been working to piece together the truth about hierapolis. 588 00:35:45,640 --> 00:35:48,600 This is the northern city gate 589 00:35:48,640 --> 00:35:52,480 and from it starts the main artery of the town. 590 00:35:52,520 --> 00:35:55,160 This city was full of people, 591 00:35:55,200 --> 00:35:58,200 a lot of textile business and industry, 592 00:35:58,240 --> 00:35:59,999 and there was also a very strong tourism business. 593 00:36:00,000 --> 00:36:02,560 And there was also a very strong tourism business. 594 00:36:03,720 --> 00:36:06,840 The city grew because of the mysterious white rocks 595 00:36:06,880 --> 00:36:07,920 that surround it. 596 00:36:09,320 --> 00:36:11,880 These other worldly formations are travertines 597 00:36:11,920 --> 00:36:14,960 and they're limestone cliffs that slowly formed 598 00:36:15,000 --> 00:36:20,440 over 400,000 years due to bubbling mineral Springs. 599 00:36:21,560 --> 00:36:23,520 As the water flows down a hillside, 600 00:36:23,560 --> 00:36:28,680 it degases, leaving behind a bright white trail of calcium carbonate, 601 00:36:28,720 --> 00:36:31,560 it's this process that creates the wonderland 602 00:36:31,600 --> 00:36:33,080 of pools and terraces. 603 00:36:35,160 --> 00:36:37,640 Said to possess healing powers, 604 00:36:37,680 --> 00:36:41,320 when it came under Roman rule in the 2nd century bc, 605 00:36:41,360 --> 00:36:44,280 hierapolis drew visitors from across the empire. 606 00:36:45,520 --> 00:36:48,240 This was the health resort of the ancients. 607 00:36:48,280 --> 00:36:51,360 The rich came here and the frail came here 608 00:36:51,400 --> 00:36:53,400 to spend their final years. 609 00:36:55,120 --> 00:36:57,656 Because of this, the necropolis reflects the cultures 610 00:36:57,680 --> 00:36:59,080 of many different regions. 611 00:37:01,840 --> 00:37:04,256 This is one of the largest cities of the dead 612 00:37:04,280 --> 00:37:05,680 to have ever existed. 613 00:37:08,200 --> 00:37:13,000 But the popularity of this city had a more bizarre side to it, 614 00:37:13,040 --> 00:37:15,800 one that has remained a mystery for centuries. 615 00:37:20,400 --> 00:37:23,320 It was said to be the location of a gate to hell, 616 00:37:23,360 --> 00:37:25,200 a portal to the underworld 617 00:37:25,240 --> 00:37:29,280 where the toxic breath of the three-headed hellhound Cerberus 618 00:37:29,320 --> 00:37:31,160 flowed out of the ground, 619 00:37:31,200 --> 00:37:35,920 claiming unsuspecting victims on behalf of his master, pluto. 620 00:37:37,760 --> 00:37:41,400 Legends say those who dare to approach the grotto 621 00:37:41,440 --> 00:37:43,320 dropped dead immediately 622 00:37:43,360 --> 00:37:45,680 and were taken away to the underworld. 623 00:37:46,480 --> 00:37:48,760 Known as pluto's gate, 624 00:37:48,800 --> 00:37:51,080 pilgrims travelled from far and wide 625 00:37:51,120 --> 00:37:54,440 to watch its priests performing arcane rights. 626 00:37:54,480 --> 00:37:58,440 The main focus involved sacrifice of animals, 627 00:37:58,480 --> 00:37:59,999 especially bulls, to the god and goddess. 628 00:38:00,000 --> 00:38:02,400 Especially bulls, to the god and goddess. 629 00:38:02,960 --> 00:38:05,080 An important part of the ceremony 630 00:38:05,120 --> 00:38:07,240 was dragging in the live animal 631 00:38:07,280 --> 00:38:09,640 and then dragging out the dead animal. 632 00:38:11,720 --> 00:38:14,960 It wasn't only animals that entered this gate to hell 633 00:38:15,000 --> 00:38:17,200 but also the priests themselves. 634 00:38:18,880 --> 00:38:22,080 What they did was they walked into the cave 635 00:38:22,120 --> 00:38:25,560 and they came up alive and this was very shocking 636 00:38:25,600 --> 00:38:27,200 for the common people 637 00:38:27,240 --> 00:38:29,880 because no other living beings came out alive. 638 00:38:31,440 --> 00:38:35,320 The priests sold birds and other animals to the visitors 639 00:38:35,360 --> 00:38:37,840 so they could try out for themselves to see 640 00:38:37,880 --> 00:38:40,440 just how deadly this area was. 641 00:38:41,680 --> 00:38:46,040 It's hard to imagine these dramatic scenes even being real, 642 00:38:46,080 --> 00:38:47,640 surely they're just a fable. 643 00:38:49,920 --> 00:38:53,120 Its existence was debated for millennia, 644 00:38:53,160 --> 00:38:55,536 until a series of miraculous discoveries 645 00:38:55,560 --> 00:38:57,600 were made in the early 2010s. 646 00:39:00,160 --> 00:39:02,240 The head of the excavations 647 00:39:02,280 --> 00:39:06,200 started surveys and when they reached down, 648 00:39:06,240 --> 00:39:08,200 they found the arch 649 00:39:08,240 --> 00:39:12,360 and they found the inscription stating 650 00:39:12,400 --> 00:39:14,840 that it was dedicated to pluto. 651 00:39:16,360 --> 00:39:19,280 The myths were indeed based on fact. 652 00:39:21,520 --> 00:39:24,120 There is a round arched gate, 653 00:39:24,160 --> 00:39:28,080 a doorway where the poisonous gas come out 654 00:39:28,120 --> 00:39:33,120 and they would find birds fallen dead underground. 655 00:39:34,280 --> 00:39:39,080 Though pluto's gate existed, one major mystery remained. 656 00:39:39,120 --> 00:39:42,680 How did the priest survive when the animals all died? 657 00:39:44,760 --> 00:39:46,880 The man to solve the ancient mystery 658 00:39:46,920 --> 00:39:49,360 was a volcano biologist from Germany. 659 00:39:51,320 --> 00:39:57,200 He discovered that whereas normal air contains just .04% co2, 660 00:39:57,240 --> 00:39:59,999 the air around the shrine contained 80%, 661 00:40:00,000 --> 00:40:01,136 the air around the shrine contained 80%, 662 00:40:01,160 --> 00:40:05,480 just a few minutes exposure to 10% carbon dioxide can kill you. 663 00:40:06,520 --> 00:40:09,880 How the priest survived was actually very simple. 664 00:40:09,920 --> 00:40:13,960 They realised that if they held their breath while inside, 665 00:40:14,000 --> 00:40:16,320 they survived while the animals died. 666 00:40:20,520 --> 00:40:23,200 But the grotto's days were numbered. 667 00:40:23,240 --> 00:40:26,760 A new religion was sweeping across the Roman empire 668 00:40:26,800 --> 00:40:29,520 and hierapolis was about to change forever. 669 00:40:31,400 --> 00:40:35,640 The building behind us now is the martyrdom of st Philip, 670 00:40:35,680 --> 00:40:38,520 one of the two apostles of Christ. 671 00:40:38,560 --> 00:40:43,520 Philip challenged the worshippers of the serpents in the nearby temple 672 00:40:43,560 --> 00:40:47,000 and so he was arrested and hung upside down. 673 00:40:47,040 --> 00:40:48,320 According to one story, 674 00:40:48,360 --> 00:40:51,880 the ground cracked open and bystanders 675 00:40:51,920 --> 00:40:54,880 nearby watching this execution 676 00:40:54,920 --> 00:40:57,320 also were swallowed down in to the earth. 677 00:40:59,880 --> 00:41:00,000 Philip was one of many of Jesus' followers 678 00:41:00,001 --> 00:41:02,800 Philip was one of many of Jesus' followers 679 00:41:02,840 --> 00:41:07,160 who upon his death set out to spread the word of christianity. 680 00:41:08,680 --> 00:41:12,680 At the beginning, christianity was somewhat underground, 681 00:41:12,720 --> 00:41:16,840 persecuted, but finally in 313, 682 00:41:16,880 --> 00:41:19,320 constantine the great decided 683 00:41:19,360 --> 00:41:21,960 to give freedom... 684 00:41:23,040 --> 00:41:24,120 To Christian faith. 685 00:41:25,760 --> 00:41:28,600 With the new religion came the end of the grotto. 686 00:41:31,200 --> 00:41:34,600 Christians filled pluto's gate with stones 687 00:41:34,640 --> 00:41:37,720 due to it being a symbolic location for paganism. 688 00:41:39,280 --> 00:41:43,040 Hierapolis continued to thrive under Christian belief, 689 00:41:43,080 --> 00:41:45,640 but it was about to be dealt a severe blow. 690 00:41:47,200 --> 00:41:49,000 The very thing that made this place 691 00:41:49,040 --> 00:41:50,880 so, prosperous and renowned 692 00:41:50,920 --> 00:41:53,240 was the very thing that destroyed it. 693 00:41:54,240 --> 00:41:58,240 In the early 7th century, a massive earthquake hit the region. 694 00:41:59,600 --> 00:42:00,000 In hierapolis, all the big monuments fell down, 695 00:42:00,001 --> 00:42:03,520 in hierapolis, all the big monuments fell down, 696 00:42:03,560 --> 00:42:05,080 the many people died. 697 00:42:05,120 --> 00:42:07,680 It can be considered ironic 698 00:42:07,720 --> 00:42:11,040 that the reason for the thermal Springs 699 00:42:11,080 --> 00:42:14,280 is the seismic fault line 700 00:42:14,320 --> 00:42:17,680 and it led to its final abandon, 701 00:42:17,720 --> 00:42:19,360 but it's not the only reason. 702 00:42:21,360 --> 00:42:25,800 Due to its geographical position, earthquakes were inevitable, 703 00:42:25,840 --> 00:42:29,240 but another force was about to hit hierapolis 704 00:42:29,280 --> 00:42:32,120 and this time the city couldn't bounce back. 705 00:42:33,600 --> 00:42:36,720 The ottoman army advanced and invaded hierapolis, 706 00:42:36,760 --> 00:42:41,040 by 1334 when yet another devastating earthquake hit, 707 00:42:41,080 --> 00:42:42,480 hierapolis was finally abandoned. 708 00:42:44,280 --> 00:42:46,456 With no-one here to maintain the city 709 00:42:46,480 --> 00:42:48,600 and control the spring waters, 710 00:42:48,640 --> 00:42:53,400 the ruins were slowly submerged in their own calcified waters. 711 00:43:02,960 --> 00:43:07,280 For centuries, the city laid buried and forgotten 712 00:43:07,320 --> 00:43:10,040 until it was rediscovered in 1887. 713 00:43:11,400 --> 00:43:14,920 Today people still flock to its hot Springs, 714 00:43:16,080 --> 00:43:19,000 but many secrets are believed to remain hidden 715 00:43:19,040 --> 00:43:21,480 below these white hills. 716 00:43:21,520 --> 00:43:24,520 (Dramatic music) 717 00:43:25,960 --> 00:43:28,959 Captioned by ai-media ai-media. TV 58259

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