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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,000 --> 00:00:03,360 Tom ward (narrates): A decaying facility in america, 2 00:00:03,400 --> 00:00:07,160 first designed to tame the wild west. 3 00:00:07,200 --> 00:00:09,400 There are a lot of strange contraptions in here. 4 00:00:09,440 --> 00:00:12,080 I've seen prisons, I've seen torture chambers, 5 00:00:12,120 --> 00:00:14,680 and this reminds me a little bit of both. 6 00:00:14,720 --> 00:00:20,400 A stately home in Scotland once embroiled in an audacious plot. 7 00:00:20,440 --> 00:00:22,520 Just kind of walking around 8 00:00:22,560 --> 00:00:26,120 you are always in danger of stepping on a rotted plank or something 9 00:00:26,160 --> 00:00:27,480 and plunging to your death. 10 00:00:28,600 --> 00:00:30,960 A subterranean maze in liverpool 11 00:00:31,000 --> 00:00:33,800 with mysterious origins. 12 00:00:33,840 --> 00:00:36,160 It really feels like a labyrinth 13 00:00:36,200 --> 00:00:38,960 you know like one of those dreams that you just keep running down, 14 00:00:39,000 --> 00:00:40,536 there is another corridor and another corridor 15 00:00:40,560 --> 00:00:42,920 and you never get to the end of it. 16 00:00:42,960 --> 00:00:46,160 And a resort on the shores of the dead sea 17 00:00:46,200 --> 00:00:48,880 collapsing into the abyss. 18 00:00:48,920 --> 00:00:52,840 When it opened up it just caved in, we have got many more, 19 00:00:52,880 --> 00:00:54,160 they are all over the place. 20 00:00:57,960 --> 00:00:59,680 Decaying relics. 21 00:01:03,040 --> 00:01:05,240 Ruins of lost worlds. 22 00:01:07,440 --> 00:01:10,600 Sites haunted by the past. 23 00:01:12,760 --> 00:01:16,800 Their secrets waiting to be revealed. 24 00:01:30,400 --> 00:01:33,040 Near loch lomond is the setting 25 00:01:33,080 --> 00:01:36,360 for one of the strangest stories of world war ii. 26 00:01:40,800 --> 00:01:43,040 What makes this castle so bewitching 27 00:01:43,080 --> 00:01:47,400 is how it is almost merged with nature over the years. 28 00:01:48,720 --> 00:01:52,680 It's been basically encroached upon by the surrounding woods. 29 00:01:54,880 --> 00:01:57,120 Just to get to it, you've got to climb 30 00:01:57,160 --> 00:01:58,880 over a barbed wire fence 31 00:01:58,920 --> 00:02:01,440 and fight your way through thorny bushes. 32 00:02:02,600 --> 00:02:06,640 Trespassers have been beguiled by the castle ruin 33 00:02:06,680 --> 00:02:08,960 but it's a place of hidden dangers. 34 00:02:10,880 --> 00:02:15,080 This is a grand place and it's been consumed 35 00:02:15,120 --> 00:02:18,000 by this jungle of a forest, 36 00:02:18,040 --> 00:02:20,800 it's a bit like a fairy tale in there, 37 00:02:20,840 --> 00:02:22,480 it's all rather beautiful. 38 00:02:24,720 --> 00:02:27,040 But don't let that beauty fool you, 39 00:02:27,080 --> 00:02:30,400 this is place is derelict and seriously dangerous. 40 00:02:30,440 --> 00:02:33,800 There is falling stone from walls in all directions 41 00:02:33,840 --> 00:02:36,120 and that's just the danger that is above you. 42 00:02:36,160 --> 00:02:38,360 Below you can see these holes in the floor 43 00:02:38,400 --> 00:02:40,720 and in some parts its caved in completely. 44 00:02:42,960 --> 00:02:47,040 Elsewhere layers of dirt obscure lethal cassems 45 00:02:47,080 --> 00:02:49,560 a side effect of being opened to the elements. 46 00:02:52,080 --> 00:02:53,960 Most places you stand in the building, 47 00:02:54,000 --> 00:02:55,560 you can see the sky, 48 00:02:55,600 --> 00:02:58,240 there are three or four floors above you, 49 00:02:58,280 --> 00:03:00,080 but they are just gone. 50 00:03:00,120 --> 00:03:01,576 And one of the most striking features 51 00:03:01,600 --> 00:03:02,720 is as you walk in there 52 00:03:02,760 --> 00:03:06,560 is this massive beam presumably from the roof, 53 00:03:06,600 --> 00:03:09,640 that has just toppled down into the interior, 54 00:03:09,680 --> 00:03:11,600 into the keep of this castle 55 00:03:11,640 --> 00:03:13,360 and it's just kind of stuck in the ground. 56 00:03:15,120 --> 00:03:18,640 An historic castle on the edge of collapse, 57 00:03:18,680 --> 00:03:20,560 still standing to tell its story. 58 00:03:25,240 --> 00:03:29,920 Today access to the castle ruin is strictly forbidden. 59 00:03:29,960 --> 00:03:33,920 But 80 years ago it was a safe haven for hundreds of people. 60 00:03:36,440 --> 00:03:37,840 During the second world war 61 00:03:37,880 --> 00:03:39,960 this was used as a military hospital 62 00:03:40,000 --> 00:03:41,800 but the building is much older than that. 63 00:03:44,480 --> 00:03:45,880 John carruthers preserves 64 00:03:45,920 --> 00:03:48,560 the history of the loch lomond region. 65 00:03:48,600 --> 00:03:51,040 With special permission this is the first time 66 00:03:51,080 --> 00:03:53,120 he has been allowed inside the grounds. 67 00:03:55,200 --> 00:03:57,640 One fireplace, two fire places, 68 00:03:58,720 --> 00:04:02,320 looks like a spiral stair a door come in up there. 69 00:04:03,440 --> 00:04:06,200 It must have been a grand place in its day. 70 00:04:06,240 --> 00:04:07,520 Such a shambles now. 71 00:04:09,040 --> 00:04:12,400 It has these beautiful almost gothic stone walls 72 00:04:12,440 --> 00:04:13,840 and spiral staircases... 73 00:04:15,040 --> 00:04:16,440 And scattered on the floor 74 00:04:16,480 --> 00:04:18,960 are these victorian looking metal brackets 75 00:04:19,000 --> 00:04:20,960 that were once used for holding up the ceiling. 76 00:04:22,600 --> 00:04:24,400 Just looking at the cast iron beams 77 00:04:24,440 --> 00:04:26,200 which have not yet broken 78 00:04:26,240 --> 00:04:28,760 obviously supported the upper floors. 79 00:04:28,800 --> 00:04:31,840 Imagine getting these heavy beams into this place. 80 00:04:31,880 --> 00:04:32,960 Quite immense. 81 00:04:35,800 --> 00:04:38,680 Then we find the old entrance room, 82 00:04:38,720 --> 00:04:41,560 it's a huge space 83 00:04:41,600 --> 00:04:45,040 with a beautiful grand fireplace, 84 00:04:45,080 --> 00:04:48,600 this wasn't only built as a place for sick people. 85 00:04:49,680 --> 00:04:51,960 This is Buchanan castle. 86 00:04:54,480 --> 00:04:58,160 It's a name that reverberates in local folk lore 87 00:04:58,200 --> 00:05:02,440 because Buchanan is the name of one of Scotland's proud clans. 88 00:05:08,120 --> 00:05:10,200 The clans were very important, 89 00:05:10,240 --> 00:05:13,360 north of the central belt they really ruled the roost. 90 00:05:14,880 --> 00:05:17,720 Clans themselves were more like tribes 91 00:05:17,760 --> 00:05:21,400 and to be a member of a clan like the Buchanan clan 92 00:05:21,440 --> 00:05:24,040 you could be buchannan by blood 93 00:05:24,080 --> 00:05:27,080 or you could be Buchanan by alliance and affiliation. 94 00:05:30,280 --> 00:05:33,920 The clan chiefs were defector kings of their lands. 95 00:05:33,960 --> 00:05:36,480 And they built these castles to rule from. 96 00:05:39,200 --> 00:05:42,200 Here we have basements or cellars I'm not sure. 97 00:05:43,840 --> 00:05:46,760 Massive, massive under building. 98 00:05:46,800 --> 00:05:48,520 Maybe that's where they kept their wine. 99 00:05:50,640 --> 00:05:54,120 The buchannan's have a very active history in Scotland 100 00:05:54,160 --> 00:05:55,880 dating back to the 1400s 101 00:05:55,920 --> 00:05:59,600 when they make a very risky move to ally the French 102 00:05:59,640 --> 00:06:01,240 against the English, 103 00:06:01,280 --> 00:06:03,000 which you know was fraught with peril 104 00:06:03,040 --> 00:06:05,720 because the English were closer to hand, 105 00:06:05,760 --> 00:06:06,800 they had bigger armies 106 00:06:06,840 --> 00:06:09,120 they were always agitating on the frontier 107 00:06:09,160 --> 00:06:12,200 so this could have meant disaster for the Buchanan clan. 108 00:06:14,720 --> 00:06:17,520 But it wasn't the English who left this place in ruin. 109 00:06:19,560 --> 00:06:22,520 Well, buchannan's had been the dominant family, 110 00:06:22,560 --> 00:06:26,280 ruled the roost round here for oh what 700 years? 111 00:06:26,320 --> 00:06:31,480 And in the early 1600s, they fell upon hard times. 112 00:06:31,520 --> 00:06:34,360 But in addition to that the 22nd laird 113 00:06:34,400 --> 00:06:37,640 failed to produce a male heir, 114 00:06:37,680 --> 00:06:39,920 and the combination of these effects 115 00:06:39,960 --> 00:06:42,800 was that the estate was put on the market. 116 00:06:45,160 --> 00:06:47,760 The Buchanan dynasty was over, 117 00:06:47,800 --> 00:06:50,360 and their family home would share its fate. 118 00:06:53,280 --> 00:06:55,400 A neighbouring clan purchased the land 119 00:06:55,440 --> 00:06:58,320 and built the castle that barely stands to this day. 120 00:07:01,640 --> 00:07:04,040 It must have been a wonderful place in its day, 121 00:07:04,080 --> 00:07:08,160 I'm sure the grace and the good use of... 122 00:07:08,200 --> 00:07:09,720 Buchanan castle from time to time, 123 00:07:09,760 --> 00:07:11,760 weekend parties and all the rest of it. 124 00:07:13,960 --> 00:07:16,560 The new castle became a house of leisure 125 00:07:16,600 --> 00:07:18,600 but when the second world war broke out, 126 00:07:18,640 --> 00:07:20,800 it was repurposed as a military hospital. 127 00:07:22,640 --> 00:07:25,200 And on one evening in 1941, 128 00:07:25,240 --> 00:07:28,480 a doctor serving there received an unusual patient. 129 00:07:31,000 --> 00:07:34,200 On may 12th, doctor j Gibson Graham was stationed 130 00:07:34,240 --> 00:07:35,720 at Buchanan castle 131 00:07:35,760 --> 00:07:38,560 now called the drymen military hospital. 132 00:07:38,600 --> 00:07:42,560 A pilot was brought to him going by the name of Alfred horne 133 00:07:42,600 --> 00:07:43,600 who had injured himself 134 00:07:43,640 --> 00:07:46,360 when bailing out of his aircraft over a wheat field. 135 00:07:48,240 --> 00:07:50,320 The doctor noted in his memoir 136 00:07:50,360 --> 00:07:54,360 that his patient was a sallow man of good physique 137 00:07:54,400 --> 00:07:56,120 and he spoke good English. 138 00:07:57,960 --> 00:08:00,400 He had a commanding presence, 139 00:08:00,440 --> 00:08:02,880 and clearly regarded himself is an important person 140 00:08:02,920 --> 00:08:07,080 and expected to be treated likewise. 141 00:08:07,120 --> 00:08:10,080 But something about this German pilot didn't add up. 142 00:08:11,480 --> 00:08:13,640 In the course of his early time 143 00:08:13,680 --> 00:08:17,840 in the military hospital in the ward, 144 00:08:17,880 --> 00:08:22,080 there were suspicions amongst his fellow patients, 145 00:08:22,120 --> 00:08:23,720 that he wasn't just a simple... 146 00:08:23,760 --> 00:08:28,040 There was more to this than met the eye. 147 00:08:30,200 --> 00:08:32,480 After his injuries were seen to 148 00:08:32,520 --> 00:08:34,800 horne was taken for questioning 149 00:08:34,840 --> 00:08:37,320 there he revealed his true identity... 150 00:08:39,120 --> 00:08:43,600 His name was Rudolph Walter Richard hess, 151 00:08:43,640 --> 00:08:46,680 once second in command of the third reich. 152 00:08:49,760 --> 00:08:52,480 Hess joined the Nazi party very early on 153 00:08:52,520 --> 00:08:56,880 and formed a close friendship with a young Adolf Hitler. 154 00:08:56,920 --> 00:09:00,960 Some people have called him Hitlers most loyal follower. 155 00:09:02,440 --> 00:09:04,720 But after the Nazis came to power, 156 00:09:04,760 --> 00:09:07,480 hess' influence on the fuhrer had diminished. 157 00:09:09,920 --> 00:09:13,000 He was a very weak man and he was being pushed out 158 00:09:13,040 --> 00:09:15,160 by more aggressive Nazis like gehring 159 00:09:15,200 --> 00:09:17,320 like himmler like boorman 160 00:09:17,360 --> 00:09:21,360 and so it's been speculated that he flew to Scotland 161 00:09:21,400 --> 00:09:23,440 basically to try to win favour with Hitler. 162 00:09:25,400 --> 00:09:28,600 Hess' plan was to meet someone who had influence 163 00:09:28,640 --> 00:09:32,120 over the British prime minster and broker a peace deal. 164 00:09:32,160 --> 00:09:35,120 He was looking for the Duke of Hamilton. 165 00:09:35,160 --> 00:09:38,640 He's met the Duke of Hamilton in receptions in the past, 166 00:09:38,680 --> 00:09:40,880 but as it turns out the Duke of Hamilton 167 00:09:40,920 --> 00:09:43,360 has no interest in helping Rudolph hess, 168 00:09:43,400 --> 00:09:45,360 when informed of this plan 169 00:09:45,400 --> 00:09:48,200 he doesn't want to get his hands dirty, 170 00:09:48,240 --> 00:09:49,680 refuses to be helpful. 171 00:09:51,240 --> 00:09:53,560 This was a huge blow to hess, 172 00:09:53,600 --> 00:09:56,320 he had come all this way, risked his life, 173 00:09:56,360 --> 00:09:58,800 disobeyed his fuhrer only to be given 174 00:09:58,840 --> 00:10:00,400 the cold shoulder by the Duke. 175 00:10:02,840 --> 00:10:05,160 With or without the help of the Duke 176 00:10:05,200 --> 00:10:08,720 word reached Churchill that hess was in britain 177 00:10:08,760 --> 00:10:11,320 but his offer for peace was ignored. 178 00:10:11,360 --> 00:10:12,360 Churchill says 179 00:10:12,400 --> 00:10:13,696 I don't want to hear from Rudolph hess 180 00:10:13,720 --> 00:10:14,760 that would look bad, 181 00:10:14,800 --> 00:10:16,760 I have committed to fighting these people 182 00:10:16,800 --> 00:10:18,600 on the beaches on the landing grounds 183 00:10:18,640 --> 00:10:19,640 never surrendering, 184 00:10:19,680 --> 00:10:22,560 why do I want to negotiate with this sort of fallen Nazi. 185 00:10:23,640 --> 00:10:25,760 Hess' plan had failed. 186 00:10:27,640 --> 00:10:29,920 At the end of the day the doctor thought 187 00:10:29,960 --> 00:10:34,120 that hess was not a military prisoner 188 00:10:34,160 --> 00:10:35,960 he was a man with medical problems, 189 00:10:36,000 --> 00:10:39,880 he certainly had a distorted image of reality 190 00:10:39,920 --> 00:10:41,840 thinking that he could bring britain 191 00:10:41,880 --> 00:10:44,560 to the negotiating table with himself 192 00:10:44,600 --> 00:10:47,240 just on his own without any back up. 193 00:10:49,280 --> 00:10:51,440 When the mission is revealed to Hitler 194 00:10:51,480 --> 00:10:55,240 he is aghast, ashamed, baffled, 195 00:10:55,280 --> 00:10:57,120 and tries to cover it up as long as possible 196 00:10:57,160 --> 00:11:00,080 but the British advertise the news 197 00:11:00,120 --> 00:11:01,520 and so predictably 198 00:11:01,560 --> 00:11:03,480 doctor Joseph girbals the head of Nazi 199 00:11:03,520 --> 00:11:04,560 propaganda comes out 200 00:11:04,600 --> 00:11:07,760 and totally disowns hess, says he's crazy, 201 00:11:07,800 --> 00:11:09,560 says we have no idea how this happened. 202 00:11:11,880 --> 00:11:15,600 With his mission of failure and his career in ruin, 203 00:11:15,640 --> 00:11:19,560 the disgraced Rudolf hess could only confide in one friend. 204 00:11:20,960 --> 00:11:24,360 Hess told the doctor a fair bit about his life, 205 00:11:24,400 --> 00:11:27,640 his private life, his upbringing etcetera, 206 00:11:27,680 --> 00:11:30,040 I think that the doctor began to become 207 00:11:30,080 --> 00:11:32,480 sympathetic perhaps, not quite the right word, 208 00:11:32,520 --> 00:11:35,080 but at least understanding of hess 209 00:11:35,120 --> 00:11:38,720 and a reasonably close relationship was actually formed. 210 00:11:40,760 --> 00:11:44,280 So, on may 17th, hess and doctor Gibson Graham 211 00:11:44,320 --> 00:11:45,640 left Buchanan house 212 00:11:45,680 --> 00:11:49,200 and started a new journey to the tower of London. 213 00:11:54,560 --> 00:11:57,160 Rudolf hess spent the rest of his life in prison, 214 00:11:59,040 --> 00:12:01,240 after the war drymen military hospital 215 00:12:01,280 --> 00:12:05,160 was decommissioned and the castle fell into disrepair. 216 00:12:06,680 --> 00:12:08,440 It was abandoned after the war, 217 00:12:08,480 --> 00:12:12,680 well the war office had it till 1948 218 00:12:12,720 --> 00:12:15,360 and then it was in limbo 219 00:12:15,400 --> 00:12:20,880 and 1954 they took the roof off to avoid paying property tax. 220 00:12:23,440 --> 00:12:26,240 Now, all that's left of Buchanan castle 221 00:12:26,280 --> 00:12:29,280 is an empty shell waiting to collapse. 222 00:12:36,080 --> 00:12:39,320 Set back from the shores of the dead sea, 223 00:12:39,360 --> 00:12:42,720 decaying structures create a chilling scene. 224 00:12:46,840 --> 00:12:49,640 This place looks like the set of disaster movie. 225 00:12:49,680 --> 00:12:52,760 The roads and Bridges are falling down, 226 00:12:52,800 --> 00:12:57,600 you see the carcasses of buildings, dead trees, empty swimming pools. 227 00:12:57,640 --> 00:12:59,720 There's empty abandoned shops, 228 00:12:59,760 --> 00:13:02,280 roads with holes in them that look like craters 229 00:13:02,320 --> 00:13:04,320 from ids or bombs, 230 00:13:04,360 --> 00:13:07,320 everything is just falling apart here. 231 00:13:07,360 --> 00:13:11,120 There are security fences warning signs, 232 00:13:11,160 --> 00:13:14,960 whole areas of the town which are off limits. 233 00:13:16,400 --> 00:13:17,680 Has this site 234 00:13:17,720 --> 00:13:20,800 in the famously troubled occupied west bank 235 00:13:20,840 --> 00:13:22,560 been caught up in conflict? 236 00:13:24,440 --> 00:13:28,440 It becomes apparent the craters extend well beyond the roadside. 237 00:13:31,320 --> 00:13:33,560 There are huge craters in the ground, 238 00:13:33,600 --> 00:13:36,640 some of them even in the middle of the beach. 239 00:13:36,680 --> 00:13:40,040 Your first instinct is to think these must be manmade, 240 00:13:40,080 --> 00:13:41,440 they are so regular. 241 00:13:43,400 --> 00:13:45,240 But the warning signs and fences 242 00:13:45,280 --> 00:13:48,240 clearly indicate that the danger isn't over. 243 00:13:51,320 --> 00:13:55,480 To go beyond those fences would be like entering a mine field, 244 00:13:55,520 --> 00:13:58,320 you just don't know what you will be stepping onto. 245 00:13:59,520 --> 00:14:02,560 This whole area is in the grip of some powerful forces 246 00:14:02,600 --> 00:14:04,080 but what are they? 247 00:14:11,840 --> 00:14:13,920 Despite the obvious dangers 248 00:14:13,960 --> 00:14:18,880 and eerie quiet these empty remains were built for crowds of people. 249 00:14:21,880 --> 00:14:24,160 You can clearly see the logistics of this place 250 00:14:24,200 --> 00:14:25,400 were set up for tourism. 251 00:14:25,440 --> 00:14:28,640 There's restaurants, pools, bars, 252 00:14:28,680 --> 00:14:31,120 everything you would want at a nice seaside resort. 253 00:14:32,480 --> 00:14:35,800 We have no electricity today so the fences are closed, 254 00:14:35,840 --> 00:14:38,440 and we will have to go around the reception area 255 00:14:38,480 --> 00:14:41,600 to go into the beach and pool area, 256 00:14:41,640 --> 00:14:43,480 so why don't you follow me and we will go in. 257 00:14:45,680 --> 00:14:48,960 Dr Arthur trotsky is part owner of the mineral beach resort 258 00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:50,800 in the occupied west bank. 259 00:14:53,840 --> 00:14:56,280 This is what's left of the office. 260 00:14:56,320 --> 00:14:58,800 This used to be a beautiful modern air conditioned office. 261 00:15:01,160 --> 00:15:05,400 Ok, let's take a look over here you will see the restaurant. 262 00:15:10,440 --> 00:15:13,040 This was an amphitheatre, 263 00:15:13,080 --> 00:15:16,800 and we used to have musical performances on the stage, 264 00:15:16,840 --> 00:15:19,240 they would actually have the whole theatre filled up 265 00:15:19,280 --> 00:15:20,680 and chairs and way up there, 266 00:15:20,720 --> 00:15:23,400 it was quite beautiful in the evenings, 267 00:15:23,440 --> 00:15:28,200 dead sea, stars, the wind, breeze, beautiful. 268 00:15:33,520 --> 00:15:36,120 But the empty and disintegrating structures 269 00:15:36,160 --> 00:15:39,160 aren't the only thing that is wrong here 270 00:15:39,200 --> 00:15:43,160 they appear to be set back hundreds of metres from the beach. 271 00:15:46,400 --> 00:15:48,520 Ok this was the water line, 272 00:15:48,560 --> 00:15:51,600 right under this bridge here this was the lifeguard tower, 273 00:15:51,640 --> 00:15:53,600 and these umbrellas right on the beach 274 00:15:53,640 --> 00:15:55,320 that's how high the water was. 275 00:15:57,480 --> 00:15:59,680 The water line has dropped so much 276 00:15:59,720 --> 00:16:03,000 that some resort owners physically moved infrastructure 277 00:16:03,040 --> 00:16:04,960 to try and stay close to the water. 278 00:16:07,280 --> 00:16:11,800 These drop in water levels kicked off a chain reaction. 279 00:16:11,840 --> 00:16:13,320 Nobody saw coming. 280 00:16:17,320 --> 00:16:21,040 December 29th, 2014. 281 00:16:21,080 --> 00:16:23,520 Arthur was relaxing at mineral beach 282 00:16:23,560 --> 00:16:25,800 when the peace was suddenly shattered. 283 00:16:29,680 --> 00:16:33,880 I was sitting in the cafe, I head this loud crash, 284 00:16:33,920 --> 00:16:36,440 so I ran out here and I saw this huge sink hole. 285 00:16:40,160 --> 00:16:43,400 Faced with the drop in water level for many years 286 00:16:43,440 --> 00:16:46,960 now this new phenomenon was threatening the resort. 287 00:16:48,160 --> 00:16:50,240 You see this in the middle of the parking lot 288 00:16:50,280 --> 00:16:52,520 and we've got many more over there 289 00:16:52,560 --> 00:16:55,480 the massage rooms went down into sink holes, 290 00:16:55,520 --> 00:16:58,360 the beach had sink holes, they are all over the place. 291 00:16:59,680 --> 00:17:03,960 The receding water line and sink holes are connected 292 00:17:04,000 --> 00:17:08,720 but the root cause of both phenomena is neither simple nor obvious. 293 00:17:09,800 --> 00:17:12,120 The fast drop in water level alone 294 00:17:12,160 --> 00:17:14,960 isn't why these places are abandoned, 295 00:17:15,000 --> 00:17:17,520 but it is part of the story. 296 00:17:19,080 --> 00:17:22,120 South of mineral beach in Israel, 297 00:17:22,160 --> 00:17:27,160 this entire area is out of bounds to all but a few experts. 298 00:17:27,200 --> 00:17:30,640 From here on you must follow me exactly 299 00:17:30,680 --> 00:17:33,640 to walk on my footprints, ok. 300 00:17:33,680 --> 00:17:35,880 Because there are a lot of hazards here. 301 00:17:36,960 --> 00:17:39,600 And that's why you must follow me ok? 302 00:17:45,720 --> 00:17:49,080 Around 400 new sink holes appear along the shores 303 00:17:49,120 --> 00:17:51,000 of the dead sea each year. 304 00:17:53,520 --> 00:17:55,000 It's happened to me 305 00:17:55,040 --> 00:17:57,880 to find myself in the bottom of a sink hole 306 00:17:57,920 --> 00:18:01,560 covered by a pile of avalanche above me. 307 00:18:03,320 --> 00:18:05,200 Eli raz is a geologist 308 00:18:05,240 --> 00:18:06,320 and has spent decades 309 00:18:06,360 --> 00:18:08,800 studying the causes of these collapses. 310 00:18:10,160 --> 00:18:13,920 In the variation for the sink holes appearance 311 00:18:13,960 --> 00:18:16,120 the drop in the level of the dead sea, 312 00:18:16,160 --> 00:18:18,520 which was a made man problem, 313 00:18:18,560 --> 00:18:23,720 now beneath there is a subterranean salt layer. 314 00:18:23,760 --> 00:18:26,960 The problem here lies with this layer of salt 315 00:18:27,000 --> 00:18:28,360 and it's a bi-product 316 00:18:28,400 --> 00:18:30,720 of the dead sea's remarkable geology. 317 00:18:32,160 --> 00:18:36,480 This is a rift valley similar to death valley in the us 318 00:18:36,520 --> 00:18:38,640 or the great rift valley in Africa. 319 00:18:38,680 --> 00:18:41,640 It's a place where tectonic plates are pulling apart 320 00:18:41,680 --> 00:18:46,280 and the earth is dropping away, in some cases even below sea level. 321 00:18:47,320 --> 00:18:49,680 This is the lowest place you can stand on earth 322 00:18:49,720 --> 00:18:54,280 and yet under water it goes down another thousand feet. 323 00:18:54,320 --> 00:18:56,720 Gravity then does the rest. 324 00:18:58,280 --> 00:19:00,080 All the water that flows in here 325 00:19:00,120 --> 00:19:02,560 carries with it some minerals and salts 326 00:19:02,600 --> 00:19:06,040 that its picked up as its tricked through the rocks and deserts. 327 00:19:06,080 --> 00:19:08,240 But then the sun beats down on the water, 328 00:19:08,280 --> 00:19:13,320 the water starts to evaporate, the minerals and salts stay behind. 329 00:19:13,360 --> 00:19:15,720 That's the reason the ocean is salty, 330 00:19:15,760 --> 00:19:18,120 things flow into it but they can't flow out, 331 00:19:18,160 --> 00:19:22,720 but this dead sea is ten times as salty as the oceans. 332 00:19:24,240 --> 00:19:27,760 But the sink holes are a relatively new phenomenon 333 00:19:27,800 --> 00:19:31,400 so why is this high salt content and dropping water level 334 00:19:31,440 --> 00:19:34,080 only recently become so dangerous? 335 00:19:35,520 --> 00:19:39,480 As long as the dead sea water was high enough 336 00:19:39,520 --> 00:19:44,200 they penetrated to the area and protected the salt layer. 337 00:19:45,400 --> 00:19:47,360 The problem for the dead sea 338 00:19:47,400 --> 00:19:50,240 is it that it depends on a source of water 339 00:19:50,280 --> 00:19:53,560 and that main source of water is the river Jordan. 340 00:19:53,600 --> 00:19:56,600 All along the way water is being taken out for, 341 00:19:56,640 --> 00:19:58,800 for drinking water, for farming, 342 00:19:58,840 --> 00:20:02,640 farms in Jordan, farms in Israel and the occupied west bank. 343 00:20:02,680 --> 00:20:06,800 The Jordan river is blocked now there are dams on the Jordan river 344 00:20:06,840 --> 00:20:08,760 and other tributaries 345 00:20:08,800 --> 00:20:11,400 and water continuously evaporating 346 00:20:11,440 --> 00:20:14,880 but there is no water coming anymore. 347 00:20:16,560 --> 00:20:20,440 So, now instead of having the water in some kind of balance, 348 00:20:20,480 --> 00:20:23,480 we have more water evaporating every year 349 00:20:23,520 --> 00:20:26,040 than is coming in and the difference is dramatic. 350 00:20:26,080 --> 00:20:30,000 The dead sea is sinking at a rate of almost a metre a year. 351 00:20:31,960 --> 00:20:36,880 As the sea water disappears ground water takes its place, 352 00:20:36,920 --> 00:20:38,760 this has a devastating impact 353 00:20:38,800 --> 00:20:41,000 on the layer of salt under the ground. 354 00:20:42,800 --> 00:20:44,880 When the dead sea level is high 355 00:20:44,920 --> 00:20:49,680 that stops fresh ground water getting to this layer of salt, 356 00:20:49,720 --> 00:20:53,520 but when the levels of the dead sea receded 357 00:20:53,560 --> 00:20:56,680 this fresh water could now get to the salt 358 00:20:56,720 --> 00:20:58,720 and cause it to dissolve 359 00:20:58,760 --> 00:21:02,600 as it dissolved it left huge hollows in the ground 360 00:21:02,640 --> 00:21:04,560 and it was only a matter of time 361 00:21:04,600 --> 00:21:07,720 before the ground above would collapse. 362 00:21:10,920 --> 00:21:12,200 The first sink hole 363 00:21:12,240 --> 00:21:17,520 that I saw appear in 1981. 364 00:21:17,560 --> 00:21:22,200 But since then the rate of sink holes appearance 365 00:21:22,240 --> 00:21:24,080 accelerated very much 366 00:21:24,120 --> 00:21:27,440 there is no other place upon the earth 367 00:21:27,480 --> 00:21:31,400 where this formation of sink holes is so rapid. 368 00:21:33,880 --> 00:21:36,800 They have almost cost Eli his life. 369 00:21:36,840 --> 00:21:39,840 But the real cost has come to the tourist industry. 370 00:21:41,520 --> 00:21:46,320 The most remarkable damage is the damage to tourism. 371 00:21:47,480 --> 00:21:51,120 The dead sea brought here a lot of tourists 372 00:21:51,160 --> 00:21:56,320 and now they are prevented, they cannot access the seashore. 373 00:22:01,400 --> 00:22:05,880 Ironically it is the very salt that causes sink holes to open up 374 00:22:05,920 --> 00:22:09,520 that will also save the dead sea from drying up entirely. 375 00:22:11,960 --> 00:22:13,200 What's interesting here 376 00:22:13,240 --> 00:22:16,960 is the dead sea won't ever disappear completely 377 00:22:17,000 --> 00:22:22,640 because as the level gets lower the salt concentration gets higher 378 00:22:22,680 --> 00:22:26,320 and so the water becomes less likely to evaporate. 379 00:22:27,760 --> 00:22:33,560 But the damage has already been done to people's homes and livelihoods. 380 00:22:40,160 --> 00:22:44,640 Hidden in the city of liverpool is a true engineering mystery. 381 00:22:51,040 --> 00:22:54,560 This is one of the iconic cities of the world, liverpool. 382 00:22:56,160 --> 00:22:58,960 A completely urbanised built up area, 383 00:22:59,000 --> 00:23:01,680 it would be really surprised at what you can find 384 00:23:01,720 --> 00:23:02,800 under your seat. 385 00:23:05,080 --> 00:23:07,880 Just off the centre of liverpool is this facade 386 00:23:07,920 --> 00:23:09,336 that is still standing that is missing 387 00:23:09,360 --> 00:23:10,480 the rest of its building. 388 00:23:12,080 --> 00:23:15,280 This facade is the gateway to an underground maze 389 00:23:15,320 --> 00:23:17,640 where things don't seem to add up. 390 00:23:20,240 --> 00:23:23,480 These are very complex convoluted passages, 391 00:23:23,520 --> 00:23:27,280 it really feels like a labyrinth you know like one of those dreams 392 00:23:27,320 --> 00:23:28,576 that you just keep running down, 393 00:23:28,600 --> 00:23:30,176 there is another corridor and another corridor 394 00:23:30,200 --> 00:23:32,040 and you never get to the end of it. 395 00:23:33,480 --> 00:23:36,280 When you look up and you see these ornate structures, 396 00:23:36,320 --> 00:23:39,040 there's brickwork that has been finely designed, 397 00:23:39,080 --> 00:23:40,200 there's arches, 398 00:23:41,360 --> 00:23:43,800 there is something quite grandiose about these, 399 00:23:43,840 --> 00:23:47,640 even though it seems dark and dingy at first look. 400 00:23:47,680 --> 00:23:50,120 The dirt and rubble lays in contrast 401 00:23:50,160 --> 00:23:52,480 to the elaborate architecture, 402 00:23:52,520 --> 00:23:54,360 but artefacts uncovered here 403 00:23:54,400 --> 00:23:58,160 begin to reveal the tunnels surprising past. 404 00:23:58,200 --> 00:24:00,040 There is a whole collection of trinkets 405 00:24:00,080 --> 00:24:03,320 that have been found down here that date back over a hundred years. 406 00:24:03,360 --> 00:24:05,120 Bits of China, bottles, 407 00:24:05,160 --> 00:24:08,480 all these signs of a life that was once lived. 408 00:24:08,520 --> 00:24:13,000 A subterranean network undisturbed for over a century, 409 00:24:13,040 --> 00:24:16,440 a time capsule on a grand scale. 410 00:24:16,480 --> 00:24:18,360 This is one of the best kept secrets 411 00:24:18,400 --> 00:24:19,520 in britain really, 412 00:24:19,560 --> 00:24:22,560 I actually studied in this town and knew nothing about it 413 00:24:22,600 --> 00:24:23,920 in the late '90s, 414 00:24:23,960 --> 00:24:27,320 it's a secret that was kept for over a hundred years. 415 00:24:34,480 --> 00:24:35,920 By the 1800s, 416 00:24:35,960 --> 00:24:39,320 international trade had put liverpool on the map. 417 00:24:39,360 --> 00:24:41,520 But not everyone here was prospering. 418 00:24:43,240 --> 00:24:45,160 Liverpool is rapidly expanding 419 00:24:45,200 --> 00:24:48,160 and is one of england's largest port cities. 420 00:24:48,200 --> 00:24:50,360 It's very bourgeois, business is booming, 421 00:24:50,400 --> 00:24:52,680 and the population is expanding. 422 00:24:52,720 --> 00:24:56,880 Edgehill was one of the poorest of these areas 423 00:24:56,920 --> 00:24:58,800 but it had at least one resident 424 00:24:58,840 --> 00:25:00,640 that was doing well for himself 425 00:25:00,680 --> 00:25:02,440 and his name was Joseph Williamson. 426 00:25:04,960 --> 00:25:07,040 Joseph Williamson came to liverpool 427 00:25:07,080 --> 00:25:09,360 when he was 11 to make his fortune. 428 00:25:11,600 --> 00:25:15,360 Joseph Williamson had worked his way up the business ladder, 429 00:25:15,400 --> 00:25:17,720 largely to the tobacco trade 430 00:25:17,760 --> 00:25:21,560 and by 1803 he was a very wealthy man. 431 00:25:22,720 --> 00:25:26,080 He saw the poverty and suffering of edgehill 432 00:25:26,120 --> 00:25:28,240 and he decided to do something about it. 433 00:25:33,560 --> 00:25:35,720 Tom stapleton is part of a group 434 00:25:35,760 --> 00:25:38,120 who have been unravelling the history of these tunnels 435 00:25:38,160 --> 00:25:39,800 for over 20 years. 436 00:25:41,520 --> 00:25:44,960 Williamson appears to have 437 00:25:45,000 --> 00:25:49,400 perhaps become a philanthropist by default, 438 00:25:49,440 --> 00:25:52,160 he was always happy to give a man a day's pay 439 00:25:52,200 --> 00:25:53,520 after they had done a day's work 440 00:25:53,560 --> 00:25:55,360 but he would not give handouts, 441 00:25:55,400 --> 00:25:58,320 he was not in the business of hand outs to charity. 442 00:25:59,880 --> 00:26:01,016 So, one of the early theories 443 00:26:01,040 --> 00:26:02,600 about how these tunnels came to be 444 00:26:02,640 --> 00:26:05,800 was that he wanted to give people the chance to work 445 00:26:05,840 --> 00:26:08,320 for that money not a freebie. 446 00:26:08,360 --> 00:26:11,280 And so he paid people hands on labour 447 00:26:11,320 --> 00:26:12,960 to come and make these tunnels. 448 00:26:16,320 --> 00:26:18,360 Stories of Williamson's philanthropy 449 00:26:18,400 --> 00:26:19,440 are legendary. 450 00:26:19,480 --> 00:26:23,240 But some think this was a cover to hide the real purpose 451 00:26:23,280 --> 00:26:24,960 of his underground chambers. 452 00:26:27,160 --> 00:26:29,280 During Williamson's time, 453 00:26:29,320 --> 00:26:33,040 liverpool was a hot bed of Christian sectarianism 454 00:26:33,080 --> 00:26:34,360 and even extremism. 455 00:26:36,680 --> 00:26:39,840 While religious unrest swept liverpool's streets, 456 00:26:39,880 --> 00:26:43,720 Williamson himself a protestant continued digging. 457 00:26:45,360 --> 00:26:47,600 What's strange about these excavations though 458 00:26:47,640 --> 00:26:50,320 is that they are not in some remote location, 459 00:26:50,360 --> 00:26:54,080 the tunnels all lead directly to Williamson's house. 460 00:26:56,560 --> 00:26:59,920 We are now in what we are calling 461 00:26:59,960 --> 00:27:04,120 a sunken back yard at the back of Williamson's house 462 00:27:04,160 --> 00:27:07,160 and through this bay window here we are looking 463 00:27:07,200 --> 00:27:12,720 into a very large kitchen area in the basement 464 00:27:12,760 --> 00:27:16,560 of what was his three storey Georgian house above here. 465 00:27:18,200 --> 00:27:19,880 He lived alone with his wife 466 00:27:19,920 --> 00:27:22,760 so why would you need to have such a... 467 00:27:22,800 --> 00:27:26,240 A big kitchen area just beneath your house 468 00:27:26,280 --> 00:27:27,680 what was the need for that? 469 00:27:28,760 --> 00:27:31,760 It's quite an enormous space really for a kitchen 470 00:27:31,800 --> 00:27:35,520 and it contains this wonderful array of four cooking ranges 471 00:27:35,560 --> 00:27:39,600 which really was I suppose I have to say a complete mystery 472 00:27:39,640 --> 00:27:42,120 and a surprise to us when we uncovered it. 473 00:27:44,320 --> 00:27:47,480 It became a bit of a local legend 474 00:27:47,520 --> 00:27:49,080 that Williamson had 475 00:27:49,120 --> 00:27:52,800 some type of end of days cult going 476 00:27:52,840 --> 00:27:56,160 that he and his followers were seeking 477 00:27:56,200 --> 00:27:59,400 to prepare themselves for armageddon 478 00:27:59,440 --> 00:28:01,280 and the story ran 479 00:28:01,320 --> 00:28:02,880 that all this underground construction 480 00:28:02,920 --> 00:28:04,880 was that so they would have a refuge. 481 00:28:06,720 --> 00:28:10,360 Williamson's secrecy invited speculation. 482 00:28:10,400 --> 00:28:12,720 But rumours of the occult were never proven... 483 00:28:14,760 --> 00:28:17,560 And Joseph Williamson took the secret of his tunnels 484 00:28:17,600 --> 00:28:18,680 to the grave. 485 00:28:22,480 --> 00:28:24,640 Williamson was busy beavering away 486 00:28:24,680 --> 00:28:26,840 with these tunnels until his wife died 487 00:28:26,880 --> 00:28:29,400 and then he started to do less and less and then himself 488 00:28:29,440 --> 00:28:31,160 he died in 1840 489 00:28:31,200 --> 00:28:33,600 and that's when the tunnelling stopped. 490 00:28:33,640 --> 00:28:35,096 And so it was from that point onwards 491 00:28:35,120 --> 00:28:37,960 that the tunnels sort of disappeared into folklore. 492 00:28:39,080 --> 00:28:40,760 For a hundred and fifty years 493 00:28:40,800 --> 00:28:43,760 the tunnels lay forgotten under the streets of liverpool. 494 00:28:45,840 --> 00:28:47,600 But in 1999, 495 00:28:47,640 --> 00:28:50,960 workers on a building site discovered a hole in the ground. 496 00:28:52,320 --> 00:28:53,960 Under this car park, 497 00:28:54,000 --> 00:28:56,600 that area under these two parking bays 498 00:28:56,640 --> 00:28:58,160 14 and 15, 499 00:28:58,200 --> 00:29:01,320 is roughly where this big hole in the ground was. 500 00:29:03,480 --> 00:29:06,680 It was just big enough to drop a ladder through 501 00:29:06,720 --> 00:29:10,080 and a fairly slim man to squeeze his way 502 00:29:10,120 --> 00:29:12,160 through the hole and realise 503 00:29:12,200 --> 00:29:13,920 that he was into something important. 504 00:29:15,160 --> 00:29:17,200 So, when they actually found the tunnels 505 00:29:17,240 --> 00:29:19,240 it was like stumbling across Atlantis. 506 00:29:21,040 --> 00:29:23,480 It opened up a whole underground world 507 00:29:23,520 --> 00:29:25,320 and that was just the tip of the iceberg. 508 00:29:27,240 --> 00:29:29,280 I remember when I arrived here 509 00:29:29,320 --> 00:29:32,080 before any excavation started 510 00:29:32,120 --> 00:29:34,320 I could say there was a pile of rubble 511 00:29:34,360 --> 00:29:37,840 from there to there you could sort of clamber 512 00:29:37,880 --> 00:29:41,080 over the top of it for a few yards here 513 00:29:41,120 --> 00:29:43,560 and then beyond that to the far end 514 00:29:43,600 --> 00:29:45,080 it was literally up to there, 515 00:29:45,120 --> 00:29:46,440 you could look along it 516 00:29:46,480 --> 00:29:48,720 and maybe see the end but you couldn't, 517 00:29:48,760 --> 00:29:50,880 you couldn't get over it. 518 00:29:50,920 --> 00:29:53,040 The team of amateur archaeologists 519 00:29:53,080 --> 00:29:56,920 began removing hundreds of tons of dirt by hand. 520 00:29:58,680 --> 00:30:01,160 After chipping away they finally found the tunnel floor 521 00:30:01,200 --> 00:30:04,480 but that was just the first level they found another, 522 00:30:04,520 --> 00:30:07,440 this was a multi-levelled tunnelling system. 523 00:30:09,680 --> 00:30:11,960 At that time it was absolutely impossible 524 00:30:12,000 --> 00:30:16,080 for anybody to judge just how deep this cellar system 525 00:30:16,120 --> 00:30:19,000 might end up being and it was years and years later 526 00:30:19,040 --> 00:30:21,040 before we finally emptied it out 527 00:30:21,080 --> 00:30:24,360 and realised the full depth of what we had discovered. 528 00:30:26,560 --> 00:30:28,600 As the team dug deeper 529 00:30:28,640 --> 00:30:32,400 the true origin story of these tunnels was becoming clear. 530 00:30:34,160 --> 00:30:36,720 As we lowered the soil level bit by bit 531 00:30:36,760 --> 00:30:39,880 in this chamber it became apparent 532 00:30:39,920 --> 00:30:43,600 for the very first time to us what he was doing, 533 00:30:43,640 --> 00:30:47,120 he was going to vault over here in his brick arches. 534 00:30:47,160 --> 00:30:49,880 And had put two layers of working cellars above 535 00:30:49,920 --> 00:30:52,280 and then four storey buildings on top of that. 536 00:30:55,720 --> 00:30:58,640 They discovered stone buttresses strong enough 537 00:30:58,680 --> 00:31:00,600 to stop the roof from caving in. 538 00:31:02,640 --> 00:31:03,680 But that didn't explain 539 00:31:03,720 --> 00:31:06,080 why the tunnels were dug in the first place. 540 00:31:07,960 --> 00:31:13,160 However the team still hadn't reached the bottom, 541 00:31:13,200 --> 00:31:16,320 its only when they went a bit deeper 542 00:31:16,360 --> 00:31:19,440 that the purpose was finally revealed. 543 00:31:19,480 --> 00:31:22,440 We discovered this floor here 544 00:31:22,480 --> 00:31:26,520 which consists of three large blocks 545 00:31:26,560 --> 00:31:28,840 of stone over there, 546 00:31:28,880 --> 00:31:31,880 the one we are standing on and the one behind. 547 00:31:31,920 --> 00:31:33,560 They are not real rock formations 548 00:31:33,600 --> 00:31:35,480 they have clearly been carved out of the rock. 549 00:31:36,920 --> 00:31:39,960 Beneath edgehill is a material prized 550 00:31:40,000 --> 00:31:42,720 for its utility, sandstone. 551 00:31:46,280 --> 00:31:49,000 It appears that Williamson was extracting the stone 552 00:31:49,040 --> 00:31:50,440 to extend his own stakes, 553 00:31:50,480 --> 00:31:52,560 not only for himself but for the whole community. 554 00:31:53,840 --> 00:31:55,296 We don't know how much of this went on 555 00:31:55,320 --> 00:31:59,320 but we do know for sure that he donated all of the stone 556 00:31:59,360 --> 00:32:02,040 that was needed to build one of the local churches, 557 00:32:02,080 --> 00:32:05,840 that's st Jude's church which was just a few hundred yards 558 00:32:05,880 --> 00:32:06,920 down the road. 559 00:32:08,440 --> 00:32:10,440 The secret of the Williamson's tunnels 560 00:32:10,480 --> 00:32:12,440 appeared to be solved 561 00:32:12,480 --> 00:32:16,120 but some mysteries about this place might never be explained. 562 00:32:17,560 --> 00:32:19,600 One thing that really intrigues me 563 00:32:19,640 --> 00:32:22,280 is this appeared to be a process 564 00:32:22,320 --> 00:32:24,440 that was going on in full swing, 565 00:32:24,480 --> 00:32:26,840 they were obviously working on three blocks of stone 566 00:32:26,880 --> 00:32:30,400 or four blocks of stone all at once and then suddenly stopped 567 00:32:30,440 --> 00:32:33,040 and I find that a very intriguing question, 568 00:32:33,080 --> 00:32:34,840 we would love to know answers. 569 00:32:34,880 --> 00:32:36,280 I'm afraid we never will. 570 00:32:42,400 --> 00:32:45,880 Nearly two centuries after Joseph Williamson's death 571 00:32:45,920 --> 00:32:49,080 the legend of his tunnels still captures the imagination 572 00:32:49,120 --> 00:32:50,720 of liverpudlians 573 00:32:50,760 --> 00:32:53,480 and the search for the truth continues. 574 00:32:54,680 --> 00:32:57,080 We believe that there are other spaces 575 00:32:57,120 --> 00:32:59,280 which are a lot bigger, 576 00:32:59,320 --> 00:33:02,800 there is a great tunnel which we know of 577 00:33:02,840 --> 00:33:06,000 and we hope it still exists and are having great trouble 578 00:33:06,040 --> 00:33:08,120 trying to find it and we haven't been able to find 579 00:33:08,160 --> 00:33:10,800 a way into it yet, but we are determined to find it. 580 00:33:19,040 --> 00:33:22,600 On the southern plains of Wyoming usa 581 00:33:22,640 --> 00:33:26,600 lies a sinister building designed to tame the untameable. 582 00:33:29,840 --> 00:33:32,240 We are really out in the middle of nowhere, 583 00:33:32,280 --> 00:33:34,840 it's a beautiful country the wild west. 584 00:33:35,960 --> 00:33:38,920 But here in the midst of all this natural beauty 585 00:33:38,960 --> 00:33:44,000 we also see an outpost of barbed wire and guard towers. 586 00:33:45,680 --> 00:33:47,216 We are looking at a building that sticks 587 00:33:47,240 --> 00:33:49,600 out of the prairie like a sore thumb. 588 00:33:51,560 --> 00:33:53,920 The walls of this place are built of stone slabs 589 00:33:53,960 --> 00:33:56,880 that were quarried from the local bedrock. 590 00:33:56,920 --> 00:34:00,120 Very strong almost impenetrable. 591 00:34:00,160 --> 00:34:02,400 You can imagine cattle and cowboys 592 00:34:02,440 --> 00:34:05,080 roaming around on these plains, 593 00:34:05,120 --> 00:34:08,080 but this building tells us a whole other story. 594 00:34:10,240 --> 00:34:12,280 How dark that story is, 595 00:34:12,320 --> 00:34:15,200 starts to become clear once you walk inside. 596 00:34:17,280 --> 00:34:19,040 There is a chamber that looks like 597 00:34:19,080 --> 00:34:21,520 some kind of human sized pressure cooker, 598 00:34:22,760 --> 00:34:25,680 and there are all these other strange sorts of contraptions. 599 00:34:27,120 --> 00:34:28,760 One room is particularly creepy, 600 00:34:28,800 --> 00:34:30,280 there is not much left in it, 601 00:34:30,320 --> 00:34:33,160 there's kind of an ominous hook hanging from the ceiling 602 00:34:33,200 --> 00:34:34,880 and a square on the floor 603 00:34:34,920 --> 00:34:38,320 and then a window looking out across the beautiful countryside. 604 00:34:39,800 --> 00:34:41,800 As a soldier in the invasion of Iraq, 605 00:34:41,840 --> 00:34:44,160 I saw a lot of prisons and torture chambers 606 00:34:44,200 --> 00:34:46,640 and this place reminds me a little bit of both, 607 00:34:46,680 --> 00:34:48,640 I would hate to be inside this cell. 608 00:34:50,360 --> 00:34:52,760 So, who was locked up here 609 00:34:52,800 --> 00:34:55,680 and what horror did these walls bear witness to? 610 00:35:01,120 --> 00:35:03,000 In the middle of the 19th century, 611 00:35:03,040 --> 00:35:06,240 the northern frontier of america was a land of opportunity. 612 00:35:08,280 --> 00:35:10,240 But it wasn't for the faint hearted. 613 00:35:13,360 --> 00:35:14,600 When the frontier was open 614 00:35:14,640 --> 00:35:16,680 and the only people that would go out there 615 00:35:16,720 --> 00:35:18,600 were the people who were foolhardy, 616 00:35:18,640 --> 00:35:22,200 brave or trying to escape from something. 617 00:35:22,240 --> 00:35:24,680 The criminals were going out there because there was no law. 618 00:35:25,920 --> 00:35:30,520 It was these people that gave the wild west its name. 619 00:35:30,560 --> 00:35:32,960 They are used to taking the law into their own hands 620 00:35:33,000 --> 00:35:34,120 with quick draws, 621 00:35:34,160 --> 00:35:37,760 lynching's and cash rewards for killings, 622 00:35:37,800 --> 00:35:39,680 but there is change on the horizon. 623 00:35:41,280 --> 00:35:44,600 As the 20th century approached the territories government 624 00:35:44,640 --> 00:35:46,440 hoped to join the union 625 00:35:46,480 --> 00:35:50,880 and the population was growing weary of Wyoming's wild side. 626 00:35:52,440 --> 00:35:55,200 The problem was that you still had your criminal element 627 00:35:55,240 --> 00:35:56,840 and these people didn't want to live 628 00:35:56,880 --> 00:36:00,640 amongst a bunch of lawless criminals. 629 00:36:00,680 --> 00:36:02,080 This is a turning point in history, 630 00:36:02,120 --> 00:36:03,600 we are at a crossroads, 631 00:36:03,640 --> 00:36:05,720 the west was known for being wild for a reason, 632 00:36:05,760 --> 00:36:07,360 but it needed to be tamed. 633 00:36:09,000 --> 00:36:13,360 For their plan to work, something dramatic had to be done, 634 00:36:13,400 --> 00:36:16,400 and this site was at the heart of it all. 635 00:36:16,440 --> 00:36:18,840 The Wyoming state penitentiary. 636 00:36:20,720 --> 00:36:24,440 Tina hill is an expert on the history of the building. 637 00:36:24,480 --> 00:36:27,880 Now, we are in cell block a, it is our original cell block, 638 00:36:29,360 --> 00:36:31,880 all of our cells could be locked and unlocked by the bar 639 00:36:31,920 --> 00:36:32,920 called the Johnson bar, 640 00:36:32,960 --> 00:36:35,800 when the bar is up all the cells are locked, 641 00:36:35,840 --> 00:36:39,000 pull the bar down, all the cells are unlocked. 642 00:36:39,040 --> 00:36:41,120 These cells are 5 by 7. 643 00:36:42,800 --> 00:36:45,000 We would have two to a cell, 644 00:36:45,040 --> 00:36:48,720 we did not have hot water it was very cold in a block. 645 00:36:50,480 --> 00:36:54,400 We are the only state penitentiary in Wyoming so we had everyone, 646 00:36:54,440 --> 00:36:57,680 this is a minimum, medium, Max security penitentiary, 647 00:36:57,720 --> 00:36:59,160 we had people here for forgery, 648 00:36:59,200 --> 00:37:01,160 we had people here for first degree murder. 649 00:37:02,560 --> 00:37:05,960 And mixed in amongst these ranks were some colourful characters. 650 00:37:07,040 --> 00:37:10,360 One of our most infamous inmates was bill Carlo, 651 00:37:10,400 --> 00:37:11,720 he was a train robber, 652 00:37:11,760 --> 00:37:14,560 he robbed the indo pacific railroad four different times, 653 00:37:14,600 --> 00:37:18,840 he wound up escaping from here, got put in a shirt crate, 654 00:37:18,880 --> 00:37:22,240 they put the crate on the train, which is right down the street, 655 00:37:22,280 --> 00:37:25,040 he popped out of the crate, robbed the train and escaped. 656 00:37:27,360 --> 00:37:30,080 Trying to civilise Wyoming's wild element 657 00:37:30,120 --> 00:37:33,480 was never going to be easy, escape attempts were common. 658 00:37:36,480 --> 00:37:39,360 We had a mass escape in 1912, 659 00:37:39,400 --> 00:37:43,000 at the time our penitentiary was surrounded by a wooden stockade, 660 00:37:43,040 --> 00:37:46,440 20 inmates escaped through a hole that they had broken through 661 00:37:46,480 --> 00:37:48,240 on the stockade, 662 00:37:48,280 --> 00:37:50,600 people were out on the streets shooting at anyone 663 00:37:50,640 --> 00:37:51,640 they didn't recognise 664 00:37:51,680 --> 00:37:53,960 because they just assumed they are escaped inmates. 665 00:37:55,280 --> 00:37:58,160 Most of the inmates were soon captured, 666 00:37:58,200 --> 00:38:01,880 but a few managed to flee the town after a violent encounter. 667 00:38:03,240 --> 00:38:06,120 One resident was shot and killed by the inmates, 668 00:38:06,160 --> 00:38:09,920 four inmates escaped, two of them came back deceased, 669 00:38:09,960 --> 00:38:11,480 the other two they never found again. 670 00:38:14,000 --> 00:38:18,760 A stone wall was soon built to replace the old wooden stockade, 671 00:38:18,800 --> 00:38:21,760 but for some it was clear that simply locking up 672 00:38:21,800 --> 00:38:23,960 violent criminals wasn't enough. 673 00:38:26,120 --> 00:38:27,960 So, the prison needed something else 674 00:38:28,000 --> 00:38:29,720 to deal with these cowboys, 675 00:38:29,760 --> 00:38:32,880 and why not turn something from the past into the future. 676 00:38:37,320 --> 00:38:39,840 Torture and execution were about to become 677 00:38:39,880 --> 00:38:41,920 this prisons calling card. 678 00:38:44,400 --> 00:38:48,400 In 1916 the prison expanded they added a death house 679 00:38:48,440 --> 00:38:50,800 where they could house the worst prisoners, 680 00:38:50,840 --> 00:38:54,200 those with death sentences and they could carry out executions. 681 00:38:55,400 --> 00:39:00,680 It was a time in us history when executions were on the rise. 682 00:39:00,720 --> 00:39:03,280 While execution was an accepted punishment, 683 00:39:03,320 --> 00:39:06,440 the method of killing was open to interpretation. 684 00:39:08,800 --> 00:39:10,720 One of the stranger ways of executing somebody 685 00:39:10,760 --> 00:39:13,160 in the American west was the Julian gallows, 686 00:39:13,200 --> 00:39:15,080 it was basically a sort of mouse trap 687 00:39:15,120 --> 00:39:16,720 self-execution platform. 688 00:39:18,720 --> 00:39:20,680 Designed so that the condemned inmate 689 00:39:20,720 --> 00:39:24,000 would start their own execution process, 690 00:39:24,040 --> 00:39:26,920 only a few features of the elaborate system remain. 691 00:39:28,600 --> 00:39:30,216 They would slip a noose around their neck 692 00:39:30,240 --> 00:39:32,680 and step onto a trap door knowing 693 00:39:32,720 --> 00:39:34,440 that they would fall through that door, 694 00:39:34,480 --> 00:39:36,560 and hopefully snap their neck. 695 00:39:36,600 --> 00:39:40,280 By stepping on the platform a chain reaction was started 696 00:39:40,320 --> 00:39:42,280 in the room below. 697 00:39:42,320 --> 00:39:44,880 Using water, weights and pulleys 698 00:39:44,920 --> 00:39:47,880 ultimately would end in the collapse of the support structure 699 00:39:47,920 --> 00:39:49,280 beneath the trap door. 700 00:39:50,760 --> 00:39:53,600 His weight would start a bucket of water underneath 701 00:39:53,640 --> 00:39:55,040 to start draining out, 702 00:39:55,080 --> 00:39:57,016 it would take about a minute to a minute and a half 703 00:39:57,040 --> 00:39:58,416 for the bucket of water to empty out, 704 00:39:58,440 --> 00:39:59,920 the trap door would spring open, 705 00:39:59,960 --> 00:40:02,280 the man would fall through and down he would go. 706 00:40:03,680 --> 00:40:06,120 The Julian gallows that they installed in the prison 707 00:40:06,160 --> 00:40:07,680 was poorly designed, 708 00:40:07,720 --> 00:40:10,840 there wasn't much distance for the prisoners to drop, 709 00:40:10,880 --> 00:40:12,840 more than once prisoners experienced the hell 710 00:40:12,880 --> 00:40:14,640 of not having their neck broken 711 00:40:14,680 --> 00:40:17,200 and slowly strangling at the end of the noose. 712 00:40:18,360 --> 00:40:22,800 In total nine men were killed using this device, 713 00:40:22,840 --> 00:40:25,120 but soon deemed too inhumane, 714 00:40:25,160 --> 00:40:27,080 a unique contraption nearby 715 00:40:27,120 --> 00:40:30,560 shows how the business of execution was being modernised. 716 00:40:31,600 --> 00:40:34,480 Just at the foundations of the prison are being laid down, 717 00:40:34,520 --> 00:40:36,560 eugenics are starting to catch on, 718 00:40:36,600 --> 00:40:38,680 this is the idea that we should select 719 00:40:38,720 --> 00:40:41,360 who is genetically superior and inferior 720 00:40:41,400 --> 00:40:45,360 and eliminate the undesirables to improve the human race. 721 00:40:45,400 --> 00:40:48,440 Unfortunately that dangerous idea coincided 722 00:40:48,480 --> 00:40:50,320 with the development of chemical warfare 723 00:40:50,360 --> 00:40:52,680 in the first world war... 724 00:40:52,720 --> 00:40:54,160 All of this set the context 725 00:40:54,200 --> 00:40:56,360 for the development of the gas chamber. 726 00:40:58,880 --> 00:41:01,160 It was an attempt to be more scientific, 727 00:41:01,200 --> 00:41:05,120 more clinical if anything it was worse than hanging. 728 00:41:07,680 --> 00:41:09,800 Installed in the 1930s, 729 00:41:09,840 --> 00:41:13,680 this gas chamber was meant to provide a more humane system. 730 00:41:17,320 --> 00:41:20,160 The inmates were brought in, strapped down by their chest, 731 00:41:20,200 --> 00:41:22,800 arms and legs underneath the chair was a pen... 732 00:41:22,840 --> 00:41:25,400 A sulphuric acid mixed with water, 733 00:41:25,440 --> 00:41:28,200 when it was time the warden was pull this lever 734 00:41:28,240 --> 00:41:30,440 and a cheesecloth sack of cyanide towels 735 00:41:30,480 --> 00:41:32,320 would drop down into the acid, 736 00:41:32,360 --> 00:41:35,080 hydro cyanic acid gas would then be formed. 737 00:41:36,160 --> 00:41:38,560 In about 30 seconds the man was unconscious, 738 00:41:38,600 --> 00:41:40,520 two and a half to three minutes he was dead. 739 00:41:44,560 --> 00:41:48,920 Use of the gas chamber continued until 1965. 740 00:41:48,960 --> 00:41:50,480 And all those encountering 741 00:41:50,520 --> 00:41:53,560 that fate spent their final days here. 742 00:41:55,280 --> 00:41:58,200 Right now we are in the bull pen for death row, 743 00:41:58,240 --> 00:42:02,600 this is where you would be waiting for your execution. 744 00:42:02,640 --> 00:42:05,560 You are in your cell, 24 hours a day, 745 00:42:05,600 --> 00:42:06,920 if you were behaving, 746 00:42:06,960 --> 00:42:08,520 they would allow you to come out here 747 00:42:08,560 --> 00:42:11,840 to the bull pen to exercise for an hour, 748 00:42:11,880 --> 00:42:13,160 inmates were up here 749 00:42:13,200 --> 00:42:15,440 between three months and a year and a half 750 00:42:15,480 --> 00:42:16,960 waiting for their execution. 751 00:42:18,640 --> 00:42:20,296 Imagine living in that psychological burden 752 00:42:20,320 --> 00:42:22,040 of knowing your death is on the horizon 753 00:42:22,080 --> 00:42:23,080 the exact date 754 00:42:23,120 --> 00:42:24,800 and there is nothing you can do about it. 755 00:42:25,840 --> 00:42:29,600 In 1981 the frontier prison was deemed outdated 756 00:42:29,640 --> 00:42:32,040 and its doors were closed for the final time. 757 00:42:33,920 --> 00:42:38,000 Throughout its life thousands had been incarcerated here 758 00:42:38,040 --> 00:42:41,600 and an unlucky few had paid the ultimate price. 759 00:42:48,160 --> 00:42:51,160 While the prison story ended years ago, 760 00:42:51,200 --> 00:42:53,880 the death penalty here still remains. 761 00:42:55,560 --> 00:42:59,480 As long as Wyoming has been able to decide 762 00:42:59,520 --> 00:43:03,040 whether or not we were going to have capital punishment, 763 00:43:03,080 --> 00:43:06,840 the state of Wyoming has always had capital punishment. 764 00:43:06,880 --> 00:43:09,240 Wyoming is now in the minority. 765 00:43:10,640 --> 00:43:13,640 Death sentences are decided on state by state 766 00:43:13,680 --> 00:43:16,040 and most of the United States have abolished them. 767 00:43:16,080 --> 00:43:20,600 As a result they have fallen 85% over the last 25 years. 768 00:43:21,680 --> 00:43:23,920 We still have so far to go. 769 00:43:23,960 --> 00:43:27,720 Liberty and justice for all its an aspiration it's an ideal, 770 00:43:27,760 --> 00:43:29,600 what's so frightening for me 771 00:43:29,640 --> 00:43:31,840 is that what horrifies us today, 772 00:43:31,880 --> 00:43:35,960 was seen as perfectly acceptable even progressive in the past, 773 00:43:36,000 --> 00:43:37,680 but what progress have we made? 774 00:43:37,720 --> 00:43:39,080 Wouldn't we give anyone 775 00:43:39,120 --> 00:43:42,160 the legal right to take the life of another? 776 00:43:47,400 --> 00:43:50,400 Captioned by ai-media ai-media. TV 62964

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