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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:02,240 --> 00:00:03,640 (Dramatic music) 2 00:00:03,680 --> 00:00:08,080 Narrator: An intriguing ruin carved in to a sardinian cliff face. 3 00:00:08,680 --> 00:00:12,240 It's not only the fact this tunnel sort of leads out to sea 4 00:00:12,280 --> 00:00:14,560 but it comes out half way up a cliff. 5 00:00:15,480 --> 00:00:20,280 An eerie facility in the usa with a gothic look and feel. 6 00:00:20,320 --> 00:00:23,720 Those gargoyles are very strange. 7 00:00:23,760 --> 00:00:26,320 Almost like they're guarding something 8 00:00:26,360 --> 00:00:29,200 or perhaps warning people about what's inside. 9 00:00:31,200 --> 00:00:36,000 A top secret building in Japan that may have called a nation to war. 10 00:00:36,760 --> 00:00:40,720 The units stationed there burned all the radio transmissions, 11 00:00:40,760 --> 00:00:42,880 all the receipts, everything else that was there 12 00:00:42,920 --> 00:00:44,280 so we have no paper record 13 00:00:44,320 --> 00:00:46,440 of what actually went in and out of that place. 14 00:00:48,280 --> 00:00:51,520 And an extraordinary underground labyrinth of tunnels 15 00:00:51,560 --> 00:00:52,920 in southern Ukraine. 16 00:00:52,960 --> 00:00:56,760 So, increasingly disorientated underground 17 00:00:56,800 --> 00:01:01,680 these Russian secret police begin to hunt each other. 18 00:01:01,720 --> 00:01:02,720 (Dramatic music) 19 00:01:04,520 --> 00:01:05,920 Decaying relics... 20 00:01:09,080 --> 00:01:11,280 ..Ruins of lost worlds. 21 00:01:14,240 --> 00:01:16,560 Sights haunted by the past. 22 00:01:19,120 --> 00:01:22,600 Their secrets waiting to be revealed. 23 00:01:34,560 --> 00:01:37,600 On the outskirts of louisville, Kentucky 24 00:01:37,640 --> 00:01:39,680 perched on the top of a hill 25 00:01:39,720 --> 00:01:43,360 lies the battered shell of a huge imposing building. 26 00:01:45,360 --> 00:01:48,840 It's not the kind of place you'd stumble across by accident, 27 00:01:48,880 --> 00:01:50,960 it's pretty secluded. 28 00:01:51,000 --> 00:01:52,160 To get to the place 29 00:01:52,200 --> 00:01:55,280 you have to take this long winding drive 30 00:01:55,320 --> 00:01:56,880 that snakes up the hill. 31 00:01:57,720 --> 00:02:02,280 At first sight there seems to be more questions than answers. 32 00:02:02,320 --> 00:02:04,200 You can't really tell 33 00:02:04,240 --> 00:02:06,920 if this is the front or the back of the building. 34 00:02:06,960 --> 00:02:10,480 How do you get in? It's a bit disorientating. 35 00:02:10,520 --> 00:02:15,120 This rambling structure seems to go on forever in every direction. 36 00:02:16,840 --> 00:02:20,760 While ominous looking creatures gaze down from above 37 00:02:21,440 --> 00:02:25,040 inside there's an eerie and confused picture. 38 00:02:26,680 --> 00:02:30,560 We have to ask why are these abandoned? 39 00:02:30,600 --> 00:02:37,120 What terrible thing happened here that makes people want to stay away? 40 00:02:38,960 --> 00:02:42,440 And how is it linked to a modern day global pandemic? 41 00:02:45,640 --> 00:02:49,480 A three-storey solarium dominates it's southern face, 42 00:02:49,520 --> 00:02:53,120 could that unlock the mystery of this buildings original purpose? 43 00:02:54,800 --> 00:02:57,560 There would have been a bed 44 00:02:57,600 --> 00:03:00,680 pulled out in front of every single open doorway. 45 00:03:01,400 --> 00:03:03,040 All the way down and around this thing, 46 00:03:03,080 --> 00:03:04,440 across the whole back. 47 00:03:05,600 --> 00:03:08,160 Dale Clark grew up just five miles away 48 00:03:08,200 --> 00:03:09,776 and has been showing people around here 49 00:03:09,800 --> 00:03:11,720 for the last 18 years. 50 00:03:13,400 --> 00:03:16,680 Then there were usually smaller children's beds 51 00:03:17,360 --> 00:03:19,760 shoved up against the brick wall on the outside. 52 00:03:21,320 --> 00:03:23,240 And there was just a little path 53 00:03:23,280 --> 00:03:25,560 between the foot of the beds over here 54 00:03:25,600 --> 00:03:27,240 and the side of the beds over there. 55 00:03:27,800 --> 00:03:30,840 They spent a good chunk of their time out here. 56 00:03:31,440 --> 00:03:34,040 It must have been a very strange sight 57 00:03:34,080 --> 00:03:35,440 coming up that driveway 58 00:03:35,480 --> 00:03:37,840 and seeing all the people out like that. 59 00:03:38,520 --> 00:03:40,160 But what were they doing out there? 60 00:03:40,200 --> 00:03:43,720 It's not like there's a view of the ocean or the river 61 00:03:43,760 --> 00:03:44,840 or anything like that. 62 00:03:47,160 --> 00:03:49,800 This is waverley hills, 63 00:03:49,840 --> 00:03:53,200 a 180,000 square feet facility 64 00:03:53,240 --> 00:03:55,760 built to house over 500 people. 65 00:03:56,600 --> 00:03:59,640 But here the devil is in the detail. 66 00:03:59,680 --> 00:04:01,280 So, if from the outside 67 00:04:01,320 --> 00:04:05,760 it looks like maybe it could be a fancy hotel or retreat, 68 00:04:05,800 --> 00:04:08,920 the inside has a very different feel to it. 69 00:04:10,040 --> 00:04:11,960 There's not much left behind 70 00:04:12,000 --> 00:04:15,960 but there are odd bits of medical equipment. 71 00:04:18,080 --> 00:04:23,160 This is not just a place of life 72 00:04:23,200 --> 00:04:26,120 here in the hills of Kentucky, 73 00:04:26,160 --> 00:04:29,840 what we're looking at is a place of death. 74 00:04:29,880 --> 00:04:31,040 This is the morgue. 75 00:04:31,080 --> 00:04:33,440 We have no idea why this room is so small. 76 00:04:34,360 --> 00:04:36,920 At the worst cases a body an hour, 77 00:04:37,640 --> 00:04:40,520 this little room's going to fill up very quickly. 78 00:04:40,560 --> 00:04:42,096 That's why there's a maintenance department 79 00:04:42,120 --> 00:04:43,760 down the far end of the building, 80 00:04:43,800 --> 00:04:46,440 that's four times the size of this. 81 00:04:46,480 --> 00:04:49,200 It became the auxiliary morgue during the worst of it. 82 00:04:49,840 --> 00:04:52,640 When you need to have an auxiliary morgue 83 00:04:53,200 --> 00:04:54,640 you're taking a lot of bodies. 84 00:04:55,640 --> 00:04:57,640 Waverley wasn't alone, 85 00:04:57,680 --> 00:05:00,760 the body count was piling up all over the United States 86 00:05:00,800 --> 00:05:02,800 and around the rest of the world. 87 00:05:03,600 --> 00:05:06,080 It hit the us so badly 88 00:05:06,120 --> 00:05:08,400 that they had to form a national committee 89 00:05:08,440 --> 00:05:10,280 to deal with the problem. 90 00:05:10,320 --> 00:05:13,240 A global pandemic of this disease 91 00:05:13,800 --> 00:05:17,880 struck terror in to the hearts of everyone. 92 00:05:19,120 --> 00:05:21,360 The disease was tuberculosis. 93 00:05:24,400 --> 00:05:28,120 Built in 1942 this was more than just a hospital. 94 00:05:30,360 --> 00:05:35,040 You've also got dentists and a barbers and even a gift shop. 95 00:05:35,080 --> 00:05:38,840 Patients are not just here for a few days, 96 00:05:38,880 --> 00:05:41,080 the patients are here long enough 97 00:05:41,120 --> 00:05:43,760 to grow their hair long and get it cut. 98 00:05:43,800 --> 00:05:49,000 They need to function in this place for the rest of their lives. 99 00:05:49,560 --> 00:05:51,560 Children that were born in waverley 100 00:05:51,600 --> 00:05:53,440 had to be taken away from their mothers 101 00:05:53,480 --> 00:05:54,800 immediately after birth, 102 00:05:54,840 --> 00:05:58,360 the risk of contamination was that severe. 103 00:05:58,400 --> 00:05:59,520 And it gives you some sense 104 00:05:59,560 --> 00:06:01,160 of how long people were confined here 105 00:06:01,200 --> 00:06:03,200 if they were having children born here. 106 00:06:03,240 --> 00:06:05,440 The story of a patient called Lois 107 00:06:05,480 --> 00:06:08,560 demonstrates the heart-breaking realities. 108 00:06:08,600 --> 00:06:10,840 She was a mother of two when she got here 109 00:06:11,640 --> 00:06:13,840 and if a patient was doing better 110 00:06:14,880 --> 00:06:17,960 they would allow them to go home on furlough 111 00:06:18,000 --> 00:06:19,440 and then have to come back. 112 00:06:19,480 --> 00:06:23,160 She came back and it didn't go well, 113 00:06:23,200 --> 00:06:25,360 she had conceived a child while she was gone. 114 00:06:25,400 --> 00:06:28,320 To our knowledge the only time Lois ever got to see her son 115 00:06:28,360 --> 00:06:29,760 that was born here 116 00:06:29,800 --> 00:06:31,920 was standing in one of these solarium windows 117 00:06:31,960 --> 00:06:34,680 looking at the road that ran across the back of the building 118 00:06:34,720 --> 00:06:36,160 and somebody held him up. 119 00:06:38,800 --> 00:06:40,960 Patients need to be isolated, 120 00:06:41,000 --> 00:06:44,320 they need to be kept away from cities and towns 121 00:06:44,360 --> 00:06:47,360 where they could cause thousands of infections 122 00:06:47,400 --> 00:06:49,280 and thousands of deaths. 123 00:06:50,200 --> 00:06:52,960 It can survive in the air 124 00:06:53,000 --> 00:06:54,960 and it can attack any organ in your body 125 00:06:55,000 --> 00:06:57,600 but it usually goes for the lungs. 126 00:06:58,240 --> 00:07:01,080 The victorian name for it was consumption 127 00:07:01,120 --> 00:07:04,840 because it consumes your body from the inside. 128 00:07:04,880 --> 00:07:08,960 At one point across america and Europe, 129 00:07:09,000 --> 00:07:13,320 one in seven deaths were down to tb, 130 00:07:13,360 --> 00:07:16,480 one in seven people died of tuberculosis. 131 00:07:17,400 --> 00:07:19,080 Jefferson county, Kentucky 132 00:07:19,120 --> 00:07:21,520 was one of the worst hit places in the country. 133 00:07:22,600 --> 00:07:26,160 Fortunately waverley hills Rose to the occasion. 134 00:07:26,920 --> 00:07:29,520 Waverley is as good as it gets. 135 00:07:29,560 --> 00:07:34,080 Here is a place where you're going to be looked after by the best. 136 00:07:34,120 --> 00:07:36,160 If you're going to try out a new procedure 137 00:07:36,200 --> 00:07:38,280 waverley was where you were going to try it out. 138 00:07:38,320 --> 00:07:43,160 And they were really at the cutting edge of tb treatment. 139 00:07:44,680 --> 00:07:46,480 But in the early 1900s 140 00:07:46,520 --> 00:07:49,880 the best tuberculosis treatments were still experimental 141 00:07:49,920 --> 00:07:51,200 to say the least. 142 00:07:52,520 --> 00:07:54,960 Procedures we talk about most of all in here 143 00:07:55,000 --> 00:07:56,720 are auto-pneumothorax 144 00:07:56,760 --> 00:07:59,056 which is basically where they would let air in to your chest cavity 145 00:07:59,080 --> 00:08:00,840 and manually collapse one of your lungs. 146 00:08:00,880 --> 00:08:02,680 It's very, very painful, 147 00:08:03,400 --> 00:08:05,680 they thought, mistakenly, 148 00:08:05,720 --> 00:08:08,880 that while the lung was collapsed it would rest and heal itself. 149 00:08:09,920 --> 00:08:14,840 Medical science had not yet learned how to deal with this disease 150 00:08:14,880 --> 00:08:18,720 and that the best way to heal 151 00:08:18,760 --> 00:08:23,400 was for the patient to heal himself or herself. 152 00:08:24,960 --> 00:08:26,680 Aside from these procedures 153 00:08:26,720 --> 00:08:30,760 there were only three treatments thought to be effective against tb. 154 00:08:30,800 --> 00:08:33,560 Fresh air, sunshine and nutrition. 155 00:08:35,480 --> 00:08:39,600 This building has areas purpose built for that. 156 00:08:39,640 --> 00:08:43,480 Here along these massive balconies called solariums. 157 00:08:43,520 --> 00:08:45,280 These are the best treatments they had 158 00:08:45,320 --> 00:08:49,080 but as we know from the number of people that were dying here 159 00:08:49,120 --> 00:08:51,240 it wasn't really that effective in the end. 160 00:08:51,280 --> 00:08:52,280 (Piano playing) 161 00:08:52,920 --> 00:08:56,800 There are hospitals today which have a whole separate set of corridors 162 00:08:56,840 --> 00:08:59,320 for moving dead people out of rooms. 163 00:09:00,600 --> 00:09:04,040 The solution here was more direct, a body chute. 164 00:09:04,840 --> 00:09:07,040 It was not originally built to be a body chute, 165 00:09:07,080 --> 00:09:09,520 it was built to bring up building supplies and materials. 166 00:09:09,560 --> 00:09:12,480 All the mechanisms, machines, the track and everything 167 00:09:12,520 --> 00:09:14,800 that was built to bring bricks up, 168 00:09:14,840 --> 00:09:18,240 they just reversed it and took bodies down. 169 00:09:18,280 --> 00:09:20,000 Bottom there was a little building 170 00:09:20,040 --> 00:09:21,320 it was basically storage 171 00:09:21,360 --> 00:09:23,640 so they could either be loaded into hearses, 172 00:09:23,680 --> 00:09:26,400 ambulances, train cars depending where they needed to go. 173 00:09:27,200 --> 00:09:29,840 This is just a grim form of architecture 174 00:09:29,880 --> 00:09:31,720 but totally necessary. 175 00:09:33,120 --> 00:09:34,840 And scrawling's on the walls 176 00:09:34,880 --> 00:09:38,960 serve as a reminder of the risks taken by the staff who worked here. 177 00:09:39,960 --> 00:09:42,440 The employees were the original graffiti artists, 178 00:09:42,480 --> 00:09:45,720 there's a lot of names signed in pencil, 179 00:09:45,760 --> 00:09:50,160 quite a few of them are dated and some of them are very old. 180 00:09:50,200 --> 00:09:53,440 Just to let themselves know that they're still alive, 181 00:09:53,480 --> 00:09:56,000 that you know they came and did a horrible job, 182 00:09:56,040 --> 00:09:58,480 took a chance on getting deathly ill 183 00:09:58,520 --> 00:10:00,560 and a lot of them you know, survived. 184 00:10:01,720 --> 00:10:02,720 (Ambient music) 185 00:10:04,440 --> 00:10:06,000 But in 1943 186 00:10:06,040 --> 00:10:08,760 a scientific breakthrough meant the beginning of the end 187 00:10:08,800 --> 00:10:10,920 for the waverley hills sanatorium. 188 00:10:12,120 --> 00:10:15,520 The antibiotic streptomycin was developed, 189 00:10:15,560 --> 00:10:18,200 it was the cure the world had been waiting for. 190 00:10:19,720 --> 00:10:24,280 Without streptomycin or a similar antibiotics 191 00:10:24,320 --> 00:10:29,400 tuberculosis would still be a plague even in the developed world 192 00:10:29,440 --> 00:10:30,840 where it's rarely seen. 193 00:10:31,680 --> 00:10:34,960 It's no longer needed in the 21st century 194 00:10:35,640 --> 00:10:38,240 but it's such a monumental building 195 00:10:38,280 --> 00:10:42,360 it has reinvent itself in order to find a purpose today. 196 00:10:44,680 --> 00:10:48,040 Closed as a tb sanatorium in 1961, 197 00:10:48,080 --> 00:10:50,160 waverly hills is now frequented 198 00:10:50,200 --> 00:10:53,360 by people looking for something entirely different. 199 00:10:53,400 --> 00:10:59,120 If an unmerciful god allowed the souls of the departed 200 00:10:59,160 --> 00:11:01,040 to roam the world 201 00:11:01,080 --> 00:11:04,320 then this is just the kind of place people imagine 202 00:11:04,360 --> 00:11:06,800 unquiet spirits would be. 203 00:11:07,600 --> 00:11:11,080 A nurse who got pregnant by a doctor who was married to someone else 204 00:11:11,120 --> 00:11:14,640 mysteriously was found hanging out here in the hallway 205 00:11:14,680 --> 00:11:16,600 across from the elevator car. 206 00:11:16,640 --> 00:11:18,880 Just it right up there is where she was found, 207 00:11:18,920 --> 00:11:21,080 was she just overcome? 208 00:11:22,200 --> 00:11:25,480 Or a lot of people think that maybe something more sinister happened. 209 00:11:25,520 --> 00:11:28,920 No-one will ever 100% for sure know exactly what happened to her. 210 00:11:34,840 --> 00:11:35,840 (Dramatic music) 211 00:11:38,480 --> 00:11:39,880 For most of the world 212 00:11:39,920 --> 00:11:42,960 tb is seen as a disease of the past 213 00:11:43,000 --> 00:11:46,760 but recent studies have suggested that might not be the case. 214 00:11:46,800 --> 00:11:51,080 The original strain they can pretty much take care of, 215 00:11:51,120 --> 00:11:54,000 the problem is there's a new strain coming out 216 00:11:54,040 --> 00:11:56,760 that is very antibiotic resistant 217 00:11:56,800 --> 00:12:00,240 and the old treatments just aren't working. 218 00:12:01,480 --> 00:12:06,440 Tuberculosis is nature continuing to this day 219 00:12:06,480 --> 00:12:11,920 to claw at human life and to force us to fight back. 220 00:12:15,440 --> 00:12:18,800 Scientists across the globe are racing to find treatments 221 00:12:18,840 --> 00:12:20,680 for this new strain of tb 222 00:12:20,720 --> 00:12:25,640 and entirely new viruses and diseases that threaten a global pandemic. 223 00:12:27,800 --> 00:12:32,720 It's almost like an arms race with these terrible diseases 224 00:12:32,760 --> 00:12:36,760 and we hope that we're winning but it's a close battle. 225 00:12:37,840 --> 00:12:40,200 Despite their devastating effects 226 00:12:40,240 --> 00:12:45,360 these battles bring humanity together in new and inspiring ways. 227 00:12:45,400 --> 00:12:46,400 (Cheering and applause) 228 00:12:48,360 --> 00:12:49,360 (Dramatic music) 229 00:12:49,840 --> 00:12:51,960 On the Italian island of sardinia, 230 00:12:52,000 --> 00:12:54,640 in the blue waters of the mediterranean 231 00:12:54,680 --> 00:12:57,880 an intriguing ruin clings to a cliff face. 232 00:13:03,840 --> 00:13:06,920 You see this structure that just boggles the mind, 233 00:13:06,960 --> 00:13:09,960 it looks like some ancient building 234 00:13:10,000 --> 00:13:14,720 but it starts maybe 100 feet up this rocky cliff. 235 00:13:15,640 --> 00:13:17,200 Has some of it fallen away? 236 00:13:17,240 --> 00:13:19,640 It's a really strange juxtaposition 237 00:13:19,680 --> 00:13:23,000 from cliffs to something that's almost like plastered on the side. 238 00:13:24,240 --> 00:13:26,280 Now it might look on the face of it 239 00:13:26,320 --> 00:13:28,320 that there's been an engineering catastrophe here 240 00:13:28,360 --> 00:13:30,480 and the cliff face has fallen away 241 00:13:30,520 --> 00:13:32,960 but no, this is purpose built 242 00:13:33,000 --> 00:13:35,760 and what you see is what you're supposed to see. 243 00:13:37,040 --> 00:13:40,840 Inside the full extent of the complex is revealed. 244 00:13:41,760 --> 00:13:44,360 The tunnel itself is quite extensive, 245 00:13:44,400 --> 00:13:46,720 it goes several 100m into the mountain, 246 00:13:46,760 --> 00:13:49,000 you have to have a big incentive 247 00:13:49,040 --> 00:13:52,000 to blast your way through such hard rock. 248 00:13:52,800 --> 00:13:55,320 Ultimately you see there's two levels of tunnels 249 00:13:55,360 --> 00:13:58,800 and you can see that there is a series of bins 250 00:13:58,840 --> 00:14:00,160 in between the two tunnels 251 00:14:00,200 --> 00:14:03,240 with some kind of gate at the bottom of each bin. 252 00:14:03,960 --> 00:14:07,560 This is an amazing site with great ingenuity 253 00:14:07,600 --> 00:14:10,920 and it really is what gets people into engineering. 254 00:14:10,960 --> 00:14:13,040 You give someone a problem 255 00:14:13,080 --> 00:14:14,760 and with enough imagination 256 00:14:14,800 --> 00:14:17,200 they come up with an amazing solution. 257 00:14:20,480 --> 00:14:21,480 (Dramatic music) 258 00:14:26,240 --> 00:14:30,280 Antonio littarru is an expert on the history of this place. 259 00:14:31,240 --> 00:14:35,480 Even during the Roman era, prisoners came here. 260 00:14:35,520 --> 00:14:38,320 They were doomed to work here 261 00:14:38,360 --> 00:14:44,800 and we have a particular term "damnati ad metalla," 262 00:14:44,840 --> 00:14:46,920 they were damned, condemned. 263 00:14:48,560 --> 00:14:51,960 And yet this structure is far from ancient. 264 00:14:52,560 --> 00:14:54,960 It's not as old as it looks actually 265 00:14:55,000 --> 00:14:58,560 and it's quite beautifully engineered, 266 00:14:58,600 --> 00:15:00,920 this was not an ancient monastery 267 00:15:00,960 --> 00:15:05,000 or some kind of strange castle. 268 00:15:05,040 --> 00:15:07,360 This was something industrial. 269 00:15:08,280 --> 00:15:10,280 A closer look at the tunnel walls 270 00:15:10,320 --> 00:15:13,880 reveals the type of rocks that are buried in the hillside. 271 00:15:13,920 --> 00:15:16,160 You've got rocks that are very, very old 272 00:15:16,200 --> 00:15:17,616 and rocks that are very, very young 273 00:15:17,640 --> 00:15:19,160 and all through those different eras 274 00:15:19,200 --> 00:15:21,680 you get times when you're having magma 275 00:15:21,720 --> 00:15:23,280 which causes mineralisation 276 00:15:23,320 --> 00:15:26,400 and causes things like silver and lead and zinc. 277 00:15:27,960 --> 00:15:31,200 Along the coast visible from this cliff face 278 00:15:31,240 --> 00:15:33,360 are the remains of a sprawling complex 279 00:15:33,400 --> 00:15:36,920 that hints at an operation on a truly industrial scale. 280 00:15:37,880 --> 00:15:42,120 You can see rail tracks, huge storage chambers, 281 00:15:42,160 --> 00:15:45,640 all sorts of things going on, on an epic scale. 282 00:15:45,680 --> 00:15:46,680 (Dramatic music) 283 00:15:47,360 --> 00:15:52,080 You're almost dwarfed by these rusting bits of machinery 284 00:15:52,120 --> 00:15:55,040 and it's clear that somehow this tunnel, 285 00:15:55,080 --> 00:15:56,600 these two places were linked. 286 00:15:58,400 --> 00:16:00,920 One of the biggest challenges of mining here 287 00:16:00,960 --> 00:16:04,240 is getting the ore off the island. 288 00:16:04,280 --> 00:16:07,280 For centuries there was no real infrastructure. 289 00:16:08,040 --> 00:16:11,800 In the first part of the 20th century 290 00:16:11,840 --> 00:16:17,160 the material was transported by the so-called galanziere. 291 00:16:17,200 --> 00:16:20,680 They were basically like miners that transported this material 292 00:16:20,720 --> 00:16:25,240 on their shoulders in little basket cases. 293 00:16:26,400 --> 00:16:30,320 The lead and zinc ore was hauled to the coast by ox and cart. 294 00:16:30,360 --> 00:16:33,000 As men and beasts of burden alike 295 00:16:33,040 --> 00:16:35,920 toiled in the baking sardinian sun. 296 00:16:35,960 --> 00:16:38,880 And from there things only got even tougher. 297 00:16:41,320 --> 00:16:43,960 You have hard rock, hard basement rock 298 00:16:44,000 --> 00:16:47,040 you often end up with rugged rocky coastlines, 299 00:16:47,080 --> 00:16:50,200 cliffs, inaccessible areas, 300 00:16:50,240 --> 00:16:53,200 so they don't necessarily lend themselves to big ports. 301 00:16:53,240 --> 00:16:57,080 Small boats transported the ore to the nearest deep water port, 302 00:16:57,120 --> 00:17:00,520 that was 15 miles across the treacherous open sea 303 00:17:00,560 --> 00:17:02,240 on the island of San Pietro. 304 00:17:03,960 --> 00:17:07,440 The area itself is quite precarious in terms of weather. 305 00:17:07,480 --> 00:17:08,960 You've got the mistral winds, 306 00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:12,400 these cold winds coming down from the north west off France 307 00:17:12,440 --> 00:17:15,280 and you've got the (indistinct) Winds that come in from the west. 308 00:17:15,880 --> 00:17:19,280 These boats can only hold about six tonnes of ore, 309 00:17:19,320 --> 00:17:23,120 that's a remarkably small amount, I mean that's really, 310 00:17:23,160 --> 00:17:25,720 that's just a few wheelbarrows full of ore 311 00:17:25,760 --> 00:17:29,480 and they would load them as heavily as they could 312 00:17:29,520 --> 00:17:31,480 so now you've got this little open boat 313 00:17:31,520 --> 00:17:36,120 trying to get to a harbour some distance away 314 00:17:36,160 --> 00:17:38,080 where it can be loaded in to a bigger boat. 315 00:17:38,960 --> 00:17:41,920 It's full of rocks, these boats sank all the time 316 00:17:41,960 --> 00:17:45,920 it was incredibly dangerous, slow, inefficient. 317 00:17:45,960 --> 00:17:47,560 They're quite precarious little boats 318 00:17:47,600 --> 00:17:50,560 so you can imagine you're loading a boat full of rocks 319 00:17:50,600 --> 00:17:52,160 and then you're trying to get it off, 320 00:17:52,200 --> 00:17:54,720 if you got bad weather those boats could easily topple over 321 00:17:54,760 --> 00:17:58,040 and many did and many people fell to their deaths. 322 00:17:59,560 --> 00:18:01,680 To solve this age old problem 323 00:18:01,720 --> 00:18:04,120 the mine owners turned to venetian engineer 324 00:18:04,160 --> 00:18:05,520 cesare vecelli. 325 00:18:07,240 --> 00:18:11,040 And this guy was a real genius, 326 00:18:11,080 --> 00:18:13,600 one of those out of the box thinkers. 327 00:18:14,280 --> 00:18:17,640 Vecelli spent a year studying the problem 328 00:18:17,680 --> 00:18:22,800 and studying the geography around the mine and the coastline. 329 00:18:22,840 --> 00:18:25,200 They found this sort of wonderful site 330 00:18:25,240 --> 00:18:27,960 where a sea stack was actually protecting 331 00:18:28,000 --> 00:18:30,560 the waterway between the sea stack and the land 332 00:18:30,600 --> 00:18:31,720 and it was deep water 333 00:18:31,760 --> 00:18:34,640 so in principle you could get big ships in there. 334 00:18:34,680 --> 00:18:37,760 But then your issue was creating a port. 335 00:18:38,920 --> 00:18:42,040 Vecelli's solution was porto flavia. 336 00:18:43,240 --> 00:18:46,600 Instead of taking the ore to the ports, 337 00:18:46,640 --> 00:18:49,160 they would bring a port to the ore. 338 00:18:51,160 --> 00:18:53,880 He said instead of building something new 339 00:18:53,920 --> 00:18:57,960 why don't I use a structure that's already there. 340 00:18:58,000 --> 00:19:00,640 Normally any mariner looks at this coastline, 341 00:19:00,680 --> 00:19:04,440 looks at that cliff, this is their worst nightmare 342 00:19:04,480 --> 00:19:09,200 and yet here they were planning to turn this forbidding cliff 343 00:19:09,240 --> 00:19:11,200 in to a port facility. 344 00:19:12,240 --> 00:19:15,080 Construction began in 1923 345 00:19:15,120 --> 00:19:19,160 and the teams here worked day and night for two years. 346 00:19:19,200 --> 00:19:25,160 Now all they had to do was blast out thousands of tonnes of rock. 347 00:19:25,200 --> 00:19:26,840 They finally broke through the cliffs 348 00:19:26,880 --> 00:19:28,680 and they could see the sea 349 00:19:28,720 --> 00:19:30,040 but they didn't stop there. 350 00:19:30,640 --> 00:19:33,240 And then here comes the really scary part, 351 00:19:33,280 --> 00:19:36,000 they started hanging out over the water, 352 00:19:36,640 --> 00:19:39,200 that way as they dug the tunnel 353 00:19:39,240 --> 00:19:42,320 they could just shovel all the rock out in to the water 354 00:19:42,360 --> 00:19:46,280 and again they repeated the process of drilling and blasting 355 00:19:46,320 --> 00:19:49,120 until they'd carved out a parallel tunnel 356 00:19:49,160 --> 00:19:51,120 below the other one. 357 00:19:52,440 --> 00:19:55,320 The miners then dug nine vast chambers 358 00:19:55,360 --> 00:19:57,720 connecting the two tunnels. 359 00:19:57,760 --> 00:20:00,960 The silos are huge, 20m high 360 00:20:01,000 --> 00:20:02,480 and between the nine of them 361 00:20:02,520 --> 00:20:05,880 they could hold up to 10,000 tonnes of minerals. 362 00:20:07,200 --> 00:20:09,000 This is the mechanism they used 363 00:20:09,040 --> 00:20:13,080 to open the higher mouth of the hopper, 364 00:20:13,640 --> 00:20:15,360 you see right here. 365 00:20:15,400 --> 00:20:19,680 This opened and a lot of material came down from above. 366 00:20:19,720 --> 00:20:23,360 Here once we had a moving belt. 367 00:20:25,160 --> 00:20:29,080 With the final machinery installed, the system was complete. 368 00:20:29,680 --> 00:20:30,720 (Dramatic music) 369 00:20:30,760 --> 00:20:34,440 Electric trains from the mine arrived at the upper tunnel 370 00:20:35,360 --> 00:20:38,840 where the ore was poured into the nine huge silos. 371 00:20:39,480 --> 00:20:42,160 Meanwhile large cargo ships waited 372 00:20:42,200 --> 00:20:45,000 in the calm waters below porto flavia. 373 00:20:46,840 --> 00:20:48,080 In the lower tunnel 374 00:20:48,120 --> 00:20:50,480 the ore poured on to the conveyor belt 375 00:20:50,520 --> 00:20:52,880 before a 50 feet long retractable arm 376 00:20:52,920 --> 00:20:54,920 which extended out over the sea 377 00:20:54,960 --> 00:20:57,200 dropped it in to the ships waiting below. 378 00:21:00,320 --> 00:21:02,560 At the end of that boom 379 00:21:02,600 --> 00:21:06,200 was kind of a rubberised sleeve so as all those, 380 00:21:06,240 --> 00:21:08,280 that gravel and rock was tumbling down 381 00:21:08,320 --> 00:21:09,816 it wasn't just going to spray everywhere 382 00:21:09,840 --> 00:21:12,920 it was all going to go directly into the hold where it belong. 383 00:21:13,520 --> 00:21:16,960 In fact they could turn round one of these ships in two days, 384 00:21:17,000 --> 00:21:21,000 loading up to 500 tonnes an hour directly in to the hold. 385 00:21:22,120 --> 00:21:24,320 So a really amazing engineering feat 386 00:21:24,360 --> 00:21:26,720 and they used the cliff and the geology 387 00:21:26,760 --> 00:21:29,760 and the whole function of gravity really 388 00:21:29,800 --> 00:21:31,680 to aid them in that process. 389 00:21:32,600 --> 00:21:35,560 Porto flavia was a huge success. 390 00:21:37,400 --> 00:21:40,880 It slashed production costs by up to 70% 391 00:21:41,920 --> 00:21:45,440 but increased efficiency came at a price. 392 00:21:45,480 --> 00:21:48,080 It produced a lot of wealth for the company, 393 00:21:48,120 --> 00:21:49,440 and for this reason 394 00:21:49,480 --> 00:21:53,080 a lot of the galanziere, the workers there, 395 00:21:53,120 --> 00:21:54,440 lost their jobs. 396 00:21:56,040 --> 00:22:00,400 Global forces eventually put an end to the ports good fortune. 397 00:22:02,000 --> 00:22:05,760 Sadly the company didn't have that many years to enjoy 398 00:22:05,800 --> 00:22:08,640 the efficiency of their brilliant engineering. 399 00:22:08,680 --> 00:22:11,840 At the end of the 1920s you had the stock market crash 400 00:22:11,880 --> 00:22:13,040 and then the great depression 401 00:22:13,080 --> 00:22:14,840 then you had world war ii, 402 00:22:14,880 --> 00:22:17,800 it reopened for a few years in the 1950s 403 00:22:17,840 --> 00:22:20,600 but by the 1960s there were new efficiencies, 404 00:22:20,640 --> 00:22:21,920 new technologies. 405 00:22:23,040 --> 00:22:24,440 The last shipping occurred 406 00:22:24,480 --> 00:22:26,400 in may 1963. 407 00:22:26,440 --> 00:22:28,280 And since that day 408 00:22:28,320 --> 00:22:32,240 it has remained in the memory of citizens, 409 00:22:32,280 --> 00:22:34,000 and miners, and workers. 410 00:22:40,040 --> 00:22:43,040 Porto flavia is now preserved for visitors. 411 00:22:44,440 --> 00:22:48,000 It's both a testament the vision of one great engineer 412 00:22:48,040 --> 00:22:52,000 and a tribute to the lives of generations of sardinian miners. 413 00:22:53,240 --> 00:22:56,400 This port shows engineering at it's best, 414 00:22:56,440 --> 00:22:58,240 you throw someone a challenge 415 00:22:58,280 --> 00:23:01,280 of how to get a huge amount of material out 416 00:23:01,320 --> 00:23:03,240 when nature is against you 417 00:23:03,280 --> 00:23:07,120 and they came up with this incredible imaginative solution. 418 00:23:08,680 --> 00:23:10,080 (Dramatic sound) 419 00:23:11,360 --> 00:23:14,360 On the banks of the black sea in southern Ukraine 420 00:23:14,400 --> 00:23:16,280 is a port city founded 421 00:23:16,320 --> 00:23:18,040 by Catherine the great. 422 00:23:22,840 --> 00:23:28,000 The stylish architecture above ground gives no clues to what lies beneath. 423 00:23:28,880 --> 00:23:31,640 Every so often you hear a story of some young people who go down 424 00:23:31,680 --> 00:23:34,400 and someone gets lost and doesn't make it back out again. 425 00:23:34,440 --> 00:23:39,000 Some researchers say that we have approximately 800 accesses. 426 00:23:40,960 --> 00:23:43,040 These access points range from the obscure, 427 00:23:43,080 --> 00:23:44,720 to the downright bizarre. 428 00:23:46,040 --> 00:23:47,760 When you look at this shed, 429 00:23:47,800 --> 00:23:50,080 it might just be some kind of equipment shed. 430 00:23:50,120 --> 00:23:51,960 And then you go inside 431 00:23:52,000 --> 00:23:54,640 and realise it gives you access 432 00:23:54,680 --> 00:23:58,880 to the most incredible underground labyrinth 433 00:23:58,920 --> 00:24:00,440 anyone has ever seen. 434 00:24:00,480 --> 00:24:02,320 It's absolutely quiet place, 435 00:24:02,360 --> 00:24:04,880 the silence is 100%. 436 00:24:04,920 --> 00:24:07,520 As soon as you switch off your torch, 437 00:24:07,560 --> 00:24:10,000 then the, the darkness is absolute. 438 00:24:11,240 --> 00:24:13,720 Few people walking the streets of Odessa 439 00:24:13,760 --> 00:24:16,040 realise what lies beneath their feet. 440 00:24:16,080 --> 00:24:17,480 As you go down, 441 00:24:17,520 --> 00:24:20,320 it's clear that it's not just a normal set of tunnels 442 00:24:20,360 --> 00:24:22,520 it's actually much more grand than that. 443 00:24:25,480 --> 00:24:29,040 They just don't understand that they are literally walking 444 00:24:29,080 --> 00:24:31,560 above the underground city. 445 00:24:31,600 --> 00:24:35,720 It's the biggest such system, in the whole world. 446 00:24:35,760 --> 00:24:39,320 A subterranean system perfect for a criminal underworld. 447 00:24:40,640 --> 00:24:44,040 Yet it also served as the city's last line of defence 448 00:24:44,080 --> 00:24:45,960 against an occupying force. 449 00:24:46,000 --> 00:24:49,840 A resistance movement, that formed part of a horror story. 450 00:24:50,800 --> 00:24:54,760 So, month by month passed, they began to get insane. 451 00:24:55,640 --> 00:24:58,360 Increasingly disoriented underground. 452 00:24:58,960 --> 00:25:01,960 These Russian secret police... 453 00:25:02,760 --> 00:25:04,520 ..Begin to hunt each other. 454 00:25:05,360 --> 00:25:06,720 (Eerie music) 455 00:25:09,920 --> 00:25:12,560 The city of Odessa owes it's very existence, 456 00:25:12,600 --> 00:25:15,160 to one of the world's most iconic female leaders. 457 00:25:16,480 --> 00:25:19,040 The Russian empress Catherine the great. 458 00:25:19,680 --> 00:25:22,920 Wanted to build a new port city. 459 00:25:23,600 --> 00:25:27,000 In order to open up the south of Russia to commerce. 460 00:25:28,080 --> 00:25:30,000 A mighty port. 461 00:25:30,720 --> 00:25:32,520 Where the three great rivers 462 00:25:32,560 --> 00:25:34,960 of Eastern Europe came together. 463 00:25:35,000 --> 00:25:37,280 The bug, the dnister 464 00:25:37,320 --> 00:25:39,480 and the danube. 465 00:25:39,520 --> 00:25:43,240 They desperately wanted access to a port on the black sea 466 00:25:43,280 --> 00:25:45,920 and via that, the mediterranean 467 00:25:45,960 --> 00:25:47,920 and the rest of the world. 468 00:25:48,880 --> 00:25:50,600 In 1794, 469 00:25:50,640 --> 00:25:53,400 Catherine approved funding for Odessa 470 00:25:53,440 --> 00:25:56,320 which soon became a Russian trading super hub. 471 00:25:57,000 --> 00:26:00,080 So, Odessa went from being a... 472 00:26:01,000 --> 00:26:04,760 ..Basically a village to a large city almost overnight. 473 00:26:04,800 --> 00:26:06,400 They had a problem though, 474 00:26:06,440 --> 00:26:08,920 in this area there aren't a lot of trees. 475 00:26:08,960 --> 00:26:10,840 It's grasslands 476 00:26:10,880 --> 00:26:12,600 and farms. 477 00:26:12,640 --> 00:26:13,960 So, for building materials 478 00:26:14,000 --> 00:26:16,360 they turned to the local stone. 479 00:26:16,400 --> 00:26:20,400 And luckily they were sitting on a particular type of limestone 480 00:26:20,440 --> 00:26:22,960 which is very, very good for making buildings out of. 481 00:26:23,000 --> 00:26:24,800 So, they used the geology 482 00:26:24,840 --> 00:26:26,600 of the rocks beneath their feet. 483 00:26:29,120 --> 00:26:33,200 This gave birth to a subterranean world that pavel zagnyboroda, 484 00:26:33,240 --> 00:26:34,960 now explores for a living. 485 00:26:36,920 --> 00:26:38,960 Local authorities they try 486 00:26:39,000 --> 00:26:41,960 to control it somehow but it's almost impossible really. 487 00:26:42,520 --> 00:26:44,200 No mobile phone connection, 488 00:26:44,240 --> 00:26:45,760 no radio communication. 489 00:26:46,480 --> 00:26:48,960 No GPS signal reaches that deep 490 00:26:49,000 --> 00:26:51,320 so, you can rely only on yourself, 491 00:26:51,360 --> 00:26:53,040 on your own knowledge. 492 00:26:53,960 --> 00:26:55,920 Yet even he may never understand 493 00:26:55,960 --> 00:26:57,520 the full extent of this system. 494 00:26:58,880 --> 00:27:00,280 No-one's really sure. 495 00:27:00,320 --> 00:27:04,240 But one estimate is that there's about 1,500 miles of tunnels. 496 00:27:05,040 --> 00:27:07,080 Now if you, if you put that in to context, 497 00:27:07,120 --> 00:27:10,320 Paris has got about 150 - 200 miles of tunnels. 498 00:27:10,360 --> 00:27:12,240 Rome maybe about 300 miles 499 00:27:12,280 --> 00:27:16,240 so, it's three times both Rome and Paris combined. 500 00:27:16,280 --> 00:27:18,040 The layout of these tunnels 501 00:27:18,080 --> 00:27:20,480 is extraordinarily complex. 502 00:27:20,520 --> 00:27:24,920 And it's not just on one level, they go down on multiple levels. 503 00:27:24,960 --> 00:27:27,320 So you've got a kind of complexity 504 00:27:27,360 --> 00:27:30,000 in terms of the different types of rooms and corridors. 505 00:27:30,040 --> 00:27:31,560 But also it's multi-tiered, 506 00:27:31,600 --> 00:27:33,536 it's actually on different levels, they've used different parts 507 00:27:33,560 --> 00:27:35,120 of the geology in different ways. 508 00:27:35,160 --> 00:27:38,040 It really is a labyrinth underneath the city. 509 00:27:39,040 --> 00:27:41,160 You can imagine how someone could become... 510 00:27:41,920 --> 00:27:43,640 ..Dangerously lost down here. 511 00:27:43,680 --> 00:27:46,680 But also how someone who really understands the network 512 00:27:46,720 --> 00:27:50,000 and knows their way around, could use it to their advantage. 513 00:27:51,680 --> 00:27:55,360 And in the city's darkest hour this world beneath the surface, 514 00:27:55,400 --> 00:27:57,400 would offer a glimmer of hope. 515 00:27:58,000 --> 00:28:01,320 During world war two the Romanians were allied with the Germans 516 00:28:01,360 --> 00:28:05,120 and they attacked Odessa and took it over in 1941. 517 00:28:05,160 --> 00:28:07,160 The Soviets pulled out, 518 00:28:07,200 --> 00:28:09,000 but they actually left behind 519 00:28:09,040 --> 00:28:12,320 some secret what you might call like special forces. 520 00:28:13,000 --> 00:28:15,920 A group of Soviet secret police. 521 00:28:16,480 --> 00:28:19,400 A group of the chequer from Moscow. 522 00:28:20,080 --> 00:28:22,960 And another group from the Odessa office 523 00:28:23,000 --> 00:28:25,360 are sent down in to the catacombs. 524 00:28:25,400 --> 00:28:26,920 At the head of these units 525 00:28:26,960 --> 00:28:29,920 were major's kuznetsov and colossian 526 00:28:29,960 --> 00:28:32,960 and pavel has discovered signs of their time here. 527 00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:35,880 Kuznetsov and colossian. 528 00:28:35,920 --> 00:28:40,280 These group was exactly here, we found some bullets, 529 00:28:40,320 --> 00:28:44,560 some batteries for radio station, some guns as well. 530 00:28:44,600 --> 00:28:49,040 They were well trained and prepared to act as a partisan. 531 00:28:49,080 --> 00:28:52,520 So, they had water, food, guns... 532 00:28:53,760 --> 00:28:55,160 ..Explosives, 533 00:28:55,200 --> 00:28:58,880 mines whatever they needed for a long time to stay here. 534 00:28:59,480 --> 00:29:04,160 But they weren't prepared for the psychological challenge, 535 00:29:04,200 --> 00:29:06,240 the isolation, the darkness. 536 00:29:06,280 --> 00:29:07,920 You know we hear about people 537 00:29:07,960 --> 00:29:11,640 on polar expeditions who really struggled. 538 00:29:11,680 --> 00:29:13,720 Imagine if you're down in a tunnel for six months 539 00:29:13,760 --> 00:29:15,320 without seeing the sun, 540 00:29:15,360 --> 00:29:17,960 maybe only able to light a candle once in a while. 541 00:29:18,000 --> 00:29:21,360 Some of the men turned violent, perhaps suicidal. 542 00:29:22,880 --> 00:29:25,280 They also had to contend with the invaders 543 00:29:25,320 --> 00:29:27,600 using poison gas in the catacombs 544 00:29:27,640 --> 00:29:29,040 and sealing exits 545 00:29:29,080 --> 00:29:32,080 in an effort to trap and smoke out the rebels. 546 00:29:33,960 --> 00:29:37,120 Here, danger lurked around every corner. 547 00:29:38,680 --> 00:29:42,200 Of course partisans are always vulnerable you know, 548 00:29:42,240 --> 00:29:45,200 it just takes one person spilling the secret. 549 00:29:46,640 --> 00:29:48,720 Along with kuznetsov 550 00:29:48,760 --> 00:29:51,200 is evgenia (indistinct). 551 00:29:51,240 --> 00:29:53,960 And she is a traitor. 552 00:29:55,960 --> 00:29:58,920 (Indistinct) A member of the surface team 553 00:29:58,960 --> 00:30:00,560 betrayed her unit. 554 00:30:00,600 --> 00:30:02,360 She turned informer 555 00:30:02,400 --> 00:30:05,800 telling the Romanian security forces everything she knew. 556 00:30:08,040 --> 00:30:10,800 We don't know why she did this, she betrayed all of them. 557 00:30:10,840 --> 00:30:14,040 First of all they arrested all 13 people in the city of course 558 00:30:14,080 --> 00:30:17,600 and then they blocked all the exits for this underground team. 559 00:30:18,240 --> 00:30:20,720 But evgenia (indistinct) Betrayals 560 00:30:20,760 --> 00:30:23,560 were eventually discovered by her compatriots. 561 00:30:24,320 --> 00:30:29,560 So, she is put on trial in a brief informal people's trial 562 00:30:29,600 --> 00:30:32,600 and put up against the walls of the catacombs 563 00:30:32,640 --> 00:30:34,440 and she's shot dead. 564 00:30:34,480 --> 00:30:36,000 (Gunshot) 565 00:30:37,840 --> 00:30:39,480 But now, 566 00:30:39,520 --> 00:30:43,080 the two groups of communist partisans 567 00:30:43,120 --> 00:30:45,840 mistrust each other fatally. 568 00:30:46,400 --> 00:30:48,840 They began to get insane. 569 00:30:48,880 --> 00:30:51,400 So, they really got absolutely mad 570 00:30:51,440 --> 00:30:55,680 after approximately ten month, they begin killing each other. 571 00:30:55,720 --> 00:30:57,120 (Dramatic fast music) 572 00:30:58,080 --> 00:31:01,240 The two of them, hunt each other... 573 00:31:02,200 --> 00:31:04,760 ..In a silent vendetta. 574 00:31:05,480 --> 00:31:09,840 And in the end none of the Soviet partisans, 575 00:31:09,880 --> 00:31:13,160 emerges from the catacombs alive. 576 00:31:14,960 --> 00:31:18,520 Having dispatched colossian and his Moscow team. 577 00:31:18,560 --> 00:31:21,720 Kuznetsov had finally been killed by one of his own men. 578 00:31:22,320 --> 00:31:24,920 But declassified documents 579 00:31:24,960 --> 00:31:28,440 later revealed that one man did survive to tell the tale. 580 00:31:30,040 --> 00:31:33,160 So, he came to a security services of Soviet army 581 00:31:33,200 --> 00:31:35,320 and they came here. 582 00:31:35,360 --> 00:31:37,640 And so he showed them everything. 583 00:31:38,800 --> 00:31:41,640 And they just showed him death in his back right here. 584 00:31:42,440 --> 00:31:45,800 On the third day after the liberation of the city 585 00:31:45,840 --> 00:31:47,960 he was killed by his own people, 586 00:31:48,000 --> 00:31:52,760 after three years of this terrible hell underground. 587 00:31:56,080 --> 00:31:58,480 And so, the last living eye witness 588 00:31:58,520 --> 00:32:01,160 to this horrific tragedy had been removed. 589 00:32:02,040 --> 00:32:03,840 It appears that the Soviets 590 00:32:03,880 --> 00:32:05,600 were not about to allow the reputations 591 00:32:05,640 --> 00:32:07,640 of their heroic resistance fighters, 592 00:32:07,680 --> 00:32:10,440 to be tarnished by the realities of the story. 593 00:32:11,560 --> 00:32:13,080 Because for propaganda 594 00:32:13,120 --> 00:32:15,360 they needed absolutely a different story. 595 00:32:15,400 --> 00:32:18,440 It may seem that they all, 596 00:32:18,480 --> 00:32:20,320 all these people, all these partisans 597 00:32:20,360 --> 00:32:22,680 they died for nothing. 598 00:32:22,720 --> 00:32:24,240 Like in, completely in vain. 599 00:32:24,280 --> 00:32:26,040 But it's not true 600 00:32:26,080 --> 00:32:28,920 because Romanians they didn't know 601 00:32:28,960 --> 00:32:33,040 how many exactly there were partisans hiding underground. 602 00:32:35,120 --> 00:32:37,000 Tens of thousands of troops 603 00:32:37,040 --> 00:32:39,040 were stationed here throughout the war 604 00:32:39,080 --> 00:32:42,400 to save the city from their unseen enemy below. 605 00:32:43,080 --> 00:32:47,400 I think that it was this huge contribution 606 00:32:47,440 --> 00:32:50,080 of these partisans in to the victory. 607 00:32:50,920 --> 00:32:52,240 (Eerie sound) 608 00:32:58,120 --> 00:33:01,040 Pavel now runs part of the catacombs as a museum. 609 00:33:02,000 --> 00:33:04,160 Bringing centuries of history to life. 610 00:33:05,000 --> 00:33:08,480 From the city's birth through piracy and smuggling 611 00:33:08,520 --> 00:33:12,080 right up to the nuclear bunkers of the cold war. 612 00:33:15,080 --> 00:33:18,280 On the edge of a bay in the south west of Japan, 613 00:33:18,320 --> 00:33:22,280 is a complex that's been towering over the land for decades. 614 00:33:23,040 --> 00:33:24,320 (Dramatic sound) 615 00:33:29,120 --> 00:33:30,960 This is set in beautiful landscape, 616 00:33:31,000 --> 00:33:34,920 there's water and trees everywhere and then right in front of you 617 00:33:34,960 --> 00:33:37,960 these three huge towers are just there. 618 00:33:38,560 --> 00:33:40,280 They're massive. 619 00:33:40,320 --> 00:33:42,720 We're looking at a really tall... 620 00:33:42,760 --> 00:33:45,720 ..Four-500 foot high towers. 621 00:33:45,760 --> 00:33:51,000 Very slender tapering upward, like almost like concrete needles. 622 00:33:51,040 --> 00:33:53,160 They look almost like smoke stacks. 623 00:33:54,200 --> 00:33:56,040 If you can take a peek inside the tower 624 00:33:56,080 --> 00:34:00,560 you see a long, precarious looking metal ladder 625 00:34:00,600 --> 00:34:01,960 going up to the top. 626 00:34:02,000 --> 00:34:03,960 Whoever had the job of climbing that ladder 627 00:34:04,000 --> 00:34:06,400 certainly didn't suffer from vertigo. 628 00:34:06,960 --> 00:34:08,560 The fact that there's three of them 629 00:34:08,600 --> 00:34:11,680 it makes you question why wasn't one good enough? 630 00:34:11,720 --> 00:34:13,840 Why did there need to be three? 631 00:34:14,760 --> 00:34:16,600 Only when it's viewed from above, 632 00:34:16,640 --> 00:34:18,080 is that question answered. 633 00:34:18,960 --> 00:34:21,480 They form a perfect equilateral triangle 634 00:34:21,520 --> 00:34:24,120 and then at the centre of this triangle 635 00:34:24,160 --> 00:34:25,960 is some sort of a building. 636 00:34:26,000 --> 00:34:27,480 It's so overgrown, 637 00:34:27,520 --> 00:34:29,560 it's been forgotten, 638 00:34:29,600 --> 00:34:31,920 that building has been completely wrapped up 639 00:34:31,960 --> 00:34:35,000 by the plants and trees that surround it. 640 00:34:35,040 --> 00:34:37,200 Inside the building there's not much there, 641 00:34:37,240 --> 00:34:39,456 clearly this was an important installation of some sort 642 00:34:39,480 --> 00:34:43,920 but when it shut down whatever was there got taken away. 643 00:34:45,000 --> 00:34:46,280 The complex is linked 644 00:34:46,320 --> 00:34:48,960 to the gravest military disasters in u.S history. 645 00:34:49,000 --> 00:34:50,600 (Suspenseful music) 646 00:34:52,960 --> 00:34:55,520 But the bare rooms in the hollowed out towers 647 00:34:55,560 --> 00:34:57,560 paint an incomplete picture. 648 00:35:00,320 --> 00:35:01,840 Whatever these towers were built for 649 00:35:01,880 --> 00:35:04,120 you don't see a lot of infrastructure, 650 00:35:04,160 --> 00:35:06,720 there's no lights or cables or other things, 651 00:35:06,760 --> 00:35:10,040 is there some other piece of the puzzle that's missing here? 652 00:35:12,120 --> 00:35:13,480 (Drumming music) 653 00:35:16,000 --> 00:35:17,920 Dating back to 1918. 654 00:35:18,520 --> 00:35:21,960 The towers have stood guard over the site for more than a century 655 00:35:22,000 --> 00:35:25,000 thanks largely to their once cutting edge design. 656 00:35:27,920 --> 00:35:30,040 Hideaki matsuo is a historian 657 00:35:30,080 --> 00:35:32,360 with a deep knowledge of their construction. 658 00:35:34,880 --> 00:35:36,176 Translation: "If you head to the back 659 00:35:36,200 --> 00:35:37,920 "you can see the lines in the wall, 660 00:35:37,960 --> 00:35:40,280 "each layer is four-and-a-half feet tall. 661 00:35:41,880 --> 00:35:44,760 "After the first layer you have to wait for another two days 662 00:35:44,800 --> 00:35:47,120 "before you can add another one on top. 663 00:35:47,920 --> 00:35:49,760 "And after completing 100 layers 664 00:35:49,800 --> 00:35:53,040 "this 446 foot tower was finished." 665 00:35:57,920 --> 00:36:01,240 The decision to build the tower with reinforced concrete 666 00:36:01,280 --> 00:36:05,200 despite the high costs and the slow rate of progress 667 00:36:05,240 --> 00:36:08,960 indicates how important it was to get the construction exactly right. 668 00:36:09,000 --> 00:36:11,120 It took four years to build this 669 00:36:11,160 --> 00:36:12,880 at a cost in todays dollars, 670 00:36:12,920 --> 00:36:15,160 of nearly $15 million 671 00:36:15,200 --> 00:36:16,920 which speaks to the sophistication 672 00:36:16,960 --> 00:36:18,640 of the technology employed. 673 00:36:18,680 --> 00:36:19,920 (Dramatic music) 674 00:36:21,880 --> 00:36:24,960 Looking like an industrial chimney from the outside, 675 00:36:25,000 --> 00:36:27,800 the central winch system shows that this was really 676 00:36:27,840 --> 00:36:29,640 all about reaching new heights. 677 00:36:35,320 --> 00:36:38,080 Translation: "When you go to the back there is a ladder. 678 00:36:39,000 --> 00:36:40,560 "It's the original one 679 00:36:40,600 --> 00:36:43,200 "and there are 550 steps to the top. 680 00:36:45,320 --> 00:36:47,640 "To reach the top takes 55 minutes 681 00:36:47,680 --> 00:36:49,960 "and you have to keep climbing without a break. 682 00:36:52,720 --> 00:36:54,720 "There is nowhere to rest in between, 683 00:36:54,760 --> 00:36:57,040 "it is quite a hard climb and it's slow. 684 00:36:57,080 --> 00:36:58,720 (Eerie music) 685 00:37:02,520 --> 00:37:04,880 Today an aircraft warning light 686 00:37:04,920 --> 00:37:06,840 sits on top of each tower. 687 00:37:06,880 --> 00:37:10,200 But years ago, there was some very different equipment here. 688 00:37:12,840 --> 00:37:15,360 What's missing from the structures today are the aerials 689 00:37:15,400 --> 00:37:18,080 which were in the form of triangular frames 690 00:37:18,120 --> 00:37:20,520 and they would have sat on the top of the towers. 691 00:37:20,560 --> 00:37:22,520 Between the towers were connecting wires 692 00:37:22,560 --> 00:37:25,320 and that linked all of them so they became one. 693 00:37:26,080 --> 00:37:31,200 Together they were used to transmit radio signals over great distances. 694 00:37:31,240 --> 00:37:33,800 Radio waves come in a range of wave lengths 695 00:37:33,840 --> 00:37:37,400 from very short ones to very long ones. 696 00:37:37,440 --> 00:37:42,040 And it's the long waves that most easily travel long distances 697 00:37:42,080 --> 00:37:44,160 but to create a long radio wave 698 00:37:44,200 --> 00:37:46,240 you need a very big antenna. 699 00:37:48,000 --> 00:37:51,880 The towers were part of the hario wireless telegraph station. 700 00:37:52,640 --> 00:37:56,520 They were designed to remedy a long standing and costly problem. 701 00:37:56,560 --> 00:37:57,920 (Dramatic music) 702 00:38:00,000 --> 00:38:02,720 One of the forgotten wars in world history by many, 703 00:38:02,760 --> 00:38:07,000 is a brief war between Japan and Russia in 1904. 704 00:38:07,040 --> 00:38:09,240 But it was a time when Japan actually tried out a lot 705 00:38:09,280 --> 00:38:11,960 of their technologies and in that war 706 00:38:12,000 --> 00:38:15,480 they really learnt the importance of good communication. 707 00:38:17,880 --> 00:38:19,680 Prior to radio communication, 708 00:38:19,720 --> 00:38:24,280 the standard way of sending a message between ships was by flag. 709 00:38:26,000 --> 00:38:29,400 Navies around the world developed very sophisticated systems 710 00:38:29,440 --> 00:38:32,400 using flags and other signals where they could communicate 711 00:38:32,440 --> 00:38:34,880 from ship to ship and coordinate their activities. 712 00:38:34,920 --> 00:38:37,880 But communicating from ship to shore 713 00:38:37,920 --> 00:38:40,960 was always a problem, once you were over the horizon, 714 00:38:41,000 --> 00:38:42,560 you were on your own. 715 00:38:43,400 --> 00:38:46,560 In the modern world of the 1920s and '30s 716 00:38:46,600 --> 00:38:48,440 flags were outmoded and outdated. 717 00:38:50,600 --> 00:38:53,480 Japan would soon start trying to expand, 718 00:38:53,520 --> 00:38:55,360 they had imperial ambitions 719 00:38:55,400 --> 00:38:58,120 and so communication was Paramount to this. 720 00:39:00,360 --> 00:39:03,840 They wanted to measure themselves against Great Britain, 721 00:39:03,880 --> 00:39:05,360 against the United States, 722 00:39:05,400 --> 00:39:07,360 against the French empire, against the Russians. 723 00:39:08,000 --> 00:39:09,496 And so for this they're going to need 724 00:39:09,520 --> 00:39:12,720 a really modern communications array, 725 00:39:12,760 --> 00:39:14,400 so, that Tokyo central 726 00:39:14,440 --> 00:39:17,760 can communicate with the Japanese Navy wherever it is. 727 00:39:18,680 --> 00:39:21,120 There were actually three complexes like this, 728 00:39:21,160 --> 00:39:22,880 one in Taiwan, 729 00:39:22,920 --> 00:39:24,320 one near Tokyo 730 00:39:24,360 --> 00:39:26,280 and this one close to Nagasaki. 731 00:39:26,920 --> 00:39:28,880 The three could communicate with each other 732 00:39:28,920 --> 00:39:32,680 so, you could rely a message from one to the next and beyond 733 00:39:32,720 --> 00:39:36,840 but they could also broadcast messages far out over the ocean. 734 00:39:37,640 --> 00:39:40,040 You had better communications, better information, 735 00:39:40,080 --> 00:39:44,040 you have a huge edge in any military conflict. 736 00:39:45,960 --> 00:39:47,240 There was one building here 737 00:39:47,280 --> 00:39:49,000 that was vital for success. 738 00:39:49,040 --> 00:39:53,320 It was crucial to the Japanese military victories of the 1930s 739 00:39:53,360 --> 00:39:55,840 and as the second world war crept closer 740 00:39:55,880 --> 00:39:58,400 it was about to be put to use again. 741 00:39:58,440 --> 00:40:00,320 It may also have had a part 742 00:40:00,360 --> 00:40:03,680 in one of the gravest events in u.S history. 743 00:40:06,000 --> 00:40:08,960 Translation: "This is the rooftop of the telecommunications room, 744 00:40:09,000 --> 00:40:11,840 "it is also the centre of the three radio towers, 745 00:40:11,880 --> 00:40:15,320 "those radio towers are positioned in an equilateral triangle 746 00:40:15,360 --> 00:40:18,560 "almost 1,000 feet apart from each other. 747 00:40:18,600 --> 00:40:21,360 "And this is located right in the middle of those towers, 748 00:40:21,400 --> 00:40:22,960 "which was important. 749 00:40:26,360 --> 00:40:28,320 "Cables coming from those three radio towers 750 00:40:28,360 --> 00:40:31,040 "were connected to the telecommunications room 751 00:40:31,080 --> 00:40:33,280 "but the telecommunications room itself 752 00:40:33,320 --> 00:40:34,960 "was hidden underground." 753 00:40:40,240 --> 00:40:42,000 With war on the horizon, 754 00:40:42,040 --> 00:40:44,840 meticulous preparations were carried out. 755 00:40:44,880 --> 00:40:48,040 The facility was made highly secure and self sufficient. 756 00:40:49,320 --> 00:40:52,080 The building housed the power to run the whole operation 757 00:40:52,120 --> 00:40:54,760 in the form of generators and batteries 758 00:40:54,800 --> 00:40:56,640 but it was also where communication 759 00:40:56,680 --> 00:40:58,280 was sent and received. 760 00:41:00,840 --> 00:41:03,040 Messages would be picked up by the towers, 761 00:41:03,080 --> 00:41:05,120 relayed to this building, 762 00:41:05,160 --> 00:41:07,400 decoded and then retransmitted 763 00:41:07,440 --> 00:41:09,720 to their original destination. 764 00:41:09,760 --> 00:41:13,960 This dark space certainly had the potential to cause untold damage. 765 00:41:18,960 --> 00:41:21,496 Translation: "This room was where they transmitted the secret codes 766 00:41:21,520 --> 00:41:23,560 "that were created in sasebo. 767 00:41:25,400 --> 00:41:26,960 "From the size of the room 768 00:41:27,000 --> 00:41:29,640 "and because we know there used to be five or six desks in here 769 00:41:29,680 --> 00:41:31,480 "we presume that there was a small number 770 00:41:31,520 --> 00:41:33,480 "of transmission workers in here. 771 00:41:34,880 --> 00:41:38,160 "However as they were dealing with highly confidential documents 772 00:41:38,200 --> 00:41:40,720 "I don't imagine many people were allowed in." 773 00:41:44,920 --> 00:41:46,680 In 1941, 774 00:41:46,720 --> 00:41:48,480 a top secret coded order 775 00:41:48,520 --> 00:41:50,320 that shaped the course of history, 776 00:41:50,360 --> 00:41:53,040 is likely to have filtered through these rooms. 777 00:41:55,600 --> 00:41:57,336 There's good reason to believe that one of the most 778 00:41:57,360 --> 00:41:59,320 pivotal radio transmissions in history 779 00:41:59,360 --> 00:42:01,680 was made via this transmitter. 780 00:42:01,720 --> 00:42:06,000 The words, 'climb mountain itaka 1208'. 781 00:42:07,600 --> 00:42:09,880 Those words were code 782 00:42:09,920 --> 00:42:12,040 to send the instruction to proceed 783 00:42:12,080 --> 00:42:14,120 with the attack on Pearl harbour. 784 00:42:14,160 --> 00:42:15,520 (Dramatic music) 785 00:42:16,600 --> 00:42:18,840 Once the order had been given by Tokyo 786 00:42:18,880 --> 00:42:21,040 it's believed that hario 787 00:42:21,080 --> 00:42:23,360 actually transmitted the fateful message 788 00:42:23,400 --> 00:42:24,920 from mainland Japan, 789 00:42:24,960 --> 00:42:26,960 to the waiting naval fleet. 790 00:42:28,400 --> 00:42:31,080 The attack on Pearl harbour was devastating 791 00:42:31,120 --> 00:42:34,480 and it immediately drew the United States into the war. 792 00:42:36,520 --> 00:42:38,360 But questions about hario 793 00:42:38,400 --> 00:42:40,280 and it's role in all this 794 00:42:40,320 --> 00:42:42,280 remain unanswered to this day. 795 00:42:45,040 --> 00:42:47,096 Translation: "There's almost no documentation remaining 796 00:42:47,120 --> 00:42:49,160 "about the hario radio site. 797 00:42:49,960 --> 00:42:51,720 "Architectural drawings, 798 00:42:51,760 --> 00:42:54,200 "records of transmission history and so on, 799 00:42:54,240 --> 00:42:56,000 "they don't exist at all. 800 00:42:57,480 --> 00:43:00,560 "The reason being that straight after the war ended 801 00:43:00,600 --> 00:43:02,960 "any related documents were burnt." 802 00:43:06,360 --> 00:43:08,200 While the Japanese may have destroyed 803 00:43:08,240 --> 00:43:10,920 any incriminating and damning paperwork 804 00:43:10,960 --> 00:43:15,000 they couldn't make the very real concrete evidence here disappear. 805 00:43:15,920 --> 00:43:17,680 We can't say for sure that the order 806 00:43:17,720 --> 00:43:21,400 to attack Pearl harbour came from hario because after the war 807 00:43:21,440 --> 00:43:24,840 the Japanese destroyed all the records that were stored there. 808 00:43:24,880 --> 00:43:28,960 But given the configuration of the various transmission sites in Japan 809 00:43:29,000 --> 00:43:31,080 it probably came from here. 810 00:43:34,080 --> 00:43:36,400 Today the prominent towers, 811 00:43:36,440 --> 00:43:38,600 help to caution another generation 812 00:43:38,640 --> 00:43:41,000 not to repeat the mistakes of the past. 813 00:43:41,040 --> 00:43:42,920 And it's hoped that they'll continue 814 00:43:42,960 --> 00:43:45,920 to sound their warning for many years to come. 815 00:43:46,480 --> 00:43:49,400 These towers were designed to last for about 90 years 816 00:43:49,440 --> 00:43:52,080 but the way they were engineered and constructed 817 00:43:52,120 --> 00:43:54,960 means that they'll last for a lot longer than that. 818 00:43:55,000 --> 00:43:58,000 Captioned by ai-media ai-media. TV 65648

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