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(Dramatic music)
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Tom ward (narrates): A
monster machine in Ukraine
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seemingly high tech yet
left to rust in a giant hanger.
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You see a winged
structure, part of a fuselage
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and then looming over all of it
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is this absolutely
enormous aircraft.
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A ghostly facility sprawling
across northern Indiana
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displaying strange features.
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So, we've got slides
coming out of these buildings
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and those are not there for fun.
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00:00:38,080 --> 00:00:41,960
A forest of derelict towers in
Greece with mythical origins.
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It's a dramatic site, a
collection of ruined towers
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perched on a hill
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with a coastline stretching
out in the distance.
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And a collection of
ruined constructions
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strategically perched on
the edge of a Scottish loch.
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This is such a peaceful location
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but these concrete structures,
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they evoke a time when this loch
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was transformed in to an area
of action and frantic activity.
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Decaying relics...
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Ruins of lost worlds...
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Forged through years of toil
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now haunted by the past...
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Their secrets waiting
to be revealed.
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(Mildly suspenseful music)
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Ukraine Eastern
Europe on the outskirts
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of the capital of Kiev sits
a vast featureless structure
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that hides an
extraordinary secret.
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We're in a kind of
industrial suburb
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and as you come in to this
very abandoned derelict area
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with weeds growing
through the pavement,
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on the edge of this thing you
see this one enormous building.
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The first thing that
strikes you is that
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it has these massive,
massive doors,
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over 100ft high so whatever
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this building's intended for
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was clearly some kind
of super size structure.
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When you see
anything that's unusual
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or just beyond your
normal expectation
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in scale you're drawn to it,
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you want to know what
lies behind those doors.
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Inside, old machinery that
lines the cavernous interior
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provides a clue as to what
was manufactured within.
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It's kind of like a crypt
for ancient aircraft,
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in pieces mostly.
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You see different
parts laying around that
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haven't been connected yet.
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Dwarfing the
aircraft stored there
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is one massive
fuselage of an aeroplane.
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It is huge, it towers
above everything else
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and it dominates the space.
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We know that there's a link
between this mammoth aircraft
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and the cold war but
just looking at the plane.
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The link isn't clear.
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What's the story behind of this?
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Why get so far on
such a massive scale
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and then not complete the job?
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Inside this giant hanger
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lies an impressive
feat of aviation history
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that was once at the heart
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of a fierce
international rivalry
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between two super powers.
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Hennadii silchenko has worked
for the Antonov design bureau
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for nearly four decades...
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He was part of the team responsible
for this plane's development.
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As to where we are now...
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I can say that we are standing
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in one of the warehouses
of our company...
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Which is used for
conservation and storage.
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Antonov are a huge Ukrainian
aeronautical company,
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they were known for
making big aeroplanes,
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that was their thing.
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And it's the sheer
scale of the parts
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that are key to
understanding its origin.
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At 84 metres in length,
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it is over 11 metres longer than
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the world's biggest
passenger plane flying today.
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The famous a380,
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the supersize passenger jet
from airbus, isn't even as large.
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Clearly this aircraft
was designed
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for some extraordinary purpose,
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something extremely
large and heavy.
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(Speaks foreign language)
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Born at a time
when east and west
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were locked in bitter struggle
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this flying fortress was to
have a special role to play.
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When we think about the cold war
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we think about the
potential for military conflict
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between the us and the ussr.
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We think about nuclear weapons
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and the build up
of that capability
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but the cold war also took
place in all these other arenas.
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There was a battle of propaganda
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to be won as well and space
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became the place
to fight that one out.
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The space race took engineering
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and creativity to
a whole new level.
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So, in 1972
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the United States announces
the space shuttle program.
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And the Soviets
see this as alarming,
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first of all it's a huge leap
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in this prestigious space race.
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The Americans are gonna have
a new generation of technology
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the Soviets don't have.
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The Soviets were
on the back foot
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but they could see
that the shuttle program
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was the future of
space exploration
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and this plane is
part of that story.
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This is the Antonov an-225,
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the world's largest
model of aircraft.
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But how was a giant plane
supposed to help the ussr
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achieve its goal of
conquering space?
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Soon as the us announced
the shuttle program,
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the Soviets decided they
were gonna have to come back
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with their own program
called the buran.
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Geographically the ussr
is a huge, huge space
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with lots of centres of
engineering excellence.
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Now, the space shuttle program
requires huge pieces of technology.
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Very big scale engineering
and to get them in to one place,
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fit for launching,
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you'd need to transport
everything to that location.
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So, the Soviet solution...
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Is to fly the space
shuttle to the cosmodrome
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in southern Kazakhstan
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and yet there is no
aircraft big enough
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to carry a space shuttle.
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The engineers knew that
the construction of an aircraft
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that could solve those
issues would without doubt
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elevate the aviation industry
of not only a Soviet state
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but of the entire world.
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With an epic challenge
ahead of them
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the Antonov team got to work.
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Just three years after the
idea for this model of aircraft
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was conceived the monstrous
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an-225 finally took to the skies
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with a shuttle on its back.
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One of the
challenges of carrying
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a space shuttle on
top of an aircraft is
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that it really
disrupts the airflow
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so in the design
of the Antonov 225,
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they split the tail
in to two pieces
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so that the vertical stabilisers
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were outside of
that turbulent zone.
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And when it took off
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it was not only a shock
for the whole world
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but to some extent
even for us, its creators.
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Such a plane in the air
is still fantastic to witness.
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And it was striking
'cause in 1989
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to kind of announce this
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great technological
breakthrough to the world
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they send the an-225
to the Paris air show.
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And everybody who
sees it is just blown away
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by the sheer scale
of this aircraft.
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With the an-225 declared
a resounding success,
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the Soviet union forged ahead
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with plans to
assemble three more.
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This was meant to be number
two off the production line.
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Forget about just being
an engineering marvel,
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for the Soviets this was a
massive propaganda coup.
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Although in the end
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it really turned out
to be too little too late.
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A storm was brewing
that would spell disaster
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for the world's
biggest aircraft.
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A couple of years later
the Soviet union collapsed
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and everything changed.
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There was really no
purpose for the plane,
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it got mothballed,
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the other models that
were under construction
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never got completed.
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Without the space race,
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without that
competition with the usa,
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why did the world need
a plane on that scale?
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That's what nobody
could figure out.
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Yet that wasn't
the end of its story.
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Pilot dmytro Antonov
is one of the few men
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to have flown this
winged leviathan.
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An-225 was bought
back to life in 2001,
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it started to fly again.
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And since that time it
has performed numerous
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humanitarian missions.
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But with the plane costing
an astonishing 24,000 pounds
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an hour to charter, it's
rarely called in to action.
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When it does make an
appearance it attracts quite a crowd.
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When we went to
Australia for instance
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we were met by more
than 15,000 people.
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And when you
realise that all of them
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just came to see
us, to see the plane,
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it makes us feel proud,
we are proud to be flying it.
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What puts this on
the must see list is that
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it actually holds
240 world records
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including carrying
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the world's heaviest
commercial cargo
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and the world's
heaviest single object.
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(Soft music)
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Today this incomplete chapter
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in aviation history
may lie in pieces
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but Antonov have not
given up hope of one day
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seeing it take to the skies.
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Unlike the first aircraft,
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this one is unfinished,
however we are still proud of it.
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Of course we really
want to finish it,
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we have the means to do so,
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the only thing we
need is a customer
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who would buy it
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and then we would start
work on it straight away.
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It's getting another look
by powers like China
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as a possible entree into
the space race for themselves.
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So, you know, potentially
there is still even a bright future.
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On a remote coast in Scotland
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a cluster of ruins emerge
out of a wild landscape.
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(Suspenseful music)
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On the fringes of the
north west highlands,
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on the tip of Scotland,
you're totally exposed
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to the full force of
the north Atlantic.
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We've got a rocky
rugged coastline
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and we've got
concrete fortifications
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built right in to the rocks.
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You can see that this
is a defended location.
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Some look like lookout posts,
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others more like pillboxes
or gun emplacements.
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It becomes ever clearer that
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this was a scene of a
major military enterprise.
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We have to wonder
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what is so important
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here in this quiet rural area
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that needs to be
defended like this.
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This was the setting
for a daring operation.
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Yet mystery still
swirls around this site.
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The impact of the
war has left its Mark
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and it's a story that
due to the secrecy act
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isn't entirely well understood.
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The origins of this secret site
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00:14:03,120 --> 00:14:04,440
are intrinsically tied
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00:14:04,480 --> 00:14:08,400
to a remarkable story of
perseverance and sacrifice.
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00:14:10,400 --> 00:14:11,640
When we look at the way
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these reinforced
concrete emplacements
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00:14:14,600 --> 00:14:16,440
are designed and built
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it's very clearly
mid 20th century,
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it's second world war era stuff.
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00:14:22,680 --> 00:14:25,160
And yet when we think about
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00:14:25,200 --> 00:14:27,880
second world war
in the British isles
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we think about defending
London from a Nazi invasion.
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Were the allies expecting Hitler
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00:14:34,960 --> 00:14:37,520
to mount a UK
attack from the north?
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00:14:37,560 --> 00:14:40,640
Or is there another reason
for fortifying so heavily
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this remote region
of the British isles?
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This is a part of Scotland
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that was facing
away from the Nazi's.
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Why would we build fortifications
that face away from the threat?
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00:15:00,280 --> 00:15:02,560
The area has a sparse
local population...
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Yet for one of
them, Nicky ellakirk...
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00:15:09,560 --> 00:15:11,800
This military site has
always held an allure.
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00:15:14,360 --> 00:15:17,600
My childhood was spent
playing around this bunkers,
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00:15:17,640 --> 00:15:20,000
it's a rather unique kids
playground made up of, you know,
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70 year old rusting
lumps of concrete.
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00:15:23,800 --> 00:15:26,960
Yet there was a time when
this was a hive of activity.
258
00:15:29,320 --> 00:15:32,560
We're up here in a tiny
fishing crofting community
259
00:15:32,600 --> 00:15:36,200
and there was this sudden
influx of 3,000 troops
260
00:15:36,240 --> 00:15:38,400
who landed from everywhere,
261
00:15:38,440 --> 00:15:43,160
India, Poland, britain,
other overseas territories.
262
00:15:45,280 --> 00:15:48,440
Why were troops flooding
in to this desolate area?
263
00:15:49,520 --> 00:15:52,640
Various remnants of military
hardware provide clues.
264
00:15:54,520 --> 00:15:57,960
Francis Russell has been
researching the site for decades.
265
00:15:59,760 --> 00:16:01,280
Here we have the,
266
00:16:01,320 --> 00:16:03,520
one of the six-inch
gun emplacements.
267
00:16:04,600 --> 00:16:06,160
There were two
six-inch guns here
268
00:16:06,200 --> 00:16:10,120
and then further round the
corner another two six-inch guns.
269
00:16:10,160 --> 00:16:12,800
They were a deterrent
and they looked mean.
270
00:16:14,600 --> 00:16:16,120
Beneath these guns
271
00:16:16,160 --> 00:16:18,880
a mine field ran across
the mouth of the loch...
272
00:16:21,400 --> 00:16:24,800
And behind that
another line of defence.
273
00:16:24,840 --> 00:16:28,080
We've got submarine boom netting
274
00:16:28,120 --> 00:16:32,720
which is large rings of wire all
woven together like chainmail,
275
00:16:32,760 --> 00:16:35,280
that was hung
between surface floats
276
00:16:35,320 --> 00:16:37,280
and huge chunks of
concrete on the seabed.
277
00:16:38,640 --> 00:16:40,880
As well as protecting
against u-boats,
278
00:16:40,920 --> 00:16:43,720
lookout towers warned
of incoming aircraft
279
00:16:43,760 --> 00:16:45,040
or naval attacks.
280
00:16:47,800 --> 00:16:49,400
It's hard to imagine now
281
00:16:49,440 --> 00:16:52,640
but this was once
a hive of activity.
282
00:16:52,680 --> 00:16:55,680
Hundreds of ships
and thousands of men
283
00:16:55,720 --> 00:16:58,280
all crammed in
to this small area.
284
00:17:00,680 --> 00:17:05,640
This is loch ewe, a sea loch
used as a secret assembly point
285
00:17:05,680 --> 00:17:07,080
in the second world war,
286
00:17:08,480 --> 00:17:09,720
its need was driven
287
00:17:09,760 --> 00:17:12,240
by the German invasion
of the Soviet union.
288
00:17:19,520 --> 00:17:22,760
When the Germans attack Russia
289
00:17:22,800 --> 00:17:25,400
on June 22, 1941,
290
00:17:25,440 --> 00:17:27,920
they sweep initially
291
00:17:27,960 --> 00:17:30,920
almost literally to
the gates of Moscow.
292
00:17:30,960 --> 00:17:35,320
And first britain and then
once america enters the war,
293
00:17:35,360 --> 00:17:38,920
america promise aid to Russia.
294
00:17:42,680 --> 00:17:46,680
These vital supplies had to
be transported by sea to Russia
295
00:17:46,720 --> 00:17:49,960
from a suitable base and
it had to remain secret.
296
00:17:54,560 --> 00:17:57,040
People often ask why loch ewe.
297
00:17:58,120 --> 00:17:59,336
And the answer is quite simple,
298
00:17:59,360 --> 00:18:01,760
it's at the extreme range
for German bombers
299
00:18:01,800 --> 00:18:03,920
at the beginning of the war.
300
00:18:03,960 --> 00:18:07,280
It's got a narrow entrance
which makes it easier to protect,
301
00:18:07,320 --> 00:18:09,280
it's deep up to 240ft...
302
00:18:10,480 --> 00:18:14,160
And its wide and
it's a safe Anchorage.
303
00:18:17,080 --> 00:18:19,680
Loch ewe is a
different kind of loch,
304
00:18:19,720 --> 00:18:23,240
it's a narrow inlet of the sea.
305
00:18:23,280 --> 00:18:27,280
It's salt water, it is
exposed to the elements...
306
00:18:28,400 --> 00:18:31,280
But it's a really clever place
307
00:18:31,320 --> 00:18:34,760
to tuck away a
big naval operation
308
00:18:34,800 --> 00:18:37,720
until you're ready to
let it loose on the world.
309
00:18:40,840 --> 00:18:43,600
By February 1942, loch ewe
310
00:18:43,640 --> 00:18:47,360
was fully operational as a
base for the arctic convoys,
311
00:18:47,400 --> 00:18:50,080
with its first convoy
sailing that same month.
312
00:18:52,520 --> 00:18:54,600
Merchant ships
carried the supplies
313
00:18:54,640 --> 00:18:57,240
and were escorted by
ships of the royal Navy,
314
00:18:57,280 --> 00:18:59,120
and the Canadian and us navies.
315
00:19:00,800 --> 00:19:03,000
The arctic convoy is one
of the biggest examples
316
00:19:03,040 --> 00:19:04,400
of cooperation during the war,
317
00:19:04,440 --> 00:19:07,640
it was a combined operation
of 14 different nations
318
00:19:07,680 --> 00:19:10,760
ranging all the way from
India through Panama,
319
00:19:10,800 --> 00:19:14,160
the Netherlands, the UK,
Canada, the us, the list goes on.
320
00:19:15,240 --> 00:19:16,400
Men would have been drafted
321
00:19:16,440 --> 00:19:18,440
from all of these various places
322
00:19:18,480 --> 00:19:21,600
and put on ships and
sent up to loch ewe.
323
00:19:21,640 --> 00:19:22,640
These men would have
324
00:19:22,680 --> 00:19:25,320
little idea of their
ultimate destination.
325
00:19:25,360 --> 00:19:27,960
But all feared the
dreaded arctic run.
326
00:19:30,280 --> 00:19:31,280
Often the first clue
327
00:19:31,320 --> 00:19:33,800
they'd have that they were
heading out round the north
328
00:19:33,840 --> 00:19:35,680
instead of back
down to the south
329
00:19:35,720 --> 00:19:37,360
would be the ships
would be loaded
330
00:19:37,400 --> 00:19:38,600
with cold weather gear,
331
00:19:38,640 --> 00:19:41,120
cold weather gear
consists of a sturdy coat...
332
00:19:42,240 --> 00:19:45,320
Not much to protect you
against the ice and hail
333
00:19:45,360 --> 00:19:46,800
and freezing waves.
334
00:19:48,200 --> 00:19:50,680
The route for transporting
supplies to Russia
335
00:19:50,720 --> 00:19:52,440
was a highly treacherous one.
336
00:19:54,080 --> 00:19:55,760
The best route,
337
00:19:55,800 --> 00:19:58,480
the fastest and
most efficient route
338
00:19:58,520 --> 00:20:01,720
to get warm material to Russia
339
00:20:01,760 --> 00:20:04,800
was through the ice
free northern ports
340
00:20:04,840 --> 00:20:07,240
and that's murmansk
and archangelsk
341
00:20:07,280 --> 00:20:08,960
and that is going
this northern route.
342
00:20:10,560 --> 00:20:14,880
Ships on the murmansk run
had to worry about the Nazi's,
343
00:20:14,920 --> 00:20:18,080
they had to worry about
u-boats, destroyers,
344
00:20:18,120 --> 00:20:20,840
battle cruisers
operating out of Norway.
345
00:20:20,880 --> 00:20:23,680
Nazi planes flying
out of Norway.
346
00:20:25,160 --> 00:20:29,800
Then had to navigate the
perils of the icy arctic water.
347
00:20:29,840 --> 00:20:32,560
Fog that camouflaged icebergs
348
00:20:32,600 --> 00:20:35,560
and snow storms
raging across their bows.
349
00:20:37,240 --> 00:20:39,520
Many were young boys
you'd have volunteered,
350
00:20:39,560 --> 00:20:41,000
some as young as 16.
351
00:20:41,040 --> 00:20:43,600
The merchant seamen
never signed up for war
352
00:20:43,640 --> 00:20:46,560
and here they find
themselves amidst ice, storms,
353
00:20:46,600 --> 00:20:49,280
gails and the constant
threat of the enemy.
354
00:20:51,000 --> 00:20:53,240
Could they successfully
arm the Soviets
355
00:20:53,280 --> 00:20:57,160
against the biggest land
invasion in human history?
356
00:20:57,200 --> 00:21:00,720
And would loch ewe manage
to stay under the Nazi radar?
357
00:21:02,080 --> 00:21:03,640
(Dramatic music)
358
00:21:09,680 --> 00:21:13,840
Ships that arrived in loch ewe
had to pass an examination vessel
359
00:21:13,880 --> 00:21:16,280
and then once
through the boom net,
360
00:21:16,320 --> 00:21:18,960
which was for protecting
against enemy subs,
361
00:21:19,000 --> 00:21:21,160
they were allocated
a place to anchor.
362
00:21:22,360 --> 00:21:25,520
We had to have lots of
buildings to accommodate sailors
363
00:21:25,560 --> 00:21:29,040
and to accommodate
the dockyard technicians
364
00:21:29,080 --> 00:21:31,320
who would do all
the work of refuelling,
365
00:21:31,360 --> 00:21:35,000
resupplying and repairing ships.
366
00:21:35,040 --> 00:21:36,400
But the key was to avoid
367
00:21:36,440 --> 00:21:39,280
alerting the Nazi's
to their presence.
368
00:21:39,320 --> 00:21:41,840
You want to have radio silence
369
00:21:41,880 --> 00:21:45,080
because your enemy
will have direction finders
370
00:21:45,120 --> 00:21:49,560
so you want to have
prominent signal posts
371
00:21:49,600 --> 00:21:51,720
so you can use light signals,
372
00:21:51,760 --> 00:21:54,200
signal flags to communicate
373
00:21:54,240 --> 00:21:57,360
throughout the fleet
through visual signals
374
00:21:57,400 --> 00:21:59,560
and not use the radio.
375
00:21:59,600 --> 00:22:01,560
Your best defence is secrecy.
376
00:22:03,200 --> 00:22:08,360
A total of 19 convoys made
up of 481 merchant ships
377
00:22:08,400 --> 00:22:13,080
and over 100 naval escort
vessels left loch ewe for Russia
378
00:22:13,120 --> 00:22:14,360
during world war ii.
379
00:22:15,880 --> 00:22:18,200
Part of a highly
effective convoy system.
380
00:22:20,160 --> 00:22:22,160
What is amazing though is that
381
00:22:22,200 --> 00:22:25,760
despite German attacks only 7%
382
00:22:25,800 --> 00:22:29,680
of the ships and convoy traffic
383
00:22:29,720 --> 00:22:32,040
through northern
Russia will be lost.
384
00:22:34,640 --> 00:22:38,720
This vast volume of materials
and weapons flowing in to Russia
385
00:22:38,760 --> 00:22:42,400
helped the Soviets fend off
Hitler's massive invasion force.
386
00:22:44,160 --> 00:22:46,720
The boots that they wore
387
00:22:46,760 --> 00:22:50,240
in Russia were made in america,
388
00:22:50,280 --> 00:22:52,440
the jeeps that they
drove in Russia
389
00:22:52,480 --> 00:22:53,840
were made in america.
390
00:22:53,880 --> 00:22:57,400
Because we the western
allies were able to ship
391
00:22:57,440 --> 00:23:00,640
so much stuff to
the Soviet union,
392
00:23:00,680 --> 00:23:03,840
the Soviets were
able to keep on fighting
393
00:23:03,880 --> 00:23:08,040
and without the Russians
defeating the Nazi's from the east,
394
00:23:08,080 --> 00:23:12,360
we all would not have been
able to defeat the Nazi's.
395
00:23:14,840 --> 00:23:19,400
After April 1945, loch ewe
became a marshalling point
396
00:23:19,440 --> 00:23:21,280
for many of the German u-boats
397
00:23:21,320 --> 00:23:23,600
that had surrendered
whilst still at sea.
398
00:23:25,720 --> 00:23:29,160
Yet this success still
came at great cost.
399
00:23:29,200 --> 00:23:31,800
3,000 or so brave young men
400
00:23:31,840 --> 00:23:36,000
went up north and died on
what Winston Churchill called
401
00:23:36,040 --> 00:23:38,160
the worst journey in the world.
402
00:23:40,480 --> 00:23:44,520
Loch ewe is a monument to the
way that people came together,
403
00:23:44,560 --> 00:23:48,520
the Russians, the Americans,
the British, Canadians,
404
00:23:48,560 --> 00:23:52,080
all came together
to defeat the Nazi's.
405
00:23:56,880 --> 00:23:59,680
Today the Russian
arctic convoy museum
406
00:23:59,720 --> 00:24:03,520
works to ensure these
stories of bravery live on,
407
00:24:03,560 --> 00:24:06,200
along with these
concrete remains.
408
00:24:08,840 --> 00:24:10,120
They need to be preserved
409
00:24:10,160 --> 00:24:11,520
to let people know that...
410
00:24:12,960 --> 00:24:14,240
Sacrifices were made.
411
00:24:21,240 --> 00:24:23,960
In the open countryside
of north Indiana
412
00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:27,080
lies a sprawling network
of over grown structures
413
00:24:27,120 --> 00:24:28,800
that hide a secret past.
414
00:24:33,280 --> 00:24:38,320
This is a complex that
covers thousands of acres
415
00:24:38,360 --> 00:24:42,280
and what you see are clusters
416
00:24:42,320 --> 00:24:45,840
of buildings, widely separated.
417
00:24:45,880 --> 00:24:49,320
Some of them festooned
with undergrowth and trees,
418
00:24:49,360 --> 00:24:51,960
some of them look
almost like tree houses.
419
00:24:52,000 --> 00:24:53,680
When you get up close
420
00:24:53,720 --> 00:24:57,600
you can see that the buildings
are strangely segmented
421
00:24:57,640 --> 00:25:01,960
with large walls
covering each segment.
422
00:25:02,000 --> 00:25:07,600
This looks like a place that
people forgot about entirely.
423
00:25:07,640 --> 00:25:12,680
Did something desperate happen
to warn people to stay away?
424
00:25:14,760 --> 00:25:17,320
The scale of the site
suggests this place
425
00:25:17,360 --> 00:25:19,960
was once of Paramount importance
426
00:25:20,000 --> 00:25:23,080
but it's the distinctive layout
and design of the buildings
427
00:25:23,120 --> 00:25:24,920
that offer the clues as to why.
428
00:25:26,640 --> 00:25:29,560
What you're looking at is
429
00:25:29,600 --> 00:25:33,040
something that is
certainly organised
430
00:25:33,080 --> 00:25:38,160
not for efficiency
but for safety factors.
431
00:25:39,400 --> 00:25:43,560
What could be so important
but also so dangerous?
432
00:25:49,840 --> 00:25:52,040
Overgrown and abandoned today
433
00:25:52,080 --> 00:25:54,320
this place was once
filled with workers.
434
00:25:56,080 --> 00:25:59,880
Amongst them in the
1950s was fern eddy Schultz
435
00:25:59,920 --> 00:26:01,800
who was employed
here as a secretary.
436
00:26:04,240 --> 00:26:06,720
Much of the work she
did was highly confidential.
437
00:26:07,800 --> 00:26:09,160
The saying here was
438
00:26:09,200 --> 00:26:11,136
what you're seeing here
and what you hear here you
439
00:26:11,160 --> 00:26:12,520
let it stay here.
440
00:26:12,560 --> 00:26:15,160
We weren't at Liberty to go out
441
00:26:15,200 --> 00:26:16,920
and tell anybody
a lot of the things
442
00:26:16,960 --> 00:26:18,560
that we saw go on.
443
00:26:20,200 --> 00:26:22,880
It's no accident that this
site was built out here
444
00:26:22,920 --> 00:26:24,440
in rural Indiana.
445
00:26:26,960 --> 00:26:28,880
But secrecy wasn't
the only reason.
446
00:26:31,200 --> 00:26:34,200
If you're gonna build
a factory to make jeeps
447
00:26:34,240 --> 00:26:35,880
you'll do it in Detroit
448
00:26:35,920 --> 00:26:37,840
because that's where
the work force is,
449
00:26:37,880 --> 00:26:40,480
that's where the facilities are.
450
00:26:40,520 --> 00:26:42,200
If you are gonna
build things that
451
00:26:42,240 --> 00:26:46,600
go bang you don't want to
do it in the middle of a city.
452
00:26:48,080 --> 00:26:51,160
Hidden in the woods are
clues to what this place was.
453
00:26:52,440 --> 00:26:55,320
Look at the way
escape slides had been
454
00:26:55,360 --> 00:26:57,400
located around the place.
455
00:26:57,440 --> 00:27:01,680
Those are not there for
fun, this is not a playground.
456
00:27:03,520 --> 00:27:06,400
The chutes were for the
safety of the employees
457
00:27:06,440 --> 00:27:08,800
in the event there was
a, what we called a blow.
458
00:27:10,960 --> 00:27:14,520
This was the kingsbury
ordnance plant.
459
00:27:14,560 --> 00:27:17,280
A vast ammunition
manufacturing site.
460
00:27:19,120 --> 00:27:23,480
On 7 December, 1941,
Japan attacked the naval base
461
00:27:23,520 --> 00:27:26,200
at Pearl harbour and the us
462
00:27:26,240 --> 00:27:28,760
soon entered the
second world war.
463
00:27:28,800 --> 00:27:31,480
Sites like this were
desperately needed
464
00:27:31,520 --> 00:27:32,800
but getting a place like
465
00:27:32,840 --> 00:27:36,720
kingsbury built and up to speed
would take months if not years.
466
00:27:39,440 --> 00:27:41,600
To successfully fight
467
00:27:41,640 --> 00:27:45,000
a major war in
Europe and the pacific
468
00:27:45,040 --> 00:27:46,240
you needed ammunition.
469
00:27:47,280 --> 00:27:51,600
The us government
goes to a place in Indiana
470
00:27:51,640 --> 00:27:52,800
that's right on the railway,
471
00:27:53,840 --> 00:27:57,280
it's near the coal
and steel output
472
00:27:57,320 --> 00:27:59,240
of the mid-west in Pittsburgh,
473
00:27:59,280 --> 00:28:03,640
it's built on 13,500
acres of farmland.
474
00:28:04,720 --> 00:28:07,680
This site is huge.
475
00:28:07,720 --> 00:28:11,680
And you've got these
very widely spaced factories
476
00:28:11,720 --> 00:28:15,560
so that if there is a
disaster in one area,
477
00:28:15,600 --> 00:28:18,240
it won't set off all the
others in a chain reaction.
478
00:28:21,720 --> 00:28:24,680
The site also included
ammunition storage,
479
00:28:24,720 --> 00:28:29,320
barracks, laboratories,
offices and testing facilities.
480
00:28:29,360 --> 00:28:32,120
All linked together
by miles of rail tracks.
481
00:28:33,520 --> 00:28:35,680
Fern remembers
her time working here
482
00:28:35,720 --> 00:28:38,560
years later during the 1950s,
483
00:28:38,600 --> 00:28:40,840
the systems however
were much the same.
484
00:28:42,160 --> 00:28:45,120
We're on a one line
and on the one line
485
00:28:45,160 --> 00:28:48,040
they made what we
call fuses and boosters,
486
00:28:48,080 --> 00:28:49,960
the fuses were part of something
487
00:28:50,000 --> 00:28:53,240
that set the ammunition
off when it was fired.
488
00:28:53,280 --> 00:28:57,040
The booster boosted
the capacity of the fuse.
489
00:28:57,080 --> 00:28:58,880
The final product
on the two line
490
00:28:58,920 --> 00:29:01,120
was a 20 millimetre shell
491
00:29:01,160 --> 00:29:03,640
and on the three line
was a 30 millimetre
492
00:29:03,680 --> 00:29:07,080
and so on down the
line to the five line.
493
00:29:08,760 --> 00:29:13,040
Separating the facilities wasn't
the only safety measure taken
494
00:29:13,080 --> 00:29:16,240
because the work being
carried out inside these buildings
495
00:29:16,280 --> 00:29:19,400
also dictated how
they were built.
496
00:29:19,440 --> 00:29:20,560
The main thing that
497
00:29:20,600 --> 00:29:23,560
they're producing here
is smokeless powder
498
00:29:24,640 --> 00:29:28,320
and it's a process that
uses a lot of different acids,
499
00:29:28,360 --> 00:29:31,080
it's a very dangerous
process to do.
500
00:29:32,160 --> 00:29:35,240
You see the interior
walls are really solid
501
00:29:35,280 --> 00:29:37,880
and then the exterior walls
502
00:29:37,920 --> 00:29:42,960
and the roofs are relatively
thinly built of light steel,
503
00:29:43,000 --> 00:29:44,440
glass, plastic,
504
00:29:44,480 --> 00:29:47,720
and that's so that if
there's an accident
505
00:29:47,760 --> 00:29:51,280
the interior wall
will be so strong
506
00:29:51,320 --> 00:29:53,880
that it will direct the blast
toward the weaker areas away
507
00:29:53,920 --> 00:29:58,120
from the very valuable
machinery and also the man power.
508
00:29:58,160 --> 00:30:00,720
But with the us
suddenly embroiled in war
509
00:30:00,760 --> 00:30:02,880
in the pacific and in Europe,
510
00:30:02,920 --> 00:30:06,040
how would such a vast
site be made ready in time?
511
00:30:10,160 --> 00:30:14,760
In December 1941, the us
entered the second world war,
512
00:30:14,800 --> 00:30:16,760
while the attack
on Pearl harbour
513
00:30:16,800 --> 00:30:19,480
had come as a
sudden tragic surprise,
514
00:30:19,520 --> 00:30:22,000
the military had been
preparing to enter the war
515
00:30:22,040 --> 00:30:25,880
for some time and sites like
the kingsbury ordnance plant
516
00:30:25,920 --> 00:30:28,120
had actually been
operational for months.
517
00:30:29,320 --> 00:30:33,120
You see the story
begins long before
518
00:30:33,160 --> 00:30:35,240
the Americans go to
war in Pearl harbour.
519
00:30:36,520 --> 00:30:41,400
United States although
not willing to actively
520
00:30:41,440 --> 00:30:43,200
jump in to world war ii,
521
00:30:43,240 --> 00:30:47,160
saw the danger of a
possible Nazi victory
522
00:30:47,200 --> 00:30:49,920
and began a massive
rearmament program.
523
00:30:51,960 --> 00:30:54,400
As early as the summer of 1941
524
00:30:54,440 --> 00:30:55,880
kingsbury had been shipping out
525
00:30:55,920 --> 00:30:58,560
munitions to Europe
to aid the allies.
526
00:30:58,600 --> 00:31:02,040
From here its importance
would only increase.
527
00:31:02,080 --> 00:31:04,320
This place kingsbury
ordnance plant
528
00:31:04,360 --> 00:31:09,120
was an absolutely critical
piece of the us war machine
529
00:31:09,160 --> 00:31:10,240
in world war ii.
530
00:31:11,360 --> 00:31:13,520
At its height in a single day,
531
00:31:13,560 --> 00:31:17,080
kingsbury produced 180,000
point detonating fuses...
532
00:31:18,120 --> 00:31:20,960
Over 46,000 40 millimetre shells
533
00:31:22,040 --> 00:31:25,680
and 500,000 rounds of
20 millimetre ammunition.
534
00:31:26,960 --> 00:31:31,000
But to achieve this staggering
output level it needed workers,
535
00:31:31,040 --> 00:31:34,840
something that was hard
to find in rural Indiana.
536
00:31:34,880 --> 00:31:37,360
They purpose built
a neighbourhood
537
00:31:37,400 --> 00:31:40,680
here at kingsbury
heights to house people
538
00:31:40,720 --> 00:31:42,760
because there was nobody here.
539
00:31:42,800 --> 00:31:46,040
In all close to 21,000
people worked at the site.
540
00:31:47,120 --> 00:31:49,600
In amongst them was a
great number of women
541
00:31:49,640 --> 00:31:52,720
both breaking down
old social conventions
542
00:31:52,760 --> 00:31:54,720
and doing their part
for the war effort.
543
00:31:56,160 --> 00:31:59,120
They are working full shifts,
544
00:31:59,160 --> 00:32:02,320
double shifts in factories,
545
00:32:02,360 --> 00:32:07,320
and that changes not only
the way others see them
546
00:32:07,360 --> 00:32:09,640
but it changes the way
they see themselves.
547
00:32:12,440 --> 00:32:14,080
But despite the progress
548
00:32:14,120 --> 00:32:16,680
the work force faced
numerous dangers
549
00:32:16,720 --> 00:32:19,920
and ailments that
could last a lifetime.
550
00:32:19,960 --> 00:32:22,800
People are being
exposed to toxic chemicals.
551
00:32:22,840 --> 00:32:26,920
People are getting
burns from flammables
552
00:32:26,960 --> 00:32:28,760
and in some cases
553
00:32:28,800 --> 00:32:32,880
people are displaying
really worrying symptoms.
554
00:32:34,240 --> 00:32:37,400
Employees were forced
to wear these powder suits,
555
00:32:37,440 --> 00:32:39,080
they had to
remove all jewellery,
556
00:32:39,120 --> 00:32:41,280
anything that might
cause static electricity,
557
00:32:41,320 --> 00:32:43,000
any kind of friction
that could create
558
00:32:43,040 --> 00:32:44,600
a spark would set off
559
00:32:44,640 --> 00:32:47,760
some kind of a conflagration
inside the ammunitions plant
560
00:32:47,800 --> 00:32:49,360
or any of its buildings.
561
00:32:49,400 --> 00:32:51,600
In the powder blending areas
562
00:32:51,640 --> 00:32:54,400
people actually turned orange
563
00:32:54,440 --> 00:32:57,560
from handling the material.
564
00:33:00,440 --> 00:33:03,800
When the second world war
ended the plant went in to standby
565
00:33:03,840 --> 00:33:07,720
before being called back
into action for the korean war.
566
00:33:07,760 --> 00:33:10,800
Finally in 1960 it
closed for good.
567
00:33:18,800 --> 00:33:22,160
Today it's a shadow
of its former self.
568
00:33:22,200 --> 00:33:25,160
But in its prime, the
kingsbury ordnance plant
569
00:33:25,200 --> 00:33:26,600
and those who worked here
570
00:33:26,640 --> 00:33:29,520
were a valuable part of
the defence of america.
571
00:33:30,600 --> 00:33:32,760
I think that, there was a
feeling amongst all of us
572
00:33:32,800 --> 00:33:37,280
that worked here that we
were all part of the war effort.
573
00:33:37,320 --> 00:33:39,520
And we're doing our share.
574
00:33:39,560 --> 00:33:42,440
We're very proud to
be making something
575
00:33:42,480 --> 00:33:45,600
that was helping
our country be free.
576
00:33:51,320 --> 00:33:55,240
In southern Greece is a
barren land that time forgot,
577
00:33:55,280 --> 00:33:57,680
in what's known
as the deep mani,
578
00:33:57,720 --> 00:34:01,320
a craggy headland juts out
in to the mediterranean sea.
579
00:34:04,400 --> 00:34:06,320
This is an
inhospitable landscape
580
00:34:06,360 --> 00:34:10,880
and even today few tourists
actually venture this far south.
581
00:34:10,920 --> 00:34:13,640
Near the end of this
dramatic peninsula
582
00:34:13,680 --> 00:34:16,920
in what appears almost
like mountainous desert
583
00:34:16,960 --> 00:34:19,040
you catch a glimpse
of these ruins.
584
00:34:20,720 --> 00:34:22,480
You have the perfect vantage
585
00:34:22,520 --> 00:34:26,000
looking out to sea
and down the coast.
586
00:34:26,040 --> 00:34:30,920
These towers look almost
military rather than civilian.
587
00:34:30,960 --> 00:34:34,000
They kind of blend
in to the landscape
588
00:34:34,040 --> 00:34:38,040
but they are defensive,
they are proud
589
00:34:38,080 --> 00:34:39,640
and they are there to be seen.
590
00:34:40,760 --> 00:34:41,840
These constructions
591
00:34:41,880 --> 00:34:44,400
have become synonymous
with the maniats,
592
00:34:44,440 --> 00:34:48,240
a great warrior people still
revered by Greeks today.
593
00:34:48,280 --> 00:34:51,920
Part of the mystery of
the area to me is well,
594
00:34:51,960 --> 00:34:56,680
who were these war faring maniats,
you know, where did they come from?
595
00:34:56,720 --> 00:34:59,360
Some believe they
descend from the spartans
596
00:34:59,400 --> 00:35:01,040
and thus they have this kind of
597
00:35:01,080 --> 00:35:03,920
mythical invincibility
in Greek culture.
598
00:35:05,240 --> 00:35:08,400
Over the centuries the
maniats developed a reputation
599
00:35:08,440 --> 00:35:10,120
as fierce some fighters.
600
00:35:12,200 --> 00:35:14,640
How did they
garner this reputation
601
00:35:14,680 --> 00:35:16,960
and how did these
now battered towers
602
00:35:17,000 --> 00:35:18,440
fit in to that story?
603
00:35:23,960 --> 00:35:26,240
Local guide and
author Matthew Dean
604
00:35:26,280 --> 00:35:28,600
has been exploring
these castle-like structures
605
00:35:28,640 --> 00:35:29,960
for over 30 years.
606
00:35:31,480 --> 00:35:32,480
You just have to walk
607
00:35:32,520 --> 00:35:35,840
around these ruined
towers and imagine
608
00:35:35,880 --> 00:35:39,440
what was it like 100
years ago, 200 years ago,
609
00:35:39,480 --> 00:35:42,120
it's a place for those who
like using their imagination
610
00:35:42,160 --> 00:35:44,120
rather than seeing
something directly
611
00:35:44,160 --> 00:35:45,240
for what it is now.
612
00:35:46,920 --> 00:35:49,560
So, if we look at the,
the towers themselves,
613
00:35:49,600 --> 00:35:53,040
the first thing that strikes
you is just how tall they are,
614
00:35:53,080 --> 00:35:54,840
three or four storeys high.
615
00:35:54,880 --> 00:35:55,920
Why?
616
00:35:55,960 --> 00:35:57,120
Defence.
617
00:35:57,160 --> 00:35:59,000
From there you get a great view
618
00:35:59,040 --> 00:36:01,760
over potential
threats arriving by sea.
619
00:36:03,400 --> 00:36:05,920
The towers are narrow,
620
00:36:05,960 --> 00:36:08,000
they've got tiny windows
621
00:36:08,040 --> 00:36:09,880
and on top there are turrets
622
00:36:09,920 --> 00:36:12,080
and they are also places
where you could put weapons.
623
00:36:13,560 --> 00:36:16,720
So, when designing
your bespoke war tower
624
00:36:16,760 --> 00:36:18,840
you had a number of choices,
625
00:36:18,880 --> 00:36:21,880
sometimes they'd build
just a war tower on its own
626
00:36:21,920 --> 00:36:25,120
which is only ever
used, in times of war,
627
00:36:25,160 --> 00:36:26,760
or to make life a bit easier
628
00:36:26,800 --> 00:36:30,080
you'd add on a more open easier
629
00:36:30,120 --> 00:36:33,120
to live in space
for times of peace
630
00:36:33,160 --> 00:36:36,080
and then when the threat
comes you'd retreat in
631
00:36:36,120 --> 00:36:37,920
to the tower for as
long as necessary.
632
00:36:41,040 --> 00:36:45,320
In the 15th century Greeks
came to this remote mani peninsula
633
00:36:45,360 --> 00:36:47,400
fleeing the area around sparta
634
00:36:47,440 --> 00:36:49,480
when it was taken
by the ottoman Turks.
635
00:36:51,120 --> 00:36:53,960
The new inhabitants who
became known as the maniats
636
00:36:54,000 --> 00:36:56,160
developed a certain notoriety
637
00:36:56,200 --> 00:36:58,400
and would inspire a revolution
638
00:36:58,440 --> 00:37:01,120
but in the meantime
survival was everything.
639
00:37:02,840 --> 00:37:05,600
The number one
concern was defence.
640
00:37:05,640 --> 00:37:07,960
Both defence against
foreign invaders
641
00:37:08,000 --> 00:37:11,400
coming in by sea whether
it was venetians or Turks
642
00:37:11,440 --> 00:37:13,960
but also due to the
lack of resources
643
00:37:14,000 --> 00:37:16,200
in this very infertile area
644
00:37:17,320 --> 00:37:21,520
it was to defend your own
family against your neighbour.
645
00:37:21,560 --> 00:37:23,800
You had to fight your
neighbour literally to survive.
646
00:37:26,560 --> 00:37:28,080
Ritualised vendettas
647
00:37:28,120 --> 00:37:32,120
between families could
last for months, even years.
648
00:37:32,160 --> 00:37:36,440
So, feuding became a
fairly regular part of life
649
00:37:36,480 --> 00:37:39,320
for the, the maniats
living down here.
650
00:37:39,360 --> 00:37:44,480
An English colonel in 1805
noted that over the last 40 years
651
00:37:44,520 --> 00:37:48,360
100 of vatheia's
men had been killed
652
00:37:48,400 --> 00:37:50,760
in an ongoing feud
between two families.
653
00:37:52,720 --> 00:37:56,840
To lose 100 men out of
a total population of 300
654
00:37:56,880 --> 00:37:58,800
is a huge amount
655
00:37:58,840 --> 00:38:00,400
and that gives you an idea
656
00:38:00,440 --> 00:38:03,240
of how bitter the
feuds were in this area.
657
00:38:05,960 --> 00:38:07,960
And so you and
your clan needed to
658
00:38:08,000 --> 00:38:12,160
defend your plot against
others with equal ambitions,
659
00:38:12,200 --> 00:38:14,760
whether Turks, venetians,
660
00:38:14,800 --> 00:38:16,480
pirates or neighbouring clans,
661
00:38:17,960 --> 00:38:21,120
the method of defence,
to build a tower.
662
00:38:23,840 --> 00:38:26,440
These are the mani
towers of vatheia.
663
00:38:29,920 --> 00:38:31,320
The design of the towers
664
00:38:31,360 --> 00:38:34,240
played a crucial role in
protection from your enemies.
665
00:38:35,640 --> 00:38:37,840
Not only did these stone
666
00:38:37,880 --> 00:38:40,320
sky scrapers give you
a good vantage point
667
00:38:40,360 --> 00:38:43,720
to view any potential
aggressors on the horizon,
668
00:38:44,880 --> 00:38:47,000
they also gave you
a high vantage point
669
00:38:47,040 --> 00:38:50,520
to defend for potential
ground attackers.
670
00:38:50,560 --> 00:38:53,680
Small windows, easy to
shoot down on your enemy,
671
00:38:53,720 --> 00:38:55,040
even better if you block them up
672
00:38:55,080 --> 00:38:57,080
leaving just a tiny
hole for the muskets
673
00:38:57,120 --> 00:39:00,040
and small doorways are
much harder to breach.
674
00:39:02,040 --> 00:39:05,360
Construction of the towers
increased in the late 18th century
675
00:39:05,400 --> 00:39:07,320
as the Turkish
threat intensified
676
00:39:09,800 --> 00:39:12,920
and the maniats bitterly
resisted the ottoman Turks
677
00:39:12,960 --> 00:39:14,880
who now controlled
the rest of Greece.
678
00:39:16,360 --> 00:39:18,360
The fighting between
the Turks and the maniats
679
00:39:18,400 --> 00:39:20,360
was particularly vicious.
680
00:39:20,400 --> 00:39:23,000
If a maniat went down
in battle and was injured,
681
00:39:23,040 --> 00:39:24,920
a fellow soldier would take him,
682
00:39:24,960 --> 00:39:27,600
kiss him on the forehead
and then lop off his head,
683
00:39:27,640 --> 00:39:31,400
it was better to die at the
hand of your fellow man
684
00:39:31,440 --> 00:39:33,520
than to fall in to
the Turks hands.
685
00:39:35,160 --> 00:39:38,400
In to the early 1800s a
revolution was brewing.
686
00:39:39,640 --> 00:39:40,880
This was the moment
687
00:39:40,920 --> 00:39:44,160
when the maniats would seal
their reputation as great warriors.
688
00:39:46,400 --> 00:39:47,440
The war for independence
689
00:39:47,480 --> 00:39:49,400
started down here in the mani,
690
00:39:49,440 --> 00:39:52,920
significant clansmen gathered
there their troops together,
691
00:39:52,960 --> 00:39:54,600
hooked up with other clansmen
692
00:39:54,640 --> 00:39:58,160
and together they all marched
to meet up with kolokotronis,
693
00:39:58,200 --> 00:40:01,120
who all Greeks regard as
the father of the revolution.
694
00:40:02,800 --> 00:40:06,360
Throughout Greece there
developed a slogan freedom
695
00:40:06,400 --> 00:40:09,480
or victory whereas
the mani's version,
696
00:40:09,520 --> 00:40:13,240
it was a little different,
death or victory.
697
00:40:15,160 --> 00:40:17,880
And this sums up the
difference with the maniats,
698
00:40:17,920 --> 00:40:20,400
they always consider
themselves free
699
00:40:20,440 --> 00:40:23,960
and independent and
never subject to ottoman rule.
700
00:40:25,880 --> 00:40:28,360
By 1826, ottoman soldiers
701
00:40:28,400 --> 00:40:31,680
renewed their offensive
in the mani peninsula.
702
00:40:31,720 --> 00:40:34,000
7,000 men were forced to retreat
703
00:40:34,040 --> 00:40:36,720
by the fierce maniats
attacking from their towers.
704
00:40:38,640 --> 00:40:42,240
Greek independence
was finally secured in 1830
705
00:40:42,280 --> 00:40:44,680
and the mani's
resistance of the Turks
706
00:40:44,720 --> 00:40:46,160
has never been forgotten.
707
00:40:48,760 --> 00:40:50,560
This is the only part of Greece
708
00:40:50,600 --> 00:40:52,720
that never fell to the Turks,
709
00:40:52,760 --> 00:40:55,560
that never became part
of the ottoman empire.
710
00:40:58,080 --> 00:40:59,736
The pride that the
Greeks feel for this area
711
00:40:59,760 --> 00:41:02,120
comes from their determination
712
00:41:02,160 --> 00:41:05,320
not to be conquered
by the ottoman empire,
713
00:41:05,360 --> 00:41:09,280
the rest of Greece fell
including crete behind us,
714
00:41:09,320 --> 00:41:11,240
but the mani
remained independent.
715
00:41:12,720 --> 00:41:15,440
The mani had been
making their homes in towers
716
00:41:15,480 --> 00:41:18,080
for not decades but
hundreds of years
717
00:41:18,120 --> 00:41:22,040
and the towers evolved over
time starting off very small,
718
00:41:22,080 --> 00:41:25,680
very military, a statement
of power to external enemies
719
00:41:25,720 --> 00:41:28,520
but over time they become
slightly more domestic
720
00:41:28,560 --> 00:41:31,640
but still with that
structure, that power.
721
00:41:35,440 --> 00:41:39,360
Over time the inhabitants
emigrated to major cities
722
00:41:39,400 --> 00:41:41,520
with many heading
to Western Europe,
723
00:41:41,560 --> 00:41:43,600
Australia and the United States.
724
00:41:46,040 --> 00:41:47,360
The fact that these towers
725
00:41:47,400 --> 00:41:50,880
were orientated towards
war and defence means that
726
00:41:50,920 --> 00:41:53,480
they just don't have a
place in the modern world.
727
00:41:53,520 --> 00:41:56,960
So, they remain
largely blocked up
728
00:41:57,000 --> 00:41:59,560
and left gradually
crumbling away.
729
00:42:09,520 --> 00:42:12,640
I think it's important the
vatheia remains preserved
730
00:42:12,680 --> 00:42:16,720
because it's a very clear
indication of past times
731
00:42:16,760 --> 00:42:18,640
where life was difficult,
732
00:42:18,680 --> 00:42:20,480
life was violent and yet
733
00:42:20,520 --> 00:42:23,840
within such dire circumstances
734
00:42:23,880 --> 00:42:25,760
there was still a fierce pride
735
00:42:25,800 --> 00:42:30,240
and almost a sense of nobility
of being a member of that society.
736
00:42:37,160 --> 00:42:38,680
(Dramatic music)
737
00:42:42,480 --> 00:42:44,960
Now, they're abandoned
crumbling ruins,
738
00:42:46,360 --> 00:42:49,200
many remind us of dark times
739
00:42:49,240 --> 00:42:52,760
but some were once beacons
of hope and progress...
740
00:42:53,960 --> 00:42:57,080
Lasting testimonies
to human imagination,
741
00:42:57,120 --> 00:42:59,280
enterprise and spirit.
742
00:43:04,480 --> 00:43:07,480
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