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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,635 --> 00:00:03,602 Narrator: A GROWING NUMBER OF PHYSICISTS ARE REACHING 2 00:00:03,604 --> 00:00:06,972 AN ASTONISHING CONCLUSION -- 3 00:00:06,974 --> 00:00:10,943 THAT ARE UNIVERSE IS A HOLOGRAM, 4 00:00:10,945 --> 00:00:13,812 AND OUR TRUE LIVES PLAY OUT ON A FLAT BUBBLE 5 00:00:13,814 --> 00:00:16,515 THAT SURROUNDS SPACE AND TIME. 6 00:00:18,552 --> 00:00:22,521 NOW WE MAY FINALLY BE GLIMPSING THAT NEXT REVOLUTION IN PHYSICS. 7 00:00:22,523 --> 00:00:25,657 Narrator: TODAY, PIONEERING TECHNOLOGY 8 00:00:25,659 --> 00:00:28,527 IS TAKING THESE IDEAS OFF THE BLACKBOARD 9 00:00:28,529 --> 00:00:31,363 AND TESTING THEM IN THE REAL WORLD. 10 00:00:31,365 --> 00:00:35,234 WHAT IF THE HOLOGRAPHIC UNIVERSE HAD, KIND OF, GLITCHES, 11 00:00:35,236 --> 00:00:38,404 AND THOSE GLITCHES COULD BE OUR OBSERVABLES? 12 00:00:38,406 --> 00:00:40,205 Narrator: AS SCIENTISTS PUT 13 00:00:40,207 --> 00:00:43,208 THE WEIRDEST IDEAS IN PHYSICS TO THE TEST... 14 00:00:43,210 --> 00:00:46,945 Greene: THAT WOULD BE ONE OF THE MOST SPECTACULAR DISCOVERIES 15 00:00:46,947 --> 00:00:49,648 THAT OUR SPECIES HAS EVER ACCOMPLISHED. 16 00:00:49,650 --> 00:00:52,885 ...THEIR QUEST TAKES THEM TO PLACES THAT BEND REALITY 17 00:00:52,887 --> 00:00:55,254 TO BREAKING POINTS, 18 00:00:55,256 --> 00:00:58,257 PROBING THE FIRST SECONDS OF THE BIG BANG, 19 00:00:58,259 --> 00:01:00,059 AND HUNTING FOR THE GLITCHES 20 00:01:00,061 --> 00:01:03,829 THAT COULD REVEAL WE'RE ALL JUST HOLOGRAMS. 21 00:01:03,831 --> 00:01:06,632 WE'RE ON THE VERGE OF UNLOCKING THE SECRETS 22 00:01:06,634 --> 00:01:09,034 OF THE HOLOGRAPHIC UNIVERSE, 23 00:01:09,036 --> 00:01:14,073 A THEORY THAT COULD CHANGE THE WAY WE PERCEIVE EVERYTHING. 24 00:01:14,075 --> 00:01:17,076 -- Captions by VITAC -- www.vitac.com 25 00:01:17,078 --> 00:01:20,079 CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS 26 00:01:20,081 --> 00:01:26,718 ♪ 27 00:01:26,720 --> 00:01:28,487 SCIENTISTS AROUND THE WORLD 28 00:01:28,489 --> 00:01:33,225 ARE RACING TO ANSWER AND UNUSUAL QUESTION... 29 00:01:33,227 --> 00:01:36,995 ARE WE LIVING IN A HOLOGRAM? 30 00:01:36,997 --> 00:01:40,899 THE WORLD AROUND US LOOKS AND FEEL REAL, 31 00:01:40,901 --> 00:01:45,637 BUT THE COSMOS COULD BE PLAYING AN ASTONISHING TRICK ON US. 32 00:01:45,639 --> 00:01:46,872 I THINK EVERYONE OUT THERE IS FAMILIAR 33 00:01:46,874 --> 00:01:48,173 WITH THE IDEA OF A HOLOGRAM. 34 00:01:48,175 --> 00:01:49,942 WE EVEN HAVE THEM ON OUR CREDIT CARDS. 35 00:01:49,944 --> 00:01:52,311 AND WHAT YOU CAN SEE WHEN YOU LOOK INTO A HOLOGRAM 36 00:01:52,313 --> 00:01:53,579 IS 3-DIMENSIONAL IMAGE, 37 00:01:53,581 --> 00:01:55,380 SOMETHING THAT SEEMS TO HAVE VOLUME. 38 00:01:55,382 --> 00:01:57,950 BUT A HOLOGRAM ITSELF IS JUST 2-DIMENSIONAL. 39 00:01:57,952 --> 00:02:00,152 IT'S JUST A SHEET OF LITTLE FILM. 40 00:02:00,154 --> 00:02:02,955 Narrator: THE IDEA SOUNDS CRAZY AT FIRST, 41 00:02:02,957 --> 00:02:04,890 BUT AS PHYSICISTS DIG DEEPER 42 00:02:04,892 --> 00:02:08,560 INTO THE MATH THAT DESCRIBES THE COSMOS, 43 00:02:08,562 --> 00:02:12,664 IT IS BEGINNING TO TELL THEM SOMETHING SERIOUSLY STRANGE -- 44 00:02:12,666 --> 00:02:17,035 THAT THE UNIVERSE IS NOTHING LIKE WE THINK IT IS. 45 00:02:17,037 --> 00:02:20,806 SO IS IT POSSIBLE THAT WE'VE BEEN FOOLED THIS WHOLE TIME? 46 00:02:20,808 --> 00:02:23,275 Narrator: IF THE UNIVERSE IS A HOLOGRAM, 47 00:02:23,277 --> 00:02:26,645 IT MEANS TRUE REALITY IS 2-DIMENSIONAL, 48 00:02:26,647 --> 00:02:31,683 AND OUR 3-DIMENSIONAL WORLD IS JUST AN ILLUSION. 49 00:02:31,685 --> 00:02:34,553 COULD SUCH A WILD IDEA BE TRUE? 50 00:02:34,555 --> 00:02:39,391 ♪ 51 00:02:39,393 --> 00:02:42,161 LEGENDARY PHYSICIST LEONARD SUSSKIND 52 00:02:42,163 --> 00:02:44,296 WAS PART OF A GROUP OF THEORISTS 53 00:02:44,298 --> 00:02:47,299 WHO BEGAN TO SUSPECT THERE'S MORE TO OUR UNIVERSE 54 00:02:47,301 --> 00:02:50,202 THAN THE REALITY WE SEE. 55 00:02:50,204 --> 00:02:53,272 THEY WERE TRYING TO SOLVE ONE OF THE GREATEST DILEMMAS 56 00:02:53,274 --> 00:02:55,174 IN THE WORLD OF PHYSICS. 57 00:02:55,176 --> 00:02:56,942 GRAVITY AND QUANTUM MECHANICS 58 00:02:56,944 --> 00:02:59,845 WERE AT EACH OTHER'S THROATS, SO TO SPEAK. 59 00:02:59,847 --> 00:03:01,747 PUTTING THESE IDEAS LIKE THIS TOGETHER 60 00:03:01,749 --> 00:03:06,118 HAS BECOME THE CENTRAL QUESTION OF PHYSICS. 61 00:03:06,120 --> 00:03:07,986 Narrator: THE LAWS OF GRAVITY THAT DESCRIBE 62 00:03:07,988 --> 00:03:10,722 HOW BIG THINGS LIKE PLANETS, MOVE, 63 00:03:10,724 --> 00:03:13,792 SEEM TO CONFLICT WITH THE LAWS OF QUANTUM PHYSICS 64 00:03:13,794 --> 00:03:19,464 THAT DESCRIBE HOW VERY SMALL THINGS, LIKE ELECTRONS, BEHAVE. 65 00:03:19,466 --> 00:03:21,533 LEONARD EXPERIMENTED WITH THE MATH 66 00:03:21,535 --> 00:03:25,537 TO TRY TO MAKE THE TWO THEORIES WORK BETTER TOGETHER. 67 00:03:25,539 --> 00:03:28,907 HE BEGAN TO IMAGINE EVERYTHING IN THE UNIVERSE EXISTING 68 00:03:28,909 --> 00:03:32,644 IN TWO PLACES SIMULTANEOUSLY. 69 00:03:32,646 --> 00:03:34,680 AND WHEN HE DID, ALL THE PROBLEMS 70 00:03:34,682 --> 00:03:38,016 WITH THE MATHEMATICS DISSOLVED AWAY. 71 00:03:38,018 --> 00:03:42,721 I HAD THOUGHT VERY HARD ABOUT THIS PROBLEM 72 00:03:42,723 --> 00:03:45,457 AND EVENTUALLY CAME TO THE CONCLUSION 73 00:03:45,459 --> 00:03:49,061 THAT EVERYTHING IS REALLY STORED 74 00:03:49,063 --> 00:03:51,029 ON THE BOUNDARIES OF THE UNIVERSE 75 00:03:51,031 --> 00:03:54,967 FAR AWAY ON SOME LARGE SPHERE, 76 00:03:54,969 --> 00:03:57,436 FAR FROM WHERE EVERYTHING IS TAKING PLACE. 77 00:04:00,541 --> 00:04:03,508 Narrator: ACCORDING TO LEONARD'S THEORY, 78 00:04:03,510 --> 00:04:06,378 EVERYTHING WE SEE IN THE UNIVERSE, 79 00:04:06,380 --> 00:04:09,214 FROM THE PLANET WE LIVE ON 80 00:04:09,216 --> 00:04:12,684 TO THE STAR THAT BRINGS US WARMTH 81 00:04:12,686 --> 00:04:14,419 AND THE BILLION NEIGHBORING STARS 82 00:04:14,421 --> 00:04:17,556 THAT MAKE UP THE GALAXY THAT WE CALL HOME... 83 00:04:19,226 --> 00:04:22,160 ...ARE ALL HIGHLY ELABORATE PROJECTIONS. 84 00:04:22,162 --> 00:04:24,863 ♪ 85 00:04:24,865 --> 00:04:27,733 EVERYTHING WE PERCEIVE IN THREE DIMENSIONS 86 00:04:27,735 --> 00:04:31,136 COULD ORIGINATE FROM A GIGANTIC BUBBLE 87 00:04:31,138 --> 00:04:34,339 THAT WRAPS AROUND OUR COSMOS, 88 00:04:34,341 --> 00:04:37,609 A BLUEPRINT FOR BUILDING A UNIVERSE 89 00:04:37,611 --> 00:04:39,911 MAPPED OUT IN TWO DIMENSIONS 90 00:04:39,913 --> 00:04:44,049 THAT WE EXPERIENCE AS A 3-DIMENSIONAL HOLOGRAM. 91 00:04:44,051 --> 00:04:48,553 TO THINK THAT OUR 3-D REALITY IS REALLY ARISEN 92 00:04:48,555 --> 00:04:54,559 FROM A 2-D TRUE REALITY, NOW THAT'S REALLY MIND-BLOWING. 93 00:04:54,561 --> 00:04:56,561 Narrator: THE IDEA THAT OUR REALITY 94 00:04:56,563 --> 00:04:59,531 IS HOLOGRAPHIC PROJECTION FROM THE EDGE OF THE UNIVERSE, 95 00:04:59,533 --> 00:05:03,669 LEAVES THE WORLD OF PHYSICS REELING. 96 00:05:03,671 --> 00:05:06,538 MANY PEOPLE THOUGHT WERE NUTS. 97 00:05:06,540 --> 00:05:09,174 I REMEMBER ONE OF MY FRIENDS COMING AND SAYING, 98 00:05:09,176 --> 00:05:12,044 HALF-JOKINGLY, "YOU USED TO BE A GOOD PHYSICIST, 99 00:05:12,046 --> 00:05:15,080 BUT YOU'VE LOST YOUR MARBLES." 100 00:05:15,082 --> 00:05:17,082 Narrator: BUT AS SCIENTISTS AROUND THE WORLD 101 00:05:17,084 --> 00:05:22,921 WORK ON THE MATH OF THIS IDEA, THE NUMBERS BEGIN TO ADD UP. 102 00:05:22,923 --> 00:05:25,724 THE HOLOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLE APPEARS TO BE THE THEORY 103 00:05:25,726 --> 00:05:29,695 THAT MAKES ALL OUR PHYSICS WORK TOGETHER. 104 00:05:29,697 --> 00:05:33,065 WE HAVE MANY DIFFERENT WAYS OF UNDERSTANDING THE UNIVERSE. 105 00:05:33,067 --> 00:05:35,167 AND IT'S GENERALLY ACCEPTED IN SCIENCE 106 00:05:35,169 --> 00:05:36,868 THAT WHAT WE ACCEPT AS BEING TRUE 107 00:05:36,870 --> 00:05:38,670 IS WHAT WE OBSERVE AS BEING TRUE. 108 00:05:38,672 --> 00:05:41,606 BUT SOMETIMES THE MATH IS SO COMPELLING 109 00:05:41,608 --> 00:05:44,075 THAT YOU JUST CAN'T IGNORE IT. 110 00:05:44,077 --> 00:05:46,044 Narrator: SCIENTISTS HAVE LEARNED TO TAKE 111 00:05:46,046 --> 00:05:49,047 EVEN THE MOST UNLIKELY THEORY SERIOUSLY 112 00:05:49,049 --> 00:05:52,684 IF THE MATH STACKS UP. 113 00:05:52,686 --> 00:05:58,924 100 YEARS AGO, EINSTEIN'S THEORY OF RELATIVITY SOUNDED CRAZY. 114 00:05:58,926 --> 00:06:03,128 BUT THE ATOMIC BOMB SHOWED THAT IT WORKS. 115 00:06:03,130 --> 00:06:06,131 TODAY, THE EQUATIONS THAT DESCRIBE THE UNIVERSE 116 00:06:06,133 --> 00:06:08,166 AS A HOLOGRAM ADD UP. 117 00:06:08,168 --> 00:06:12,037 SO SCIENTISTS HAVE TO TAKE THEM SERIOUSLY. 118 00:06:12,039 --> 00:06:14,039 MATHEMATICS GIVES US A SUPERPOWER. 119 00:06:14,041 --> 00:06:17,609 IT CAN ENVISION THE POSSIBILITY THAT OUR ENTIRE EXISTENCE 120 00:06:17,611 --> 00:06:20,312 IS NOTHING MORE THAN A HOLOGRAPHIC SIMULATION. 121 00:06:20,314 --> 00:06:24,649 IT REALLY IS THE ENGINE OF OUR GREATEST ACHIEVEMENTS. 122 00:06:24,651 --> 00:06:25,984 IT REALLY DOES SOUNDS COMPLETELY NUTTY, 123 00:06:25,986 --> 00:06:29,821 BUT OUR UNIVERSE COULD, IN FACT, BE ONE BIG HOLOGRAM. 124 00:06:29,823 --> 00:06:32,057 WE SCIENTISTS HAVE TO FOLLOW THE EVIDENCE 125 00:06:32,059 --> 00:06:34,459 NO MATTER THE CRAZY PLACES THAT IT WILL TAKE US. 126 00:06:34,461 --> 00:06:38,163 THAT'S WHAT IT MEANS TO DO SCIENCE. 127 00:06:38,165 --> 00:06:40,499 Narrator: IS OUR EXISTENCE REALLY BEING PLAYED OUT 128 00:06:40,501 --> 00:06:44,069 IN TWO DIMENSIONS SOMEWHERE ELSE? 129 00:06:44,071 --> 00:06:47,606 AND IF SO, WHY DOES IT FEEL SO REAL TO US? 130 00:06:51,345 --> 00:06:55,147 IN THE CITY OF PROVO, UTAH, PHYSICIST DANIEL SMALLEY 131 00:06:55,149 --> 00:06:59,284 USES A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO INVESTIGATE THIS MYSTERY. 132 00:06:59,286 --> 00:07:02,854 HE BUILDS HOLOGRAMS FROM SCRATCH IN HIS LAB. 133 00:07:02,856 --> 00:07:04,623 THE MAGIC OF A HOLOGRAM IS THAT IT A CONTAINS 134 00:07:04,625 --> 00:07:08,226 A 3-D INFORMATION FOR A VOLUME IN A 2-D SURFACE. 135 00:07:08,228 --> 00:07:11,396 HERE WE SEE THAT THE 2-D PATTERN OF LINES 136 00:07:11,398 --> 00:07:13,298 IS ACTUALLY RECREATING A 3-DIMENSIONAL IMAGE 137 00:07:13,300 --> 00:07:17,135 THAT APPEARS TO BE BEHIND THE PLATE. 138 00:07:17,137 --> 00:07:20,739 Narrator: COULD OUR UNIVERSE BE PLAYING A SIMILAR TRICK, 139 00:07:20,741 --> 00:07:25,510 MANIPULATING LIGHT TO CREATE OUR GALAXIES? 140 00:07:25,512 --> 00:07:29,915 DANIEL THINKS A GLASS HOLOGRAM, LIKE THIS ONE, IS TOO SIMPLE. 141 00:07:29,917 --> 00:07:33,785 IT ONLY WORKS WHEN YOU VIEW IT FROM THE CORRECT ANGLE. 142 00:07:33,787 --> 00:07:36,054 THEIR LIMITATION IS THAT THEY CAN'T GO 143 00:07:36,056 --> 00:07:37,522 BEYOND THESE BOUNDARIES, 144 00:07:37,524 --> 00:07:39,558 THE BOUNDARIES CREATED BY THE PLATE. 145 00:07:39,560 --> 00:07:42,694 IF WE'RE NOT LOOKING DIRECTLY INTO THAT PATTERN OF LINES, 146 00:07:42,696 --> 00:07:45,430 WE'RE NOT GONNA SEE AN IMAGE. 147 00:07:45,432 --> 00:07:48,500 IF OUR UNIVERSE IS A HOLOGRAM LIKE THIS, 148 00:07:48,502 --> 00:07:50,635 THE COSMOS WOULD APPEAR TO FLASH 149 00:07:50,637 --> 00:07:53,772 IN AND OUT OF EXISTENCE AS OUR GALAXY SPINS. 150 00:07:53,774 --> 00:07:56,975 ♪ 151 00:07:56,977 --> 00:08:01,480 BUT THIS BEHAVIOR HAS NEVER BEEN OBSERVED. 152 00:08:01,482 --> 00:08:04,816 A GLASS HOLOGRAM ISN'T THE ANSWER. 153 00:08:06,153 --> 00:08:09,154 DANIEL IS WORKING ON A NEW GENERATION OF HOLOGRAM 154 00:08:09,156 --> 00:08:11,590 THAT GETS US MUCH CLOSER. 155 00:08:11,592 --> 00:08:15,494 IT MANIPULATES SOLID MATTER INSTEAD OF LIGHT. 156 00:08:15,496 --> 00:08:17,662 Smalley: OUR TEAM HERE HAS BEEN WORKING ON A NEW TYPE 157 00:08:17,664 --> 00:08:19,631 OF 3-DIMENSIONAL DISPLAY 158 00:08:19,633 --> 00:08:21,199 THAT ACTUALLY USES NOT JUST LIGHT 159 00:08:21,201 --> 00:08:25,170 BUT ALSO PHYSICAL, MATERIAL OBJECTS TO CREATE 3-D IMAGES 160 00:08:25,172 --> 00:08:28,406 THAT ENABLE US TO BE ABLE TO SEE THOSE 3-D IMAGES 161 00:08:28,408 --> 00:08:30,475 FROM EVERY DIRECTION. 162 00:08:30,477 --> 00:08:33,512 Narrator: ONE LASER MOVES A PARTICLE OF CELLULOSE 163 00:08:33,514 --> 00:08:34,846 THROUGH SPACE, 164 00:08:34,848 --> 00:08:37,782 AND ANOTHER SHINES COLORFUL LIGHT ONTO IT, 165 00:08:37,784 --> 00:08:41,086 CREATING A PICTURE IN MID-AIR. 166 00:08:41,088 --> 00:08:44,389 AND THEN POINT BY POINT, WE'RE ABLE TO BUILD A 3-D IMAGE. 167 00:08:44,391 --> 00:08:47,125 Narrator: DANIEL'S TEAM CREATES A MINIATURE HOLOGRAM 168 00:08:47,127 --> 00:08:52,497 THAT YOU CAN TOUCH AND CAN BE SEEN FROM ANY ANGLE. 169 00:08:52,499 --> 00:08:55,700 THIS IS A GIANT LEAP CLOSER TO A HOLOGRAM 170 00:08:55,702 --> 00:08:59,304 THAT FEELS LIKE THE REALITY WE SEE AROUND US. 171 00:08:59,306 --> 00:09:02,440 BUT THIS ISN'T CONCRETE PROOF. 172 00:09:02,442 --> 00:09:06,378 THE HOLOGRAPHIC LIGHT SOURCE CAN BE BLOCKED. 173 00:09:06,380 --> 00:09:08,113 LIGHT IS ENTERING THE SYSTEM, 174 00:09:08,115 --> 00:09:11,950 AND IF WE BLOCK THAT DIRECTION WITH OUT HANDS, 175 00:09:11,952 --> 00:09:14,252 OUR UNIVERSE DISAPPEARS. 176 00:09:14,254 --> 00:09:15,754 AND THIS, OF COURSE, 177 00:09:15,756 --> 00:09:19,057 IS NOT HOW WE EXPECT OUR REAL UNIVERSE TO BEHAVE. 178 00:09:19,059 --> 00:09:22,827 SO EVEN THIS TECHNOLOGY IS NOT QUITE PERFECT 179 00:09:22,829 --> 00:09:26,598 FOR BUILDING A MINIATURE UNIVERSE. 180 00:09:26,600 --> 00:09:28,867 Narrator: DANIEL'S HOLOGRAMS ARE A POOR FIT 181 00:09:28,869 --> 00:09:32,037 FOR THE REALITY WE EXPERIENCE. 182 00:09:32,039 --> 00:09:36,074 SO IS IT GAME OVER FOR THE HOLOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLE? 183 00:09:36,076 --> 00:09:38,977 IT'S EXTRAORDINARILY DIFFICULT TO TEST THESE IDEAS. 184 00:09:38,979 --> 00:09:42,247 IT DOESN'T MEAN THAT IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO TEST THESE IDEAS. 185 00:09:42,249 --> 00:09:45,183 IT JUST MEANS IT IS A GRAND CHALLENGE. 186 00:09:45,185 --> 00:09:46,351 YOU HAVE TO REALIZE THAT 187 00:09:46,353 --> 00:09:48,520 THERE HAVE BEEN MANY TIMES IN OUR HISTORY 188 00:09:48,522 --> 00:09:49,921 WHERE PHYSICS HAS CONFRONTED US 189 00:09:49,923 --> 00:09:51,856 WITH SOMETHING THAT JUST DIDN'T MAKE SENSE. 190 00:09:53,727 --> 00:09:55,860 Narrator: SCIENTISTS DON'T WANT TO GIVE UP 191 00:09:55,862 --> 00:09:58,363 ON THE HOLOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLE EASILY 192 00:09:58,365 --> 00:10:02,000 BECAUSE THE MATH ADDS UP. 193 00:10:02,002 --> 00:10:05,003 BUT IF THIS RADICAL IDEA IS CORRECT, 194 00:10:05,005 --> 00:10:09,641 THERE MUST BE EVIDENCE IN OUR OWN UNIVERSE THAT CONFIRMS IT. 195 00:10:09,643 --> 00:10:12,877 THE HOLOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLE COULD BE A GAME CHANGER 196 00:10:12,879 --> 00:10:14,946 AND SOLVE A REALLY FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEM 197 00:10:14,948 --> 00:10:16,414 IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE COSMOS, 198 00:10:16,416 --> 00:10:18,817 SO THE STAKES ARE REALLY HIGH. 199 00:10:18,819 --> 00:10:21,686 Narrator: THE HUNT IS NOW ON TO FIND CLUES 200 00:10:21,688 --> 00:10:25,056 TO THE HOLOGRAPHIC NATURE OF REALITY. 201 00:10:25,058 --> 00:10:27,892 THE SEARCH TAKES SCIENTISTS INTO THE PHYSICS 202 00:10:27,894 --> 00:10:31,162 OF THE MOST EXTREME OBJECTS IN THE UNIVERSE. 203 00:10:31,164 --> 00:10:34,899 COULD BLACK HOLES PROVE THAT THE UNIVERSE WE LIVE IN 204 00:10:34,901 --> 00:10:36,601 IS A HOLOGRAM? 205 00:10:36,603 --> 00:10:40,572 AND CAN THIS $3 MILLION MACHINE HUNT DOWN GLITCHES 206 00:10:40,574 --> 00:10:43,108 IN THE HOLOGRAM OF REALITY? 207 00:10:43,110 --> 00:10:44,342 WE'RE REALLY TRYING TO PICK UP SOMETHING 208 00:10:44,344 --> 00:10:46,311 WHICH NEVER WOULD'VE BEEN SEEN BEFORE. 209 00:10:46,313 --> 00:10:51,583 ♪ 210 00:10:57,824 --> 00:11:02,160 ♪ 211 00:11:02,162 --> 00:11:04,629 Narrator: AN ELITE GROUP OF PHYSICISTS 212 00:11:04,631 --> 00:11:08,733 IS BATTLING TO UNCOVER THE TRUTH OF THE HOLOGRAPHIC UNIVERSE. 213 00:11:08,735 --> 00:11:11,736 THIS GROUNDBREAKING NEW THEORY FLIES IN THE FACE 214 00:11:11,738 --> 00:11:14,439 OF CONVENTIONAL WISDOM. 215 00:11:14,441 --> 00:11:18,143 BUT THE MATH IS GETTING CLEARER AND CLEARER. 216 00:11:18,145 --> 00:11:23,048 THE UNIVERSE WE THINK WE KNOW MAY NOT BE REAL. 217 00:11:23,050 --> 00:11:26,184 THE HOLOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLE IS ONE OF THE MORE SHOCKING, 218 00:11:26,186 --> 00:11:28,319 STRANGE, MIND-BENDING IDEAS 219 00:11:28,321 --> 00:11:31,990 THAT PHYSICISTS HAVE COME UP WITH IN THE LAST HALF-CENTURY, 220 00:11:31,992 --> 00:11:34,793 AND THE BAR IS HIGH. 221 00:11:34,795 --> 00:11:36,961 Narrator: ACCORDING TO THE HOLOGRAPHIC THEORY, 222 00:11:36,963 --> 00:11:39,864 THE REAL UNIVERSE EXISTS ON FLAT BUBBLE 223 00:11:39,866 --> 00:11:42,133 ON THE HORIZON OF THE COSMOS. 224 00:11:42,135 --> 00:11:46,638 ♪ 225 00:11:46,640 --> 00:11:52,110 THIS 2-D VERSION OF REALITY CAN'T BE OBSERVED DIRECTLY, 226 00:11:52,112 --> 00:11:55,146 BUT THERE MAY BE A SHORTCUT. 227 00:11:55,148 --> 00:11:59,284 SOME PHYSICISTS BELIEVE THE DARK SHELL, OR HORIZON, 228 00:11:59,286 --> 00:12:02,320 THAT SURROUNDS BLACK HOLES COULD ACT LIKE 229 00:12:02,322 --> 00:12:04,522 THE EDGE OF THE UNIVERSE. 230 00:12:04,524 --> 00:12:06,558 AND BY STUDYING THESE BOUNDARIES, 231 00:12:06,560 --> 00:12:10,962 WE MAY FIND EVIDENCE THAT SUPPORTS THE HOLOGRAPHIC THEORY. 232 00:12:10,964 --> 00:12:13,131 WE UNDERSTAND MUCH LESS ABOUT THE UNIVERSE 233 00:12:13,133 --> 00:12:16,634 AS A WHOLE THAN WE DO ABOUT BLACK HOLES. 234 00:12:16,636 --> 00:12:18,970 WE'RE BEGINNING TO UNDERSTAND HOW BLACK HOLES WORK 235 00:12:18,972 --> 00:12:21,840 AND HOW THE HORIZONS OF BLACK HOLES WORK. 236 00:12:21,842 --> 00:12:23,508 THAT MAY BE A GOOD WAY 237 00:12:23,510 --> 00:12:26,611 TO START TO THINK ABOUT THE UNIVERSE AS WHOLE. 238 00:12:26,613 --> 00:12:30,381 Narrator: BLACK HOLES ARE FOUND THROUGHOUT THE UNIVERSE. 239 00:12:30,383 --> 00:12:33,585 THESE DENSE POINTS IN SPACE GREEDILY SUCK IN 240 00:12:33,587 --> 00:12:36,421 THE MATTER AROUND THEM. 241 00:12:36,423 --> 00:12:39,758 NOT EVEN LIGHT CAN ESCAPE THEIR CLUTCHES. 242 00:12:39,760 --> 00:12:41,693 BLACK HOLES FASCINATE PHYSICISTS 243 00:12:41,695 --> 00:12:46,464 BECAUSE THE LAWS OF PHYSICS SEEM TO BREAK DOWN INSIDE THEM. 244 00:12:46,466 --> 00:12:51,035 IT'S AS IF THEY EXIST OUTSIDE THE NORMAL UNIVERSE. 245 00:12:51,037 --> 00:12:56,207 PHYSICS IS THE RULE BOOK THAT UNIVERSE OBEYS WHEN IT BEHAVES, 246 00:12:56,209 --> 00:12:58,009 WHEN IT DOES THINGS. 247 00:12:58,011 --> 00:13:00,378 SO YOU'D EXPECT THE LAWS OF PHYSICS 248 00:13:00,380 --> 00:13:02,580 TO WORK EVERYWHERE IN THE UNIVERSE, 249 00:13:02,582 --> 00:13:05,517 AND YET, IN THE CENTER OF A BLACK HOLE, 250 00:13:05,519 --> 00:13:07,852 OUR PHYSICS BREAKS DOWN. 251 00:13:07,854 --> 00:13:11,723 Narrator: IF BLACK HOLES EXIST OUTSIDE OUR UNIVERSE, 252 00:13:11,725 --> 00:13:13,758 COULD THEIR EDGES SHARE PROPERTIES 253 00:13:13,760 --> 00:13:16,127 WITH THE EDGE OF OUR UNIVERSE ITSELF? 254 00:13:17,264 --> 00:13:19,130 [ KEYPAD BEEPS ] 255 00:13:19,132 --> 00:13:22,133 ♪ 256 00:13:22,135 --> 00:13:24,536 AT NOTTINGHAM UNIVERSITY IN ENGLAND, 257 00:13:24,538 --> 00:13:26,938 SILKE WEINFURTNER INVESTIGATES 258 00:13:26,940 --> 00:13:30,308 HOW BLACK HOLES BEND THE LAWS OF PHYSICS. 259 00:13:30,310 --> 00:13:35,513 I THINK BLACK HOLES ARE THE GUIDE TO NEW PHYSICS. 260 00:13:35,515 --> 00:13:38,983 I SEE THEM AS THIS HUGE OPPORTUNITY. 261 00:13:38,985 --> 00:13:41,586 Narrator: SILKE SIMULATES BLACK HOLES IN THE LAB 262 00:13:41,588 --> 00:13:44,889 BY CREATING POWERFUL VORTICES IN TANKS OF WATER. 263 00:13:44,891 --> 00:13:48,827 YOU CAN THINK OF A BLACK HOLE AT THE EDGE OF THE UNIVERSE, 264 00:13:48,829 --> 00:13:50,295 AND THE QUESTION IS, WHAT HAPPENS 265 00:13:50,297 --> 00:13:52,330 IF YOU COME CLOSE TO THE EDGE, 266 00:13:52,332 --> 00:13:56,100 AND WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU ACTUALLY FALL OVER THE EDGE? 267 00:13:56,102 --> 00:13:59,404 AND WHAT WE TRY TO DO IS TO ATTACK THE PROBLEM 268 00:13:59,406 --> 00:14:01,606 FROM A VERY DIFFERENT ANGLE. 269 00:14:01,608 --> 00:14:03,808 Narrator: IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO UNDERTAKE EXPERIMENTS 270 00:14:03,810 --> 00:14:05,910 WITH REAL BLACK HOLES, 271 00:14:05,912 --> 00:14:10,348 SO SILKE TURNS THIS WATER TANK INTO THE NEXT BEST THING. 272 00:14:10,350 --> 00:14:12,884 THE VORTEX SPINNING AT THE CENTER OF THE TANK 273 00:14:12,886 --> 00:14:16,454 SIMULATES THE ACTION OF A ROTATING BLACK HOLE. 274 00:14:16,456 --> 00:14:17,956 Weinfurtner: WE HAVE A GIGANTIC TANK 275 00:14:17,958 --> 00:14:21,025 FILLED WITH 2000 LITERS OF WATER, 276 00:14:21,027 --> 00:14:25,096 AND WHAT WE'RE GOING TO DO IS SET UP A BIG VORTEX FLOW. 277 00:14:25,098 --> 00:14:29,801 AND THAT IS SITTING AT THE CENTER OF OUR SETUP. 278 00:14:29,803 --> 00:14:34,272 Narrator: SILKE INTRODUCES FLOATING MATERIAL TO THE TANK. 279 00:14:34,274 --> 00:14:37,842 THE PROJECTED GRID ALLOWS HER TO MEASURE HOW CLOSE MATERIAL 280 00:14:37,844 --> 00:14:42,146 CAN GET TO THE VORTEX BEFORE ITS FATE IS SEALED. 281 00:14:43,650 --> 00:14:48,086 YOU CAN SEE, ANYTHING THAT COMES CLOSER THAN AROUND HERE 282 00:14:48,088 --> 00:14:50,722 SLOWLY STARTS TO GET SUCKED IN. 283 00:14:50,724 --> 00:14:52,190 Narrator: AT A CERTAIN DISTANCE, 284 00:14:52,192 --> 00:14:54,659 THE STRENGTH OF THE VORTEX IS SO GREAT 285 00:14:54,661 --> 00:14:57,228 THAT GETTING SUCKED IN IS INEVITABLE. 286 00:14:57,230 --> 00:14:58,696 IT'S BASICALLY -- IT'S BEING PUSHED 287 00:14:58,698 --> 00:15:01,299 OVER THE EDGE OF OUR UNIVERSE. 288 00:15:01,301 --> 00:15:03,601 Narrator: THIS POINT OF NO RETURN AROUND A BLACK HOLE 289 00:15:03,603 --> 00:15:06,070 IS CALLED AN EVENT HORIZON. 290 00:15:09,075 --> 00:15:13,378 BLACK HOLES ARE INFINITESIMALLY SMALL POINTS IN SPACE, 291 00:15:13,380 --> 00:15:15,480 BUT THERE EVENT HORIZONS CAN STRETCH OUT 292 00:15:15,482 --> 00:15:18,349 OVER MILLIONS OF MILES. 293 00:15:18,351 --> 00:15:22,620 THEY APPEAR AS A BLACK BUBBLE AROUND THE BLACK HOLE. 294 00:15:22,622 --> 00:15:26,491 THIS DARK FRONTIER IS LIKE THE EDGE OF A WATERFALL. 295 00:15:26,493 --> 00:15:31,296 NOTHING CAN COME BACK ONCE IT'S PASSED OVER THE EVENT HORIZON. 296 00:15:31,298 --> 00:15:35,767 BUT WHAT HAPPENS TO OBJECTS INSIDE THE EVENT HORIZON? 297 00:15:35,769 --> 00:15:39,203 AND ARE THEY TRULY PUSHED OFF THE EDGE OF THE UNIVERSE? 298 00:15:41,775 --> 00:15:44,909 Weinfurtner: WELL, THE PROBLEM IS IF YOU THINK OF A BLACK HOLE 299 00:15:44,911 --> 00:15:46,711 THAT SWALLOWS EVERYTHING UP, RIGHT? 300 00:15:46,713 --> 00:15:50,281 AND WHATEVER YOU THROW INTO THAT BLACK HOLE, IT CAN BE A CHAIR, 301 00:15:50,283 --> 00:15:53,651 IT CAN BE A MOBILE PHONE, IT CAN BE FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES, 302 00:15:53,653 --> 00:15:57,422 WHATEVER YOU GIVE INTO IT, THAT'S BASICALLY LOST. 303 00:15:57,424 --> 00:15:59,991 Narrator: BUT THIS FUNDAMENTAL DESTRUCTIVE PROPERTY 304 00:15:59,993 --> 00:16:03,661 CREATES A HUGE PROBLEM FOR PHYSICISTS. 305 00:16:03,663 --> 00:16:07,699 THIS BEHAVIOR IS INCOMPATIBLE, IN A SENSE, 306 00:16:07,701 --> 00:16:10,735 TO QUANTUM MECHANICS. 307 00:16:10,737 --> 00:16:13,071 Narrator: THE LAWS OF QUANTUM PHYSICS SAY 308 00:16:13,073 --> 00:16:15,139 THAT EVERY PARTICLE OF MATTER IN THE UNIVERSE 309 00:16:15,141 --> 00:16:18,710 CARRIES INFORMATION ABOUT ITS PROPERTIES, 310 00:16:18,712 --> 00:16:22,580 AND THAT THIS INFORMATION CAN NEVER BE LOST. 311 00:16:22,582 --> 00:16:26,584 BLACK HOLES APPEAR TO BREAK THIS ESSENTIAL RULE. 312 00:16:26,586 --> 00:16:29,320 BLACK HOLE, YOU THROW SOMETHING AND THE CONVENTIONAL WISDOM 313 00:16:29,322 --> 00:16:31,389 SAYS IT HAS DISAPPEARED. 314 00:16:31,391 --> 00:16:35,493 BUT IF IT DISAPPEARS, THAT MEANS IT TAKES ALL OF THE INFORMATION 315 00:16:35,495 --> 00:16:37,161 THAT IT CARRIES WITH IT. 316 00:16:37,163 --> 00:16:38,529 WHERE DOES THE INFORMATION GO? 317 00:16:38,531 --> 00:16:41,799 IF YOU LOSE INFORMATION, YOU LOSE THE ABILITY TO PREDICT, 318 00:16:41,801 --> 00:16:43,401 AND IF YOU LOSE THAT, THEN PHYSICS IS IN 319 00:16:43,403 --> 00:16:45,570 A COMPLETELY DIFFERENT PLACE. 320 00:16:45,572 --> 00:16:48,206 Narrator: IT SEEMS LIKE BLACK HOLES AND QUANTUM PHYSICS 321 00:16:48,208 --> 00:16:52,010 CAN'T EXIST TOGETHER IN THE SAME UNIVERSE. 322 00:16:52,012 --> 00:16:55,246 BUT THERE MAY BE ONE WAY TO SOLVE THIS PROBLEM -- 323 00:16:55,248 --> 00:16:57,415 THE HOLOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLE. 324 00:16:57,417 --> 00:17:01,519 ♪ 325 00:17:07,794 --> 00:17:11,429 ♪ 326 00:17:11,431 --> 00:17:13,164 Narrator: ACCORDING TO ONE VERSION 327 00:17:13,166 --> 00:17:14,565 OF THE HOLOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLE, 328 00:17:14,567 --> 00:17:18,970 BLACK HOLES MAY ACT AS STORAGE DEVICES. 329 00:17:18,972 --> 00:17:21,973 AS AN OBJECT IS SUCKED THROUGH THE EVENT HORIZON, 330 00:17:21,975 --> 00:17:26,477 ITS INFORMATION MIGHT BE STRIPPED FROM ITS PARTICLES 331 00:17:26,479 --> 00:17:31,015 AND IMPRINTED ON THE SURFACE OF THE EVENT HORIZON. 332 00:17:31,017 --> 00:17:33,851 THIS VIRTUAL SNAPSHOT OF INFORMATION 333 00:17:33,853 --> 00:17:36,254 IS HELD AS A PERMANENT RECORD. 334 00:17:38,358 --> 00:17:43,728 IF THIS IS TRUE, NO OBJECT FULLY LEAVES THE UNIVERSE. 335 00:17:43,730 --> 00:17:47,598 INSTEAD, ITS INFORMATION REMAINS IN ARCHIVE FORM, 336 00:17:47,600 --> 00:17:49,767 FLATTENED ONTO THE 2-DIMENSIONAL BUBBLE 337 00:17:49,769 --> 00:17:51,502 OF THE EVENT HORIZON. 338 00:17:54,107 --> 00:17:58,643 THIS HOLOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLE HELPS BLACK HOLES MAKE SENSE 339 00:17:58,645 --> 00:18:03,214 AND STOPS THEM FROM BREAKING THE LAWS OF QUANTUM PHYSICS. 340 00:18:03,216 --> 00:18:06,717 SO, IS IT POSSIBLE THAT WHAT AN EVENT HORIZON REALLY IS 341 00:18:06,719 --> 00:18:09,520 IS SOME TYPE OF 2-DIMENSIONAL MEMBRANE 342 00:18:09,522 --> 00:18:11,689 AND ALL THE INFORMATION ABOUT ANYTHING 343 00:18:11,691 --> 00:18:13,758 THAT'S EVER FALLEN INTO THE BLACK HOLE 344 00:18:13,760 --> 00:18:16,360 IS STILL ENCAPSULATED THERE SOMEHOW. 345 00:18:16,362 --> 00:18:19,697 THE EVENT HORIZON WOULD BE ANALOGOUS TO THIS "SAVE" POINT 346 00:18:19,699 --> 00:18:23,434 IN A VIDEO GAME IN THE SENSE THAT THE INFORMATION OF OBJECTS 347 00:18:23,436 --> 00:18:25,336 CARRIED IN DOESN'T GET LOST. 348 00:18:25,338 --> 00:18:27,338 IT REMAINS ACCESSIBLE. 349 00:18:27,340 --> 00:18:29,807 IT'S SIMPLY STORED IN AN UNUSUAL PLACE, 350 00:18:29,809 --> 00:18:31,776 AN UNUSUAL ENVIRONMENT ON THE SURFACE 351 00:18:31,778 --> 00:18:33,744 ON THE EVENT HORIZON OF A BLACK HOLE. 352 00:18:33,746 --> 00:18:37,381 ♪ 353 00:18:37,383 --> 00:18:39,650 Narrator: AND IF THE EVENT HORIZONS OF BLACK HOLES 354 00:18:39,652 --> 00:18:43,721 REALLY DO SHARE PROPERTIES WITH THE EDGE OF THE UNIVERSE, 355 00:18:43,723 --> 00:18:45,156 THE HOLOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLE 356 00:18:45,158 --> 00:18:49,694 SUDDENLY TAKES ON A WHOLE NEW MEANING. 357 00:18:49,696 --> 00:18:52,463 JUST AS BLACK HOLES STORE PURE INFORMATION, 358 00:18:52,465 --> 00:18:56,901 ABOUT EVERY ATOM OF EVERY PLANET, 359 00:18:56,903 --> 00:19:00,771 ABOUT EVERY STAR IN OVER 100 BILLION GALAXIES 360 00:19:00,773 --> 00:19:05,810 THAT'S IMPRINTED ON THE HORIZON OF THE UNIVERSE, 361 00:19:05,812 --> 00:19:09,313 THIS VAST BUBBLE THAT SURROUNDS THE COSMOS 362 00:19:09,315 --> 00:19:12,717 MAY ACT LIKE A COSMIC HARD DRIVE, 363 00:19:12,719 --> 00:19:17,221 CARRYING THE SOURCE CODE OF EVERYTHING WITHIN ITS BOUNDS. 364 00:19:19,926 --> 00:19:23,694 THE MATHEMATICS OF BLACK HOLES APPEARS TO SUPPORT THE IDEA 365 00:19:23,696 --> 00:19:27,865 THAT THE UNIVERSE IS HOLOGRAPHIC. 366 00:19:27,867 --> 00:19:31,102 BUT TO TRULY BRING THE IDEA INTO THE MAINSTREAM, 367 00:19:31,104 --> 00:19:36,073 SCIENTISTS NEED TO FIND CONCRETE OBSERVABLE EVIDENCE. 368 00:19:36,075 --> 00:19:39,210 ♪ 369 00:19:39,212 --> 00:19:42,046 IN SOUTHAMPTON, ENGLAND, KOSTAS SKENDERIS 370 00:19:42,048 --> 00:19:45,116 HAS MADE A SIGNIFICANT BREAKTHROUGH. 371 00:19:45,118 --> 00:19:48,186 HE MAY HAVE UNCOVERED THE FIRST DIRECT EVIDENCE 372 00:19:48,188 --> 00:19:50,922 THAT THE HOLOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLE IS REAL 373 00:19:50,924 --> 00:19:53,858 BY STUDYING THE BIRTH OF THE UNIVERSE. 374 00:19:53,860 --> 00:19:56,794 Skenderis: THE UNIVERSE IS ACTUALLY 14 BILLION YEARS OLD. 375 00:19:56,796 --> 00:19:58,963 WITH HOLOGRAPHY, FOR FIRST TIME, 376 00:19:58,965 --> 00:20:02,166 WE HAVE A CHANCE TO ACTUALLY MODEL THAT PERIOD. 377 00:20:02,168 --> 00:20:04,969 IT'S VERY EXCITING, ABSOLUTELY. 378 00:20:04,971 --> 00:20:07,872 Narrator: KOSTAS USES SUPERCOMPUTERS TO SIMULATE 379 00:20:07,874 --> 00:20:11,275 WHAT A HOLOGRAPHIC BIG BANG WOULD'VE LOOKED LIKE. 380 00:20:11,277 --> 00:20:14,445 THE END RESULT IS JAW-DROPPING. 381 00:20:14,447 --> 00:20:18,149 ♪ 382 00:20:18,151 --> 00:20:20,651 BEFORE THE DAWN OF TIME, 383 00:20:20,653 --> 00:20:25,923 THE UNIVERSE STARTS AS A SIMPLE DISK OF INFORMATION, 384 00:20:25,925 --> 00:20:28,826 EXISTING ENTIRELY IN TWO DIMENSIONS. 385 00:20:30,830 --> 00:20:33,731 AS THE DATA IT CONTAINS INTERACTS AND INCREASES 386 00:20:33,733 --> 00:20:39,670 IN COMPLEXITY, HIGHER DIMENSIONS ARE NEEDED, 387 00:20:39,672 --> 00:20:45,276 AND THE 2-D DISK INFLATES INTO A 3-D SPHERE. 388 00:20:45,278 --> 00:20:49,580 THE COSMIC CLOCK BEGINS TO TICK AS THE UNIVERSE WE KNOW 389 00:20:49,582 --> 00:20:53,451 SLOWLY EMERGES FROM PURE INFORMATION, 390 00:20:53,453 --> 00:20:57,221 CREATING ENERGY AND MATTER THAT WE CAN OBSERVE. 391 00:20:57,223 --> 00:21:00,958 AND EVENTUALLY, THE FIRST GLIMMER OF STARS. 392 00:21:00,960 --> 00:21:04,629 ♪ 393 00:21:04,631 --> 00:21:09,200 BUT IS THIS VERSION OF THE DAWN OF THE UNIVERSE CORRECT? 394 00:21:09,202 --> 00:21:11,769 KOSTAS BELIEVES A HOLOGRAPHIC BIRTH 395 00:21:11,771 --> 00:21:15,539 WOULD HAVE LEFT COSMIC STRETCH MARKS ON THE UNIVERSE, 396 00:21:15,541 --> 00:21:18,776 MARKS WE SHOULD BE ABLE TO SEE TODAY. 397 00:21:18,778 --> 00:21:22,580 TO FIND THEM, HE LOOKS TO A BAND OF PRIMORDIAL RADIATION 398 00:21:22,582 --> 00:21:25,716 THAT LIES BEYOND THE STARS. 399 00:21:25,718 --> 00:21:29,420 THIS STRANGE, ETHEREAL GLOW IS A REMNANT OF THE ENERGY 400 00:21:29,422 --> 00:21:32,556 THAT FILLED THE EARLY UNIVERSE. 401 00:21:32,558 --> 00:21:37,328 ASTRONOMERS CALL IT THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND. 402 00:21:37,330 --> 00:21:39,330 THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND 403 00:21:39,332 --> 00:21:42,667 IS THE MOST DISTANT THING THAT WE CAN SEE IN OUR UNIVERSE. 404 00:21:42,669 --> 00:21:45,002 IT'S AN ECHO OF THE BIG BANG ITSELF. 405 00:21:45,004 --> 00:21:46,570 THE BIRTH OF OUR UNIVERSE. 406 00:21:46,572 --> 00:21:49,807 Narrator: OUR BEST VIEW OF THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND 407 00:21:49,809 --> 00:21:53,544 COMES FROM A SPACE SATELLITE CALLED PLANCK. 408 00:21:53,546 --> 00:21:55,780 PLANCK REVEALS THE EARLY UNIVERSE 409 00:21:55,782 --> 00:21:59,050 AS AN EXPANSE OF SEETHING ENERGY. 410 00:21:59,052 --> 00:22:03,654 THE HOTTEST AREAS ARE BLUE, AND THE COOLEST AREAS RED. 411 00:22:03,656 --> 00:22:07,091 KOSTAS THINKS THIS MAP OF PRIMORDIAL ENERGY 412 00:22:07,093 --> 00:22:11,562 HOLDS STRIKING SIMILARITIES TO HIS HOLOGRAPHIC SIMULATION. 413 00:22:13,666 --> 00:22:15,900 Skenderis: WHAT WE'RE FINDING IS THAT 414 00:22:15,902 --> 00:22:17,501 THE PATTERNS WE'RE COMPUTING 415 00:22:17,503 --> 00:22:21,205 USING THE HOLOGRAPHIC THEORY AGREE REMARKABLY WELL 416 00:22:21,207 --> 00:22:26,077 WITH WHAT WE SEE IN THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND. 417 00:22:26,079 --> 00:22:29,180 I THINK THIS RESEARCH PROVIDES THE FIRST EVIDENCE 418 00:22:29,182 --> 00:22:32,416 THAT OUR UNIVERSE MAY BE HOLOGRAPHIC. 419 00:22:32,418 --> 00:22:35,152 Narrator: IT MAY NOT BE OBVIOUS TO THE UNTRAINED EYE, 420 00:22:35,154 --> 00:22:37,822 BUT FOR KOSTAS, IT'S A MATCH. 421 00:22:37,824 --> 00:22:41,492 HIS SIMULATION SHOWS THE SAME VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE 422 00:22:41,494 --> 00:22:44,795 THAT CAN BE FOUND IN THE COSMOS TODAY. 423 00:22:44,797 --> 00:22:48,366 HIS RESEARCH COULD TURN OUT TO BE THE SMOKING GUN EVIDENCE 424 00:22:48,368 --> 00:22:52,603 THAT OUR UNIVERSE REALLY IS HOLOGRAPHIC. 425 00:22:52,605 --> 00:22:54,472 IT'S ABSOLUTELY EXCITING. 426 00:22:54,474 --> 00:22:57,908 IT'S MIND-BLOWING. 427 00:22:57,910 --> 00:23:00,778 Greene: THE HOLOGRAPHIC IDEA IS SO NEW 428 00:23:00,780 --> 00:23:03,714 THAT IT'S GOING TO GO THROUGH MANY INCARNATIONS 429 00:23:03,716 --> 00:23:05,916 AS PEOPLE TEAR IT APART, PUT IT BACK TOGETHER, 430 00:23:05,918 --> 00:23:09,387 REINTERPRET IT, INTRODUCE NEW MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS. 431 00:23:09,389 --> 00:23:12,223 BUT EVERY TIME AN EXOTIC IDEA 432 00:23:12,225 --> 00:23:15,659 IS ABLE TO MAKE CONTACT WITH OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 433 00:23:15,661 --> 00:23:17,561 THAT IS WHAT WILL PROPEL US ONWARDS 434 00:23:17,563 --> 00:23:20,898 TO TRY TO MAKE MORE REFINED TESTS OF THESE IDEAS. 435 00:23:20,900 --> 00:23:22,833 Tremblay: OUR UNDERSTANDING THE COSMOS IS DEFINED 436 00:23:22,835 --> 00:23:26,404 MORE BY WHAT WE DON'T KNOW THAN WHAT WE DO ACTUALLY KNOW. 437 00:23:26,406 --> 00:23:29,006 AND SO,ONE OF THE BEST WAYS TO BE A SCIENTIST 438 00:23:29,008 --> 00:23:33,677 IS TO JUST ALLOW THE IMPOSSIBLE TO BE POSSIBLE IN YOUR HEAD. 439 00:23:33,679 --> 00:23:36,680 Narrator: THESE IDEAS OFFER A TANTALIZING NEW BIRTH STORY 440 00:23:36,682 --> 00:23:38,048 FOR THE UNIVERSE, 441 00:23:38,050 --> 00:23:41,118 BUT THEY REMAIN ON THE FRINGES OF THEORETICAL PHYSICS, 442 00:23:41,120 --> 00:23:44,789 BORDERING ON SCIENCE FICTION. 443 00:23:44,791 --> 00:23:49,393 WHICH BEGS THE QUESTION -- IS ANYTHING REALLY REAL? 444 00:23:49,395 --> 00:23:52,496 ♪ 445 00:23:58,771 --> 00:24:02,773 ♪ 446 00:24:02,775 --> 00:24:06,010 Narrator: ACROSS THE COUNTRY, SCIENTISTS CONTINUE TO PROVE 447 00:24:06,012 --> 00:24:09,146 THE VALIDITY OF THEIR HOLOGRAPHIC THEORY. 448 00:24:09,148 --> 00:24:11,882 FROM GALAXIES TO PLANETS AND PEOPLE, 449 00:24:11,884 --> 00:24:14,285 THEIR MATHEMATICAL VISION OF THE UNIVERSE 450 00:24:14,287 --> 00:24:20,357 SUGGESTS OUR REALITY COULD BE A HOLOGRAM. 451 00:24:20,359 --> 00:24:23,494 THE PRINCIPLE SUGGESTS THE REAL UNIVERSE EXISTS 452 00:24:23,496 --> 00:24:25,162 IN TWO DIMENSIONS, 453 00:24:25,164 --> 00:24:29,667 AND OUR LIVES ARE JUST A PROJECTION. 454 00:24:29,669 --> 00:24:33,571 IF THIS IS TRUE, WE SHOULD BE ABLE TO FIND HARD EVIDENCE 455 00:24:33,573 --> 00:24:36,040 OF THE HOLOGRAM IN ACTION. 456 00:24:36,042 --> 00:24:38,776 IF YOU IMAGINE SCIENCE FICTION FILMS 457 00:24:38,778 --> 00:24:41,512 AND DEPICTIONS OF HOLOGRAMS IN THOSE FILMS, 458 00:24:41,514 --> 00:24:44,882 THOSE HOLOGRAMS OFTEN GLITCH TO GIVE AWAY TO THE AUDIENCE 459 00:24:44,884 --> 00:24:47,218 THAT THIS IS A FAKE REPRESENTATION. 460 00:24:47,220 --> 00:24:49,854 AND SO WHAT IF, YOU KNOW, THE HOLOGRAPHIC UNIVERSE 461 00:24:49,856 --> 00:24:52,056 ALSO HAD KIND OF "GLITCHES," 462 00:24:52,058 --> 00:24:56,827 AND THOSE GLITCHES COULD BE OUR OBSERVABLES? 463 00:24:56,829 --> 00:24:59,230 Narrator: THE IDEA THAT A HOLOGRAPHIC UNIVERSE 464 00:24:59,232 --> 00:25:05,236 COULD BE GLITCHING COMES DOWN TO QUANTUM PHYSICS. 465 00:25:05,238 --> 00:25:07,805 IT'S CALLED THE UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE. 466 00:25:10,076 --> 00:25:13,143 THIS THEORY SUGGESTS THAT SUBATOMIC PARTICLES 467 00:25:13,145 --> 00:25:17,448 FLASH IN AND OUT OF EXISTENCE LIKE FIREFLIES, 468 00:25:17,450 --> 00:25:21,752 MAKING REALITY GLITCHY AT THE MOST MICRO LEVEL. 469 00:25:21,754 --> 00:25:23,587 AND IN A HOLOGRAPHIC UNIVERSE, 470 00:25:23,589 --> 00:25:27,291 THIS GLITCHY NATURE OF REALITY MAY BE STRONGER. 471 00:25:27,293 --> 00:25:30,327 ♪ 472 00:25:30,329 --> 00:25:33,597 TODAY, AT THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY'S FERMILAB, 473 00:25:33,599 --> 00:25:36,000 CRAIG HOGAN MASTERMINDS AN EXPERIMENT 474 00:25:36,002 --> 00:25:41,405 TO SCAN THE UNIVERSE FOR HOLOGRAPHIC GLITCHES. 475 00:25:41,407 --> 00:25:42,973 Hogan: WE'RE DRIVING ALONG 476 00:25:42,975 --> 00:25:44,341 ONE OF THE OLD BEAM LINES AT FERMILAB 477 00:25:44,343 --> 00:25:47,878 TO AN EXPERIMENT CALLED THE HOLOMETER. 478 00:25:47,880 --> 00:25:51,181 WE PUT THIS TOGETHER OVER THE LAST TEN YEARS TO STUDY 479 00:25:51,183 --> 00:25:54,552 THE FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS THAT MAKE UP SPACE AND TIME. 480 00:25:56,856 --> 00:26:00,658 Narrator: IT'S A TALL ORDER FOR CRAIG. 481 00:26:00,660 --> 00:26:02,593 IF THESE GLITCHES EXIST, 482 00:26:02,595 --> 00:26:07,932 THEY WILL ONLY BE FOUND ON MICROSCOPIC SCALES. 483 00:26:07,934 --> 00:26:11,101 WHEN YOU ZOOM IN ON AN OBJECT -- 484 00:26:11,103 --> 00:26:15,973 PAST MOLECULES, ATOMS, AND ELECTRONS -- 485 00:26:15,975 --> 00:26:21,278 YOU ENTER A QUANTUM WORLD WHERE NOTHING IS FIXED. 486 00:26:21,280 --> 00:26:26,216 TINY GRAINS OF PURE INFORMATION CALLED QUANTUM BITS, 487 00:26:26,218 --> 00:26:31,088 OR QUBITS, CONSTANTLY SHIFT AROUND. 488 00:26:31,090 --> 00:26:35,826 IN HOLOGRAPHIC UNIVERSE, THE QUBITS MOVE IN LAYERS -- 489 00:26:35,828 --> 00:26:41,398 2-D SLICES SHIFTING ONE AFTER THE OTHER. 490 00:26:41,400 --> 00:26:43,667 THIS SYNCHRONIZED JITTER 491 00:26:43,669 --> 00:26:46,503 PRODUCES TINY GLITCHES IN REALITY, 492 00:26:46,505 --> 00:26:52,810 THAT MAY BE DETECTED, BUT ONLY BY THE MOST SENSITIVE EQUIPMENT. 493 00:26:52,812 --> 00:26:56,647 ♪ 494 00:26:56,649 --> 00:26:59,049 THESE GLITCHES, IF THEY TRULY EXIST, 495 00:26:59,051 --> 00:27:03,721 ARE A THOUSAND TIMES SMALLER THAN A PROTON IN AN ATOM -- 496 00:27:03,723 --> 00:27:05,322 A SCALE SO SMALL, 497 00:27:05,324 --> 00:27:08,826 MANY SCIENTISTS THINK IT'S UNDETECTABLE. 498 00:27:08,828 --> 00:27:10,294 WE'RE REALLY TRYING TO PICK UP SOMETHING WHICH IS 499 00:27:10,296 --> 00:27:12,029 SO SMALL AND SUBTLE 500 00:27:12,031 --> 00:27:15,199 IT NEVER WOULD HAVE BEEN SEEN BEFORE. 501 00:27:15,201 --> 00:27:18,369 Narrator: CRAIG HAS DEVELOPED THIS MULTIMILLION DOLLAR MACHINE 502 00:27:18,371 --> 00:27:22,606 TO HUNT THESE MINISCULE GLITCHES. 503 00:27:22,608 --> 00:27:25,442 IT'S CALLED THE HOLOMETER. 504 00:27:25,444 --> 00:27:27,011 IT USES A LASER BEAM RULER 505 00:27:27,013 --> 00:27:29,079 TO SEARCH FOR HOLOGRAPHIC GLITCHES 506 00:27:29,081 --> 00:27:31,682 IN THE FABRIC OF SPACE AND TIME. 507 00:27:31,684 --> 00:27:35,052 WE'RE SENDING LASER LIGHT INTO AN EXPLORATION 508 00:27:35,054 --> 00:27:37,655 OF SPACE AND TIME, AND THIS IS WHERE THAT STARTS, 509 00:27:37,657 --> 00:27:40,457 'CAUSE THIS IS WHERE THE LIGHT IS GENERATED, 510 00:27:40,459 --> 00:27:43,494 BACK HERE IN THIS VERY POWERFUL LASER. 511 00:27:43,496 --> 00:27:46,096 Narrator: THIS EQUIPMENT SUPERCHARGES A LASER BEAM, 512 00:27:46,098 --> 00:27:48,132 TO GIVE IT A MILLION TIMES MORE POWER 513 00:27:48,134 --> 00:27:51,869 THAN A REGULAR LASER POINTER. 514 00:27:51,871 --> 00:27:55,539 THE HIGH-POWERED LASERS SPLIT INTO TWO BEAMS. 515 00:27:55,541 --> 00:28:01,078 THE BEAMS FIRE SIMULTANEOUSLY DOWN TWO 65-FOOT-LONG TUBES. 516 00:28:01,080 --> 00:28:03,013 AT THE END OF EACH TUBE IS A MIRROR, 517 00:28:03,015 --> 00:28:07,117 WHICH BOUNCES THE LASER BACK DOWN THE LENGTH OF THE TUBE. 518 00:28:07,119 --> 00:28:09,486 ANY GLITCHES IN THE HOLOGRAPHIC UNIVERSE 519 00:28:09,488 --> 00:28:14,892 COULD MOVE THE MIRRORS LESS THAN 3 BILLION BILLIONTHS OF A FOOT. 520 00:28:14,894 --> 00:28:16,326 THE HOLOMETER IS PROGRAMMED 521 00:28:16,328 --> 00:28:18,562 TO DETECT THESE CHANGES IN LENGTH. 522 00:28:21,200 --> 00:28:24,535 IF QUANTUM GLITCHES ARE REALLY OCCURRING IN THE UNIVERSE, 523 00:28:24,537 --> 00:28:27,838 CRAIG BELIEVES BOTH LASERS WILL DETECT THEM, 524 00:28:27,840 --> 00:28:30,207 BUT AT DIFFERENT TIMES. 525 00:28:30,209 --> 00:28:32,609 SO, THE MEASUREMENT WE'RE DOING IS TO SEE 526 00:28:32,611 --> 00:28:36,814 WHETHER MIRRORS EVER STAND PERFECTLY STILL. 527 00:28:36,816 --> 00:28:39,950 IF SPACE AND TIME, WITH NOTHING IN IT, 528 00:28:39,952 --> 00:28:44,054 IS MADE OF PARTICLES OR QUANTUM THINGS, 529 00:28:44,056 --> 00:28:46,356 THE PREDICTION IS IT SHOULD NEVER STAND PERFECTLY STILL. 530 00:28:46,358 --> 00:28:50,027 EVERYTHING SHOULD BE JITTERING OR ROTATING A TINY BIT 531 00:28:50,029 --> 00:28:53,897 AND WE'RE USING INTERFEROMETERS TO LOOK FOR THAT EXOTIC MOTION 532 00:28:53,899 --> 00:28:56,934 ON THE VERY SMALLEST SCALES. 533 00:28:56,936 --> 00:28:58,435 Narrator: THE TEAM NEEDS TO MAKE SURE 534 00:28:58,437 --> 00:29:01,138 THAT ANY MOVEMENT DETECTED IS, IN FACT, 535 00:29:01,140 --> 00:29:04,074 FROM THE NATURE OF SPACE/TIME, 536 00:29:04,076 --> 00:29:08,479 NOT FROM THE OUTSIDE WORLD INTERFERING WITH THE LASERS. 537 00:29:08,481 --> 00:29:12,816 SO THEY CONDUCT TESTS AT NIGHT TO ENSURE ACCURACY. 538 00:29:12,818 --> 00:29:16,019 Hogan: IF WE TRY TO DO THE MEASUREMENT DURING THE DAY, 539 00:29:16,021 --> 00:29:17,421 PEOPLE ARE COMING AND GOING FROM WORK, 540 00:29:17,423 --> 00:29:20,090 THE SUN SHINES ON THINGS, THE GROUND EXPANDS, 541 00:29:20,092 --> 00:29:23,427 AND IT ALL MOVES BY A TINY AMOUNT. 542 00:29:23,429 --> 00:29:26,296 AND THAT MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE TO GET REALLY CLEAN DATA 543 00:29:26,298 --> 00:29:28,298 TO UNLOCK THE APPARATUS DURING THE DAY. 544 00:29:28,300 --> 00:29:32,703 SO WE WAIT TILL NIGHT, WHEN IT CALMS DOWN. 545 00:29:32,705 --> 00:29:34,404 Narrator: CRAIG HAS BEEN WORKING ON 546 00:29:34,406 --> 00:29:36,173 THIS LASER-POWERED HOLOGRAPHIC RULER 547 00:29:36,175 --> 00:29:39,243 FOR ALMOST 10 YEARS. 548 00:29:39,245 --> 00:29:42,346 BUT JUST AS IT ACHIEVED THE SENSITIVITY NEEDED, 549 00:29:42,348 --> 00:29:45,415 THE LASER FAILED THEM. 550 00:29:45,417 --> 00:29:47,518 SO WE'VE REINSTALLED THE LASERS, 551 00:29:47,520 --> 00:29:49,253 AFTER GETTING THEM REFURBISHED. 552 00:29:49,255 --> 00:29:51,522 THE TEAM'S IN THERE NOW, LINING UP THE BEAMS 553 00:29:51,524 --> 00:29:54,024 AND GETTING READY TO DO A NEW ROUND OF DATA-TAKING 554 00:29:54,026 --> 00:29:55,592 THIS SUMMER. 555 00:29:55,594 --> 00:29:58,228 Narrator: THERE'S NO GUARANTEE OF SUCCESS, 556 00:29:58,230 --> 00:30:01,832 BUT FOR CRAIG, IT'S WORTH THE EFFORT. 557 00:30:01,834 --> 00:30:04,268 IF WE LEARN ABOUT HOW SPACE AND TIME REALLY WORK 558 00:30:04,270 --> 00:30:06,303 AT A DEEPER LEVEL, THE QUANTUM LEVEL, 559 00:30:06,305 --> 00:30:10,340 WE'RE GOING TO BE UNLEASHING ALL KINDS OF NEW POSSIBILITIES. 560 00:30:10,342 --> 00:30:12,409 IT'S REAL HARD TO SPECULATE WHAT THOSE MIGHT BE, 561 00:30:12,411 --> 00:30:13,744 BUT, YOU KNOW, 562 00:30:13,746 --> 00:30:16,346 IF YOU THINK ABOUT SCIENCE FICTION POSSIBILITIES, 563 00:30:16,348 --> 00:30:19,750 LIKE TELEPORTATION, THAT'S WHAT THEY WOULD HAVE TO INVOLVE. 564 00:30:19,752 --> 00:30:22,119 IF YOU WERE ABLE TO MEASURE QUANTUM FLUCTUATIONS, 565 00:30:22,121 --> 00:30:25,455 VIBRATIONS FROM THE QUANTUM NATURE OF THE UNIVERSE, 566 00:30:25,457 --> 00:30:27,825 TAKING PLACE IN THE FABRIC OF SPACE AND TIME, 567 00:30:27,827 --> 00:30:31,528 THAT WOULD BE ONE OF THE MOST SPECTACULAR DISCOVERIES 568 00:30:31,530 --> 00:30:35,232 THAT OUR SPECIES HAS EVER ACCOMPLISHED. 569 00:30:35,234 --> 00:30:39,403 Narrator: CRAIG'S TEAM CONTINUES TO FINE TUNE THEIR EQUIPMENT. 570 00:30:39,405 --> 00:30:41,705 AND ONCE THE SYSTEM IS STABLE, 571 00:30:41,707 --> 00:30:46,476 IT MAY BE THE KEY TO FINDING OUT IF THE UNIVERSE IS HOLOGRAPHIC. 572 00:30:46,478 --> 00:30:49,680 ♪ 573 00:30:49,682 --> 00:30:52,316 THE HOLOGRAPHIC THEORY COULD REVOLUTIONIZE 574 00:30:52,318 --> 00:30:54,685 THE WAY WE LOOK AT THE UNIVERSE. 575 00:30:57,323 --> 00:31:00,657 BUT WHILE CRAIG CONTINUES HIS SEARCH, 576 00:31:00,659 --> 00:31:06,230 RESEARCHERS IN THE NETHERLANDS MIGHT HAVE BEATEN HIM TO IT. 577 00:31:06,232 --> 00:31:09,399 ♪ 578 00:31:15,708 --> 00:31:19,610 ♪ 579 00:31:19,612 --> 00:31:22,412 Narrator: SCIENTISTS ACROSS THE WORLD ARE SEARCHING 580 00:31:22,414 --> 00:31:26,617 FOR EVIDENCE THAT THE UNIVERSE IS A HOLOGRAM. 581 00:31:26,619 --> 00:31:30,153 THEY FIND CLUES IN THE INNER WORKINGS OF BLACK HOLES 582 00:31:30,155 --> 00:31:34,424 AND IN THE EARLIEST IMAGES OF THE INFANT UNIVERSE. 583 00:31:34,426 --> 00:31:37,361 THEY CONSTRUCT HOLOGRAMS YOU CAN TOUCH 584 00:31:37,363 --> 00:31:38,996 AND BUILD MASSIVE MACHINES 585 00:31:38,998 --> 00:31:43,000 TO CHECK THE FABRIC OF SPACE/TIME FOR GLITCHES. 586 00:31:43,002 --> 00:31:48,272 BUT SO FAR, ONLY THE SMALLEST HINTS OF EVIDENCE HAVE EMERGED. 587 00:31:48,274 --> 00:31:51,942 THAT IS, UNTIL NOW. 588 00:31:51,944 --> 00:31:55,112 SOME RESEARCHERS THINK A GALAXY-SIZED CLUE 589 00:31:55,114 --> 00:31:58,916 HAS BEEN STARING US IN THE FACE FOR OVER 40 YEARS. 590 00:31:58,918 --> 00:32:02,719 ♪ 591 00:32:02,721 --> 00:32:05,756 ERIK VERLINDE BELIEVES AN UNUSUAL PROPERTY 592 00:32:05,758 --> 00:32:07,457 OF THE HOLOGRAPHIC UNIVERSE 593 00:32:07,459 --> 00:32:12,129 COULD EXPLAIN A DECADES-OLD PUZZLE. 594 00:32:12,131 --> 00:32:14,398 Verlinde: WE ARE CURRENTLY TRYING TO DEVELOP 595 00:32:14,400 --> 00:32:16,333 A NEW WAY OF THINKING ABOUT GRAVITY. 596 00:32:16,335 --> 00:32:18,769 IT STARTS FROM THE HOLOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLE. 597 00:32:20,873 --> 00:32:24,074 Narrator: ACCORDING TO THE NORMAL LAWS OF PHYSICS, 598 00:32:24,076 --> 00:32:27,778 SPINNING GALAXIES DON'T HAVE ENOUGH MASS 599 00:32:27,780 --> 00:32:32,015 TO STOP THEIR STARS BEING FLUNG INTO SPACE. 600 00:32:32,017 --> 00:32:34,885 SO SCIENTISTS HAVE INVENTED A SUBSTANCE 601 00:32:34,887 --> 00:32:37,387 THAT ADDS GRAVITY TO THESE GALAXIES, 602 00:32:37,389 --> 00:32:39,389 HOLDING THEM TOGETHER, 603 00:32:39,391 --> 00:32:42,893 AND MAKING THEIR EQUATIONS ADD UP. 604 00:32:42,895 --> 00:32:45,495 THEY CALL THIS INVISIBLE SOURCE OF GRAVITY 605 00:32:45,497 --> 00:32:48,231 DARK MATTER. 606 00:32:48,233 --> 00:32:50,133 ONLY WITH DARK MATTER IN THE MIX 607 00:32:50,135 --> 00:32:53,770 CAN THE SHAPE OF SPIRAL GALAXIES MAKE SENSE. 608 00:32:55,174 --> 00:32:57,174 Greene: WE BELIEVE THAT THERE'S DARK MATTER 609 00:32:57,176 --> 00:33:02,212 BECAUSE WHEN WE STUDY THE MOTION OF STARS IN ORBITING GALAXIES, 610 00:33:02,214 --> 00:33:04,314 THEY'RE NOT TRAVELLING AT THE RIGHT SPEED. 611 00:33:04,316 --> 00:33:06,016 THEY'RE TRAVELLING TOO FAST. 612 00:33:06,018 --> 00:33:09,286 SO SOMETHING HAS TO BE PULLING ON THEM THAT WE DON'T SEE, 613 00:33:09,288 --> 00:33:11,755 AND WE SUGGEST THAT MAYBE THERE'S SOME DARK STUFF 614 00:33:11,757 --> 00:33:13,690 OUT THERE, EXERTING GRAVITATIONAL PULL, 615 00:33:13,692 --> 00:33:16,460 AND THAT'S RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MOTION OF THE STARS. 616 00:33:17,696 --> 00:33:19,563 Narrator: BUT THERE'S A TWIST. 617 00:33:19,565 --> 00:33:23,900 NO MATTER HOW HARD WE LOOK, WE CAN'T FIND ANY EVIDENCE 618 00:33:23,902 --> 00:33:28,338 THAT DARK MATTER PARTICLES ACTUALLY EXIST. 619 00:33:28,340 --> 00:33:30,774 SCIENTISTS HAVE GONE TO EXTREME LENGTHS 620 00:33:30,776 --> 00:33:34,945 TO DETECT TRACES OF DARK MATTER PARTICLES. 621 00:33:34,947 --> 00:33:36,980 ONE STUDY HAS BUILT THIS LABORATORY 622 00:33:36,982 --> 00:33:40,083 DEEP INSIDE A MOUNTAIN. 623 00:33:40,085 --> 00:33:43,120 THE EXPERIMENT IS DESIGNED TO FIND DARK MATTER PARTICLES 624 00:33:43,122 --> 00:33:47,491 PASSING THROUGH THESE LARGE TANKS OF XENON. 625 00:33:47,493 --> 00:33:50,927 IT COSTS $160 MILLION, 626 00:33:50,929 --> 00:33:54,698 AND SO FAR, THEY'VE FOUND NOTHING. 627 00:33:54,700 --> 00:33:56,033 Thaller: ONE OF THE REAL PROBLEMS 628 00:33:56,035 --> 00:33:57,434 WITH OUR VIEW OF THE UNIVERSE RIGHT NOW, 629 00:33:57,436 --> 00:34:00,704 IS WE APPEAR TO UNDERSTAND VERY LITTLE OF IT. 630 00:34:00,706 --> 00:34:02,739 TAKE THE CASE OF DARK MATTER. 631 00:34:02,741 --> 00:34:04,541 WE SEE THE PRESENCE OF SOMETHING OUT THERE 632 00:34:04,543 --> 00:34:07,411 THAT SEEMS TO HAVE GRAVITY, BUT NOTHING ELSE. 633 00:34:07,413 --> 00:34:09,046 YOU COULDN'T TOUCH IT OR SMELL IT. 634 00:34:09,048 --> 00:34:10,914 IT DOESN'T INTERACT WITH US IN ANY OTHER WAY. 635 00:34:10,916 --> 00:34:12,649 IT JUST HAS GRAVITY. 636 00:34:12,651 --> 00:34:14,484 AND THIS DOESN'T REALLY MAKE SENSE, 637 00:34:14,486 --> 00:34:17,020 HOW WE FOUND AN ENTIRELY NEW PHASE OF MATTER, 638 00:34:17,022 --> 00:34:21,258 THAT HAVEN'T EVEN FOUND A SINGLE PARTICLE OF AN EXAMPLE OF. 639 00:34:21,260 --> 00:34:24,227 Narrator: ERIK'S CONVINCED WE CAN'T FIND DARK MATTER, 640 00:34:24,229 --> 00:34:26,463 BECAUSE IT DOESN'T EXIST. 641 00:34:26,465 --> 00:34:29,299 AND IT'S APPARENT EFFECTS ARE REALLY JUST A FLAW 642 00:34:29,301 --> 00:34:32,469 ON THE CONVENTIONAL LAWS OF PHYSICS. 643 00:34:32,471 --> 00:34:35,939 I'VE CONCLUDED THAT WE NEED TO DEVELOP 644 00:34:35,941 --> 00:34:38,842 A NEW THEORY OF GRAVITY. 645 00:34:38,844 --> 00:34:41,078 Narrator: THE LAWS OF GRAVITY WERE FIRST PROPOSED 646 00:34:41,080 --> 00:34:45,015 BY ISAAC NEWTON IN THE 17th CENTURY. 647 00:34:45,017 --> 00:34:48,985 THEY REINFORCE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOTION OF THE PLANETS, 648 00:34:48,987 --> 00:34:52,956 AND ALL OUR EXPLORATIONS INTO SPACE. 649 00:34:52,958 --> 00:34:57,694 DARK MATTER KEEPS THESE LAWS IN TACT. 650 00:34:57,696 --> 00:34:59,663 BUT THE HOLOGRAPHIC THEORY 651 00:34:59,665 --> 00:35:03,266 BLOWS THEM CLEAN OUT OF THE WATER. 652 00:35:03,268 --> 00:35:05,902 ♪ 653 00:35:05,904 --> 00:35:07,604 ERIK'S FORMULA SUGGESTS 654 00:35:07,606 --> 00:35:09,706 THAT THE IMPOSSIBLE-LOOKING GALAXIES 655 00:35:09,708 --> 00:35:14,611 ARE A NATURAL FEATURE OF A HOLOGRAPHIC UNIVERSE. 656 00:35:14,613 --> 00:35:18,582 INSTEAD OF DARK MATTER HOLDING THE SPEEDING STARS IN CHECK, 657 00:35:18,584 --> 00:35:23,320 IT'S THE HOLOGRAPHIC HORIZON THAT PROVIDES THE EXTRA GLUE. 658 00:35:23,322 --> 00:35:26,790 THE TWO DIMENSIONAL GALAXY ON THE HOLOGRAPHIC BUBBLE 659 00:35:26,792 --> 00:35:29,559 PROVIDES A 3-DIMENSIONAL FRAMEWORK 660 00:35:29,561 --> 00:35:32,529 THAT EXTENDS THROUGH OUR UNIVERSE, 661 00:35:32,531 --> 00:35:36,333 LIKE COSMIC PUPPET STRINGS. 662 00:35:36,335 --> 00:35:38,969 THESE HOLOGRAPHIC TETHERS HOLD ON 663 00:35:38,971 --> 00:35:42,405 TO FAST-ROTATING GALAXIES LIKE ANCHORS, 664 00:35:42,407 --> 00:35:45,208 PREVENTING THEIR SPEEDING STARS FROM FLYING OFF 665 00:35:45,210 --> 00:35:48,111 INTO INTERGALACTIC SPACE. 666 00:35:48,113 --> 00:35:49,546 WE'VE BEEN ASSUMING THAT THE UNIVERSE 667 00:35:49,548 --> 00:35:51,214 IS MORE AND MORE STRANGE, 668 00:35:51,216 --> 00:35:53,917 IN FORMS THAT WE CAN'T EVEN REACT TO. 669 00:35:53,919 --> 00:35:56,553 INSTEAD, WE MAY HAVE MISSED THE UNDERLYING NATURE 670 00:35:56,555 --> 00:35:58,488 OF THE HOLOGRAPHIC UNIVERSE. 671 00:35:58,490 --> 00:36:01,691 Narrator: ERIK'S THEORY MIGHT STACK UP ON PAPER, 672 00:36:01,693 --> 00:36:04,427 BUT COULD IT REALLY BE TRUE? 673 00:36:04,429 --> 00:36:07,597 ♪ 674 00:36:13,872 --> 00:36:17,440 ♪ 675 00:36:17,442 --> 00:36:19,709 Narrator: THEORETICAL PHYSICIST ERIK VERLINDE'S 676 00:36:19,711 --> 00:36:21,878 HOLOGRAPHIC VISION OF GRAVITY 677 00:36:21,880 --> 00:36:27,184 CHALLENGES OVER 300 YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC THINKING. 678 00:36:27,186 --> 00:36:32,055 AND EXTRAORDINARY CLAIMS REQUIRE EXTRAORDINARY PROOF. 679 00:36:32,057 --> 00:36:36,726 SO, ERIK SEARCHES FOR EVIDENCE. 680 00:36:36,728 --> 00:36:39,062 IN ORDER TO SEE WHAT HAPPENS IN THESE GALAXIES, 681 00:36:39,064 --> 00:36:43,133 YOU NEED TELESCOPES OR OTHER WAYS OF OBSERVING 682 00:36:43,135 --> 00:36:46,970 WHAT THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD LOOKS LIKE AROUND THE GALAXY. 683 00:36:46,972 --> 00:36:51,007 AND THEN IT'S THE ASTRONOMERS THAT NEED TO TEST THESE IDEAS. 684 00:36:51,009 --> 00:36:54,277 ♪ 685 00:36:54,279 --> 00:36:55,912 Narrator: ERIK'S THEORIES PREDICT 686 00:36:55,914 --> 00:36:57,614 HOW THE STRENGTH OF GRAVITY VARIES 687 00:36:57,616 --> 00:37:00,283 ACROSS THE DISK OF A GALAXY. 688 00:37:00,285 --> 00:37:02,686 IF THE UNIVERSE IS HOLOGRAPHIC, 689 00:37:02,688 --> 00:37:08,158 THIS VARIATION SHOULD BE OBSERVABLE THROUGH TELESCOPES. 690 00:37:08,160 --> 00:37:12,095 BUT ERIK CAN'T DO IT ALONE. 691 00:37:12,097 --> 00:37:16,666 WE REALLY NEED, LITERALLY, MILLIONS OF BACKGROUND GALAXIES. 692 00:37:16,668 --> 00:37:18,568 YEAH. 693 00:37:18,570 --> 00:37:21,371 Narrator: ASTROPHYSICIST MARGOT BROUWER 694 00:37:21,373 --> 00:37:25,275 SCOURS THE UNIVERSE TO MEASURE THE VARIATION OF GRAVITY 695 00:37:25,277 --> 00:37:26,943 IN DIFFERENT GALAXIES. 696 00:37:26,945 --> 00:37:31,047 ERIK HAS MADE THE PREDICTION HOW THE STRENGTH OF GRAVITY 697 00:37:31,049 --> 00:37:34,517 IN A GALAXY VARIES FROM ITS CENTER, 698 00:37:34,519 --> 00:37:36,786 UP TO VERY LARGE DISTANCES. 699 00:37:36,788 --> 00:37:40,957 SO WE'VE USED THE DATA FROM THESE GALAXIES 700 00:37:40,959 --> 00:37:44,828 TO PUT ERIK VERLINDE'S THEORY TO THE TEST. 701 00:37:44,830 --> 00:37:47,731 Narrator: MEASURING THE GRAVITY ACROSS DISTANT GALAXIES 702 00:37:47,733 --> 00:37:50,800 IS A HUGE CHALLENGE FOR MARGOT. 703 00:37:50,802 --> 00:37:54,537 LUCKILY, THE COSMOS CREATES A WEIRD OPTICAL ILLUSION 704 00:37:54,539 --> 00:37:56,273 TO HELP HER. 705 00:37:58,477 --> 00:38:01,278 SOME GALAXIES ARE SO MASSIVE, 706 00:38:01,280 --> 00:38:03,880 THEY BEND LIGHT AROUND THEM, 707 00:38:03,882 --> 00:38:08,051 AN EFFECT CALLED GRAVITATIONAL LENSING. 708 00:38:08,053 --> 00:38:09,619 THE STRONGER THE GRAVITY, 709 00:38:09,621 --> 00:38:12,389 THE MORE THE BACKGROUND APPEARS TO WARP. 710 00:38:14,026 --> 00:38:17,093 IT'S A PRICELESS TOOL FOR MARGOT'S STUDIES. 711 00:38:19,264 --> 00:38:22,032 YOU NEED A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF GALAXIES 712 00:38:22,034 --> 00:38:25,602 TO GET A SIGNIFICANT SIGNAL. -OKAY. 713 00:38:25,604 --> 00:38:28,338 Narrator: MARGOT NEEDS TO TRAWL VAST AREAS OF THE COSMOS 714 00:38:28,340 --> 00:38:32,108 FOR DATA TO EVALUATE THIS RADICAL IDEA. 715 00:38:32,110 --> 00:38:34,944 TO TEST ERIK VERLINDE'S THEORY 716 00:38:34,946 --> 00:38:39,749 WE STUDIED MORE THAN 33,000 GALAXIES. 717 00:38:39,751 --> 00:38:43,286 ♪ 718 00:38:43,288 --> 00:38:45,655 Narrator: MARGOT MAPS THE DISTRIBUTION OF GRAVITY 719 00:38:45,657 --> 00:38:49,693 IN THESE GALAXIES BY LOOKING AT HOW THEY DISTORT THE LIGHT 720 00:38:49,695 --> 00:38:54,064 FROM MILLIONS OF GALAXIES BEHIND THEM. 721 00:38:54,066 --> 00:38:56,466 SHE THEN COMPARES THE RESULTS 722 00:38:56,468 --> 00:39:00,103 TO THE PREDICTIONS MADE BY ERIK'S FORMULAS. 723 00:39:00,105 --> 00:39:03,773 INCREDIBLY, ERIK'S THEORY IS AN ALMOST PERFECT FIT 724 00:39:03,775 --> 00:39:08,144 FOR THE UNIVERSE WE SEE AROUND US. 725 00:39:08,146 --> 00:39:11,147 THE SPIRAL GALAXIES THAT HAVE MYSTIFIED ASTRONOMERS 726 00:39:11,149 --> 00:39:14,484 FOR DECADES COULD JUST BE A NATURAL FEATURE 727 00:39:14,486 --> 00:39:17,053 OF THE HOLOGRAPHIC UNIVERSE. 728 00:39:17,055 --> 00:39:18,555 ERIK VERLINDE'S THEORY 729 00:39:18,557 --> 00:39:21,257 GIVES A SLIGHTLY MORE ELEGANT SOLUTION. 730 00:39:21,259 --> 00:39:25,695 BUT WHERE WE HAVE TO ADJUST THE THEORIES OF GRAVITY 731 00:39:25,697 --> 00:39:30,600 TOWARDS THIS-- YEAH, QUITE EXTRAORDINARY. 732 00:39:32,838 --> 00:39:35,238 Narrator: ASTRONOMERS NOW HAVE AN ALTERNATIVE WAY 733 00:39:35,240 --> 00:39:37,507 OF UNDERSTANDING THE COSMOS, 734 00:39:37,509 --> 00:39:41,644 ONE THAT DOESN'T REQUIRE DARK MATTER. 735 00:39:41,646 --> 00:39:44,681 I KNEW, IMMEDIATELY, WHEN I SAW IT, 736 00:39:44,683 --> 00:39:48,718 THAT THIS WAS SOMETHING SIGNIFICANT, 737 00:39:48,720 --> 00:39:50,720 THAT THIS WAS SOMETHING SPECIAL, 738 00:39:50,722 --> 00:39:55,392 AND THAT I WAS THE FIRST ONE TO SEE IT, 739 00:39:55,394 --> 00:39:57,827 AND THAT FELT AMAZING. 740 00:39:57,829 --> 00:39:59,996 Thaller: ISAAC NEWTON USED THE LAWS OF MATHEMATICS 741 00:39:59,998 --> 00:40:03,199 TO WONDERFULLY DESCRIBE HOW OBJECTS ACCELERATE, 742 00:40:03,201 --> 00:40:05,702 HOW PLANETS ORBIT AROUND STARS. 743 00:40:05,704 --> 00:40:08,438 BUT THERE WERE SOME THINGS THAT WEREN'T QUITE RIGHT. 744 00:40:08,440 --> 00:40:11,141 AND THEN HE NEEDED EINSTEIN. 745 00:40:11,143 --> 00:40:12,842 EINSTEIN DIDN'T PROVE NEWTON WRONG. 746 00:40:12,844 --> 00:40:15,145 HE TOOK NEWTON'S IDEAS AND EXPANDED THEM 747 00:40:15,147 --> 00:40:16,846 TO DIFFERENT CIRCUMSTANCES. 748 00:40:16,848 --> 00:40:19,783 HOLOGRAPHIC UNIVERSE NOW TAKES US ONE STEP FURTHER. 749 00:40:19,785 --> 00:40:22,986 SOMETIMES OUR IDEAS ARE FLAT OUT WRONG. 750 00:40:22,988 --> 00:40:24,954 BUT THE AMAZING THING OF THE LAST 100 YEARS 751 00:40:24,956 --> 00:40:27,090 IS THAT WE'VE SEEN THAT MANY OF THESE NUTTY, 752 00:40:27,092 --> 00:40:31,528 CRAZY-SOUNDING IDEAS HAVE BEEN BORNE OUT BY OBSERVATION. 753 00:40:31,530 --> 00:40:32,962 Narrator: MORE EVIDENCE WILL BE NEEDED 754 00:40:32,964 --> 00:40:35,799 BEFORE THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY IS CONVINCED. 755 00:40:38,737 --> 00:40:41,404 BUT WITH GROUND-BREAKING THEORETICAL WORK, 756 00:40:41,406 --> 00:40:43,640 AND INNOVATIVE EXPERIMENTAL TESTS 757 00:40:43,642 --> 00:40:45,909 TAKING PLACE ACROSS THE WORLD, 758 00:40:45,911 --> 00:40:52,348 THE EVIDENCE MIGHT SOON PROVE IF WE ARE LIVING IN A HOLOGRAM. 759 00:40:52,350 --> 00:40:55,285 I AM A GREAT FAN OF THE HOLOGRAPHIC IDEAS, 760 00:40:55,287 --> 00:40:56,453 THE HOLOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLE. 761 00:40:56,455 --> 00:40:58,621 IT NATURALLY EMERGES FROM THE EQUATIONS 762 00:40:58,623 --> 00:41:01,424 THAT WE'VE BEEN STUDYING FOR 30-40 YEARS. 763 00:41:01,426 --> 00:41:03,426 AND IT ALSO FEELS RIGHT. 764 00:41:03,428 --> 00:41:08,898 IT REALLY FEELS LIKE IT CAPTURES THE CURIOUS QUALITY OF GRAVITY 765 00:41:08,900 --> 00:41:11,734 IN A MANNER THAT REALLY BEFITS BOTH THE DATA 766 00:41:11,736 --> 00:41:13,803 AND OUR THEORETICAL PREJUDICES. 767 00:41:13,805 --> 00:41:15,872 SO I THINK THERE'S A VERY, VERY GOOD CHANCE 768 00:41:15,874 --> 00:41:18,441 THAT THE HOLOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLE IS CORRECT. 769 00:41:18,443 --> 00:41:21,678 THE HOLOGRAPHIC UNIVERSE IS AN INTERESTING IDEA. 770 00:41:21,680 --> 00:41:24,514 IT MAY EVEN BE RIGHT. IT MAY NOT. WE DON'T KNOW YET. 771 00:41:24,516 --> 00:41:26,649 WE'RE STILL FIGURING THIS STUFF OUT. 772 00:41:26,651 --> 00:41:30,887 BUT I THINK WHAT IT'S TELLING US IS THAT OUR KNOWLEDGE 773 00:41:30,889 --> 00:41:34,023 OF THE UNIVERSE, RIGHT NOW, IS INCOMPLETE. 774 00:41:34,025 --> 00:41:36,493 WE'RE PRETTY SMART AND WE'VE COME A LONG WAY. 775 00:41:36,495 --> 00:41:38,495 THERE'S STILL A LONG WAY TO GO. 776 00:41:38,497 --> 00:41:41,764 IF, HYPOTHETICALLY, THE HOLOGRAPHIC UNIVERSE 777 00:41:41,766 --> 00:41:43,500 WERE SHOWN TO BE TRUE, 778 00:41:43,502 --> 00:41:45,535 THAT'S SAYING THAT THIS 4-DIMENSIONAL SPACE/TIME 779 00:41:45,537 --> 00:41:47,737 THAT WE LIVE IN ISN'T ACTUALLY REAL, 780 00:41:47,739 --> 00:41:49,639 IT'S MORE OF A SIMULATION. 781 00:41:49,641 --> 00:41:51,574 I CAN'T THINK OF ANY MORE, YOU KNOW, 782 00:41:51,576 --> 00:41:55,645 TRANSFORMATIONAL, LIKE, "WHOA!" MOMENT IN SCIENCE THAN THAT. 783 00:41:55,647 --> 00:41:57,113 ♪ 784 00:41:57,115 --> 00:41:58,615 Narrator: THE HOLOGRAPHIC THEORY 785 00:41:58,617 --> 00:42:02,151 STILL SITS ON THE FRINGES OF PHYSICS. 786 00:42:02,153 --> 00:42:05,321 BUT IT'S BOLD IDEAS HAVE ALREADY SENT SHOCK WAVES 787 00:42:05,323 --> 00:42:07,624 THROUGH THE WORLD OF SCIENCE. 788 00:42:07,626 --> 00:42:09,926 I DO BELIEVE THAT THE HOLOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLE 789 00:42:09,928 --> 00:42:12,529 HAS COMPLETELY CHANGED THE WAY WE THINK 790 00:42:12,531 --> 00:42:16,399 ABOUT ALMOST ALL FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS. 791 00:42:16,401 --> 00:42:17,834 ONLY TIME WILL TELL 792 00:42:17,836 --> 00:42:23,373 IF THE HOLOGRAPHIC UNIVERSE IS REAL. 793 00:42:23,375 --> 00:42:28,511 EVERYTHING WE THOUGHT WE KNEW ABOUT THE UNIVERSE. 70992

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