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* It was more like a dream
than reality
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00:00:24,455 --> 00:00:29,360
* I must have thought it was a dream
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00:00:29,395 --> 00:00:32,320
* While you were here with me
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00:00:33,560 --> 00:00:39,400
* When you were near I didn't
think you would leave
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* When you were gone, it was too
much to believe
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00:00:47,835 --> 00:00:51,517
* So with tomorrow
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00:00:51,552 --> 00:00:55,165
* I will borrow
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* Another moment of joy and sorrow
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00:01:02,155 --> 00:01:05,525
* In another dream
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* And another with tomorrow
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* So with the sun there won't be
time just to look behind
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* There won't be reasons, no
descriptions for my place in mind
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* There was so much I was told,
it was not real
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* So many things that
I could not taste
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* But I could feel
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* So with tomorrow I will borrow
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* Another moment of joy and sorrow
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* In another dream
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* And another
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* With tomorrow. *
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Jiang Qing, the widow of Mao Zedong
had been locked away
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in solitary confinement
for ten years.
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Over that time, she had hoarded
socks and handkerchiefs
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until she had enough to make a rope.
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And, in 1991, she hanged herself.
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She left a note.
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It said, "Today the revolution
has been stolen by a clique
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"led by Deng Xiaoping.
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"The result is that unending
evils have been
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"unleashed on the Chinese people.
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00:02:46,600 --> 00:02:51,200
"Chairman, your student and fighter
is coming to see you."
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00:02:58,120 --> 00:03:02,280
Jiang Qing's great enemy, Deng
Xiaoping, was now all-powerful.
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00:03:03,520 --> 00:03:06,700
The new China he had created
was growing rapidly,
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00:03:06,735 --> 00:03:09,880
building vast factories
to send goods to the West.
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00:03:14,040 --> 00:03:17,760
He had got rid of all Jiang Qing's
revolutionary dreams,
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00:03:17,795 --> 00:03:21,280
but he had also smashed all
visions of democracy,
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by sending troops
into Tiananmen Square.
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But Tiananmen Square had been
a disaster for the regime.
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00:03:29,280 --> 00:03:31,320
And it also raised
a terrible question.
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00:03:32,840 --> 00:03:36,400
If China no longer believed
in revolutionary communism
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or in democracy, what did
it believe in...
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..apart from money?
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Deng Xiaoping's solution was
to go back into the past
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and reawaken an old, powerful fear.
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That what had happened in
Tiananmen Square had really been
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part of a giant conspiracy
by the West to destroy China.
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It was a conspiracy, he said, that
had been going on for 150 years.
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It had begun back
in the 19th century
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00:04:17,295 --> 00:04:19,965
when the British had invaded China
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and forced opium onto
the Chinese people.
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Deng now ordered a vast
propaganda campaign to begin.
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Its aim was to spread
the idea of a conspiracy.
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At the centre of the campaign was
a multimillion dollar film,
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including British actors.
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It told the story of how
the British had brought
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hundreds of tonnes of opium
into the Port of Canton...
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..and how the Chinese
had tried to stop them.
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00:05:03,160 --> 00:05:05,780
But the British,
led by Queen Victoria,
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00:05:05,815 --> 00:05:08,365
were determined to
smash their resistance
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00:05:08,400 --> 00:05:11,920
and use the opium to reduce
the Chinese people to zombies
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and so control the whole world.
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Fire!
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The Chinese propaganda even created
an early computer game,
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where you could fight against
the British as they invaded.
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00:05:49,360 --> 00:05:53,480
Now, the campaign said, the West
were trying to do the same again.
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What the Chinese were alleging
in their campaign
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was historically accurate.
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00:06:08,000 --> 00:06:11,440
But what they didn't know was
that the opium trade had also had
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powerful consequences
inside Britain itself.
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It had started to undermine
the self-confidence
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00:06:18,595 --> 00:06:20,160
of the British Empire...
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..and introduce a dark
and corrosive fear
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00:06:24,115 --> 00:06:26,680
into the heart of British society.
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00:06:29,800 --> 00:06:33,000
By the middle of the 19th century,
those who ran Britain were
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00:06:33,035 --> 00:06:35,840
already aware of the horrors
created by the slave trade.
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For 200 years, the British had
transported millions of Africans
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to become slaves in their colonies
in the Caribbean
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and in the Americas.
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It had been one of the main forces
behind the rise
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of the British Empire.
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Now they began to realise that they
had also done something
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terrible to China.
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That by forcing opium onto
the country,
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they had poisoned and corrupted
millions of people.
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00:07:06,000 --> 00:07:08,760
They hadn't enslaved
them physically,
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00:07:08,795 --> 00:07:10,480
they had enslaved their minds.
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And, in return, Britain had received
a vast wave of money - in silver -
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00:07:19,035 --> 00:07:22,880
that made it the richest and most
powerful country in the world.
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One historian wrote...
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"Deeply involved as it was
in one of the most pernicious,
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00:07:31,335 --> 00:07:34,880
"yet well-organised and profitable
drug trades that has ever
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"existed, the British Empire
was rotten at its heart."
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00:07:42,440 --> 00:07:44,920
And that knowledge led to guilt.
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In the 1870s, a mass movement
was formed.
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It was called the Society for the
Suppression of the Opium Trade.
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It published pamphlets and books
about the horrors
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that were happening in China.
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00:08:00,080 --> 00:08:03,760
They caused a sensation and hundreds
of thousands joined the movement.
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00:08:05,080 --> 00:08:09,005
But as the campaign grew,
a strange thing happened -
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00:08:09,040 --> 00:08:12,360
the guilt over what Britain had
done to China began to mutate.
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It changed into fear.
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00:08:18,280 --> 00:08:22,040
And at the end of the 19th century,
a hysteria swept Britain -
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00:08:22,075 --> 00:08:24,960
that the Chinese were preparing
to take their revenge.
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00:08:26,840 --> 00:08:30,760
There was a panic about Chinese-run
opium dens in all the major cities.
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00:08:31,840 --> 00:08:35,600
The truth was that there were less
than 1.000 Chinese in Britain
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00:08:35,635 --> 00:08:39,480
at that time, but the hysteria
ran out of control.
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00:08:40,560 --> 00:08:42,800
It was called the Yellow Peril.
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00:08:44,520 --> 00:08:46,845
The panic also spread
through America,
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especially the west coast where
there were Chinese migrant workers.
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00:08:51,800 --> 00:08:55,200
Novel after novel was published
in both Britain and America,
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with Chinese villains who were
trying to destroy
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Western civilisation.
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00:09:02,200 --> 00:09:05,440
It culminated with the invention
of a global villain -
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Dr Fu Manchu.
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00:09:08,240 --> 00:09:10,765
Fu Manchu is described
by his creator,
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a novelist called Sax Rohmer,
as a yellow Satan,
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00:09:14,800 --> 00:09:19,280
an archangel of evil who wants
to take over the whole world
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and revenge himself
on the white race.
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00:09:23,640 --> 00:09:27,180
The injection of the serum will
make his brain mine.
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In other words, he becomes
a reflection of my will.
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He will do as I command,
exactly as though I were doing it.
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In the name of
the British government,
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I demand the release of this boy.
British government?
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00:09:39,675 --> 00:09:41,845
I'll wipe them and the whole
accursed white race
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00:09:41,880 --> 00:09:44,640
off the face of the Earth when I get
the sword and mask that will call
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00:09:44,675 --> 00:09:47,160
the teeming millions of Asia
to the uprising.
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This is only the beginning.
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I will wipe out your whole
accursed white race.
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* C'est toi et seulement toi
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00:09:59,515 --> 00:10:03,205
* Qui ne voulais plus de moi
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00:10:03,240 --> 00:10:10,640
* Maintenant c'est trop
tard pour pleure
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00:10:10,675 --> 00:10:14,165
* Sans doute t'imaginais
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00:10:14,200 --> 00:10:17,805
* Que j'allais rester enfermee
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00:10:17,840 --> 00:10:23,760
* Au carmel pendant dix annees
mais tu t'es trompe
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00:10:25,040 --> 00:10:29,040
* C'est a l'amour comme a la guerre
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00:10:29,075 --> 00:10:32,605
* Tu l'as voulu et tu me perds
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00:10:32,640 --> 00:10:38,600
* Va faire soigner tes
blessures ailleurs
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00:10:40,040 --> 00:10:44,120
* C'est a l'amour comme a la guerre
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00:10:44,155 --> 00:10:47,365
* Tu l'as voulu et tu me perds
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00:10:47,400 --> 00:10:51,080
* Et moi je ne suis ni
la Croix rouge
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* Ni ta mere
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00:10:55,800 --> 00:10:59,280
* C'est toi et seulement toi
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00:10:59,315 --> 00:11:02,725
* Qui t'ennuyais avec moi
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00:11:02,760 --> 00:11:06,760
* Qui connaissais toutes
mes histoires
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00:11:06,795 --> 00:11:10,285
* Par coeur... *
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00:11:10,320 --> 00:11:14,320
In the early 1990s, the Western
democracies seemed to be the future.
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00:11:15,760 --> 00:11:19,040
The collapse of the Soviet Union
meant that their ideas
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00:11:19,075 --> 00:11:21,800
were now going to spread
all across the world.
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00:11:24,880 --> 00:11:29,040
* C'est a l'amour comme a la guerre
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00:11:29,075 --> 00:11:33,005
* Tu l'as voulu et tu me perds
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00:11:33,040 --> 00:11:38,720
* Va faire soigner tes
blessures ailleurs. *
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00:11:44,080 --> 00:11:46,645
But at home, in both Britain
and America,
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00:11:46,680 --> 00:11:50,800
there were still forces deep in the
heart of both societies that
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00:11:50,835 --> 00:11:53,400
had little to do with democracy.
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00:11:53,435 --> 00:11:55,045
Man with a gun.
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00:11:55,080 --> 00:11:57,245
12 Georgia 30, I need
additional units,
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00:11:57,280 --> 00:12:00,405
6-7 and Dacre, I've got
a 4-50 male with a gun...
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00:12:00,440 --> 00:12:04,000
It seemed that despite all
the changes of the past 30 years,
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00:12:04,035 --> 00:12:05,405
that underneath,
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00:12:05,440 --> 00:12:08,580
the old structures
of power and the corruption
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00:12:08,615 --> 00:12:11,720
and the anger that created
was still there.
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00:12:18,080 --> 00:12:22,120
In Los Angeles in March 1991,
Rodney King was chased
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00:12:22,155 --> 00:12:24,920
and stopped by police
for drunken driving.
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00:12:28,360 --> 00:12:31,400
Despite offering no resistance,
he was beaten repeatedly
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by four officers.
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00:12:33,680 --> 00:12:36,320
It was videoed by a man
watching from a balcony.
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00:12:40,200 --> 00:12:43,400
He took it to the police,
but no-one was interested.
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00:12:44,800 --> 00:12:47,760
So he gave the tape to
a local TV station.
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00:12:48,920 --> 00:12:51,200
When it was shown, there was
an outburst of anger
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00:12:51,235 --> 00:12:53,080
against the police violence.
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00:12:54,080 --> 00:12:56,160
Four of the officers
were put on trial.
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00:13:01,480 --> 00:13:04,840
But they were all acquitted by an
overwhelmingly white jury.
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00:13:06,560 --> 00:13:09,525
Due to the escalation
of the situation,
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00:13:09,560 --> 00:13:12,440
and seriousness of the problems
that are occurring,
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00:13:12,475 --> 00:13:15,320
the sheriff has mobilised all
department personnel.
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00:13:15,355 --> 00:13:18,360
For six days, thousands
of people rose up
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00:13:18,395 --> 00:13:20,440
and rioted across Los Angeles.
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00:13:21,520 --> 00:13:24,800
It was only stopped when
the National Guard and soldiers
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00:13:24,835 --> 00:13:27,520
and Marines were brought
onto the streets.
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00:13:29,160 --> 00:13:32,400
It was an outpouring of the anger
that had been simmering
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throughout the 1980s
in the black community.
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00:13:36,400 --> 00:13:40,200
But despite all the reforms
and the changes in attitudes
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00:13:40,235 --> 00:13:43,720
since the 1960s, nothing
had really changed.
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00:13:45,480 --> 00:13:49,840
It seemed that those in power
in America were still deeply racist,
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00:13:49,875 --> 00:13:52,240
and would use violence
against blacks in America
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00:13:52,275 --> 00:13:54,560
to maintain that power.
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00:13:55,680 --> 00:13:58,960
All of it needs to stop
but I'm going to tell you...
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00:13:58,995 --> 00:14:01,920
Get down on our knees
and pray to God...
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00:14:01,955 --> 00:14:03,485
One at a time.
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00:14:03,520 --> 00:14:05,325
That the violence... Let me talk.
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00:14:05,360 --> 00:14:07,640
I know that the government,
whatever, can't stand
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00:14:07,675 --> 00:14:08,685
us black people.
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00:14:08,720 --> 00:14:11,600
He's doing everything in the world
to make black man be extinct.
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00:14:11,635 --> 00:14:13,680
But I'm going to tell you one thing,
us black people
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00:14:13,715 --> 00:14:14,845
are going to survive.
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00:14:14,880 --> 00:14:18,120
And that's wrong about the black
people tearing up the, you know,
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00:14:18,155 --> 00:14:19,965
burning down buildings,
that's wrong.
199
00:14:20,000 --> 00:14:22,400
But still, through it all,
we're going to survive.
200
00:14:22,435 --> 00:14:25,485
So fuck everybody, I'm off.
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00:14:25,520 --> 00:14:28,080
All right, that's just an example
of the frustration
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00:14:28,115 --> 00:14:29,920
that's being felt here.
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00:14:34,080 --> 00:14:37,240
In Britain, a series of scandals
revealed that dozens
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00:14:37,275 --> 00:14:39,440
of innocent people had been
held in jail...
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00:14:40,480 --> 00:14:42,160
..some for over 15 years.
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00:14:43,520 --> 00:14:46,440
They included the Guildford Four
and the Birmingham Six.
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00:14:47,880 --> 00:14:51,080
Most of them were Irishmen who'd
been accused of being
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00:14:51,115 --> 00:14:54,280
members of the IRA and planting
bombs in English cities.
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00:14:57,040 --> 00:14:59,485
Every time they had tried to
prove their innocence,
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00:14:59,520 --> 00:15:02,560
they had been blocked by some
of the most senior figures
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00:15:02,595 --> 00:15:04,565
in the British establishment,
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00:15:04,600 --> 00:15:07,280
despite overwhelming
evidence of false confessions
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00:15:07,315 --> 00:15:08,760
and faked evidence.
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00:15:10,560 --> 00:15:13,525
Eminent men at the very
centre of power,
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00:15:13,560 --> 00:15:16,740
from the most senior law lord
to the Attorney General
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00:15:16,775 --> 00:15:19,885
and to the Commissioner
of the Metropolitan Police,
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00:15:19,920 --> 00:15:23,600
all of them, it was alleged, knew
that the prisoners were innocent.
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00:15:25,880 --> 00:15:27,925
But they had done nothing,
219
00:15:27,960 --> 00:15:29,960
and the evidence remained
locked away...
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00:15:31,200 --> 00:15:34,680
..because they had an unshakeable
conviction that the establishment
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00:15:34,715 --> 00:15:36,320
must never be shown to be wrong.
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00:15:38,240 --> 00:15:40,525
Finally, in March 1991,
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00:15:40,560 --> 00:15:43,160
the Birmingham Six were
freed at the Old Bailey.
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00:15:48,840 --> 00:15:50,320
Ladies and gentlemen.
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00:15:51,400 --> 00:15:55,440
For 16 and a half years,
we have been used as political
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00:15:55,475 --> 00:15:59,765
scapegoats for people
in there at the highest.
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00:15:59,800 --> 00:16:04,160
The police told us from the start
that they knew we hadn't done it.
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00:16:04,195 --> 00:16:06,805
They told us they didn't care
who'd done it.
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00:16:06,840 --> 00:16:09,880
They told us that we were selected
and that they were going to
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00:16:09,915 --> 00:16:13,600
frame us just to keep
the people in there happy.
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00:16:13,635 --> 00:16:15,240
That's what it's all about.
232
00:16:16,280 --> 00:16:17,680
To save face.
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00:16:19,080 --> 00:16:23,440
Justice? I don't think them people
in there have got the intelligence
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00:16:23,475 --> 00:16:27,320
nor the honesty to spell the word,
never mind dispense it.
235
00:16:27,355 --> 00:16:29,205
They're rotten.
236
00:16:29,240 --> 00:16:32,360
But there were others, also
at the heart of power in Britain,
237
00:16:32,395 --> 00:16:35,240
who seemed to have lost all
contact with reality.
238
00:16:36,560 --> 00:16:40,405
The intelligence agencies,
from MI6 to GCHQ,
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00:16:40,440 --> 00:16:44,380
whose job was to watch and monitor
what was happening in the world,
240
00:16:44,415 --> 00:16:48,320
had completely failed to predict
the collapse of the Soviet Union.
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00:16:50,360 --> 00:16:53,400
Mrs Thatcher, who had supported
the spies throughout the 1980s,
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00:16:53,435 --> 00:16:55,845
was shocked.
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00:16:55,880 --> 00:16:57,960
Her foreign policy adviser wrote...
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00:16:59,000 --> 00:17:01,880
"All that intelligence that they
gave us didn't tell us
245
00:17:01,915 --> 00:17:03,480
"the one thing we needed to know.
246
00:17:04,600 --> 00:17:06,840
"That the Soviet Union
was about to collapse."
247
00:17:08,160 --> 00:17:09,725
It was a colossal failure
248
00:17:09,760 --> 00:17:12,720
of the whole Western system
of intelligence.
249
00:17:14,840 --> 00:17:18,000
But some of the spies still didn't
believe what was happening.
250
00:17:19,280 --> 00:17:23,240
Sir Percy Cradock was head of
the Joint Intelligence Committee.
251
00:17:23,275 --> 00:17:25,960
Despite everything, he was convinced
the Soviets were just
252
00:17:25,995 --> 00:17:27,480
faking the collapse.
253
00:17:28,720 --> 00:17:31,725
They were just up
to their usual tricks.
254
00:17:31,760 --> 00:17:34,200
They were still planning
to take over the world.
255
00:17:41,280 --> 00:17:44,645
Both Britain and America were
societies that had been
256
00:17:44,680 --> 00:17:49,720
built on empire and conquest through
violence and the exercise of power.
257
00:17:50,960 --> 00:17:54,280
But neither of them
had ever faced up to this.
258
00:17:54,315 --> 00:17:57,565
And instead, they had both built
dreamlike myths
259
00:17:57,600 --> 00:18:01,880
about their exceptionalism,
to shield and protect themselves.
260
00:18:03,240 --> 00:18:06,560
But in both cases, those myths
were rooted in fear.
261
00:18:13,360 --> 00:18:16,260
In Britain at the start
of the 20th century,
262
00:18:16,295 --> 00:18:19,125
not only were those in charge
frightened by what
263
00:18:19,160 --> 00:18:23,280
they had done abroad,
with the slave trade and in China,
264
00:18:23,315 --> 00:18:27,525
they now had a feeling
that it was coming closer,
265
00:18:27,560 --> 00:18:31,960
that something dangerous might also
be happening inside England itself.
266
00:18:34,720 --> 00:18:37,600
The Empire had led to giant
industrial cities
267
00:18:37,635 --> 00:18:40,325
rising up all across England.
268
00:18:40,360 --> 00:18:43,680
They were dark, frightening places
where millions of people
269
00:18:43,715 --> 00:18:45,320
lived in appalling conditions.
270
00:18:47,240 --> 00:18:50,880
What alarmed those in charge was
the violence and the anger that
271
00:18:50,915 --> 00:18:54,240
was building up there among what
was called the masses.
272
00:18:56,440 --> 00:19:00,360
But the danger also seemed to come
from the top of society as well.
273
00:19:02,320 --> 00:19:06,800
From the new industrialists and
bankers, who ran the global empire.
274
00:19:06,835 --> 00:19:08,960
They also seemed to be
out of control.
275
00:19:10,520 --> 00:19:13,220
There was a wave
of financial scandals
276
00:19:13,255 --> 00:19:15,920
and no-one seemed to be
able to stop them.
277
00:19:15,955 --> 00:19:17,800
The novelist EM Forster wrote...
278
00:19:18,880 --> 00:19:22,560
"England is being menaced by the
inner darkness in high places
279
00:19:22,595 --> 00:19:25,320
"that has come with this
commercial age."
280
00:19:36,440 --> 00:19:39,205
Trapped by what they saw
as a danger below
281
00:19:39,240 --> 00:19:42,960
and corruption above,
the middle classes retreated.
282
00:19:44,040 --> 00:19:48,160
They turned away into another
imaginary version of England,
283
00:19:48,195 --> 00:19:50,480
where there were none
of these threats.
284
00:19:52,040 --> 00:19:55,360
It was invented for them by a whole
generation of writers,
285
00:19:55,395 --> 00:19:57,925
artists and musicians who,
286
00:19:57,960 --> 00:20:00,285
in an act of
collective imagination,
287
00:20:00,320 --> 00:20:03,680
created a complete dream
image of England's past...
288
00:20:05,080 --> 00:20:07,520
..one that still haunts
the country today.
289
00:20:12,520 --> 00:20:15,960
At its heart was a vision of a
natural order in the countryside,
290
00:20:15,995 --> 00:20:17,520
outside the cities.
291
00:20:18,880 --> 00:20:21,400
One of the key figures was a man
called Cecil Sharp.
292
00:20:22,600 --> 00:20:26,325
He travelled through England
recording old songs,
293
00:20:26,360 --> 00:20:30,520
and he filmed himself and his
friends learning old rural dances.
294
00:20:42,360 --> 00:20:46,000
Sharp made it absolutely clear
that this was a political project.
295
00:20:47,320 --> 00:20:50,800
His aim was to create a new
kind of English nationalism
296
00:20:50,835 --> 00:20:53,680
which had, at its heart,
the idea of the folk.
297
00:20:55,720 --> 00:20:59,760
It was a concept that he had
taken from German nationalism -
298
00:20:59,795 --> 00:21:03,485
the innocent rural people
and their culture.
299
00:21:03,520 --> 00:21:06,380
Now, is the sort of dancing he does
the dancing that would have been
300
00:21:06,415 --> 00:21:09,240
done around here...? Yeah, there's
a lot of that done in the pubs.
301
00:21:09,275 --> 00:21:13,400
Do-do, do-do, do-diddly-do...
302
00:21:16,560 --> 00:21:19,800
What was implicit in Sharp's
vision was that it was
303
00:21:19,835 --> 00:21:22,440
an England before
mass democracy had come.
304
00:21:23,760 --> 00:21:27,120
An England where villagers
lived in harmony and safety,
305
00:21:27,155 --> 00:21:29,520
taken care of by
the lord of the manor.
306
00:21:30,800 --> 00:21:33,000
I've never seen a thing like this
before in my life.
307
00:21:33,035 --> 00:21:35,640
What do you call him?
I call it Dancing Doll.
308
00:21:39,640 --> 00:21:41,845
Sharp was not alone.
309
00:21:41,880 --> 00:21:45,640
In 1914, a festival was started
in Glastonbury.
310
00:21:46,640 --> 00:21:48,760
It ran every year until 1927.
311
00:21:50,000 --> 00:21:52,645
It was organised
by Rutland Boughton,
312
00:21:52,680 --> 00:21:55,640
who wanted it to be the centre
of this new English culture.
313
00:21:58,040 --> 00:22:00,200
He composed an opera
for the festival,
314
00:22:00,235 --> 00:22:02,040
which became a national sensation.
315
00:22:03,240 --> 00:22:05,560
It was called The Immortal Hour.
316
00:22:06,800 --> 00:22:09,520
It is set in a dark,
mysterious wood,
317
00:22:09,555 --> 00:22:12,240
where there are powerful,
ancient forces.
318
00:22:13,680 --> 00:22:17,680
They can be frightening, but
they are also a way of connecting
319
00:22:17,715 --> 00:22:20,640
with a forgotten
natural order of power in England.
320
00:22:22,680 --> 00:22:24,520
They are the lordly ones.
321
00:22:28,400 --> 00:22:32,040
* How beautiful they are
322
00:22:32,075 --> 00:22:34,325
* The lordly ones
323
00:22:34,360 --> 00:22:37,920
* Who dwell in the hills
324
00:22:37,955 --> 00:22:41,445
* In the hollow hills
325
00:22:41,480 --> 00:22:45,000
* They have faces like flowers
326
00:22:45,035 --> 00:22:48,485
* And their breath is a wind
327
00:22:48,520 --> 00:22:52,400
* That blows o'er the summer meadows
328
00:22:52,435 --> 00:22:56,680
* Filled with dewy clover
329
00:23:03,560 --> 00:23:10,720
* Their limbs are more white
than shafts of moonshine
330
00:23:10,755 --> 00:23:16,737
* They are more fleet
than the March wind
331
00:23:16,772 --> 00:23:22,720
* They laugh and are glad
and are terrible
332
00:23:24,080 --> 00:23:27,880
* When their lances shake
and glitter
333
00:23:27,915 --> 00:23:31,360
* Ev'ry green reed quivers. *
334
00:23:39,720 --> 00:23:42,960
This is a story that begins
in any part of America,
335
00:23:42,995 --> 00:23:44,645
wherever you may be.
336
00:23:44,680 --> 00:23:47,920
It's a story that begins at your
front door, on the street
337
00:23:47,955 --> 00:23:51,560
where you live, in your town
or village or city,
338
00:23:51,595 --> 00:23:54,005
somewhere in America.
339
00:23:54,040 --> 00:23:56,925
And paths enchanted that lead
to the wonderful pages
340
00:23:56,960 --> 00:24:01,120
of a storybook, that tell the story
of America, the beautiful.
341
00:24:03,040 --> 00:24:06,840
Unlike Britain, America had
emerged from the First World War
342
00:24:06,875 --> 00:24:09,360
as the most powerful
country in the world.
343
00:24:10,480 --> 00:24:14,020
Its president, Woodrow Wilson,
had a vision that America should
344
00:24:14,055 --> 00:24:17,560
now use that power to spread
democracy all around the globe.
345
00:24:19,160 --> 00:24:23,000
Behind this was a belief in what was
called American exceptionalism...
346
00:24:24,160 --> 00:24:26,165
..that the country was special,
347
00:24:26,200 --> 00:24:28,400
not like the old
corrupt empires of Europe.
348
00:24:29,680 --> 00:24:32,760
And it could use that specialness
to remake the world.
349
00:24:36,360 --> 00:24:40,080
But the Republicans who controlled
Congress refused to back Wilson.
350
00:24:41,360 --> 00:24:44,760
They thought that such a crusade
would end up corrupting America...
351
00:24:46,240 --> 00:24:49,200
..and Wilson's dream of a globalised
democracy collapsed.
352
00:24:51,360 --> 00:24:55,080
Instead, the American economy
went into a severe depression.
353
00:24:55,115 --> 00:24:57,885
In a growing mood of fear,
there were race riots,
354
00:24:57,920 --> 00:25:01,120
as whites turned on the
black communities in the cities.
355
00:25:03,400 --> 00:25:08,080
In 1921, a white mob attacked the
black areas in the city of Tulsa...
356
00:25:08,115 --> 00:25:10,405
..and destroyed them.
357
00:25:10,440 --> 00:25:12,800
They even used aircraft
to drop bombs.
358
00:25:14,800 --> 00:25:17,200
Out of this fear came
an organisation
359
00:25:17,235 --> 00:25:18,920
called the Ku Klux Klan.
360
00:25:20,800 --> 00:25:23,840
The Klan had first been formed
after the American Civil War...
361
00:25:24,920 --> 00:25:26,680
..but now it re-emerged.
362
00:25:28,280 --> 00:25:32,360
The Klan also believed in the idea
of America's exceptionalism.
363
00:25:33,440 --> 00:25:36,960
They took that myth and turned
it into something frightening
364
00:25:36,995 --> 00:25:39,205
and violent,
365
00:25:39,240 --> 00:25:41,965
and they used it to protect
themselves against
366
00:25:42,000 --> 00:25:44,880
the perceived threat
of a growing black population.
367
00:25:46,520 --> 00:25:50,200
The model for this dark and hateful
version came from a feature film
368
00:25:50,235 --> 00:25:53,400
made in 1915 called
The Birth Of A Nation.
369
00:25:54,880 --> 00:25:57,485
It was an epic that caused
a sensation,
370
00:25:57,520 --> 00:26:00,240
reaching a wider audience
than any film had ever done.
371
00:26:02,480 --> 00:26:05,720
The director, DW Griffith,
had based the film
372
00:26:05,755 --> 00:26:07,680
on a novel called The Clansman.
373
00:26:09,280 --> 00:26:11,645
The image of the clansman
in both the book
374
00:26:11,680 --> 00:26:15,560
and in the film was of white-robed
figures with burning crosses.
375
00:26:17,400 --> 00:26:20,680
These had nothing to do with
anything real in America's past.
376
00:26:22,480 --> 00:26:25,005
Instead, the novelist
had invented them
377
00:26:25,040 --> 00:26:29,240
from a romantic vision of an old
Scotland and Scottish clans
378
00:26:29,275 --> 00:26:33,440
that were portrayed in the novels
of Sir Walter Scott...
379
00:26:34,680 --> 00:26:37,160
..which Scott himself
had just made up.
380
00:26:40,160 --> 00:26:43,600
Again, like in England, it was
a vision of a stable society
381
00:26:43,635 --> 00:26:47,000
watched over and protected
by benevolent leaders.
382
00:26:49,840 --> 00:26:52,365
Figures from a feudal time,
383
00:26:52,400 --> 00:26:57,400
a time before mass democracy and
all its dangers and uncertainties.
384
00:27:06,680 --> 00:27:10,320
In real life, the new Klan
then copied the costumes
385
00:27:10,355 --> 00:27:12,800
and imitated the rituals
from the film...
386
00:27:14,120 --> 00:27:16,560
..and it quickly became
a mass organisation.
387
00:27:18,400 --> 00:27:21,480
By 1925, the Klan had
five million members...
388
00:27:22,920 --> 00:27:26,120
..and the political power to mount
a mass march on Washington.
389
00:27:28,320 --> 00:27:31,080
They called themselves
the Invisible Empire.
390
00:27:33,080 --> 00:27:35,925
The Klan had a powerful
appeal to whites,
391
00:27:35,960 --> 00:27:38,760
frightened of the blacks
in the ever-expanding cities.
392
00:27:40,400 --> 00:27:44,200
And they also revived fears
of the Chinese, the Yellow Peril.
393
00:27:46,480 --> 00:27:49,240
What the clansmen were doing
was retreating
394
00:27:49,275 --> 00:27:51,480
into a mythical version of the past.
395
00:27:52,680 --> 00:27:54,320
It gave them a sense of power...
396
00:27:55,520 --> 00:27:58,000
..and of being part
of a natural order.
397
00:28:06,040 --> 00:28:10,125
And in Britain, the belief
in the idea of a natural order
398
00:28:10,160 --> 00:28:14,640
of power continued to grow, even
as the real power was declining.
399
00:28:18,240 --> 00:28:21,400
And this deluded confidence was
going to have very strange
400
00:28:21,435 --> 00:28:23,880
consequences for the whole world.
401
00:28:33,480 --> 00:28:37,080
After the First World War, a group
of upper-class English men
402
00:28:37,115 --> 00:28:40,557
and women were sent to Baghdad
to create a new country
403
00:28:40,592 --> 00:28:44,000
out of the ruins of what had been
the Ottoman Empire.
404
00:28:45,320 --> 00:28:47,560
The most famous was Gertrude Bell.
405
00:28:48,760 --> 00:28:52,160
She was the daughter of a baronet
and had been a famous explorer.
406
00:28:54,120 --> 00:28:57,040
Almost immediately, hundreds
of thousands of Arabs rose up,
407
00:28:57,075 --> 00:28:58,480
demanding independence.
408
00:29:00,360 --> 00:29:03,165
The British had been financially
broken by the war,
409
00:29:03,200 --> 00:29:07,400
so they invented a new and cheap
way of suppressing the insurgency.
410
00:29:08,640 --> 00:29:10,880
They used aircraft to bomb
the rebels.
411
00:29:12,080 --> 00:29:14,280
They called it aerial policing...
412
00:29:15,440 --> 00:29:19,600
..and they took back control and set
about creating the new country,
413
00:29:19,635 --> 00:29:21,000
called Iraq.
414
00:29:23,840 --> 00:29:25,765
But because there was no money,
415
00:29:25,800 --> 00:29:28,520
the group could also not afford
to survey the country.
416
00:29:30,040 --> 00:29:33,605
Instead, with no information,
Bell and the others
417
00:29:33,640 --> 00:29:37,680
simply projected onto the Arabs
that powerful, romantic dream
418
00:29:37,715 --> 00:29:39,520
of an old England.
419
00:29:41,920 --> 00:29:45,080
They decided that the middle classes
in the cities, who had run
420
00:29:45,115 --> 00:29:47,120
the country under
the Ottoman Empire,
421
00:29:47,155 --> 00:29:48,920
were corrupt and untrustworthy...
422
00:29:50,320 --> 00:29:52,920
..which meant that they had
to be excluded from power.
423
00:29:54,640 --> 00:29:58,080
Instead, power should be given
to the sheiks who ruled
424
00:29:58,115 --> 00:29:59,960
the tribes out in the countryside.
425
00:30:01,320 --> 00:30:05,045
To the British, the sheiks
represented the true Iraq,
426
00:30:05,080 --> 00:30:09,240
because they hadn't been infected by
the corruption of the modern world.
427
00:30:09,275 --> 00:30:12,157
Their system was
one of a natural order,
428
00:30:12,192 --> 00:30:15,040
just like in the England
of the past.
429
00:30:16,080 --> 00:30:20,180
"The sheiks", said Gertrude
Bell, "are like great aristocrats.
430
00:30:20,215 --> 00:30:24,280
"They will run a system that will
maintain a natural equilibrium."
431
00:30:26,160 --> 00:30:28,700
The truth was that this
picture of Iraq
432
00:30:28,735 --> 00:30:31,240
was completely detached
from reality.
433
00:30:32,720 --> 00:30:35,525
The sheiks were really
marginal figures,
434
00:30:35,560 --> 00:30:38,200
while the Ottomans had begun
to create a modern,
435
00:30:38,235 --> 00:30:40,520
progressive society in the cities.
436
00:30:41,880 --> 00:30:44,645
The British now tore that apart,
437
00:30:44,680 --> 00:30:49,120
and replaced it with a strange
dream that had nothing to do with
438
00:30:49,155 --> 00:30:52,360
the complex, multilayered society
in front of their eyes...
439
00:30:53,800 --> 00:30:58,000
..but was really rooted in the
strange, dark fears that were rising
440
00:30:58,035 --> 00:31:01,440
up in Britain itself as its
power declined.
441
00:31:04,440 --> 00:31:08,520
Then, in 1932, the British, facing
an economic crisis at home,
442
00:31:08,555 --> 00:31:10,720
packed up and went...
443
00:31:12,200 --> 00:31:17,440
..leaving behind them a completely
unreal and unstable society.
444
00:31:35,200 --> 00:31:38,720
DOLLS CHATTER AND LAUGH
445
00:31:54,000 --> 00:31:56,720
* I know that it is freezing
446
00:31:56,755 --> 00:31:59,440
* But I think we have to walk
447
00:32:03,040 --> 00:32:05,125
* I keep waving at the taxis
448
00:32:05,160 --> 00:32:08,280
* They keep turning their lights off
449
00:32:11,800 --> 00:32:14,005
* But Julie knows a party
450
00:32:14,040 --> 00:32:17,400
* At some actor's West Side loft
451
00:32:20,360 --> 00:32:22,880
* Supplies are endless
in the evening
452
00:32:22,915 --> 00:32:26,160
* By the morning they'll be gone
453
00:32:29,320 --> 00:32:32,240
* I got a flask inside my pocket
454
00:32:32,275 --> 00:32:35,160
* We can share it on the train
455
00:32:38,720 --> 00:32:41,320
* And if you promise
to stay conscious
456
00:32:41,355 --> 00:32:44,640
* I will try and do the same
457
00:32:47,920 --> 00:32:50,840
* Well, we might die from medication
458
00:32:50,875 --> 00:32:53,760
* But we sure killed all the pain
459
00:32:57,280 --> 00:32:59,600
* But what was normal in the evening
460
00:32:59,635 --> 00:33:03,000
* By the morning seems insane
461
00:33:06,240 --> 00:33:11,000
* And I'm not sure what
the trouble was
462
00:33:11,035 --> 00:33:15,725
* That started all of this
463
00:33:15,760 --> 00:33:19,740
* The reasons all have run away
464
00:33:19,775 --> 00:33:23,720
* But the feeling never did
465
00:33:25,120 --> 00:33:31,440
* It's not something
I would recommend
466
00:33:31,475 --> 00:33:34,920
* But it is one way to live
467
00:33:38,400 --> 00:33:40,960
* Cos what is simple
in the moonlight
468
00:33:40,995 --> 00:33:44,280
* By the morning never is. *
469
00:33:45,640 --> 00:33:48,080
We have
located the Doctor.
470
00:34:02,720 --> 00:34:05,560
At the same time as large numbers
of factories began to
471
00:34:05,595 --> 00:34:08,920
close across America,
a new drug was created.
472
00:34:10,560 --> 00:34:13,920
It was made by a company that had
been founded by Arthur Sackler.
473
00:34:15,520 --> 00:34:20,040
In the 1970s, Sackler had marketed
the drug Valium to deal with
474
00:34:20,075 --> 00:34:23,000
the feelings of anxiety
and loneliness in the suburbs.
475
00:34:25,280 --> 00:34:28,780
He had died in the 1980s,
but in the mid-'90s
476
00:34:28,815 --> 00:34:32,280
his company released a new drug
called OxyContin.
477
00:34:34,600 --> 00:34:38,600
It was a synthetic form of opium,
and it was sold as a painkiller.
478
00:34:42,520 --> 00:34:46,320
But then, workers who were being
laid off as the factories closed
479
00:34:46,355 --> 00:34:49,480
found that they got more benefits
if they were disabled...
480
00:34:50,960 --> 00:34:53,280
EXPLOSION
Oh, shit!
481
00:34:55,080 --> 00:34:58,160
..so they went to their doctors
and said they were injured.
482
00:34:59,360 --> 00:35:01,440
And the doctors gave them OxyContin.
483
00:35:02,960 --> 00:35:06,045
They got their benefits,
484
00:35:06,080 --> 00:35:09,840
but they also discovered
that OxyContin made them feel safe,
485
00:35:09,875 --> 00:35:13,720
in a bubble, protected from the
anxieties and fears
486
00:35:13,755 --> 00:35:16,360
of the new post-industrial world.
487
00:35:32,600 --> 00:35:34,245
CLOCK CHIMES
488
00:35:34,280 --> 00:35:37,485
In the 1950s,
as the Empire collapsed around them,
489
00:35:37,520 --> 00:35:41,720
the British Government saw the
intelligence agencies as one of
490
00:35:41,755 --> 00:35:45,320
the few ways in which Britain could
still remain powerful
491
00:35:45,355 --> 00:35:47,525
around the world.
492
00:35:47,560 --> 00:35:51,840
In the public's eyes, the spies
were powerful, glamorous figures,
493
00:35:51,875 --> 00:35:54,765
epitomised by James Bond,
494
00:35:54,800 --> 00:35:57,600
who proved that Britain
still had global power.
495
00:36:01,600 --> 00:36:05,600
In reality, MI6 was full of
communists who kept defecting
496
00:36:05,635 --> 00:36:07,360
to the Soviet Union...
497
00:36:09,600 --> 00:36:13,440
..while MI5, whose job was
to catch such traitors,
498
00:36:13,475 --> 00:36:16,725
hadn't caught one for years.
499
00:36:16,760 --> 00:36:21,760
A tough police chief from Glasgow
was sent in to reform MI5,
500
00:36:21,795 --> 00:36:25,320
but the agents would only talk
to him in Latin,
501
00:36:25,355 --> 00:36:27,405
which he didn't understand.
502
00:36:27,440 --> 00:36:31,160
He gave up, and told his wife that
it was like working in a madhouse.
503
00:36:32,960 --> 00:36:36,920
Then MI5 was told by the Americans
that one of its own agents
504
00:36:36,955 --> 00:36:38,485
was also a traitor.
505
00:36:38,520 --> 00:36:41,925
Surveyor of the Queen's pictures,
Sir Anthony Blunt.
506
00:36:41,960 --> 00:36:45,200
He, of course, is here. Sir Anthony,
if we are going to...
507
00:36:45,235 --> 00:36:49,840
MI5 asked Blunt
if he was spying for the Russians.
508
00:36:49,875 --> 00:36:52,045
He said yes, he was,
509
00:36:52,080 --> 00:36:56,260
so to avoid embarrassing the Queen,
they gave him total immunity
510
00:36:56,295 --> 00:37:00,440
from prosecution and let him carry
on working at Buckingham Palace.
511
00:37:00,475 --> 00:37:03,085
The negro is ticking
under the picture.
512
00:37:03,120 --> 00:37:05,880
I've been listening to him while you
were talking.
513
00:37:05,915 --> 00:37:08,165
And it is indeed a clock.
Yes.
514
00:37:08,200 --> 00:37:11,845
And the mechanism is peculiar
because the actual time,
515
00:37:11,880 --> 00:37:14,520
if you want to know the time, you
have to look into the eyes.
516
00:37:14,555 --> 00:37:18,405
John le Carre had worked as a spy
for MI6,
517
00:37:18,440 --> 00:37:22,480
and the experience made him
understand what this secret world
518
00:37:22,515 --> 00:37:25,005
was really about -
519
00:37:25,040 --> 00:37:28,620
that, in a country whose power
had collapsed,
520
00:37:28,655 --> 00:37:31,967
leaving only a drab,
decaying reality all around,
521
00:37:32,002 --> 00:37:35,280
the spies had managed to recreate
a magical world
522
00:37:35,315 --> 00:37:38,737
where they could go
anywhere they wanted,
523
00:37:38,772 --> 00:37:42,126
bug, burgle,
and even assassinate people
524
00:37:42,161 --> 00:37:45,480
without any fear of judgment
or control,
525
00:37:45,515 --> 00:37:47,120
just like in the Empire.
526
00:37:48,720 --> 00:37:53,125
There is something delicious
about being told,
527
00:37:53,160 --> 00:37:55,840
"Now, we're going to have to burgle
that house tonight,
528
00:37:55,875 --> 00:37:58,485
"and what we'll do is
we'll have a policeman outside,
529
00:37:58,520 --> 00:38:01,240
"and while the owners of the house
are away, in case they come back,
530
00:38:01,275 --> 00:38:03,560
"the policeman will say,
'I'm sorry, you can't come in.
531
00:38:03,595 --> 00:38:06,485
"'We've had a burglary report
on your premises.'"
532
00:38:06,520 --> 00:38:11,320
And these larcenous instincts
which are put to the service
533
00:38:11,355 --> 00:38:14,037
of the Crown had a voluptuous
quality in the sense
534
00:38:14,072 --> 00:38:16,720
that this was a necessary sacrifice
of morality.
535
00:38:18,480 --> 00:38:23,420
I really believed at last that I had
found a cause I could serve.
536
00:38:23,455 --> 00:38:28,360
I also longed for the dignity which
great secrecy confers upon you.
537
00:38:35,360 --> 00:38:36,840
KNOCK AT DOOR
538
00:38:41,000 --> 00:38:43,440
NO AUDIBLE DIALOGUE
539
00:39:26,600 --> 00:39:30,040
In America, the spies and their
secret operations
540
00:39:30,075 --> 00:39:32,320
were also being used
to maintain a fiction.
541
00:39:33,960 --> 00:39:35,805
Ever since the Second World War,
542
00:39:35,840 --> 00:39:39,520
the American Government
had been using the CIA to manipulate
543
00:39:39,555 --> 00:39:43,157
and overthrow the governments
of many other countries.
544
00:39:43,192 --> 00:39:46,836
One of the most senior members
of the US State Department,
545
00:39:46,871 --> 00:39:50,480
Hans Morgenthau, had given this
hidden system of power a name.
546
00:39:51,880 --> 00:39:53,720
He called it the dual state.
547
00:39:55,440 --> 00:39:57,845
America had to do this,
Morgenthau said,
548
00:39:57,880 --> 00:40:01,400
because of the harsh realities
of power in the world.
549
00:40:02,920 --> 00:40:05,645
But it had to be kept secret
from the people,
550
00:40:05,680 --> 00:40:09,880
because revealing it would undermine
their belief in democracy
551
00:40:09,915 --> 00:40:13,325
and in their exceptionalism,
552
00:40:13,360 --> 00:40:16,520
a belief that was essential
in the Cold War.
553
00:40:17,920 --> 00:40:21,660
From the 1950s onwards, the CIA
rigged elections,
554
00:40:21,695 --> 00:40:25,365
destabilised governments
through fake information,
555
00:40:25,400 --> 00:40:32,400
and organised violent coups
in Italy, Greece, Syria, Iran,
556
00:40:32,435 --> 00:40:36,920
Guatemala, South Vietnam,
Indonesia, and Chile.
557
00:40:38,960 --> 00:40:43,880
In all, the United States ran
covert operations to overthrow
558
00:40:43,915 --> 00:40:48,800
66 foreign governments,
and in 26 cases, they succeeded.
559
00:40:51,200 --> 00:40:55,040
Morgenthau believed that this
secrecy was creating a dangerous
560
00:40:55,075 --> 00:40:57,445
time bomb at the heart of America,
561
00:40:57,480 --> 00:41:00,720
and in the mid-1960s,
details started to leak out.
562
00:41:02,120 --> 00:41:05,420
One of the senior members
of the CIA, Miles Copeland,
563
00:41:05,455 --> 00:41:08,720
revealed that he had been involved
in organising coups
564
00:41:08,755 --> 00:41:12,600
throughout the world,
starting in Syria in 1951.
565
00:41:14,000 --> 00:41:17,900
It seems to confirm from the inside,
many of the people's fears,
566
00:41:17,935 --> 00:41:21,887
worst fears, about the way in which
American policy is conducted,
567
00:41:21,922 --> 00:41:25,840
for example, plotting to overthrow
the Syrian Government and others.
568
00:41:25,875 --> 00:41:28,800
Do you think that's a useful way
of conducting foreign policy?
569
00:41:28,835 --> 00:41:31,077
Keith, I'm not going to
make a moral judgment.
570
00:41:31,112 --> 00:41:33,320
I've simply described the way
things are done.
571
00:41:33,355 --> 00:41:35,285
It is true.
Now, let me finish.
572
00:41:35,320 --> 00:41:39,440
It is true that in many cases,
we would sit around, in our attics
573
00:41:39,475 --> 00:41:42,417
of the State Department,
and we would have long discussions.
574
00:41:42,452 --> 00:41:45,360
"Our government does not interfere
in the internal affairs
575
00:41:45,395 --> 00:41:46,845
"of a sovereign nation."
576
00:41:46,880 --> 00:41:50,040
And we meant that from the bottom
of our hearts, and then we'd say,
577
00:41:50,075 --> 00:41:52,480
"But this is one case
where we have to",
578
00:41:52,515 --> 00:41:54,725
and so we had to try to decide
579
00:41:54,760 --> 00:41:57,760
how to do what it was we said
was against our policy to do.
580
00:41:57,795 --> 00:42:00,600
And we did, in fact,
interfere in internal affairs
581
00:42:00,635 --> 00:42:02,560
of many sovereign nations.
582
00:42:05,680 --> 00:42:08,480
Wherever he walked,
all hell broke loose.
583
00:42:10,200 --> 00:42:11,800
SCREAMING
584
00:42:14,400 --> 00:42:18,200
Across all the Orient,
the flames of violence leaped.
585
00:42:18,235 --> 00:42:21,497
Was the quiet stranger the torch?
586
00:42:21,532 --> 00:42:24,725
10.000 mysteries swirled about him.
587
00:42:24,760 --> 00:42:28,840
Wherever danger exploded,
they found the quiet American.
588
00:42:30,320 --> 00:42:35,040
And in 1961, the CIA decided to
overthrow a government
589
00:42:35,075 --> 00:42:38,080
in the heart of Africa,
in the Congo.
590
00:42:40,400 --> 00:42:44,760
200 years before, the Congo had been
at the centre of the slave trade.
591
00:42:46,360 --> 00:42:49,920
Millions of Africans had been
forcibly taken down the river
592
00:42:49,955 --> 00:42:52,285
and shipped to America,
593
00:42:52,320 --> 00:42:56,080
where their forced labour fuelled
America's rise to economic power.
594
00:42:59,320 --> 00:43:02,285
Now the country had been given
independence by its old
595
00:43:02,320 --> 00:43:07,360
colonial rulers, the Belgians,
but it was completely unprepared,
596
00:43:07,395 --> 00:43:09,680
and had collapsed into violence.
597
00:43:15,960 --> 00:43:19,005
The CIA were frightened
that the new Prime Minister,
598
00:43:19,040 --> 00:43:24,320
Patrice Lumumba, was about to turn
for help to the Soviet Union.
599
00:43:24,355 --> 00:43:27,640
It meant that the Russians might
take control of the
600
00:43:27,675 --> 00:43:30,765
giant copper mines
in the south of the country.
601
00:43:30,800 --> 00:43:34,160
The copper was crucial
to the new electronic systems
602
00:43:34,195 --> 00:43:37,725
and computers that the Americans
were building.
603
00:43:37,760 --> 00:43:41,120
They were the foundations
of America's new wealth and power...
604
00:43:44,240 --> 00:43:48,880
..and the CIA helped Lumumba's
opponents capture and kill him.
605
00:43:52,040 --> 00:43:55,720
And they helped install a dictator
in his place.
606
00:43:55,755 --> 00:43:57,645
He was called Colonel Mobutu,
607
00:43:57,680 --> 00:44:01,440
whose brutal regime the Americans
would support for the next 30 years.
608
00:44:03,440 --> 00:44:06,245
Rather than establishing
a democracy,
609
00:44:06,280 --> 00:44:09,205
what the Americans had found
themselves doing was continuing
610
00:44:09,240 --> 00:44:14,920
the instability that had been
created by the old European empires,
611
00:44:14,955 --> 00:44:17,200
and then they did the same in Iraq.
612
00:44:21,920 --> 00:44:27,120
In 1963, agents from the CIA came
to Baghdad to plan another coup.
613
00:44:28,760 --> 00:44:32,400
One idea was to secretly poison
the communists in the government...
614
00:44:34,160 --> 00:44:38,400
..but the country the British
had created was by now so unstable
615
00:44:38,435 --> 00:44:40,645
that before the Americans could act,
616
00:44:40,680 --> 00:44:43,160
the Ba'ath Party mounted
their own coup.
617
00:44:47,280 --> 00:44:50,165
The streets of ancient Baghdad
become the scene of a short
618
00:44:50,200 --> 00:44:53,600
but decisive revolution that topples
the pro-communist government
619
00:44:53,635 --> 00:44:57,237
of Premier Abd al-Karim Qasim,
shown here on the right.
620
00:44:57,272 --> 00:45:00,805
A six-man military junta
seizes power on a holy day,
621
00:45:00,840 --> 00:45:03,880
and within hours, the premier,
who reportedly had executed
622
00:45:03,915 --> 00:45:06,965
10.000 people, is himself shot.
623
00:45:07,000 --> 00:45:10,240
But the American agents supported
and helped the overthrow.
624
00:45:11,720 --> 00:45:15,440
They even gave one of the young
Ba'ath Party members, Saddam Hussein,
625
00:45:15,475 --> 00:45:18,445
a list of communists in Iraq.
626
00:45:18,480 --> 00:45:21,680
Saddam Hussein used it
to execute thousands,
627
00:45:21,715 --> 00:45:23,960
and it began his rise to power.
628
00:45:25,760 --> 00:45:29,040
He later ordered a feature film
to be made about his heroic role
629
00:45:29,075 --> 00:45:31,045
in the coup.
630
00:45:31,080 --> 00:45:34,680
It was made by the British director
Terence Young,
631
00:45:34,715 --> 00:45:37,240
who had also made the
James Bond film Dr No.
632
00:46:39,200 --> 00:46:44,400
When Deng Xiaoping died, the country
he had created was growing fast,
633
00:46:44,435 --> 00:46:46,280
becoming more and more powerful.
634
00:46:47,920 --> 00:46:51,600
But those who took over
knew there were threats.
635
00:46:51,635 --> 00:46:54,885
They were frightened
of their people,
636
00:46:54,920 --> 00:46:58,240
because they knew that, having
got rid of the communist ideals,
637
00:46:58,275 --> 00:47:01,605
they were now totally dependent
on the economic system
638
00:47:01,640 --> 00:47:07,360
that Deng had created, but that had
brought with it the growing force
639
00:47:07,395 --> 00:47:12,245
of individualism, a force
that had the power to eat away
640
00:47:12,280 --> 00:47:16,400
at all the collective ideals
that had held the society together.
641
00:47:23,160 --> 00:47:26,085
And outside China,
they were increasingly frightened
642
00:47:26,120 --> 00:47:29,760
by the global financial system
run by the Western bankers.
643
00:47:31,680 --> 00:47:34,245
The paranoia and suspicion
about the West
644
00:47:34,280 --> 00:47:38,325
had gone very deep into the minds
of the new rulers.
645
00:47:38,360 --> 00:47:42,560
But for the moment, the money
from the West continued to pour in,
646
00:47:42,595 --> 00:47:44,320
and their power grew further.
647
00:47:46,280 --> 00:47:47,605
At the end of 1997,
648
00:47:47,640 --> 00:47:51,480
Britain had agreed to hand Hong Kong
back to China.
649
00:47:53,160 --> 00:47:56,800
During the negotiations, the British
had insisted that Hong Kong
650
00:47:56,835 --> 00:47:58,480
should remain democratic.
651
00:47:59,840 --> 00:48:02,205
The Chinese were shocked by this.
652
00:48:02,240 --> 00:48:05,125
They said it was
completely hypocritical,
653
00:48:05,160 --> 00:48:09,800
because the British had never
allowed democracy in Hong Kong.
654
00:48:09,835 --> 00:48:12,997
It had always been
an authoritarian system,
655
00:48:13,032 --> 00:48:16,160
controlled by a brutal
and racist police force.
656
00:48:22,600 --> 00:48:25,640
SHOUTING
657
00:48:28,200 --> 00:48:31,840
Who's got the mace? Chemical mace?
Sergeant, mace!
658
00:48:33,280 --> 00:48:35,085
SHOUTING
659
00:48:35,120 --> 00:48:37,080
Get the fuck out of it,
you little gobshite.
660
00:48:37,115 --> 00:48:38,325
Get out of it.
661
00:48:38,360 --> 00:48:40,040
He's got to be subdued, man.
662
00:48:42,320 --> 00:48:45,220
Get him! Hold him down!
663
00:48:45,255 --> 00:48:48,120
Get him down! On the floor!
664
00:48:49,840 --> 00:48:53,000
Come on, come on. Get him down.
665
00:48:58,440 --> 00:49:07,520
HEAVY BREATHING
666
00:49:12,080 --> 00:49:16,840
The British Government sent an envoy
to negotiate with the Chinese.
667
00:49:16,875 --> 00:49:18,525
He was Sir Percy Cradock,
668
00:49:18,560 --> 00:49:20,840
who had finally accepted
that the Cold War was over.
669
00:49:22,880 --> 00:49:24,365
But after the talks,
670
00:49:24,400 --> 00:49:26,600
Sir Percy announced that he agreed
with the Chinese.
671
00:49:27,800 --> 00:49:31,320
The demand for democracy,
he said, was difficult
672
00:49:31,355 --> 00:49:33,600
because when the British ruled
Hong Kong,
673
00:49:33,635 --> 00:49:35,600
there had never been any democracy.
674
00:49:36,640 --> 00:49:39,240
Sir Percy was not invited
to the handover.
675
00:49:41,160 --> 00:49:45,200
And in the pouring rain, Prince
Charles watched as the Chinese
676
00:49:45,235 --> 00:49:49,240
said goodbye to the British
by singing them a Rod Stewart song,
677
00:49:49,275 --> 00:49:50,640
Rhythm Of My Heart.
678
00:49:50,675 --> 00:49:53,200
THEY SING
679
00:49:58,280 --> 00:50:00,925
And despite the
Chinese triumphalism,
680
00:50:00,960 --> 00:50:06,040
the BBC continued the fantasy of the
special virtues of Britain's Empire.
681
00:50:06,075 --> 00:50:09,725
China is certainly
jubilant about the return of this
682
00:50:09,760 --> 00:50:14,080
412 square miles of territory,
and that jubilation is everywhere
683
00:50:14,115 --> 00:50:17,280
in Hong Kong,
but as we've seen tonight,
684
00:50:17,315 --> 00:50:20,005
it isn't quite as simple as that.
685
00:50:20,040 --> 00:50:24,400
There's a genuine fondness for
Britain's decent contribution here,
686
00:50:24,435 --> 00:50:27,285
a genuine fondness
for the last governor, too.
687
00:50:27,320 --> 00:50:31,920
"He's family", as one Chinese
Hong Kong-er described it to me.
688
00:50:46,800 --> 00:50:52,520
In 1998, the very thing the Chinese
leaders were frightened of happened.
689
00:50:52,555 --> 00:50:56,725
The global financial system
went out of control.
690
00:50:56,760 --> 00:51:00,720
It began in Thailand, where Western
banks had been pouring
691
00:51:00,755 --> 00:51:03,040
millions of dollars into
a property boom.
692
00:51:04,480 --> 00:51:06,125
Suddenly, the bubble burst,
693
00:51:06,160 --> 00:51:08,880
and developers defaulted
on their loans.
694
00:51:10,480 --> 00:51:14,800
Western investors panicked,
and rushed to get their money out.
695
00:51:16,080 --> 00:51:20,400
The crisis then spread all across
East Asia to Korea and Indonesia.
696
00:51:22,840 --> 00:51:26,160
In every case,
the country's exchange rate crashed,
697
00:51:26,195 --> 00:51:27,760
causing economic chaos.
698
00:51:30,800 --> 00:51:34,800
Indonesia's currency has collapsed,
losing 80% of its value,
699
00:51:34,835 --> 00:51:36,285
and the economy is in ruins.
700
00:51:36,320 --> 00:51:39,440
With riots and looting breaking out
across the country,
701
00:51:39,475 --> 00:51:42,525
there are fears that it's now
on the brink of anarchy.
702
00:51:42,560 --> 00:51:47,380
The IMF gave huge loans to try
and stabilise the countries.
703
00:51:47,415 --> 00:51:52,200
For a moment, it worked, but then
the currencies crashed again
704
00:51:52,235 --> 00:51:54,725
as those dollars were used
by Western banks
705
00:51:54,760 --> 00:51:58,600
to get the rest of their money
out of the countries.
706
00:51:58,635 --> 00:52:01,000
It left the Asian societies
in ruins.
707
00:52:02,440 --> 00:52:06,240
To the countries' leaders,
this was the old corrupt imperialism
708
00:52:06,275 --> 00:52:08,160
returning in a modern form.
709
00:52:09,760 --> 00:52:14,160
Power corrupts, as much as
government can become corrupt
710
00:52:14,195 --> 00:52:17,325
when invested with absolute power,
711
00:52:17,360 --> 00:52:23,600
markets also can become corrupt
when equally absolutely powerful.
712
00:52:23,635 --> 00:52:27,997
We are seeing the effect
of that absolute power today,
713
00:52:28,032 --> 00:52:32,360
the impoverishment and misery
of millions of people
714
00:52:32,395 --> 00:52:34,320
and their eventual slavery.
715
00:52:35,520 --> 00:52:38,405
China managed to escape the crisis,
716
00:52:38,440 --> 00:52:41,485
but it seemed to confirm to the
country's leaders
717
00:52:41,520 --> 00:52:45,780
that their paranoia about the
Western conspiracy was right,
718
00:52:45,815 --> 00:52:49,987
that the West was prepared
to use its economic power to loot
719
00:52:50,022 --> 00:52:54,160
and wreck the Asian countries,
just as it had in the past.
720
00:52:55,480 --> 00:52:58,640
They decided that the only way
to make China safe
721
00:52:58,675 --> 00:53:00,765
was to take control.
722
00:53:00,800 --> 00:53:04,400
The chairman, Jiang Zemin,
instructed that all the dollars
723
00:53:04,435 --> 00:53:08,117
that China got from exporting
their goods should be sent back
724
00:53:08,152 --> 00:53:11,800
to America and used to buy up the
United States' Government debt.
725
00:53:13,960 --> 00:53:16,605
This would make the dollar rise
in value,
726
00:53:16,640 --> 00:53:21,280
which meant that Chinese
goods would be even cheaper,
727
00:53:21,315 --> 00:53:25,885
but it would also make
interest rates in America low,
728
00:53:25,920 --> 00:53:30,080
which meant that people would borrow
even more money from the banks,
729
00:53:30,115 --> 00:53:33,160
and buy even more Chinese goods.
730
00:53:33,195 --> 00:53:34,760
It was a virtuous circle.
731
00:53:37,080 --> 00:53:39,845
What the Chinese were doing
was using the money
732
00:53:39,880 --> 00:53:43,940
to create a safe bubble, wrapped
around the United States,
733
00:53:43,975 --> 00:53:48,000
that would stabilise the system,
and so keep China safe.
734
00:53:50,280 --> 00:53:53,600
But in the process, the Chinese
money would create the biggest
735
00:53:53,635 --> 00:53:57,917
consumer and property boom
ever in history,
736
00:53:57,952 --> 00:54:02,165
and lead America into a
protected dream world
737
00:54:02,200 --> 00:54:05,280
that was increasingly detached
from the reality outside.
738
00:54:17,520 --> 00:54:22,760
And that dreamlike state was going
to have extraordinary consequences,
739
00:54:22,795 --> 00:54:26,160
not just for America and China,
but for the whole world.
740
00:54:40,360 --> 00:54:44,640
The city is going through its worst
sandstorms in living memory.
741
00:54:44,675 --> 00:54:46,240
It's swathed the city in this...
742
00:54:47,720 --> 00:54:52,040
..ochre colour, this blanket of
red dust, it's raining now...
743
00:54:52,075 --> 00:54:53,485
It's literally raining mud.
744
00:54:53,520 --> 00:54:56,320
Just look at it. I mean, this used
to be just completely full
745
00:54:56,355 --> 00:54:57,645
of the international press.
746
00:54:57,680 --> 00:55:00,320
I mean, there's still a lot a lot
of foreign journalists here,
747
00:55:00,355 --> 00:55:05,360
but it's just blown apart
by the worst sandstorms
748
00:55:05,395 --> 00:55:07,560
that people say is
in living memory.
749
00:55:07,595 --> 00:55:08,925
Watch the cable.
750
00:55:08,960 --> 00:55:14,440
In 2003, America and Britain
were preparing to invade Iraq.
751
00:55:14,475 --> 00:55:16,125
For George Bush and the Americans,
752
00:55:16,160 --> 00:55:19,880
the aim was to bring stability
to the Middle East,
753
00:55:19,915 --> 00:55:22,000
but Tony Blair saw it
in wider terms.
754
00:55:23,360 --> 00:55:25,800
It was part of a new kind of
global intervention
755
00:55:25,835 --> 00:55:29,445
that was not like
the empires of the past.
756
00:55:29,480 --> 00:55:33,600
Instead, it was a way of liberating
millions of people from a brutal
757
00:55:33,635 --> 00:55:38,240
dictator, which would then allow
them to become free democratic
758
00:55:38,275 --> 00:55:43,445
individuals, but there were people
in Britain who knew the
759
00:55:43,480 --> 00:55:49,560
strange origins of Iraq, how 80
years before, English administrators
760
00:55:49,595 --> 00:55:53,480
had gone there and created
a highly unstable society
761
00:55:53,515 --> 00:55:56,880
rooted in false dreams
of England's past.
762
00:55:58,480 --> 00:56:02,485
A group of six historians
came to see Tony Blair.
763
00:56:02,520 --> 00:56:06,960
They explained to him the complex
reality of the different groups
764
00:56:06,995 --> 00:56:11,400
in Iraq, and how they could easily
turn on the Western intervention.
765
00:56:11,435 --> 00:56:14,240
There was silence in the room.
766
00:56:14,275 --> 00:56:15,685
Tony Blair said,
767
00:56:15,720 --> 00:56:20,560
"Saddam Hussein is an evil man
who needs to be removed",
768
00:56:20,595 --> 00:56:22,000
and the historians left.
769
00:56:25,080 --> 00:56:28,005
Then the spies came
to see Tony Blair.
770
00:56:28,040 --> 00:56:32,400
They told him that there were hidden
weapons of mass destruction in Iraq,
771
00:56:32,435 --> 00:56:33,800
which justified the invasion.
772
00:56:36,240 --> 00:56:41,240
But yet again, they were inventing
a magical world of hidden threats...
773
00:56:43,280 --> 00:56:44,680
..and the invasion began.
774
00:57:02,960 --> 00:57:06,520
By 2007, the war in Iraq
had become a nightmare.
775
00:57:08,160 --> 00:57:12,640
The Americans were pouring
nearly $1 billion in every day
776
00:57:12,675 --> 00:57:17,120
to keep a conflict going
that no-one knew how to win.
777
00:57:20,720 --> 00:57:25,720
In the past, the Vietnam War
had caused chaos at home in America,
778
00:57:25,755 --> 00:57:27,845
not just in the mass protests,
779
00:57:27,880 --> 00:57:31,840
but the cost of such a gigantic war
had wrecked the American economy,
780
00:57:31,875 --> 00:57:34,320
with growing inflation
and unemployment.
781
00:57:42,320 --> 00:57:47,080
The politicians had no idea
how to deal with the economic chaos,
782
00:57:47,115 --> 00:57:51,840
and it, as much as the protests,
had forced them to admit defeat
783
00:57:51,875 --> 00:57:53,440
and flee from Saigon.
784
00:57:57,560 --> 00:58:02,240
But now with the Iraq war,
there was no effect on the economy,
785
00:58:02,275 --> 00:58:04,200
and there were no protests.
786
00:58:05,160 --> 00:58:08,085
The reason was the Chinese money.
787
00:58:08,120 --> 00:58:12,720
The Chinese continued to buy up
more and more of the American
788
00:58:12,755 --> 00:58:17,320
Government debt, which meant
that the consumer boom continued,
789
00:58:17,355 --> 00:58:19,557
and, safe in their protected bubble,
790
00:58:19,592 --> 00:58:21,760
few of the American people
protested.
791
00:58:23,240 --> 00:58:28,805
The war was far away,
and had no effect on their lives,
792
00:58:28,840 --> 00:58:33,360
which meant there was no pressure
on the politicians to admit defeat,
793
00:58:33,395 --> 00:58:36,640
and that led them to try
ever more desperate measures
794
00:58:36,675 --> 00:58:38,280
to achieve victory.
795
00:58:39,760 --> 00:58:43,400
But that desperation was going to
awaken ghosts from the past
796
00:58:43,435 --> 00:58:46,880
that would return in a distorted
and frightening form.
797
00:58:48,320 --> 00:58:52,560
Sheikh Abdul Sattar Abu Risha
was the leader of one of the largest
798
00:58:52,595 --> 00:58:56,377
Sunni tribes in Anbar Province
outside Baghdad.
799
00:58:56,412 --> 00:58:59,726
He came to the Americans
and offered to help them.
800
00:58:59,761 --> 00:59:03,005
In return for large amounts
of money, he said,
801
00:59:03,040 --> 00:59:06,885
his tribe would ally with the
Americans and create a militia
802
00:59:06,920 --> 00:59:13,120
to fight against the insurgents,
above all, against al-Qaida in Iraq.
803
00:59:13,155 --> 00:59:15,920
In desperation,
the Americans agreed...
804
00:59:15,955 --> 00:59:18,640
Which tribe?
805
00:59:20,280 --> 00:59:24,005
..and the idea quickly spread
across the country -
806
00:59:24,040 --> 00:59:27,800
the Americans giving out millions
of dollars to Sunni tribal leaders
807
00:59:27,835 --> 00:59:30,597
to create private armies.
808
00:59:30,632 --> 00:59:33,325
It was called the Awakening,
809
00:59:33,360 --> 00:59:36,040
and Sheikh Abu Risha
became a heroic figure.
810
00:59:37,200 --> 00:59:39,565
When President Bush came to Iraq,
811
00:59:39,600 --> 00:59:43,040
he met the sheikh to thank him
personally for saving the Americans.
812
00:59:48,360 --> 00:59:52,320
TRANSLATION:
813
01:00:21,360 --> 01:00:23,925
But what the Americans had found
themselves doing
814
01:00:23,960 --> 01:00:28,200
was exactly the same as the British
had done 80 years before.
815
01:00:28,235 --> 01:00:33,040
Faced by a complex society
that they did not understand,
816
01:00:33,075 --> 01:00:36,440
they were turning to the tribes
outside the cities
817
01:00:36,475 --> 01:00:39,085
and giving them power.
818
01:00:39,120 --> 01:00:43,640
They called the militias
the Sons of Iraq,
819
01:00:43,675 --> 01:00:46,845
and it seemed to work,
820
01:00:46,880 --> 01:00:50,600
but in reality, it was going to
lead to something even worse.
821
01:00:57,600 --> 01:01:01,980
Three years later, as the American
troops prepared to leave Iraq,
822
01:01:02,015 --> 01:01:06,360
the money stopped, and the tribal
leaders saw their power disappear.
823
01:01:08,880 --> 01:01:11,405
So they made a tactical decision -
824
01:01:11,440 --> 01:01:15,085
they turned and allied instead
with the very people
825
01:01:15,120 --> 01:01:19,320
they had been fighting -
the al-Qaida in Iraq jihadists.
826
01:01:19,355 --> 01:01:21,765
And out of that alliance came
827
01:01:21,800 --> 01:01:24,760
the Islamic State of Iraq
and the Levant.
828
01:01:26,560 --> 01:01:30,440
ISIS was far more than just another
version of al-Qaida in Iraq.
829
01:01:32,120 --> 01:01:35,045
Its public face were the jihadists,
830
01:01:35,080 --> 01:01:39,965
but it was organised and guided
by men from the Sunni tribes,
831
01:01:40,000 --> 01:01:45,840
many of whom had been experienced
soldiers in Saddam Hussein's army.
832
01:01:45,875 --> 01:01:50,640
As a result, they swept through
Iraq and on into Syria.
833
01:01:52,880 --> 01:01:57,760
What had begun a long time ago as a
make-believe version of England
834
01:01:57,795 --> 01:02:02,037
created in the deserts of
Mesopotamia as the British Empire
835
01:02:02,072 --> 01:02:06,280
fell apart, had now turned
into a terrifying nightmare.
836
01:02:09,240 --> 01:02:14,560
* How beautiful they are,
the lordly ones
837
01:02:16,120 --> 01:02:22,720
* Who dwell in the hills,
in the hollow hills
838
01:02:22,755 --> 01:02:26,365
* They have faces like flowers
839
01:02:26,400 --> 01:02:33,600
* And their breath is a wind
that blows over summer meadows
840
01:02:33,635 --> 01:02:37,160
* Filled with dewy clover
841
01:02:40,200 --> 01:02:46,000
* How beautiful they are,
the lordly ones
842
01:02:46,035 --> 01:02:51,765
* Who dwell in the hills,
in the hollow hills
843
01:02:51,800 --> 01:02:58,060
* They have faces like flowers
and their breath is a wind
844
01:02:58,095 --> 01:03:04,320
* That blows over summer meadows
filled with dewy clover
845
01:03:07,040 --> 01:03:13,925
* Their limbs are more white
than shafts of moonshine... *
846
01:03:13,960 --> 01:03:18,880
And that mythical romantic view
of the past was also about to return
847
01:03:18,915 --> 01:03:23,045
at home in both America and Britain,
848
01:03:23,080 --> 01:03:26,160
and it was going to have powerful
consequences there too.
849
01:03:27,760 --> 01:03:32,800
In his campaign, Donald Trump
promised to recreate a lost America.
850
01:03:32,835 --> 01:03:35,840
We will make America proud again.
851
01:03:35,875 --> 01:03:37,685
CHEERING
852
01:03:37,720 --> 01:03:40,840
We will make America safe again.
853
01:03:43,440 --> 01:03:47,200
And we will make America
great again.
854
01:03:47,235 --> 01:03:49,800
God bless you and goodnight.
855
01:03:49,835 --> 01:03:51,120
I love you.
856
01:03:55,560 --> 01:03:59,440
But with the exceptionalism
also came the fear,
857
01:03:59,475 --> 01:04:00,800
and the violence.
858
01:04:14,520 --> 01:04:18,005
And in Britain, thousands
of those who had been marginalised
859
01:04:18,040 --> 01:04:23,200
by the new global economy also came
to believe in that romantic idea
860
01:04:23,235 --> 01:04:25,400
of England as a special place.
861
01:04:27,160 --> 01:04:30,400
A picture of a lost greatness
that had been invented by
862
01:04:30,435 --> 01:04:32,600
the upper classes in the 1920s.
863
01:04:34,920 --> 01:04:39,160
Now, hundreds and thousands
of frightened and angry people
864
01:04:39,195 --> 01:04:41,120
demanded that Britain
leave Europe...
865
01:04:42,680 --> 01:04:48,960
..and the old ruling class come back
and turn that dream into a reality.
866
01:04:48,995 --> 01:04:52,240
CHEERING
867
01:04:55,680 --> 01:04:59,045
HE SHOUTS TO CROWD
868
01:04:59,080 --> 01:05:04,060
With Tomorrow
by This Mortal Coil
869
01:05:04,095 --> 01:05:09,040
* In another dream, and another
870
01:05:10,480 --> 01:05:13,880
* With tomorrow. *
871
01:05:16,880 --> 01:05:20,880
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