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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:12,480 --> 00:00:16,480 www.titlovi.com 2 00:00:19,480 --> 00:00:24,420 * It was more like a dream than reality 3 00:00:24,455 --> 00:00:29,360 * I must have thought it was a dream 4 00:00:29,395 --> 00:00:32,320 * While you were here with me 5 00:00:33,560 --> 00:00:39,400 * When you were near I didn't think you would leave 6 00:00:40,680 --> 00:00:47,800 * When you were gone, it was too much to believe 7 00:00:47,835 --> 00:00:51,517 * So with tomorrow 8 00:00:51,552 --> 00:00:55,165 * I will borrow 9 00:00:55,200 --> 00:01:02,120 * Another moment of joy and sorrow 10 00:01:02,155 --> 00:01:05,525 * In another dream 11 00:01:05,560 --> 00:01:13,320 * And another with tomorrow 12 00:01:16,640 --> 00:01:22,520 * So with the sun there won't be time just to look behind 13 00:01:23,800 --> 00:01:30,560 * There won't be reasons, no descriptions for my place in mind 14 00:01:30,595 --> 00:01:37,720 * There was so much I was told, it was not real 15 00:01:37,755 --> 00:01:41,360 * So many things that I could not taste 16 00:01:41,395 --> 00:01:45,245 * But I could feel 17 00:01:45,280 --> 00:01:52,540 * So with tomorrow I will borrow 18 00:01:52,575 --> 00:01:59,800 * Another moment of joy and sorrow 19 00:01:59,835 --> 00:02:03,200 * In another dream 20 00:02:03,235 --> 00:02:06,805 * And another 21 00:02:06,840 --> 00:02:10,760 * With tomorrow. * 22 00:02:12,760 --> 00:02:16,640 Jiang Qing, the widow of Mao Zedong had been locked away 23 00:02:16,675 --> 00:02:18,960 in solitary confinement for ten years. 24 00:02:20,320 --> 00:02:23,640 Over that time, she had hoarded socks and handkerchiefs 25 00:02:23,675 --> 00:02:26,000 until she had enough to make a rope. 26 00:02:27,400 --> 00:02:30,040 And, in 1991, she hanged herself. 27 00:02:31,480 --> 00:02:33,565 She left a note. 28 00:02:33,600 --> 00:02:37,720 It said, "Today the revolution has been stolen by a clique 29 00:02:37,755 --> 00:02:39,600 "led by Deng Xiaoping. 30 00:02:40,760 --> 00:02:43,080 "The result is that unending evils have been 31 00:02:43,115 --> 00:02:45,040 "unleashed on the Chinese people. 32 00:02:46,600 --> 00:02:51,200 "Chairman, your student and fighter is coming to see you." 33 00:02:58,120 --> 00:03:02,280 Jiang Qing's great enemy, Deng Xiaoping, was now all-powerful. 34 00:03:03,520 --> 00:03:06,700 The new China he had created was growing rapidly, 35 00:03:06,735 --> 00:03:09,880 building vast factories to send goods to the West. 36 00:03:14,040 --> 00:03:17,760 He had got rid of all Jiang Qing's revolutionary dreams, 37 00:03:17,795 --> 00:03:21,280 but he had also smashed all visions of democracy, 38 00:03:21,315 --> 00:03:23,640 by sending troops into Tiananmen Square. 39 00:03:25,280 --> 00:03:28,120 But Tiananmen Square had been a disaster for the regime. 40 00:03:29,280 --> 00:03:31,320 And it also raised a terrible question. 41 00:03:32,840 --> 00:03:36,400 If China no longer believed in revolutionary communism 42 00:03:36,435 --> 00:03:40,480 or in democracy, what did it believe in... 43 00:03:40,515 --> 00:03:41,920 ..apart from money? 44 00:03:50,080 --> 00:03:54,040 Deng Xiaoping's solution was to go back into the past 45 00:03:54,075 --> 00:03:57,120 and reawaken an old, powerful fear. 46 00:03:59,640 --> 00:04:03,400 That what had happened in Tiananmen Square had really been 47 00:04:03,435 --> 00:04:07,160 part of a giant conspiracy by the West to destroy China. 48 00:04:08,680 --> 00:04:12,920 It was a conspiracy, he said, that had been going on for 150 years. 49 00:04:14,520 --> 00:04:17,260 It had begun back in the 19th century 50 00:04:17,295 --> 00:04:19,965 when the British had invaded China 51 00:04:20,000 --> 00:04:22,560 and forced opium onto the Chinese people. 52 00:04:26,400 --> 00:04:29,560 Deng now ordered a vast propaganda campaign to begin. 53 00:04:30,760 --> 00:04:34,200 Its aim was to spread the idea of a conspiracy. 54 00:04:35,960 --> 00:04:39,360 At the centre of the campaign was a multimillion dollar film, 55 00:04:39,395 --> 00:04:41,200 including British actors. 56 00:04:50,560 --> 00:04:52,845 It told the story of how the British had brought 57 00:04:52,880 --> 00:04:55,880 hundreds of tonnes of opium into the Port of Canton... 58 00:04:57,000 --> 00:04:59,240 ..and how the Chinese had tried to stop them. 59 00:05:03,160 --> 00:05:05,780 But the British, led by Queen Victoria, 60 00:05:05,815 --> 00:05:08,365 were determined to smash their resistance 61 00:05:08,400 --> 00:05:11,920 and use the opium to reduce the Chinese people to zombies 62 00:05:11,955 --> 00:05:14,360 and so control the whole world. 63 00:05:23,840 --> 00:05:25,440 Fire! 64 00:05:32,400 --> 00:05:35,980 The Chinese propaganda even created an early computer game, 65 00:05:36,015 --> 00:05:39,560 where you could fight against the British as they invaded. 66 00:05:49,360 --> 00:05:53,480 Now, the campaign said, the West were trying to do the same again. 67 00:06:02,640 --> 00:06:05,240 What the Chinese were alleging in their campaign 68 00:06:05,275 --> 00:06:06,880 was historically accurate. 69 00:06:08,000 --> 00:06:11,440 But what they didn't know was that the opium trade had also had 70 00:06:11,475 --> 00:06:14,360 powerful consequences inside Britain itself. 71 00:06:16,160 --> 00:06:18,560 It had started to undermine the self-confidence 72 00:06:18,595 --> 00:06:20,160 of the British Empire... 73 00:06:21,360 --> 00:06:24,080 ..and introduce a dark and corrosive fear 74 00:06:24,115 --> 00:06:26,680 into the heart of British society. 75 00:06:29,800 --> 00:06:33,000 By the middle of the 19th century, those who ran Britain were 76 00:06:33,035 --> 00:06:35,840 already aware of the horrors created by the slave trade. 77 00:06:37,120 --> 00:06:40,720 For 200 years, the British had transported millions of Africans 78 00:06:40,755 --> 00:06:43,400 to become slaves in their colonies in the Caribbean 79 00:06:43,435 --> 00:06:45,400 and in the Americas. 80 00:06:46,440 --> 00:06:48,840 It had been one of the main forces behind the rise 81 00:06:48,875 --> 00:06:50,320 of the British Empire. 82 00:06:53,200 --> 00:06:56,120 Now they began to realise that they had also done something 83 00:06:56,155 --> 00:06:57,640 terrible to China. 84 00:06:59,080 --> 00:07:01,565 That by forcing opium onto the country, 85 00:07:01,600 --> 00:07:04,600 they had poisoned and corrupted millions of people. 86 00:07:06,000 --> 00:07:08,760 They hadn't enslaved them physically, 87 00:07:08,795 --> 00:07:10,480 they had enslaved their minds. 88 00:07:13,960 --> 00:07:19,000 And, in return, Britain had received a vast wave of money - in silver - 89 00:07:19,035 --> 00:07:22,880 that made it the richest and most powerful country in the world. 90 00:07:25,600 --> 00:07:27,685 One historian wrote... 91 00:07:27,720 --> 00:07:31,300 "Deeply involved as it was in one of the most pernicious, 92 00:07:31,335 --> 00:07:34,880 "yet well-organised and profitable drug trades that has ever 93 00:07:34,915 --> 00:07:38,960 "existed, the British Empire was rotten at its heart." 94 00:07:42,440 --> 00:07:44,920 And that knowledge led to guilt. 95 00:07:47,000 --> 00:07:50,085 In the 1870s, a mass movement was formed. 96 00:07:50,120 --> 00:07:53,520 It was called the Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade. 97 00:07:54,600 --> 00:07:57,160 It published pamphlets and books about the horrors 98 00:07:57,195 --> 00:07:58,760 that were happening in China. 99 00:08:00,080 --> 00:08:03,760 They caused a sensation and hundreds of thousands joined the movement. 100 00:08:05,080 --> 00:08:09,005 But as the campaign grew, a strange thing happened - 101 00:08:09,040 --> 00:08:12,360 the guilt over what Britain had done to China began to mutate. 102 00:08:13,440 --> 00:08:15,040 It changed into fear. 103 00:08:18,280 --> 00:08:22,040 And at the end of the 19th century, a hysteria swept Britain - 104 00:08:22,075 --> 00:08:24,960 that the Chinese were preparing to take their revenge. 105 00:08:26,840 --> 00:08:30,760 There was a panic about Chinese-run opium dens in all the major cities. 106 00:08:31,840 --> 00:08:35,600 The truth was that there were less than 1.000 Chinese in Britain 107 00:08:35,635 --> 00:08:39,480 at that time, but the hysteria ran out of control. 108 00:08:40,560 --> 00:08:42,800 It was called the Yellow Peril. 109 00:08:44,520 --> 00:08:46,845 The panic also spread through America, 110 00:08:46,880 --> 00:08:50,400 especially the west coast where there were Chinese migrant workers. 111 00:08:51,800 --> 00:08:55,200 Novel after novel was published in both Britain and America, 112 00:08:55,235 --> 00:08:58,000 with Chinese villains who were trying to destroy 113 00:08:58,035 --> 00:08:59,760 Western civilisation. 114 00:09:02,200 --> 00:09:05,440 It culminated with the invention of a global villain - 115 00:09:05,475 --> 00:09:06,920 Dr Fu Manchu. 116 00:09:08,240 --> 00:09:10,765 Fu Manchu is described by his creator, 117 00:09:10,800 --> 00:09:14,765 a novelist called Sax Rohmer, as a yellow Satan, 118 00:09:14,800 --> 00:09:19,280 an archangel of evil who wants to take over the whole world 119 00:09:19,315 --> 00:09:22,160 and revenge himself on the white race. 120 00:09:23,640 --> 00:09:27,180 The injection of the serum will make his brain mine. 121 00:09:27,215 --> 00:09:30,685 In other words, he becomes a reflection of my will. 122 00:09:30,720 --> 00:09:34,640 He will do as I command, exactly as though I were doing it. 123 00:09:34,675 --> 00:09:36,485 In the name of the British government, 124 00:09:36,520 --> 00:09:39,640 I demand the release of this boy. British government? 125 00:09:39,675 --> 00:09:41,845 I'll wipe them and the whole accursed white race 126 00:09:41,880 --> 00:09:44,640 off the face of the Earth when I get the sword and mask that will call 127 00:09:44,675 --> 00:09:47,160 the teeming millions of Asia to the uprising. 128 00:09:47,195 --> 00:09:48,765 This is only the beginning. 129 00:09:48,800 --> 00:09:51,560 I will wipe out your whole accursed white race. 130 00:09:55,720 --> 00:09:59,480 * C'est toi et seulement toi 131 00:09:59,515 --> 00:10:03,205 * Qui ne voulais plus de moi 132 00:10:03,240 --> 00:10:10,640 * Maintenant c'est trop tard pour pleure 133 00:10:10,675 --> 00:10:14,165 * Sans doute t'imaginais 134 00:10:14,200 --> 00:10:17,805 * Que j'allais rester enfermee 135 00:10:17,840 --> 00:10:23,760 * Au carmel pendant dix annees mais tu t'es trompe 136 00:10:25,040 --> 00:10:29,040 * C'est a l'amour comme a la guerre 137 00:10:29,075 --> 00:10:32,605 * Tu l'as voulu et tu me perds 138 00:10:32,640 --> 00:10:38,600 * Va faire soigner tes blessures ailleurs 139 00:10:40,040 --> 00:10:44,120 * C'est a l'amour comme a la guerre 140 00:10:44,155 --> 00:10:47,365 * Tu l'as voulu et tu me perds 141 00:10:47,400 --> 00:10:51,080 * Et moi je ne suis ni la Croix rouge 142 00:10:51,115 --> 00:10:54,640 * Ni ta mere 143 00:10:55,800 --> 00:10:59,280 * C'est toi et seulement toi 144 00:10:59,315 --> 00:11:02,725 * Qui t'ennuyais avec moi 145 00:11:02,760 --> 00:11:06,760 * Qui connaissais toutes mes histoires 146 00:11:06,795 --> 00:11:10,285 * Par coeur... * 147 00:11:10,320 --> 00:11:14,320 In the early 1990s, the Western democracies seemed to be the future. 148 00:11:15,760 --> 00:11:19,040 The collapse of the Soviet Union meant that their ideas 149 00:11:19,075 --> 00:11:21,800 were now going to spread all across the world. 150 00:11:24,880 --> 00:11:29,040 * C'est a l'amour comme a la guerre 151 00:11:29,075 --> 00:11:33,005 * Tu l'as voulu et tu me perds 152 00:11:33,040 --> 00:11:38,720 * Va faire soigner tes blessures ailleurs. * 153 00:11:44,080 --> 00:11:46,645 But at home, in both Britain and America, 154 00:11:46,680 --> 00:11:50,800 there were still forces deep in the heart of both societies that 155 00:11:50,835 --> 00:11:53,400 had little to do with democracy. 156 00:11:53,435 --> 00:11:55,045 Man with a gun. 157 00:11:55,080 --> 00:11:57,245 12 Georgia 30, I need additional units, 158 00:11:57,280 --> 00:12:00,405 6-7 and Dacre, I've got a 4-50 male with a gun... 159 00:12:00,440 --> 00:12:04,000 It seemed that despite all the changes of the past 30 years, 160 00:12:04,035 --> 00:12:05,405 that underneath, 161 00:12:05,440 --> 00:12:08,580 the old structures of power and the corruption 162 00:12:08,615 --> 00:12:11,720 and the anger that created was still there. 163 00:12:18,080 --> 00:12:22,120 In Los Angeles in March 1991, Rodney King was chased 164 00:12:22,155 --> 00:12:24,920 and stopped by police for drunken driving. 165 00:12:28,360 --> 00:12:31,400 Despite offering no resistance, he was beaten repeatedly 166 00:12:31,435 --> 00:12:33,645 by four officers. 167 00:12:33,680 --> 00:12:36,320 It was videoed by a man watching from a balcony. 168 00:12:40,200 --> 00:12:43,400 He took it to the police, but no-one was interested. 169 00:12:44,800 --> 00:12:47,760 So he gave the tape to a local TV station. 170 00:12:48,920 --> 00:12:51,200 When it was shown, there was an outburst of anger 171 00:12:51,235 --> 00:12:53,080 against the police violence. 172 00:12:54,080 --> 00:12:56,160 Four of the officers were put on trial. 173 00:13:01,480 --> 00:13:04,840 But they were all acquitted by an overwhelmingly white jury. 174 00:13:06,560 --> 00:13:09,525 Due to the escalation of the situation, 175 00:13:09,560 --> 00:13:12,440 and seriousness of the problems that are occurring, 176 00:13:12,475 --> 00:13:15,320 the sheriff has mobilised all department personnel. 177 00:13:15,355 --> 00:13:18,360 For six days, thousands of people rose up 178 00:13:18,395 --> 00:13:20,440 and rioted across Los Angeles. 179 00:13:21,520 --> 00:13:24,800 It was only stopped when the National Guard and soldiers 180 00:13:24,835 --> 00:13:27,520 and Marines were brought onto the streets. 181 00:13:29,160 --> 00:13:32,400 It was an outpouring of the anger that had been simmering 182 00:13:32,435 --> 00:13:35,360 throughout the 1980s in the black community. 183 00:13:36,400 --> 00:13:40,200 But despite all the reforms and the changes in attitudes 184 00:13:40,235 --> 00:13:43,720 since the 1960s, nothing had really changed. 185 00:13:45,480 --> 00:13:49,840 It seemed that those in power in America were still deeply racist, 186 00:13:49,875 --> 00:13:52,240 and would use violence against blacks in America 187 00:13:52,275 --> 00:13:54,560 to maintain that power. 188 00:13:55,680 --> 00:13:58,960 All of it needs to stop but I'm going to tell you... 189 00:13:58,995 --> 00:14:01,920 Get down on our knees and pray to God... 190 00:14:01,955 --> 00:14:03,485 One at a time. 191 00:14:03,520 --> 00:14:05,325 That the violence... Let me talk. 192 00:14:05,360 --> 00:14:07,640 I know that the government, whatever, can't stand 193 00:14:07,675 --> 00:14:08,685 us black people. 194 00:14:08,720 --> 00:14:11,600 He's doing everything in the world to make black man be extinct. 195 00:14:11,635 --> 00:14:13,680 But I'm going to tell you one thing, us black people 196 00:14:13,715 --> 00:14:14,845 are going to survive. 197 00:14:14,880 --> 00:14:18,120 And that's wrong about the black people tearing up the, you know, 198 00:14:18,155 --> 00:14:19,965 burning down buildings, that's wrong. 199 00:14:20,000 --> 00:14:22,400 But still, through it all, we're going to survive. 200 00:14:22,435 --> 00:14:25,485 So fuck everybody, I'm off. 201 00:14:25,520 --> 00:14:28,080 All right, that's just an example of the frustration 202 00:14:28,115 --> 00:14:29,920 that's being felt here. 203 00:14:34,080 --> 00:14:37,240 In Britain, a series of scandals revealed that dozens 204 00:14:37,275 --> 00:14:39,440 of innocent people had been held in jail... 205 00:14:40,480 --> 00:14:42,160 ..some for over 15 years. 206 00:14:43,520 --> 00:14:46,440 They included the Guildford Four and the Birmingham Six. 207 00:14:47,880 --> 00:14:51,080 Most of them were Irishmen who'd been accused of being 208 00:14:51,115 --> 00:14:54,280 members of the IRA and planting bombs in English cities. 209 00:14:57,040 --> 00:14:59,485 Every time they had tried to prove their innocence, 210 00:14:59,520 --> 00:15:02,560 they had been blocked by some of the most senior figures 211 00:15:02,595 --> 00:15:04,565 in the British establishment, 212 00:15:04,600 --> 00:15:07,280 despite overwhelming evidence of false confessions 213 00:15:07,315 --> 00:15:08,760 and faked evidence. 214 00:15:10,560 --> 00:15:13,525 Eminent men at the very centre of power, 215 00:15:13,560 --> 00:15:16,740 from the most senior law lord to the Attorney General 216 00:15:16,775 --> 00:15:19,885 and to the Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, 217 00:15:19,920 --> 00:15:23,600 all of them, it was alleged, knew that the prisoners were innocent. 218 00:15:25,880 --> 00:15:27,925 But they had done nothing, 219 00:15:27,960 --> 00:15:29,960 and the evidence remained locked away... 220 00:15:31,200 --> 00:15:34,680 ..because they had an unshakeable conviction that the establishment 221 00:15:34,715 --> 00:15:36,320 must never be shown to be wrong. 222 00:15:38,240 --> 00:15:40,525 Finally, in March 1991, 223 00:15:40,560 --> 00:15:43,160 the Birmingham Six were freed at the Old Bailey. 224 00:15:48,840 --> 00:15:50,320 Ladies and gentlemen. 225 00:15:51,400 --> 00:15:55,440 For 16 and a half years, we have been used as political 226 00:15:55,475 --> 00:15:59,765 scapegoats for people in there at the highest. 227 00:15:59,800 --> 00:16:04,160 The police told us from the start that they knew we hadn't done it. 228 00:16:04,195 --> 00:16:06,805 They told us they didn't care who'd done it. 229 00:16:06,840 --> 00:16:09,880 They told us that we were selected and that they were going to 230 00:16:09,915 --> 00:16:13,600 frame us just to keep the people in there happy. 231 00:16:13,635 --> 00:16:15,240 That's what it's all about. 232 00:16:16,280 --> 00:16:17,680 To save face. 233 00:16:19,080 --> 00:16:23,440 Justice? I don't think them people in there have got the intelligence 234 00:16:23,475 --> 00:16:27,320 nor the honesty to spell the word, never mind dispense it. 235 00:16:27,355 --> 00:16:29,205 They're rotten. 236 00:16:29,240 --> 00:16:32,360 But there were others, also at the heart of power in Britain, 237 00:16:32,395 --> 00:16:35,240 who seemed to have lost all contact with reality. 238 00:16:36,560 --> 00:16:40,405 The intelligence agencies, from MI6 to GCHQ, 239 00:16:40,440 --> 00:16:44,380 whose job was to watch and monitor what was happening in the world, 240 00:16:44,415 --> 00:16:48,320 had completely failed to predict the collapse of the Soviet Union. 241 00:16:50,360 --> 00:16:53,400 Mrs Thatcher, who had supported the spies throughout the 1980s, 242 00:16:53,435 --> 00:16:55,845 was shocked. 243 00:16:55,880 --> 00:16:57,960 Her foreign policy adviser wrote... 244 00:16:59,000 --> 00:17:01,880 "All that intelligence that they gave us didn't tell us 245 00:17:01,915 --> 00:17:03,480 "the one thing we needed to know. 246 00:17:04,600 --> 00:17:06,840 "That the Soviet Union was about to collapse." 247 00:17:08,160 --> 00:17:09,725 It was a colossal failure 248 00:17:09,760 --> 00:17:12,720 of the whole Western system of intelligence. 249 00:17:14,840 --> 00:17:18,000 But some of the spies still didn't believe what was happening. 250 00:17:19,280 --> 00:17:23,240 Sir Percy Cradock was head of the Joint Intelligence Committee. 251 00:17:23,275 --> 00:17:25,960 Despite everything, he was convinced the Soviets were just 252 00:17:25,995 --> 00:17:27,480 faking the collapse. 253 00:17:28,720 --> 00:17:31,725 They were just up to their usual tricks. 254 00:17:31,760 --> 00:17:34,200 They were still planning to take over the world. 255 00:17:41,280 --> 00:17:44,645 Both Britain and America were societies that had been 256 00:17:44,680 --> 00:17:49,720 built on empire and conquest through violence and the exercise of power. 257 00:17:50,960 --> 00:17:54,280 But neither of them had ever faced up to this. 258 00:17:54,315 --> 00:17:57,565 And instead, they had both built dreamlike myths 259 00:17:57,600 --> 00:18:01,880 about their exceptionalism, to shield and protect themselves. 260 00:18:03,240 --> 00:18:06,560 But in both cases, those myths were rooted in fear. 261 00:18:13,360 --> 00:18:16,260 In Britain at the start of the 20th century, 262 00:18:16,295 --> 00:18:19,125 not only were those in charge frightened by what 263 00:18:19,160 --> 00:18:23,280 they had done abroad, with the slave trade and in China, 264 00:18:23,315 --> 00:18:27,525 they now had a feeling that it was coming closer, 265 00:18:27,560 --> 00:18:31,960 that something dangerous might also be happening inside England itself. 266 00:18:34,720 --> 00:18:37,600 The Empire had led to giant industrial cities 267 00:18:37,635 --> 00:18:40,325 rising up all across England. 268 00:18:40,360 --> 00:18:43,680 They were dark, frightening places where millions of people 269 00:18:43,715 --> 00:18:45,320 lived in appalling conditions. 270 00:18:47,240 --> 00:18:50,880 What alarmed those in charge was the violence and the anger that 271 00:18:50,915 --> 00:18:54,240 was building up there among what was called the masses. 272 00:18:56,440 --> 00:19:00,360 But the danger also seemed to come from the top of society as well. 273 00:19:02,320 --> 00:19:06,800 From the new industrialists and bankers, who ran the global empire. 274 00:19:06,835 --> 00:19:08,960 They also seemed to be out of control. 275 00:19:10,520 --> 00:19:13,220 There was a wave of financial scandals 276 00:19:13,255 --> 00:19:15,920 and no-one seemed to be able to stop them. 277 00:19:15,955 --> 00:19:17,800 The novelist EM Forster wrote... 278 00:19:18,880 --> 00:19:22,560 "England is being menaced by the inner darkness in high places 279 00:19:22,595 --> 00:19:25,320 "that has come with this commercial age." 280 00:19:36,440 --> 00:19:39,205 Trapped by what they saw as a danger below 281 00:19:39,240 --> 00:19:42,960 and corruption above, the middle classes retreated. 282 00:19:44,040 --> 00:19:48,160 They turned away into another imaginary version of England, 283 00:19:48,195 --> 00:19:50,480 where there were none of these threats. 284 00:19:52,040 --> 00:19:55,360 It was invented for them by a whole generation of writers, 285 00:19:55,395 --> 00:19:57,925 artists and musicians who, 286 00:19:57,960 --> 00:20:00,285 in an act of collective imagination, 287 00:20:00,320 --> 00:20:03,680 created a complete dream image of England's past... 288 00:20:05,080 --> 00:20:07,520 ..one that still haunts the country today. 289 00:20:12,520 --> 00:20:15,960 At its heart was a vision of a natural order in the countryside, 290 00:20:15,995 --> 00:20:17,520 outside the cities. 291 00:20:18,880 --> 00:20:21,400 One of the key figures was a man called Cecil Sharp. 292 00:20:22,600 --> 00:20:26,325 He travelled through England recording old songs, 293 00:20:26,360 --> 00:20:30,520 and he filmed himself and his friends learning old rural dances. 294 00:20:42,360 --> 00:20:46,000 Sharp made it absolutely clear that this was a political project. 295 00:20:47,320 --> 00:20:50,800 His aim was to create a new kind of English nationalism 296 00:20:50,835 --> 00:20:53,680 which had, at its heart, the idea of the folk. 297 00:20:55,720 --> 00:20:59,760 It was a concept that he had taken from German nationalism - 298 00:20:59,795 --> 00:21:03,485 the innocent rural people and their culture. 299 00:21:03,520 --> 00:21:06,380 Now, is the sort of dancing he does the dancing that would have been 300 00:21:06,415 --> 00:21:09,240 done around here...? Yeah, there's a lot of that done in the pubs. 301 00:21:09,275 --> 00:21:13,400 Do-do, do-do, do-diddly-do... 302 00:21:16,560 --> 00:21:19,800 What was implicit in Sharp's vision was that it was 303 00:21:19,835 --> 00:21:22,440 an England before mass democracy had come. 304 00:21:23,760 --> 00:21:27,120 An England where villagers lived in harmony and safety, 305 00:21:27,155 --> 00:21:29,520 taken care of by the lord of the manor. 306 00:21:30,800 --> 00:21:33,000 I've never seen a thing like this before in my life. 307 00:21:33,035 --> 00:21:35,640 What do you call him? I call it Dancing Doll. 308 00:21:39,640 --> 00:21:41,845 Sharp was not alone. 309 00:21:41,880 --> 00:21:45,640 In 1914, a festival was started in Glastonbury. 310 00:21:46,640 --> 00:21:48,760 It ran every year until 1927. 311 00:21:50,000 --> 00:21:52,645 It was organised by Rutland Boughton, 312 00:21:52,680 --> 00:21:55,640 who wanted it to be the centre of this new English culture. 313 00:21:58,040 --> 00:22:00,200 He composed an opera for the festival, 314 00:22:00,235 --> 00:22:02,040 which became a national sensation. 315 00:22:03,240 --> 00:22:05,560 It was called The Immortal Hour. 316 00:22:06,800 --> 00:22:09,520 It is set in a dark, mysterious wood, 317 00:22:09,555 --> 00:22:12,240 where there are powerful, ancient forces. 318 00:22:13,680 --> 00:22:17,680 They can be frightening, but they are also a way of connecting 319 00:22:17,715 --> 00:22:20,640 with a forgotten natural order of power in England. 320 00:22:22,680 --> 00:22:24,520 They are the lordly ones. 321 00:22:28,400 --> 00:22:32,040 * How beautiful they are 322 00:22:32,075 --> 00:22:34,325 * The lordly ones 323 00:22:34,360 --> 00:22:37,920 * Who dwell in the hills 324 00:22:37,955 --> 00:22:41,445 * In the hollow hills 325 00:22:41,480 --> 00:22:45,000 * They have faces like flowers 326 00:22:45,035 --> 00:22:48,485 * And their breath is a wind 327 00:22:48,520 --> 00:22:52,400 * That blows o'er the summer meadows 328 00:22:52,435 --> 00:22:56,680 * Filled with dewy clover 329 00:23:03,560 --> 00:23:10,720 * Their limbs are more white than shafts of moonshine 330 00:23:10,755 --> 00:23:16,737 * They are more fleet than the March wind 331 00:23:16,772 --> 00:23:22,720 * They laugh and are glad and are terrible 332 00:23:24,080 --> 00:23:27,880 * When their lances shake and glitter 333 00:23:27,915 --> 00:23:31,360 * Ev'ry green reed quivers. * 334 00:23:39,720 --> 00:23:42,960 This is a story that begins in any part of America, 335 00:23:42,995 --> 00:23:44,645 wherever you may be. 336 00:23:44,680 --> 00:23:47,920 It's a story that begins at your front door, on the street 337 00:23:47,955 --> 00:23:51,560 where you live, in your town or village or city, 338 00:23:51,595 --> 00:23:54,005 somewhere in America. 339 00:23:54,040 --> 00:23:56,925 And paths enchanted that lead to the wonderful pages 340 00:23:56,960 --> 00:24:01,120 of a storybook, that tell the story of America, the beautiful. 341 00:24:03,040 --> 00:24:06,840 Unlike Britain, America had emerged from the First World War 342 00:24:06,875 --> 00:24:09,360 as the most powerful country in the world. 343 00:24:10,480 --> 00:24:14,020 Its president, Woodrow Wilson, had a vision that America should 344 00:24:14,055 --> 00:24:17,560 now use that power to spread democracy all around the globe. 345 00:24:19,160 --> 00:24:23,000 Behind this was a belief in what was called American exceptionalism... 346 00:24:24,160 --> 00:24:26,165 ..that the country was special, 347 00:24:26,200 --> 00:24:28,400 not like the old corrupt empires of Europe. 348 00:24:29,680 --> 00:24:32,760 And it could use that specialness to remake the world. 349 00:24:36,360 --> 00:24:40,080 But the Republicans who controlled Congress refused to back Wilson. 350 00:24:41,360 --> 00:24:44,760 They thought that such a crusade would end up corrupting America... 351 00:24:46,240 --> 00:24:49,200 ..and Wilson's dream of a globalised democracy collapsed. 352 00:24:51,360 --> 00:24:55,080 Instead, the American economy went into a severe depression. 353 00:24:55,115 --> 00:24:57,885 In a growing mood of fear, there were race riots, 354 00:24:57,920 --> 00:25:01,120 as whites turned on the black communities in the cities. 355 00:25:03,400 --> 00:25:08,080 In 1921, a white mob attacked the black areas in the city of Tulsa... 356 00:25:08,115 --> 00:25:10,405 ..and destroyed them. 357 00:25:10,440 --> 00:25:12,800 They even used aircraft to drop bombs. 358 00:25:14,800 --> 00:25:17,200 Out of this fear came an organisation 359 00:25:17,235 --> 00:25:18,920 called the Ku Klux Klan. 360 00:25:20,800 --> 00:25:23,840 The Klan had first been formed after the American Civil War... 361 00:25:24,920 --> 00:25:26,680 ..but now it re-emerged. 362 00:25:28,280 --> 00:25:32,360 The Klan also believed in the idea of America's exceptionalism. 363 00:25:33,440 --> 00:25:36,960 They took that myth and turned it into something frightening 364 00:25:36,995 --> 00:25:39,205 and violent, 365 00:25:39,240 --> 00:25:41,965 and they used it to protect themselves against 366 00:25:42,000 --> 00:25:44,880 the perceived threat of a growing black population. 367 00:25:46,520 --> 00:25:50,200 The model for this dark and hateful version came from a feature film 368 00:25:50,235 --> 00:25:53,400 made in 1915 called The Birth Of A Nation. 369 00:25:54,880 --> 00:25:57,485 It was an epic that caused a sensation, 370 00:25:57,520 --> 00:26:00,240 reaching a wider audience than any film had ever done. 371 00:26:02,480 --> 00:26:05,720 The director, DW Griffith, had based the film 372 00:26:05,755 --> 00:26:07,680 on a novel called The Clansman. 373 00:26:09,280 --> 00:26:11,645 The image of the clansman in both the book 374 00:26:11,680 --> 00:26:15,560 and in the film was of white-robed figures with burning crosses. 375 00:26:17,400 --> 00:26:20,680 These had nothing to do with anything real in America's past. 376 00:26:22,480 --> 00:26:25,005 Instead, the novelist had invented them 377 00:26:25,040 --> 00:26:29,240 from a romantic vision of an old Scotland and Scottish clans 378 00:26:29,275 --> 00:26:33,440 that were portrayed in the novels of Sir Walter Scott... 379 00:26:34,680 --> 00:26:37,160 ..which Scott himself had just made up. 380 00:26:40,160 --> 00:26:43,600 Again, like in England, it was a vision of a stable society 381 00:26:43,635 --> 00:26:47,000 watched over and protected by benevolent leaders. 382 00:26:49,840 --> 00:26:52,365 Figures from a feudal time, 383 00:26:52,400 --> 00:26:57,400 a time before mass democracy and all its dangers and uncertainties. 384 00:27:06,680 --> 00:27:10,320 In real life, the new Klan then copied the costumes 385 00:27:10,355 --> 00:27:12,800 and imitated the rituals from the film... 386 00:27:14,120 --> 00:27:16,560 ..and it quickly became a mass organisation. 387 00:27:18,400 --> 00:27:21,480 By 1925, the Klan had five million members... 388 00:27:22,920 --> 00:27:26,120 ..and the political power to mount a mass march on Washington. 389 00:27:28,320 --> 00:27:31,080 They called themselves the Invisible Empire. 390 00:27:33,080 --> 00:27:35,925 The Klan had a powerful appeal to whites, 391 00:27:35,960 --> 00:27:38,760 frightened of the blacks in the ever-expanding cities. 392 00:27:40,400 --> 00:27:44,200 And they also revived fears of the Chinese, the Yellow Peril. 393 00:27:46,480 --> 00:27:49,240 What the clansmen were doing was retreating 394 00:27:49,275 --> 00:27:51,480 into a mythical version of the past. 395 00:27:52,680 --> 00:27:54,320 It gave them a sense of power... 396 00:27:55,520 --> 00:27:58,000 ..and of being part of a natural order. 397 00:28:06,040 --> 00:28:10,125 And in Britain, the belief in the idea of a natural order 398 00:28:10,160 --> 00:28:14,640 of power continued to grow, even as the real power was declining. 399 00:28:18,240 --> 00:28:21,400 And this deluded confidence was going to have very strange 400 00:28:21,435 --> 00:28:23,880 consequences for the whole world. 401 00:28:33,480 --> 00:28:37,080 After the First World War, a group of upper-class English men 402 00:28:37,115 --> 00:28:40,557 and women were sent to Baghdad to create a new country 403 00:28:40,592 --> 00:28:44,000 out of the ruins of what had been the Ottoman Empire. 404 00:28:45,320 --> 00:28:47,560 The most famous was Gertrude Bell. 405 00:28:48,760 --> 00:28:52,160 She was the daughter of a baronet and had been a famous explorer. 406 00:28:54,120 --> 00:28:57,040 Almost immediately, hundreds of thousands of Arabs rose up, 407 00:28:57,075 --> 00:28:58,480 demanding independence. 408 00:29:00,360 --> 00:29:03,165 The British had been financially broken by the war, 409 00:29:03,200 --> 00:29:07,400 so they invented a new and cheap way of suppressing the insurgency. 410 00:29:08,640 --> 00:29:10,880 They used aircraft to bomb the rebels. 411 00:29:12,080 --> 00:29:14,280 They called it aerial policing... 412 00:29:15,440 --> 00:29:19,600 ..and they took back control and set about creating the new country, 413 00:29:19,635 --> 00:29:21,000 called Iraq. 414 00:29:23,840 --> 00:29:25,765 But because there was no money, 415 00:29:25,800 --> 00:29:28,520 the group could also not afford to survey the country. 416 00:29:30,040 --> 00:29:33,605 Instead, with no information, Bell and the others 417 00:29:33,640 --> 00:29:37,680 simply projected onto the Arabs that powerful, romantic dream 418 00:29:37,715 --> 00:29:39,520 of an old England. 419 00:29:41,920 --> 00:29:45,080 They decided that the middle classes in the cities, who had run 420 00:29:45,115 --> 00:29:47,120 the country under the Ottoman Empire, 421 00:29:47,155 --> 00:29:48,920 were corrupt and untrustworthy... 422 00:29:50,320 --> 00:29:52,920 ..which meant that they had to be excluded from power. 423 00:29:54,640 --> 00:29:58,080 Instead, power should be given to the sheiks who ruled 424 00:29:58,115 --> 00:29:59,960 the tribes out in the countryside. 425 00:30:01,320 --> 00:30:05,045 To the British, the sheiks represented the true Iraq, 426 00:30:05,080 --> 00:30:09,240 because they hadn't been infected by the corruption of the modern world. 427 00:30:09,275 --> 00:30:12,157 Their system was one of a natural order, 428 00:30:12,192 --> 00:30:15,040 just like in the England of the past. 429 00:30:16,080 --> 00:30:20,180 "The sheiks", said Gertrude Bell, "are like great aristocrats. 430 00:30:20,215 --> 00:30:24,280 "They will run a system that will maintain a natural equilibrium." 431 00:30:26,160 --> 00:30:28,700 The truth was that this picture of Iraq 432 00:30:28,735 --> 00:30:31,240 was completely detached from reality. 433 00:30:32,720 --> 00:30:35,525 The sheiks were really marginal figures, 434 00:30:35,560 --> 00:30:38,200 while the Ottomans had begun to create a modern, 435 00:30:38,235 --> 00:30:40,520 progressive society in the cities. 436 00:30:41,880 --> 00:30:44,645 The British now tore that apart, 437 00:30:44,680 --> 00:30:49,120 and replaced it with a strange dream that had nothing to do with 438 00:30:49,155 --> 00:30:52,360 the complex, multilayered society in front of their eyes... 439 00:30:53,800 --> 00:30:58,000 ..but was really rooted in the strange, dark fears that were rising 440 00:30:58,035 --> 00:31:01,440 up in Britain itself as its power declined. 441 00:31:04,440 --> 00:31:08,520 Then, in 1932, the British, facing an economic crisis at home, 442 00:31:08,555 --> 00:31:10,720 packed up and went... 443 00:31:12,200 --> 00:31:17,440 ..leaving behind them a completely unreal and unstable society. 444 00:31:35,200 --> 00:31:38,720 DOLLS CHATTER AND LAUGH 445 00:31:54,000 --> 00:31:56,720 * I know that it is freezing 446 00:31:56,755 --> 00:31:59,440 * But I think we have to walk 447 00:32:03,040 --> 00:32:05,125 * I keep waving at the taxis 448 00:32:05,160 --> 00:32:08,280 * They keep turning their lights off 449 00:32:11,800 --> 00:32:14,005 * But Julie knows a party 450 00:32:14,040 --> 00:32:17,400 * At some actor's West Side loft 451 00:32:20,360 --> 00:32:22,880 * Supplies are endless in the evening 452 00:32:22,915 --> 00:32:26,160 * By the morning they'll be gone 453 00:32:29,320 --> 00:32:32,240 * I got a flask inside my pocket 454 00:32:32,275 --> 00:32:35,160 * We can share it on the train 455 00:32:38,720 --> 00:32:41,320 * And if you promise to stay conscious 456 00:32:41,355 --> 00:32:44,640 * I will try and do the same 457 00:32:47,920 --> 00:32:50,840 * Well, we might die from medication 458 00:32:50,875 --> 00:32:53,760 * But we sure killed all the pain 459 00:32:57,280 --> 00:32:59,600 * But what was normal in the evening 460 00:32:59,635 --> 00:33:03,000 * By the morning seems insane 461 00:33:06,240 --> 00:33:11,000 * And I'm not sure what the trouble was 462 00:33:11,035 --> 00:33:15,725 * That started all of this 463 00:33:15,760 --> 00:33:19,740 * The reasons all have run away 464 00:33:19,775 --> 00:33:23,720 * But the feeling never did 465 00:33:25,120 --> 00:33:31,440 * It's not something I would recommend 466 00:33:31,475 --> 00:33:34,920 * But it is one way to live 467 00:33:38,400 --> 00:33:40,960 * Cos what is simple in the moonlight 468 00:33:40,995 --> 00:33:44,280 * By the morning never is. * 469 00:33:45,640 --> 00:33:48,080 We have located the Doctor. 470 00:34:02,720 --> 00:34:05,560 At the same time as large numbers of factories began to 471 00:34:05,595 --> 00:34:08,920 close across America, a new drug was created. 472 00:34:10,560 --> 00:34:13,920 It was made by a company that had been founded by Arthur Sackler. 473 00:34:15,520 --> 00:34:20,040 In the 1970s, Sackler had marketed the drug Valium to deal with 474 00:34:20,075 --> 00:34:23,000 the feelings of anxiety and loneliness in the suburbs. 475 00:34:25,280 --> 00:34:28,780 He had died in the 1980s, but in the mid-'90s 476 00:34:28,815 --> 00:34:32,280 his company released a new drug called OxyContin. 477 00:34:34,600 --> 00:34:38,600 It was a synthetic form of opium, and it was sold as a painkiller. 478 00:34:42,520 --> 00:34:46,320 But then, workers who were being laid off as the factories closed 479 00:34:46,355 --> 00:34:49,480 found that they got more benefits if they were disabled... 480 00:34:50,960 --> 00:34:53,280 EXPLOSION Oh, shit! 481 00:34:55,080 --> 00:34:58,160 ..so they went to their doctors and said they were injured. 482 00:34:59,360 --> 00:35:01,440 And the doctors gave them OxyContin. 483 00:35:02,960 --> 00:35:06,045 They got their benefits, 484 00:35:06,080 --> 00:35:09,840 but they also discovered that OxyContin made them feel safe, 485 00:35:09,875 --> 00:35:13,720 in a bubble, protected from the anxieties and fears 486 00:35:13,755 --> 00:35:16,360 of the new post-industrial world. 487 00:35:32,600 --> 00:35:34,245 CLOCK CHIMES 488 00:35:34,280 --> 00:35:37,485 In the 1950s, as the Empire collapsed around them, 489 00:35:37,520 --> 00:35:41,720 the British Government saw the intelligence agencies as one of 490 00:35:41,755 --> 00:35:45,320 the few ways in which Britain could still remain powerful 491 00:35:45,355 --> 00:35:47,525 around the world. 492 00:35:47,560 --> 00:35:51,840 In the public's eyes, the spies were powerful, glamorous figures, 493 00:35:51,875 --> 00:35:54,765 epitomised by James Bond, 494 00:35:54,800 --> 00:35:57,600 who proved that Britain still had global power. 495 00:36:01,600 --> 00:36:05,600 In reality, MI6 was full of communists who kept defecting 496 00:36:05,635 --> 00:36:07,360 to the Soviet Union... 497 00:36:09,600 --> 00:36:13,440 ..while MI5, whose job was to catch such traitors, 498 00:36:13,475 --> 00:36:16,725 hadn't caught one for years. 499 00:36:16,760 --> 00:36:21,760 A tough police chief from Glasgow was sent in to reform MI5, 500 00:36:21,795 --> 00:36:25,320 but the agents would only talk to him in Latin, 501 00:36:25,355 --> 00:36:27,405 which he didn't understand. 502 00:36:27,440 --> 00:36:31,160 He gave up, and told his wife that it was like working in a madhouse. 503 00:36:32,960 --> 00:36:36,920 Then MI5 was told by the Americans that one of its own agents 504 00:36:36,955 --> 00:36:38,485 was also a traitor. 505 00:36:38,520 --> 00:36:41,925 Surveyor of the Queen's pictures, Sir Anthony Blunt. 506 00:36:41,960 --> 00:36:45,200 He, of course, is here. Sir Anthony, if we are going to... 507 00:36:45,235 --> 00:36:49,840 MI5 asked Blunt if he was spying for the Russians. 508 00:36:49,875 --> 00:36:52,045 He said yes, he was, 509 00:36:52,080 --> 00:36:56,260 so to avoid embarrassing the Queen, they gave him total immunity 510 00:36:56,295 --> 00:37:00,440 from prosecution and let him carry on working at Buckingham Palace. 511 00:37:00,475 --> 00:37:03,085 The negro is ticking under the picture. 512 00:37:03,120 --> 00:37:05,880 I've been listening to him while you were talking. 513 00:37:05,915 --> 00:37:08,165 And it is indeed a clock. Yes. 514 00:37:08,200 --> 00:37:11,845 And the mechanism is peculiar because the actual time, 515 00:37:11,880 --> 00:37:14,520 if you want to know the time, you have to look into the eyes. 516 00:37:14,555 --> 00:37:18,405 John le Carre had worked as a spy for MI6, 517 00:37:18,440 --> 00:37:22,480 and the experience made him understand what this secret world 518 00:37:22,515 --> 00:37:25,005 was really about - 519 00:37:25,040 --> 00:37:28,620 that, in a country whose power had collapsed, 520 00:37:28,655 --> 00:37:31,967 leaving only a drab, decaying reality all around, 521 00:37:32,002 --> 00:37:35,280 the spies had managed to recreate a magical world 522 00:37:35,315 --> 00:37:38,737 where they could go anywhere they wanted, 523 00:37:38,772 --> 00:37:42,126 bug, burgle, and even assassinate people 524 00:37:42,161 --> 00:37:45,480 without any fear of judgment or control, 525 00:37:45,515 --> 00:37:47,120 just like in the Empire. 526 00:37:48,720 --> 00:37:53,125 There is something delicious about being told, 527 00:37:53,160 --> 00:37:55,840 "Now, we're going to have to burgle that house tonight, 528 00:37:55,875 --> 00:37:58,485 "and what we'll do is we'll have a policeman outside, 529 00:37:58,520 --> 00:38:01,240 "and while the owners of the house are away, in case they come back, 530 00:38:01,275 --> 00:38:03,560 "the policeman will say, 'I'm sorry, you can't come in. 531 00:38:03,595 --> 00:38:06,485 "'We've had a burglary report on your premises.'" 532 00:38:06,520 --> 00:38:11,320 And these larcenous instincts which are put to the service 533 00:38:11,355 --> 00:38:14,037 of the Crown had a voluptuous quality in the sense 534 00:38:14,072 --> 00:38:16,720 that this was a necessary sacrifice of morality. 535 00:38:18,480 --> 00:38:23,420 I really believed at last that I had found a cause I could serve. 536 00:38:23,455 --> 00:38:28,360 I also longed for the dignity which great secrecy confers upon you. 537 00:38:35,360 --> 00:38:36,840 KNOCK AT DOOR 538 00:38:41,000 --> 00:38:43,440 NO AUDIBLE DIALOGUE 539 00:39:26,600 --> 00:39:30,040 In America, the spies and their secret operations 540 00:39:30,075 --> 00:39:32,320 were also being used to maintain a fiction. 541 00:39:33,960 --> 00:39:35,805 Ever since the Second World War, 542 00:39:35,840 --> 00:39:39,520 the American Government had been using the CIA to manipulate 543 00:39:39,555 --> 00:39:43,157 and overthrow the governments of many other countries. 544 00:39:43,192 --> 00:39:46,836 One of the most senior members of the US State Department, 545 00:39:46,871 --> 00:39:50,480 Hans Morgenthau, had given this hidden system of power a name. 546 00:39:51,880 --> 00:39:53,720 He called it the dual state. 547 00:39:55,440 --> 00:39:57,845 America had to do this, Morgenthau said, 548 00:39:57,880 --> 00:40:01,400 because of the harsh realities of power in the world. 549 00:40:02,920 --> 00:40:05,645 But it had to be kept secret from the people, 550 00:40:05,680 --> 00:40:09,880 because revealing it would undermine their belief in democracy 551 00:40:09,915 --> 00:40:13,325 and in their exceptionalism, 552 00:40:13,360 --> 00:40:16,520 a belief that was essential in the Cold War. 553 00:40:17,920 --> 00:40:21,660 From the 1950s onwards, the CIA rigged elections, 554 00:40:21,695 --> 00:40:25,365 destabilised governments through fake information, 555 00:40:25,400 --> 00:40:32,400 and organised violent coups in Italy, Greece, Syria, Iran, 556 00:40:32,435 --> 00:40:36,920 Guatemala, South Vietnam, Indonesia, and Chile. 557 00:40:38,960 --> 00:40:43,880 In all, the United States ran covert operations to overthrow 558 00:40:43,915 --> 00:40:48,800 66 foreign governments, and in 26 cases, they succeeded. 559 00:40:51,200 --> 00:40:55,040 Morgenthau believed that this secrecy was creating a dangerous 560 00:40:55,075 --> 00:40:57,445 time bomb at the heart of America, 561 00:40:57,480 --> 00:41:00,720 and in the mid-1960s, details started to leak out. 562 00:41:02,120 --> 00:41:05,420 One of the senior members of the CIA, Miles Copeland, 563 00:41:05,455 --> 00:41:08,720 revealed that he had been involved in organising coups 564 00:41:08,755 --> 00:41:12,600 throughout the world, starting in Syria in 1951. 565 00:41:14,000 --> 00:41:17,900 It seems to confirm from the inside, many of the people's fears, 566 00:41:17,935 --> 00:41:21,887 worst fears, about the way in which American policy is conducted, 567 00:41:21,922 --> 00:41:25,840 for example, plotting to overthrow the Syrian Government and others. 568 00:41:25,875 --> 00:41:28,800 Do you think that's a useful way of conducting foreign policy? 569 00:41:28,835 --> 00:41:31,077 Keith, I'm not going to make a moral judgment. 570 00:41:31,112 --> 00:41:33,320 I've simply described the way things are done. 571 00:41:33,355 --> 00:41:35,285 It is true. Now, let me finish. 572 00:41:35,320 --> 00:41:39,440 It is true that in many cases, we would sit around, in our attics 573 00:41:39,475 --> 00:41:42,417 of the State Department, and we would have long discussions. 574 00:41:42,452 --> 00:41:45,360 "Our government does not interfere in the internal affairs 575 00:41:45,395 --> 00:41:46,845 "of a sovereign nation." 576 00:41:46,880 --> 00:41:50,040 And we meant that from the bottom of our hearts, and then we'd say, 577 00:41:50,075 --> 00:41:52,480 "But this is one case where we have to", 578 00:41:52,515 --> 00:41:54,725 and so we had to try to decide 579 00:41:54,760 --> 00:41:57,760 how to do what it was we said was against our policy to do. 580 00:41:57,795 --> 00:42:00,600 And we did, in fact, interfere in internal affairs 581 00:42:00,635 --> 00:42:02,560 of many sovereign nations. 582 00:42:05,680 --> 00:42:08,480 Wherever he walked, all hell broke loose. 583 00:42:10,200 --> 00:42:11,800 SCREAMING 584 00:42:14,400 --> 00:42:18,200 Across all the Orient, the flames of violence leaped. 585 00:42:18,235 --> 00:42:21,497 Was the quiet stranger the torch? 586 00:42:21,532 --> 00:42:24,725 10.000 mysteries swirled about him. 587 00:42:24,760 --> 00:42:28,840 Wherever danger exploded, they found the quiet American. 588 00:42:30,320 --> 00:42:35,040 And in 1961, the CIA decided to overthrow a government 589 00:42:35,075 --> 00:42:38,080 in the heart of Africa, in the Congo. 590 00:42:40,400 --> 00:42:44,760 200 years before, the Congo had been at the centre of the slave trade. 591 00:42:46,360 --> 00:42:49,920 Millions of Africans had been forcibly taken down the river 592 00:42:49,955 --> 00:42:52,285 and shipped to America, 593 00:42:52,320 --> 00:42:56,080 where their forced labour fuelled America's rise to economic power. 594 00:42:59,320 --> 00:43:02,285 Now the country had been given independence by its old 595 00:43:02,320 --> 00:43:07,360 colonial rulers, the Belgians, but it was completely unprepared, 596 00:43:07,395 --> 00:43:09,680 and had collapsed into violence. 597 00:43:15,960 --> 00:43:19,005 The CIA were frightened that the new Prime Minister, 598 00:43:19,040 --> 00:43:24,320 Patrice Lumumba, was about to turn for help to the Soviet Union. 599 00:43:24,355 --> 00:43:27,640 It meant that the Russians might take control of the 600 00:43:27,675 --> 00:43:30,765 giant copper mines in the south of the country. 601 00:43:30,800 --> 00:43:34,160 The copper was crucial to the new electronic systems 602 00:43:34,195 --> 00:43:37,725 and computers that the Americans were building. 603 00:43:37,760 --> 00:43:41,120 They were the foundations of America's new wealth and power... 604 00:43:44,240 --> 00:43:48,880 ..and the CIA helped Lumumba's opponents capture and kill him. 605 00:43:52,040 --> 00:43:55,720 And they helped install a dictator in his place. 606 00:43:55,755 --> 00:43:57,645 He was called Colonel Mobutu, 607 00:43:57,680 --> 00:44:01,440 whose brutal regime the Americans would support for the next 30 years. 608 00:44:03,440 --> 00:44:06,245 Rather than establishing a democracy, 609 00:44:06,280 --> 00:44:09,205 what the Americans had found themselves doing was continuing 610 00:44:09,240 --> 00:44:14,920 the instability that had been created by the old European empires, 611 00:44:14,955 --> 00:44:17,200 and then they did the same in Iraq. 612 00:44:21,920 --> 00:44:27,120 In 1963, agents from the CIA came to Baghdad to plan another coup. 613 00:44:28,760 --> 00:44:32,400 One idea was to secretly poison the communists in the government... 614 00:44:34,160 --> 00:44:38,400 ..but the country the British had created was by now so unstable 615 00:44:38,435 --> 00:44:40,645 that before the Americans could act, 616 00:44:40,680 --> 00:44:43,160 the Ba'ath Party mounted their own coup. 617 00:44:47,280 --> 00:44:50,165 The streets of ancient Baghdad become the scene of a short 618 00:44:50,200 --> 00:44:53,600 but decisive revolution that topples the pro-communist government 619 00:44:53,635 --> 00:44:57,237 of Premier Abd al-Karim Qasim, shown here on the right. 620 00:44:57,272 --> 00:45:00,805 A six-man military junta seizes power on a holy day, 621 00:45:00,840 --> 00:45:03,880 and within hours, the premier, who reportedly had executed 622 00:45:03,915 --> 00:45:06,965 10.000 people, is himself shot. 623 00:45:07,000 --> 00:45:10,240 But the American agents supported and helped the overthrow. 624 00:45:11,720 --> 00:45:15,440 They even gave one of the young Ba'ath Party members, Saddam Hussein, 625 00:45:15,475 --> 00:45:18,445 a list of communists in Iraq. 626 00:45:18,480 --> 00:45:21,680 Saddam Hussein used it to execute thousands, 627 00:45:21,715 --> 00:45:23,960 and it began his rise to power. 628 00:45:25,760 --> 00:45:29,040 He later ordered a feature film to be made about his heroic role 629 00:45:29,075 --> 00:45:31,045 in the coup. 630 00:45:31,080 --> 00:45:34,680 It was made by the British director Terence Young, 631 00:45:34,715 --> 00:45:37,240 who had also made the James Bond film Dr No. 632 00:46:39,200 --> 00:46:44,400 When Deng Xiaoping died, the country he had created was growing fast, 633 00:46:44,435 --> 00:46:46,280 becoming more and more powerful. 634 00:46:47,920 --> 00:46:51,600 But those who took over knew there were threats. 635 00:46:51,635 --> 00:46:54,885 They were frightened of their people, 636 00:46:54,920 --> 00:46:58,240 because they knew that, having got rid of the communist ideals, 637 00:46:58,275 --> 00:47:01,605 they were now totally dependent on the economic system 638 00:47:01,640 --> 00:47:07,360 that Deng had created, but that had brought with it the growing force 639 00:47:07,395 --> 00:47:12,245 of individualism, a force that had the power to eat away 640 00:47:12,280 --> 00:47:16,400 at all the collective ideals that had held the society together. 641 00:47:23,160 --> 00:47:26,085 And outside China, they were increasingly frightened 642 00:47:26,120 --> 00:47:29,760 by the global financial system run by the Western bankers. 643 00:47:31,680 --> 00:47:34,245 The paranoia and suspicion about the West 644 00:47:34,280 --> 00:47:38,325 had gone very deep into the minds of the new rulers. 645 00:47:38,360 --> 00:47:42,560 But for the moment, the money from the West continued to pour in, 646 00:47:42,595 --> 00:47:44,320 and their power grew further. 647 00:47:46,280 --> 00:47:47,605 At the end of 1997, 648 00:47:47,640 --> 00:47:51,480 Britain had agreed to hand Hong Kong back to China. 649 00:47:53,160 --> 00:47:56,800 During the negotiations, the British had insisted that Hong Kong 650 00:47:56,835 --> 00:47:58,480 should remain democratic. 651 00:47:59,840 --> 00:48:02,205 The Chinese were shocked by this. 652 00:48:02,240 --> 00:48:05,125 They said it was completely hypocritical, 653 00:48:05,160 --> 00:48:09,800 because the British had never allowed democracy in Hong Kong. 654 00:48:09,835 --> 00:48:12,997 It had always been an authoritarian system, 655 00:48:13,032 --> 00:48:16,160 controlled by a brutal and racist police force. 656 00:48:22,600 --> 00:48:25,640 SHOUTING 657 00:48:28,200 --> 00:48:31,840 Who's got the mace? Chemical mace? Sergeant, mace! 658 00:48:33,280 --> 00:48:35,085 SHOUTING 659 00:48:35,120 --> 00:48:37,080 Get the fuck out of it, you little gobshite. 660 00:48:37,115 --> 00:48:38,325 Get out of it. 661 00:48:38,360 --> 00:48:40,040 He's got to be subdued, man. 662 00:48:42,320 --> 00:48:45,220 Get him! Hold him down! 663 00:48:45,255 --> 00:48:48,120 Get him down! On the floor! 664 00:48:49,840 --> 00:48:53,000 Come on, come on. Get him down. 665 00:48:58,440 --> 00:49:07,520 HEAVY BREATHING 666 00:49:12,080 --> 00:49:16,840 The British Government sent an envoy to negotiate with the Chinese. 667 00:49:16,875 --> 00:49:18,525 He was Sir Percy Cradock, 668 00:49:18,560 --> 00:49:20,840 who had finally accepted that the Cold War was over. 669 00:49:22,880 --> 00:49:24,365 But after the talks, 670 00:49:24,400 --> 00:49:26,600 Sir Percy announced that he agreed with the Chinese. 671 00:49:27,800 --> 00:49:31,320 The demand for democracy, he said, was difficult 672 00:49:31,355 --> 00:49:33,600 because when the British ruled Hong Kong, 673 00:49:33,635 --> 00:49:35,600 there had never been any democracy. 674 00:49:36,640 --> 00:49:39,240 Sir Percy was not invited to the handover. 675 00:49:41,160 --> 00:49:45,200 And in the pouring rain, Prince Charles watched as the Chinese 676 00:49:45,235 --> 00:49:49,240 said goodbye to the British by singing them a Rod Stewart song, 677 00:49:49,275 --> 00:49:50,640 Rhythm Of My Heart. 678 00:49:50,675 --> 00:49:53,200 THEY SING 679 00:49:58,280 --> 00:50:00,925 And despite the Chinese triumphalism, 680 00:50:00,960 --> 00:50:06,040 the BBC continued the fantasy of the special virtues of Britain's Empire. 681 00:50:06,075 --> 00:50:09,725 China is certainly jubilant about the return of this 682 00:50:09,760 --> 00:50:14,080 412 square miles of territory, and that jubilation is everywhere 683 00:50:14,115 --> 00:50:17,280 in Hong Kong, but as we've seen tonight, 684 00:50:17,315 --> 00:50:20,005 it isn't quite as simple as that. 685 00:50:20,040 --> 00:50:24,400 There's a genuine fondness for Britain's decent contribution here, 686 00:50:24,435 --> 00:50:27,285 a genuine fondness for the last governor, too. 687 00:50:27,320 --> 00:50:31,920 "He's family", as one Chinese Hong Kong-er described it to me. 688 00:50:46,800 --> 00:50:52,520 In 1998, the very thing the Chinese leaders were frightened of happened. 689 00:50:52,555 --> 00:50:56,725 The global financial system went out of control. 690 00:50:56,760 --> 00:51:00,720 It began in Thailand, where Western banks had been pouring 691 00:51:00,755 --> 00:51:03,040 millions of dollars into a property boom. 692 00:51:04,480 --> 00:51:06,125 Suddenly, the bubble burst, 693 00:51:06,160 --> 00:51:08,880 and developers defaulted on their loans. 694 00:51:10,480 --> 00:51:14,800 Western investors panicked, and rushed to get their money out. 695 00:51:16,080 --> 00:51:20,400 The crisis then spread all across East Asia to Korea and Indonesia. 696 00:51:22,840 --> 00:51:26,160 In every case, the country's exchange rate crashed, 697 00:51:26,195 --> 00:51:27,760 causing economic chaos. 698 00:51:30,800 --> 00:51:34,800 Indonesia's currency has collapsed, losing 80% of its value, 699 00:51:34,835 --> 00:51:36,285 and the economy is in ruins. 700 00:51:36,320 --> 00:51:39,440 With riots and looting breaking out across the country, 701 00:51:39,475 --> 00:51:42,525 there are fears that it's now on the brink of anarchy. 702 00:51:42,560 --> 00:51:47,380 The IMF gave huge loans to try and stabilise the countries. 703 00:51:47,415 --> 00:51:52,200 For a moment, it worked, but then the currencies crashed again 704 00:51:52,235 --> 00:51:54,725 as those dollars were used by Western banks 705 00:51:54,760 --> 00:51:58,600 to get the rest of their money out of the countries. 706 00:51:58,635 --> 00:52:01,000 It left the Asian societies in ruins. 707 00:52:02,440 --> 00:52:06,240 To the countries' leaders, this was the old corrupt imperialism 708 00:52:06,275 --> 00:52:08,160 returning in a modern form. 709 00:52:09,760 --> 00:52:14,160 Power corrupts, as much as government can become corrupt 710 00:52:14,195 --> 00:52:17,325 when invested with absolute power, 711 00:52:17,360 --> 00:52:23,600 markets also can become corrupt when equally absolutely powerful. 712 00:52:23,635 --> 00:52:27,997 We are seeing the effect of that absolute power today, 713 00:52:28,032 --> 00:52:32,360 the impoverishment and misery of millions of people 714 00:52:32,395 --> 00:52:34,320 and their eventual slavery. 715 00:52:35,520 --> 00:52:38,405 China managed to escape the crisis, 716 00:52:38,440 --> 00:52:41,485 but it seemed to confirm to the country's leaders 717 00:52:41,520 --> 00:52:45,780 that their paranoia about the Western conspiracy was right, 718 00:52:45,815 --> 00:52:49,987 that the West was prepared to use its economic power to loot 719 00:52:50,022 --> 00:52:54,160 and wreck the Asian countries, just as it had in the past. 720 00:52:55,480 --> 00:52:58,640 They decided that the only way to make China safe 721 00:52:58,675 --> 00:53:00,765 was to take control. 722 00:53:00,800 --> 00:53:04,400 The chairman, Jiang Zemin, instructed that all the dollars 723 00:53:04,435 --> 00:53:08,117 that China got from exporting their goods should be sent back 724 00:53:08,152 --> 00:53:11,800 to America and used to buy up the United States' Government debt. 725 00:53:13,960 --> 00:53:16,605 This would make the dollar rise in value, 726 00:53:16,640 --> 00:53:21,280 which meant that Chinese goods would be even cheaper, 727 00:53:21,315 --> 00:53:25,885 but it would also make interest rates in America low, 728 00:53:25,920 --> 00:53:30,080 which meant that people would borrow even more money from the banks, 729 00:53:30,115 --> 00:53:33,160 and buy even more Chinese goods. 730 00:53:33,195 --> 00:53:34,760 It was a virtuous circle. 731 00:53:37,080 --> 00:53:39,845 What the Chinese were doing was using the money 732 00:53:39,880 --> 00:53:43,940 to create a safe bubble, wrapped around the United States, 733 00:53:43,975 --> 00:53:48,000 that would stabilise the system, and so keep China safe. 734 00:53:50,280 --> 00:53:53,600 But in the process, the Chinese money would create the biggest 735 00:53:53,635 --> 00:53:57,917 consumer and property boom ever in history, 736 00:53:57,952 --> 00:54:02,165 and lead America into a protected dream world 737 00:54:02,200 --> 00:54:05,280 that was increasingly detached from the reality outside. 738 00:54:17,520 --> 00:54:22,760 And that dreamlike state was going to have extraordinary consequences, 739 00:54:22,795 --> 00:54:26,160 not just for America and China, but for the whole world. 740 00:54:40,360 --> 00:54:44,640 The city is going through its worst sandstorms in living memory. 741 00:54:44,675 --> 00:54:46,240 It's swathed the city in this... 742 00:54:47,720 --> 00:54:52,040 ..ochre colour, this blanket of red dust, it's raining now... 743 00:54:52,075 --> 00:54:53,485 It's literally raining mud. 744 00:54:53,520 --> 00:54:56,320 Just look at it. I mean, this used to be just completely full 745 00:54:56,355 --> 00:54:57,645 of the international press. 746 00:54:57,680 --> 00:55:00,320 I mean, there's still a lot a lot of foreign journalists here, 747 00:55:00,355 --> 00:55:05,360 but it's just blown apart by the worst sandstorms 748 00:55:05,395 --> 00:55:07,560 that people say is in living memory. 749 00:55:07,595 --> 00:55:08,925 Watch the cable. 750 00:55:08,960 --> 00:55:14,440 In 2003, America and Britain were preparing to invade Iraq. 751 00:55:14,475 --> 00:55:16,125 For George Bush and the Americans, 752 00:55:16,160 --> 00:55:19,880 the aim was to bring stability to the Middle East, 753 00:55:19,915 --> 00:55:22,000 but Tony Blair saw it in wider terms. 754 00:55:23,360 --> 00:55:25,800 It was part of a new kind of global intervention 755 00:55:25,835 --> 00:55:29,445 that was not like the empires of the past. 756 00:55:29,480 --> 00:55:33,600 Instead, it was a way of liberating millions of people from a brutal 757 00:55:33,635 --> 00:55:38,240 dictator, which would then allow them to become free democratic 758 00:55:38,275 --> 00:55:43,445 individuals, but there were people in Britain who knew the 759 00:55:43,480 --> 00:55:49,560 strange origins of Iraq, how 80 years before, English administrators 760 00:55:49,595 --> 00:55:53,480 had gone there and created a highly unstable society 761 00:55:53,515 --> 00:55:56,880 rooted in false dreams of England's past. 762 00:55:58,480 --> 00:56:02,485 A group of six historians came to see Tony Blair. 763 00:56:02,520 --> 00:56:06,960 They explained to him the complex reality of the different groups 764 00:56:06,995 --> 00:56:11,400 in Iraq, and how they could easily turn on the Western intervention. 765 00:56:11,435 --> 00:56:14,240 There was silence in the room. 766 00:56:14,275 --> 00:56:15,685 Tony Blair said, 767 00:56:15,720 --> 00:56:20,560 "Saddam Hussein is an evil man who needs to be removed", 768 00:56:20,595 --> 00:56:22,000 and the historians left. 769 00:56:25,080 --> 00:56:28,005 Then the spies came to see Tony Blair. 770 00:56:28,040 --> 00:56:32,400 They told him that there were hidden weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, 771 00:56:32,435 --> 00:56:33,800 which justified the invasion. 772 00:56:36,240 --> 00:56:41,240 But yet again, they were inventing a magical world of hidden threats... 773 00:56:43,280 --> 00:56:44,680 ..and the invasion began. 774 00:57:02,960 --> 00:57:06,520 By 2007, the war in Iraq had become a nightmare. 775 00:57:08,160 --> 00:57:12,640 The Americans were pouring nearly $1 billion in every day 776 00:57:12,675 --> 00:57:17,120 to keep a conflict going that no-one knew how to win. 777 00:57:20,720 --> 00:57:25,720 In the past, the Vietnam War had caused chaos at home in America, 778 00:57:25,755 --> 00:57:27,845 not just in the mass protests, 779 00:57:27,880 --> 00:57:31,840 but the cost of such a gigantic war had wrecked the American economy, 780 00:57:31,875 --> 00:57:34,320 with growing inflation and unemployment. 781 00:57:42,320 --> 00:57:47,080 The politicians had no idea how to deal with the economic chaos, 782 00:57:47,115 --> 00:57:51,840 and it, as much as the protests, had forced them to admit defeat 783 00:57:51,875 --> 00:57:53,440 and flee from Saigon. 784 00:57:57,560 --> 00:58:02,240 But now with the Iraq war, there was no effect on the economy, 785 00:58:02,275 --> 00:58:04,200 and there were no protests. 786 00:58:05,160 --> 00:58:08,085 The reason was the Chinese money. 787 00:58:08,120 --> 00:58:12,720 The Chinese continued to buy up more and more of the American 788 00:58:12,755 --> 00:58:17,320 Government debt, which meant that the consumer boom continued, 789 00:58:17,355 --> 00:58:19,557 and, safe in their protected bubble, 790 00:58:19,592 --> 00:58:21,760 few of the American people protested. 791 00:58:23,240 --> 00:58:28,805 The war was far away, and had no effect on their lives, 792 00:58:28,840 --> 00:58:33,360 which meant there was no pressure on the politicians to admit defeat, 793 00:58:33,395 --> 00:58:36,640 and that led them to try ever more desperate measures 794 00:58:36,675 --> 00:58:38,280 to achieve victory. 795 00:58:39,760 --> 00:58:43,400 But that desperation was going to awaken ghosts from the past 796 00:58:43,435 --> 00:58:46,880 that would return in a distorted and frightening form. 797 00:58:48,320 --> 00:58:52,560 Sheikh Abdul Sattar Abu Risha was the leader of one of the largest 798 00:58:52,595 --> 00:58:56,377 Sunni tribes in Anbar Province outside Baghdad. 799 00:58:56,412 --> 00:58:59,726 He came to the Americans and offered to help them. 800 00:58:59,761 --> 00:59:03,005 In return for large amounts of money, he said, 801 00:59:03,040 --> 00:59:06,885 his tribe would ally with the Americans and create a militia 802 00:59:06,920 --> 00:59:13,120 to fight against the insurgents, above all, against al-Qaida in Iraq. 803 00:59:13,155 --> 00:59:15,920 In desperation, the Americans agreed... 804 00:59:15,955 --> 00:59:18,640 Which tribe? 805 00:59:20,280 --> 00:59:24,005 ..and the idea quickly spread across the country - 806 00:59:24,040 --> 00:59:27,800 the Americans giving out millions of dollars to Sunni tribal leaders 807 00:59:27,835 --> 00:59:30,597 to create private armies. 808 00:59:30,632 --> 00:59:33,325 It was called the Awakening, 809 00:59:33,360 --> 00:59:36,040 and Sheikh Abu Risha became a heroic figure. 810 00:59:37,200 --> 00:59:39,565 When President Bush came to Iraq, 811 00:59:39,600 --> 00:59:43,040 he met the sheikh to thank him personally for saving the Americans. 812 00:59:48,360 --> 00:59:52,320 TRANSLATION: 813 01:00:21,360 --> 01:00:23,925 But what the Americans had found themselves doing 814 01:00:23,960 --> 01:00:28,200 was exactly the same as the British had done 80 years before. 815 01:00:28,235 --> 01:00:33,040 Faced by a complex society that they did not understand, 816 01:00:33,075 --> 01:00:36,440 they were turning to the tribes outside the cities 817 01:00:36,475 --> 01:00:39,085 and giving them power. 818 01:00:39,120 --> 01:00:43,640 They called the militias the Sons of Iraq, 819 01:00:43,675 --> 01:00:46,845 and it seemed to work, 820 01:00:46,880 --> 01:00:50,600 but in reality, it was going to lead to something even worse. 821 01:00:57,600 --> 01:01:01,980 Three years later, as the American troops prepared to leave Iraq, 822 01:01:02,015 --> 01:01:06,360 the money stopped, and the tribal leaders saw their power disappear. 823 01:01:08,880 --> 01:01:11,405 So they made a tactical decision - 824 01:01:11,440 --> 01:01:15,085 they turned and allied instead with the very people 825 01:01:15,120 --> 01:01:19,320 they had been fighting - the al-Qaida in Iraq jihadists. 826 01:01:19,355 --> 01:01:21,765 And out of that alliance came 827 01:01:21,800 --> 01:01:24,760 the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. 828 01:01:26,560 --> 01:01:30,440 ISIS was far more than just another version of al-Qaida in Iraq. 829 01:01:32,120 --> 01:01:35,045 Its public face were the jihadists, 830 01:01:35,080 --> 01:01:39,965 but it was organised and guided by men from the Sunni tribes, 831 01:01:40,000 --> 01:01:45,840 many of whom had been experienced soldiers in Saddam Hussein's army. 832 01:01:45,875 --> 01:01:50,640 As a result, they swept through Iraq and on into Syria. 833 01:01:52,880 --> 01:01:57,760 What had begun a long time ago as a make-believe version of England 834 01:01:57,795 --> 01:02:02,037 created in the deserts of Mesopotamia as the British Empire 835 01:02:02,072 --> 01:02:06,280 fell apart, had now turned into a terrifying nightmare. 836 01:02:09,240 --> 01:02:14,560 * How beautiful they are, the lordly ones 837 01:02:16,120 --> 01:02:22,720 * Who dwell in the hills, in the hollow hills 838 01:02:22,755 --> 01:02:26,365 * They have faces like flowers 839 01:02:26,400 --> 01:02:33,600 * And their breath is a wind that blows over summer meadows 840 01:02:33,635 --> 01:02:37,160 * Filled with dewy clover 841 01:02:40,200 --> 01:02:46,000 * How beautiful they are, the lordly ones 842 01:02:46,035 --> 01:02:51,765 * Who dwell in the hills, in the hollow hills 843 01:02:51,800 --> 01:02:58,060 * They have faces like flowers and their breath is a wind 844 01:02:58,095 --> 01:03:04,320 * That blows over summer meadows filled with dewy clover 845 01:03:07,040 --> 01:03:13,925 * Their limbs are more white than shafts of moonshine... * 846 01:03:13,960 --> 01:03:18,880 And that mythical romantic view of the past was also about to return 847 01:03:18,915 --> 01:03:23,045 at home in both America and Britain, 848 01:03:23,080 --> 01:03:26,160 and it was going to have powerful consequences there too. 849 01:03:27,760 --> 01:03:32,800 In his campaign, Donald Trump promised to recreate a lost America. 850 01:03:32,835 --> 01:03:35,840 We will make America proud again. 851 01:03:35,875 --> 01:03:37,685 CHEERING 852 01:03:37,720 --> 01:03:40,840 We will make America safe again. 853 01:03:43,440 --> 01:03:47,200 And we will make America great again. 854 01:03:47,235 --> 01:03:49,800 God bless you and goodnight. 855 01:03:49,835 --> 01:03:51,120 I love you. 856 01:03:55,560 --> 01:03:59,440 But with the exceptionalism also came the fear, 857 01:03:59,475 --> 01:04:00,800 and the violence. 858 01:04:14,520 --> 01:04:18,005 And in Britain, thousands of those who had been marginalised 859 01:04:18,040 --> 01:04:23,200 by the new global economy also came to believe in that romantic idea 860 01:04:23,235 --> 01:04:25,400 of England as a special place. 861 01:04:27,160 --> 01:04:30,400 A picture of a lost greatness that had been invented by 862 01:04:30,435 --> 01:04:32,600 the upper classes in the 1920s. 863 01:04:34,920 --> 01:04:39,160 Now, hundreds and thousands of frightened and angry people 864 01:04:39,195 --> 01:04:41,120 demanded that Britain leave Europe... 865 01:04:42,680 --> 01:04:48,960 ..and the old ruling class come back and turn that dream into a reality. 866 01:04:48,995 --> 01:04:52,240 CHEERING 867 01:04:55,680 --> 01:04:59,045 HE SHOUTS TO CROWD 868 01:04:59,080 --> 01:05:04,060 With Tomorrow by This Mortal Coil 869 01:05:04,095 --> 01:05:09,040 * In another dream, and another 870 01:05:10,480 --> 01:05:13,880 * With tomorrow. * 871 01:05:16,880 --> 01:05:20,880 Preuzeto sa www.titlovi.com 74867

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