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www.titlovi.com
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Oh, my God!
Oh, my God. Please, God.
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Please, God. Oh, my God!
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Oh, my God, please, don't...
Please, God, please.
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I don't want to be in this tunnel.
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Oh, my God. Oh, my God.
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DISTANT SIRENS, RUMBLING
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Oh, my God. Oh, my God. Oh, my God.
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Oh, my God! Please, God, please.
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Oh, my God. Oh, my God.
Please let me out of here.
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Please, God.
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Please, God,
please let me out of here.
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Please, God, please.
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Oh, my God. Oh, my God. Oh, my God.
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Oh, my God. Oh, my God.
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Oh, my God. Oh, my God.
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Oh, my God. What am I doing?
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One of the most complex systems
ever created
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was the pattern of detonations
inside the atomic bomb
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that began the chain reaction.
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The scientist who created it,
a physicist called John von Neumann,
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said that there was only
one thing as complex...
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..it was the world's climate.
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Like the bomb, it was
a mass of different forces
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moving around a central globe.
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Von Neumann then used
an early computer
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to build a model that simulated
the world's climate system.
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His aim was to use it to predict
and manipulate the weather
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as a weapon with which
to attack the Soviet Union.
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But what he began
had another consequence.
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In 1961, a scientist called
Edward Lorenz
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made a mistake which revealed
something that astonished him.
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Lorenz had built his own computer
model of the world's climate.
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Then, one day, he ran a programme
that he had run many times before,
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but missed out
one tiny piece of data -
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a change at the fourth
decimal point.
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For 30 days,
everything went as before,
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but then, suddenly, the computer
began to predict weather conditions
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never seen before on the planet.
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Other scientists said that
his model was at fault.
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But Lorenz ran it again and again,
with tiny variations,
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and each time, it led to different,
often very strange futures.
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He began to wonder
whether the world's climate
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was not the stable,
self-correcting system
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that other scientists believed...
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..that it was unstable,
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and that one tiny change
somewhere in the world
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could tip the whole system
from one state into another.
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* Dark moon
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* Away up high up in the sky
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* Oh, tell me why, oh, tell me why
you've lost your splendour
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* Dark moon
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* What is the cause
your light withdraws
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* Is it because
Is it because I've lost my love?
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* Mortals have dreamed
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* Of love's perfect schemes
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* But they don't realise
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* That love will sometimes bring
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* A dark moon... *
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In America, in the 1960s,
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there was a man who was convinced
that there was something frightening
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hidden under the surface
of the new modern suburbs.
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Behind what looked like
a confident individualism
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that was rising up
throughout America,
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there were really hidden fears
eating away at people from inside.
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Oh, these are gorgeous!
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Look! Salt and pepper.
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There were feelings of anxiety,
loneliness and emptiness.
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And he was convinced he could make a
lot of money out of these feelings.
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He was called Arthur Sackler.
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Sackler had trained
as a psychiatrist
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but in the 1950s
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had turned to advertising drugs
and medicines to doctors.
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And more and more of the doctors
he talked with
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told him about people
from the suburbs
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coming to them with vague feelings
of anxiety and fear...
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..something the doctors didn't know
how to deal with.
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And in 1963,
the company Hoffman LaRoche
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hired Sackler to promote
a new drug called Valium.
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He offered it to the doctors
as an extraordinary new way
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to treat these inner anxieties,
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and he said it wasn't dangerous
or addictive.
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Valium became an amazing success.
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By 1971, it was the most
widely prescribed medication
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in the western world.
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Hoffman's plant in New Jersey turned
out 30 million pills in 15 hours -
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enough to satisfy global consumption
for just five days.
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Valium had touched on something
inside human beings,
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but nobody knew what it was.
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The new wave of feminists pointed
out that far more women than men
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were taking Valium.
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They said the drug was being used
to blot out the feeling
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that millions of women were having
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that there was something badly wrong
with their lives.
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That when they did what
they were supposed to do,
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it didn't bring the happiness
they had been promised.
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And I thought to myself,
well, I...
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There's got to be
a better way for me,
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and I went about it
in the way that I wanted to.
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I did what I wanted, regardless
of what society was saying.
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And then, it all kind of
caved in on me.
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And I just figured,
well, you know, what's the use?
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And so I ended up
in the state hospital.
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But now that I'm on the road back,
I found if I...
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I don't see there is any solution,
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because if I act the way
society tells me to act,
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and do abide by the rules, my life
is fine and everybody's happy.
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But Arthur Sackler suspected
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that the drug had touched
on something much deeper,
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that the women who spent their days
alone in their new suburban homes
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were in a kind of laboratory
of the future.
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They had discovered
before anyone else
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the underlying weakness
with the new individualism -
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that you were free,
but you were alone.
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Women told researchers,
"I feel empty somehow",
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or, "I feel as if I don't exist."
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And Sackler knew
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more and more men were also
beginning to take the drug.
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The women had just got there first.
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PLUCKS MELODY
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SINGS TRADITIONAL SONG
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The Dream Of The Red Chamber
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is the most famous novel
in China's history.
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It was written 250 years before
in the 18th century.
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It tells the story of the rise
and fall of two powerful families.
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As their power declines,
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00:10:07,760 --> 00:10:10,920
the characters begin to find
that the line between reality
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00:10:10,955 --> 00:10:13,560
and a dream world gets blurred.
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They slip back
and forth between the two.
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00:10:19,915 --> 00:10:22,400
DISCORDANT MUSIC
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Jiang Qing, the wife of Mao Zedong,
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had always been fascinated
by The Dream Of The Red Chamber...
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00:10:37,720 --> 00:10:41,520
..because it seemed to show that
it is the power of a ruling class
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00:10:41,555 --> 00:10:45,245
that shapes the very nature of
reality itself.
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00:10:45,280 --> 00:10:49,680
And it was that idea that had driven
her in the Cultural Revolution.
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00:10:50,880 --> 00:10:53,280
She had wanted to create
a mass force
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powerful enough to change
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00:10:55,080 --> 00:10:58,760
the very way millions of
Chinese people saw the world.
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00:11:04,280 --> 00:11:08,120
But suddenly, Mao Zedong
had turned on her.
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00:11:08,155 --> 00:11:11,685
He brutally dismissed all her ideas
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00:11:11,720 --> 00:11:15,440
and she began to realise that
maybe he had been using her.
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00:11:17,400 --> 00:11:20,680
That Mao had used the mass frenzy
that she had created
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simply as a way of
getting rid of his enemies.
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00:11:24,880 --> 00:11:27,760
It meant that everything that
she had created -
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00:11:27,795 --> 00:11:30,005
the epic operas and ballets,
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00:11:30,040 --> 00:11:33,120
that promised a new kind of reality
in the future -
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00:11:33,155 --> 00:11:35,605
had just been flimsy illusions
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00:11:35,640 --> 00:11:39,680
to disguise what had really been
a brutal struggle for power.
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00:11:48,640 --> 00:11:50,900
And now, Mao had sent
the Red Guards,
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00:11:50,935 --> 00:11:53,447
who had been
the source of her power,
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00:11:53,482 --> 00:11:55,960
off to the distant
deserts and mountains.
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00:11:57,400 --> 00:12:01,805
Jiang Qing was increasingly alone,
and frightened,
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00:12:01,840 --> 00:12:04,960
because Mao was turning on
all those who had helped him
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00:12:04,995 --> 00:12:06,560
in the Cultural Revolution.
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00:12:07,680 --> 00:12:10,840
He tricked the head of
the People's Army, Lin Biao,
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00:12:10,875 --> 00:12:12,360
into plotting a coup.
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00:12:13,640 --> 00:12:16,005
Mao sent troops to arrest Lin,
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00:12:16,040 --> 00:12:19,720
but he and his family managed
to escape on a plane.
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00:12:21,360 --> 00:12:22,885
But the plane ran out of fuel
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00:12:22,920 --> 00:12:26,040
and crashed in the desolate
mountains of Mongolia.
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00:12:28,200 --> 00:12:31,480
Jiang Qing was terrified
that she would be next.
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00:12:31,515 --> 00:12:33,685
She mounted anti-aircraft guns
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00:12:33,720 --> 00:12:36,480
on the roof of her house
in the party compound.
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00:12:37,960 --> 00:12:41,400
She ate meals at random times
to avoid being poisoned.
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00:12:42,560 --> 00:12:45,000
And she suspected the nurse
who gave her sleeping pills
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00:12:45,035 --> 00:12:46,840
of being an assassin.
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00:12:48,160 --> 00:12:52,200
Jiang Qing's own sense of reality
was beginning to dissolve.
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00:12:53,640 --> 00:12:57,325
But she also realised that,
with Lin Biao destroyed,
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00:12:57,360 --> 00:13:02,280
she now had a much greater chance
of taking power when Mao died.
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00:13:35,240 --> 00:13:39,245
In 1967, the Russians launched
a space flight
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to celebrate the 50th anniversary
of the Revolution.
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00:13:43,200 --> 00:13:45,285
It was called Soyuz 1.
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00:13:45,320 --> 00:13:48,645
Everything seemed to be
going normally
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00:13:48,680 --> 00:13:51,200
but the astronaut knew that
something terrible
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00:13:51,235 --> 00:13:52,360
was likely to happen.
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00:13:56,480 --> 00:13:59,325
He was called Vladimir Komarov.
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00:13:59,360 --> 00:14:03,440
Komarov's best friend was
the Soviet hero Yuri Gagarin,
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00:14:03,475 --> 00:14:06,720
who had made the first human flight
into space.
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00:14:06,755 --> 00:14:08,525
As they prepared for the launch,
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00:14:08,560 --> 00:14:11,280
Gagarin had inspected
Komarov's spacecraft.
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00:14:12,480 --> 00:14:15,400
He discovered hundreds of faults
in its construction.
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00:14:16,680 --> 00:14:18,980
He told Komarov what he had found,
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00:14:19,015 --> 00:14:21,280
that the spacecraft was
a deathtrap.
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00:14:22,520 --> 00:14:25,260
Gagarin tried to get
the launch stopped,
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00:14:25,295 --> 00:14:27,847
but the Communist Party leaders
refused.
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00:14:27,882 --> 00:14:30,365
"The launch had to go ahead",
they said,
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00:14:30,400 --> 00:14:33,160
"to celebrate
the anniversary of the revolution."
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00:14:34,600 --> 00:14:37,685
Komarov went, but on one condition.
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00:14:37,720 --> 00:14:43,000
If he died, his body should be
displayed in an open coffin.
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00:14:43,035 --> 00:14:45,080
Things went wrong from the start.
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00:14:45,115 --> 00:14:47,045
The spacecraft lost power.
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00:14:47,080 --> 00:14:50,480
Komarov tried to manually guide it
back to Earth.
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00:14:50,515 --> 00:14:53,160
But then the parachutes
failed to open.
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00:14:54,480 --> 00:14:57,040
An American listening post
on the Russian border
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00:14:57,075 --> 00:15:00,205
recorded Komarov's final cries
of rage
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00:15:00,240 --> 00:15:03,520
as he plunged to his death
on the plains of Kazakhstan.
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00:15:06,040 --> 00:15:08,840
PANICKED YELLING
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00:15:15,600 --> 00:15:18,885
BEEPING
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00:15:18,920 --> 00:15:20,645
SCREAM ECHOES
200
00:15:20,680 --> 00:15:23,720
Komarov's remains were put
into an open casket
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00:15:23,755 --> 00:15:25,800
at the space headquarters.
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00:15:25,835 --> 00:15:28,245
It was his revenge.
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00:15:28,280 --> 00:15:31,800
It showed in a shocking way
how the power of the Soviet leaders
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00:15:31,835 --> 00:15:33,685
was crumbling,
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00:15:33,720 --> 00:15:37,640
and how deeply the communist dream
had become corrupted.
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00:15:43,320 --> 00:15:44,880
UPBEAT MUSIC
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00:15:55,760 --> 00:15:58,840
Eduard Limonov grew up in Ukraine
in the 1950s.
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00:16:00,000 --> 00:16:02,100
His father worked
in a lowly position
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00:16:02,135 --> 00:16:04,200
in the Ministry
of Internal Security.
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00:16:05,640 --> 00:16:08,760
They were in charge of watching
and reporting on people,
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00:16:08,795 --> 00:16:11,920
to make sure that everyone was
a good communist.
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00:16:13,520 --> 00:16:16,960
Limonov admired his father
as a Soviet hero.
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00:16:18,080 --> 00:16:21,760
And often, his father would travel
to Siberia by train for his work.
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00:16:24,960 --> 00:16:26,965
TRAIN WHISTLE
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00:16:27,000 --> 00:16:29,245
One evening after his father
had been away,
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00:16:29,280 --> 00:16:32,560
Limonov went to the station
to meet him as he returned.
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00:16:34,080 --> 00:16:35,920
But his father didn't appear.
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00:16:37,920 --> 00:16:39,925
Limonov searched,
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00:16:39,960 --> 00:16:42,880
and found another train hidden away
in the sidings.
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00:16:44,240 --> 00:16:46,165
He watched dozens of men
in handcuffs
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00:16:46,200 --> 00:16:49,840
being taken off the train
and put into trucks.
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00:16:50,920 --> 00:16:53,720
Each one was called out
by a man with a clipboard.
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00:16:55,080 --> 00:16:56,840
The man was his father.
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00:16:59,360 --> 00:17:03,800
Later that night, Limonov
overheard his father tell his mother
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00:17:03,835 --> 00:17:07,440
that all the men were being sent
to a prison to be shot
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00:17:07,475 --> 00:17:09,240
because they were against
the system.
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00:17:11,320 --> 00:17:13,860
Limonov realised that there was
another
228
00:17:13,895 --> 00:17:16,365
violent hidden reality
in the Soviet system
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00:17:16,400 --> 00:17:20,520
that reached everywhere,
even into his own family.
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00:17:21,800 --> 00:17:25,200
And he decided
he would be against the system.
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00:17:25,235 --> 00:17:26,920
He would become a dissident.
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00:17:39,600 --> 00:17:43,125
* People steal
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00:17:43,160 --> 00:17:46,840
* They cheat and lie
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00:17:48,800 --> 00:17:53,760
* For wealth and what
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00:17:53,795 --> 00:17:58,000
* It will buy
236
00:17:59,160 --> 00:18:02,780
* Don't they know
237
00:18:02,815 --> 00:18:06,400
* On the Judgment Day
238
00:18:08,120 --> 00:18:12,360
* That their gold and silver
239
00:18:12,395 --> 00:18:15,680
* Will melt away? *
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00:18:15,715 --> 00:18:17,285
TRAIN WHISTLE
241
00:18:17,320 --> 00:18:22,280
This coal train is symbolic of much
of the dilemma of Appalachia.
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00:18:22,315 --> 00:18:26,280
Until very recently,
the companies that mine the coal
243
00:18:26,315 --> 00:18:29,437
owned all the mining communities.
244
00:18:29,472 --> 00:18:32,416
They owned the mines themselves,
245
00:18:32,451 --> 00:18:35,325
the tipples, the company towns,
246
00:18:35,360 --> 00:18:38,045
the streets, the houses, the stores,
247
00:18:38,080 --> 00:18:42,380
the commissaries, the hotels,
the hospitals.
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00:18:42,415 --> 00:18:46,645
They even had their own brand
of money, scrip,
249
00:18:46,680 --> 00:18:51,420
which circulated only
in company commissaries and stores.
250
00:18:51,455 --> 00:18:56,027
This created a population
that was totally dependent.
251
00:18:56,062 --> 00:19:00,600
And the dependency lasted
for more than 40 years.
252
00:19:00,635 --> 00:19:03,285
Abruptly, a few years ago,
253
00:19:03,320 --> 00:19:07,360
the company no longer needed
its mining men,
254
00:19:07,395 --> 00:19:09,325
it needed mining machines.
255
00:19:09,360 --> 00:19:13,440
So the company withdrew its
paternalism
256
00:19:13,475 --> 00:19:15,737
in each of the mining valleys.
257
00:19:15,772 --> 00:19:17,965
Millions, hundreds of millions,
258
00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:23,080
even billions of dollars' worth of
coal have gone out of these valleys.
259
00:19:23,115 --> 00:19:27,720
Appalachia has produced,
essentially, two crops of people -
260
00:19:27,755 --> 00:19:30,325
the rich, who have followed
the coal,
261
00:19:30,360 --> 00:19:34,200
and the poor, who have stayed here,
in the Appalachian valleys.
262
00:19:35,680 --> 00:19:39,365
TRAIN WHISTLE
263
00:19:39,400 --> 00:19:42,565
Harry Caudill was a lawyer
in the giant coal-mining area
264
00:19:42,600 --> 00:19:46,160
that stretched across the
Cumberland Mountains in Appalachia.
265
00:19:47,560 --> 00:19:50,480
He had spent his life
representing the miners -
266
00:19:50,515 --> 00:19:53,400
taking on and fighting
those who owned the mines.
267
00:19:54,560 --> 00:19:58,080
But now he had realised that
something fundamental was happening.
268
00:19:59,680 --> 00:20:02,120
The power of the miners
all around him
269
00:20:02,155 --> 00:20:04,560
was beginning to dissolve
and collapse.
270
00:20:06,320 --> 00:20:08,720
He wrote a book called
Night Comes To The Cumberlands.
271
00:20:10,240 --> 00:20:13,640
He described how coal had not only
brought wealth and power
272
00:20:13,675 --> 00:20:16,245
to those who owned the mines,
273
00:20:16,280 --> 00:20:19,405
but also to the miners themselves.
274
00:20:19,440 --> 00:20:23,500
It gave them power because it
brought thousands of them together.
275
00:20:23,535 --> 00:20:27,560
And together, they could block
the coal from leaving the valleys.
276
00:20:29,480 --> 00:20:32,120
It gave them enormous
collective power,
277
00:20:32,155 --> 00:20:34,760
out of which,
organised labour had come.
278
00:20:36,600 --> 00:20:39,805
For 40 years, they had
mounted strikes and blockades
279
00:20:39,840 --> 00:20:44,200
and fought violent battles with the
private armies of the mine-owners.
280
00:20:47,560 --> 00:20:50,125
And out of that had come
strong leaders,
281
00:20:50,160 --> 00:20:54,480
who had used the collective power
to change society for the better.
282
00:21:07,440 --> 00:21:09,805
In 1946,
283
00:21:09,840 --> 00:21:12,520
the United Mine Workers of America,
284
00:21:12,555 --> 00:21:15,200
under the leadership of
John L Lewis,
285
00:21:15,235 --> 00:21:16,485
who is generally regarded as
286
00:21:16,520 --> 00:21:20,720
the greatest labour statesman
in American history,
287
00:21:20,755 --> 00:21:24,920
undertook to raise the medical
standards of this area.
288
00:21:24,955 --> 00:21:28,165
Lewis had a very dramatic
confrontation
289
00:21:28,200 --> 00:21:31,840
with the American coal operators
at Pittsburgh.
290
00:21:32,960 --> 00:21:36,480
"You have", he said,
"made dead more than half a million
291
00:21:36,515 --> 00:21:38,245
"of your fellow citizens.
292
00:21:38,280 --> 00:21:41,480
"The product you sell in the markets
of the world
293
00:21:41,515 --> 00:21:44,845
"is drenched with the blood
of your workmen.
294
00:21:44,880 --> 00:21:48,840
"It is salted with the tears
of their widows and orphans."
295
00:21:48,875 --> 00:21:54,520
And he said, "Beginning today,
beginning immediately,
296
00:21:54,555 --> 00:21:56,485
"and at this bargaining table,
297
00:21:56,520 --> 00:22:01,160
"you will begin to redress
this old injustice."
298
00:22:02,080 --> 00:22:06,800
The United Mine Workers Health
and Welfare Fund came into existence
299
00:22:06,835 --> 00:22:08,845
the following year.
300
00:22:08,880 --> 00:22:10,765
It was comparable in many respects
301
00:22:10,800 --> 00:22:14,440
to the National Health Service
in Great Britain.
302
00:22:14,475 --> 00:22:16,800
CLOCK TICKS
303
00:22:19,160 --> 00:22:22,400
But now, Caudill realised that
that power had gone.
304
00:22:24,960 --> 00:22:26,525
First, the machines had come
305
00:22:26,560 --> 00:22:28,800
and replaced thousands of workers.
306
00:22:30,840 --> 00:22:34,360
Helpless to save their jobs,
they now lived in growing poverty,
307
00:22:34,395 --> 00:22:36,320
supported only by welfare.
308
00:22:42,400 --> 00:22:45,400
And then there was
the other fossil fuel - oil.
309
00:22:53,720 --> 00:22:56,280
Oil was now rising up
to replace coal.
310
00:22:57,520 --> 00:22:59,960
And more and more of it came from
the Middle East.
311
00:23:01,240 --> 00:23:04,720
In countries like Saudi Arabia,
the Western oil companies
312
00:23:04,755 --> 00:23:07,240
had created their own managed
communities.
313
00:23:09,960 --> 00:23:12,765
But these communities
were for the managers,
314
00:23:12,800 --> 00:23:16,360
who lived a dreamlike existence
in the middle of the desert.
315
00:23:17,920 --> 00:23:21,800
Their golf courses created by
rolling crude oil into the sand...
316
00:23:24,480 --> 00:23:28,760
..while the workers were controlled
by authoritarian governments.
317
00:23:28,795 --> 00:23:30,400
They were no threat.
318
00:23:32,080 --> 00:23:34,800
And across the world,
the oil industry
319
00:23:34,835 --> 00:23:36,645
was a scattered, diffused network,
320
00:23:36,680 --> 00:23:39,360
where there was never any chance
of enough workers
321
00:23:39,395 --> 00:23:42,240
coming together to create
a critical mass...
322
00:23:43,520 --> 00:23:46,000
..out of which would come
collective action.
323
00:24:00,920 --> 00:24:03,840
But at that very moment,
something was revealed
324
00:24:03,875 --> 00:24:06,325
in another remote part of the world
325
00:24:06,360 --> 00:24:09,800
that was going to lead to
a realisation that fossil fuels
326
00:24:09,835 --> 00:24:12,605
could not only change the nature
of power,
327
00:24:12,640 --> 00:24:16,320
they could also change
the whole structure of the planet.
328
00:24:22,280 --> 00:24:26,840
On the top of the world, below
the surface of a giant ice cap,
329
00:24:26,875 --> 00:24:28,640
a city is buried.
330
00:24:30,560 --> 00:24:34,880
Camp Century is buried below
the surface of this ice cap.
331
00:24:34,915 --> 00:24:38,400
Beneath it, the ice descends
for 6.000 feet.
332
00:24:39,640 --> 00:24:42,165
In this remote setting,
Camp Century is a symbol
333
00:24:42,200 --> 00:24:46,320
of man's unceasing struggle
to conquer his environment.
334
00:24:46,355 --> 00:24:50,117
Camp Century pretended to be
a scientific base.
335
00:24:50,152 --> 00:24:53,880
In reality, it was a disguise
for Project Iceworm.
336
00:24:55,640 --> 00:24:58,580
600 nuclear missiles
were going to be hidden
337
00:24:58,615 --> 00:25:01,520
in hundreds of miles of tunnels
under the ice,
338
00:25:01,555 --> 00:25:03,360
targeted at Russia.
339
00:25:06,400 --> 00:25:08,365
But as a part of the disguise,
340
00:25:08,400 --> 00:25:11,660
climate scientists,
working with army engineers,
341
00:25:11,695 --> 00:25:14,920
began to drill hundreds of feet down
into the ice
342
00:25:14,955 --> 00:25:17,360
and bring up ice cores.
343
00:25:18,760 --> 00:25:21,040
The ice sheet had been built up
layer by layer
344
00:25:21,075 --> 00:25:24,325
over hundreds of thousands of years.
345
00:25:24,360 --> 00:25:28,360
That meant that it had within it
a frozen record of the past.
346
00:25:32,560 --> 00:25:35,200
What the scientists found
in the cores astonished them.
347
00:25:36,360 --> 00:25:40,640
That 11.000 years before, there had
been a sudden cataclysmic shift.
348
00:25:41,920 --> 00:25:46,240
The world's temperature had changed
by ten degrees in just centuries.
349
00:25:49,160 --> 00:25:51,080
Other ice cores then confirmed this.
350
00:25:52,240 --> 00:25:55,240
That in the past, there had been
repeated, sudden changes,
351
00:25:55,275 --> 00:25:56,925
both heating and cooling,
352
00:25:56,960 --> 00:26:00,840
of the world's climate at speeds
that no-one thought possible.
353
00:26:02,560 --> 00:26:05,440
This piece of ice
records a spectacular cooling.
354
00:26:06,440 --> 00:26:09,460
In fact, it's a quite new discovery
for us
355
00:26:09,495 --> 00:26:12,480
that the Earth can turn so cold
so fast.
356
00:26:12,515 --> 00:26:14,925
What was the reason?
357
00:26:14,960 --> 00:26:18,245
We don't think
that volcanic eruptions did it.
358
00:26:18,280 --> 00:26:23,880
Maybe it was due to enormous
breakout of Antarctic ice.
359
00:26:25,120 --> 00:26:29,320
The problem is, could that happen
again to us right now?
360
00:26:30,720 --> 00:26:35,580
Or could we accidentally provoke
such a catastrophe?
361
00:26:35,615 --> 00:26:40,440
We must find the reason
for this natural event long ago.
362
00:26:43,560 --> 00:26:46,460
They believed that
what the ice cores showed
363
00:26:46,495 --> 00:26:48,967
was that the idea
which dominated science,
364
00:26:49,002 --> 00:26:51,961
that the world's climate
was a stable,
365
00:26:51,996 --> 00:26:54,885
self-correcting system, was wrong -
366
00:26:54,920 --> 00:26:58,880
that it could suddenly shift
into a completely different state...
367
00:27:00,160 --> 00:27:02,560
..which would have
extraordinary consequences.
368
00:27:30,160 --> 00:27:31,800
WIND GUSTS
369
00:27:35,640 --> 00:27:38,080
WIND WHISTLES
370
00:27:53,120 --> 00:27:54,805
Richard Nixon came to power
371
00:27:54,840 --> 00:27:57,640
because he had harnessed
a new force.
372
00:27:57,675 --> 00:27:59,520
He called it the silent majority.
373
00:28:01,160 --> 00:28:02,725
They were the people in the suburbs
374
00:28:02,760 --> 00:28:05,400
that were rapidly growing
around every city in America.
375
00:28:07,160 --> 00:28:09,245
But it was a fragile power base,
376
00:28:09,280 --> 00:28:11,980
because it wasn't like
the old collective power
377
00:28:12,015 --> 00:28:14,680
that had driven political parties
in the past.
378
00:28:15,800 --> 00:28:17,845
It was millions of individuals
379
00:28:17,880 --> 00:28:20,245
who not only felt isolated
and alone,
380
00:28:20,280 --> 00:28:24,520
but also increasingly fearful
of the chaos in America
381
00:28:24,555 --> 00:28:26,600
as a result of the Vietnam War.
382
00:28:27,840 --> 00:28:31,720
We were sitting in the living room
watching the Miss Ohio pageant,
383
00:28:31,755 --> 00:28:34,885
and all of a sudden,
I heard a smack at the front
384
00:28:34,920 --> 00:28:39,440
and I run out and heard something
hit a window here in the back.
385
00:28:39,475 --> 00:28:42,765
And I tore around the driveway here
386
00:28:42,800 --> 00:28:45,480
and I looked all over,
but I didn't see a thing.
387
00:28:45,515 --> 00:28:47,045
I didn't see one guy.
388
00:28:47,080 --> 00:28:50,400
You know, you can put up with
this crap just so long
389
00:28:50,435 --> 00:28:53,040
and then - pow! -
somebody's going to get it.
390
00:28:53,075 --> 00:28:54,880
ANIMATED SHOUTS
391
00:28:58,480 --> 00:29:01,125
MUFFLED SPEECH
392
00:29:01,160 --> 00:29:04,480
There are those who say, "How do we
answer those who engage in violence?
393
00:29:04,515 --> 00:29:08,120
"How do we answer those
who try to shout down a speaker?"
394
00:29:08,155 --> 00:29:11,337
And my answer is,
don't answer in kind.
395
00:29:11,372 --> 00:29:14,646
It's time for the great
silent majority
396
00:29:14,681 --> 00:29:17,885
just to stand up and be counted!
APPLAUSE
397
00:29:17,920 --> 00:29:20,760
Nixon promised to represent
the silent majority.
398
00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:24,640
But the truth was that
he was also uncertain,
399
00:29:24,675 --> 00:29:27,760
and frightened, too, just like them.
400
00:29:29,680 --> 00:29:33,040
Nixon had been to see a psychiatrist
about his feelings of dread.
401
00:29:34,280 --> 00:29:35,725
He told the psychiatrist
402
00:29:35,760 --> 00:29:38,560
that when he looked in the mirror
in the morning,
403
00:29:38,595 --> 00:29:40,720
it was as if there was no-one there.
404
00:29:45,560 --> 00:29:48,525
He was also suspicious and paranoid.
405
00:29:48,560 --> 00:29:51,045
Nixon was convinced that there was
a conspiracy,
406
00:29:51,080 --> 00:29:54,640
by what he called the liberal
establishment, to destroy him.
407
00:29:56,080 --> 00:30:00,920
In 1971, he told his aides to start
what he called, the enemies list.
408
00:30:02,120 --> 00:30:05,200
It included dozens of
liberal journalists, academics
409
00:30:05,235 --> 00:30:06,840
and even film stars.
410
00:30:08,320 --> 00:30:11,840
Nixon had a tape machine running
all the time in the White House.
411
00:30:11,875 --> 00:30:15,640
And on it, he left a record
of this paranoia.
412
00:30:38,000 --> 00:30:41,980
But Nixon soon found that the chaos
created by the Vietnam War
413
00:30:42,015 --> 00:30:45,960
was also going to stop him
delivering the new, stable America
414
00:30:45,995 --> 00:30:47,600
that he had promised.
415
00:30:48,760 --> 00:30:53,480
The cost of the war was huge,
and America was deeply in debt.
416
00:30:53,515 --> 00:30:56,845
In 1971, it forced Nixon to give up
417
00:30:56,880 --> 00:31:00,200
one of the great symbols
of America's global power -
418
00:31:00,235 --> 00:31:03,040
the control of all
the world's currencies.
419
00:31:07,600 --> 00:31:09,205
Ever since the Second World War,
420
00:31:09,240 --> 00:31:11,640
the value of all currencies
in the world
421
00:31:11,675 --> 00:31:13,925
had been fixed to the dollar.
422
00:31:13,960 --> 00:31:17,680
They were backed by the gold
reserves held in Fort Knox.
423
00:31:18,640 --> 00:31:21,125
But then, overnight,
Nixon let that go.
424
00:31:21,160 --> 00:31:25,600
And suddenly, there was no
fixed value for any currency
425
00:31:25,635 --> 00:31:27,657
anywhere in the world.
426
00:31:27,692 --> 00:31:29,680
What was that mark, John?
427
00:31:29,715 --> 00:31:31,285
8.38-8.43.
428
00:31:31,320 --> 00:31:34,480
8.38-8.43, I can deal with you
in sterling mark.
429
00:31:35,760 --> 00:31:38,640
And dollars? Just a second.
Dollars, Chris?
430
00:31:38,675 --> 00:31:42,605
2.44.59. 2.44.59 dollar sterling.
431
00:31:42,640 --> 00:31:46,080
There was immediately confusion
as banks around the world
432
00:31:46,115 --> 00:31:49,120
struggled to come to terms
with the new reality.
433
00:31:50,520 --> 00:31:53,000
They set up new,
improvised dealing rooms
434
00:31:53,035 --> 00:31:54,725
buying and selling currencies
435
00:31:54,760 --> 00:31:57,880
as, minute by minute,
they went up and down in value.
436
00:32:02,320 --> 00:32:04,325
But then President Nixon
did something
437
00:32:04,360 --> 00:32:07,560
that seemed to show he still had
power to change the world.
438
00:32:08,720 --> 00:32:10,360
He went to China.
439
00:32:11,440 --> 00:32:14,440
His arrival was broadcast live
in America.
440
00:32:14,475 --> 00:32:17,405
Journalists compared it
to the moon landings
441
00:32:17,440 --> 00:32:20,525
because Nixon was going to a giant,
mysterious country
442
00:32:20,560 --> 00:32:24,160
that had been cut off from the rest
of the world for decades.
443
00:32:27,640 --> 00:32:30,520
And he was going to bring
it into the modern global system.
444
00:32:38,400 --> 00:32:40,720
By now, Mao could hardly walk.
445
00:32:42,240 --> 00:32:44,720
The Americans had sent
medical equipment ahead
446
00:32:44,755 --> 00:32:47,200
in case of an assassination attempt
on Nixon.
447
00:32:48,320 --> 00:32:52,880
But the Chinese took it and used it
instead to resuscitate Mao.
448
00:32:54,240 --> 00:32:56,520
The meeting lasted for only an hour.
449
00:32:57,920 --> 00:33:01,560
Mao went back to bed
and Nixon didn't see him again.
450
00:33:05,600 --> 00:33:08,800
Instead, he went with Mao's wife,
Jiang Qing,
451
00:33:08,835 --> 00:33:10,880
to see one of her
revolutionary operas.
452
00:33:12,680 --> 00:33:15,160
On the surface,
Jiang Qing seemed confident.
453
00:33:16,280 --> 00:33:19,840
But underneath, she realised she
could be destroyed at any minute.
454
00:33:21,120 --> 00:33:22,885
It wasn't just Mao.
455
00:33:22,920 --> 00:33:26,080
By now, the whole system
of authority in China
456
00:33:26,115 --> 00:33:28,485
was beginning to fall apart.
457
00:33:28,520 --> 00:33:32,600
As many of those in power realised
that the revolution had failed.
458
00:33:32,635 --> 00:33:34,480
CAST SING
459
00:33:50,400 --> 00:33:53,800
But while Jiang Qing
was preoccupied with real enemies,
460
00:33:53,835 --> 00:33:57,117
Nixon, sitting next to her,
had now become obsessed
461
00:33:57,152 --> 00:34:00,400
with plotting to destroy
his imaginary enemies.
462
00:34:02,120 --> 00:34:04,960
He had set up a conspiracy,
based in the White House.
463
00:34:06,440 --> 00:34:09,440
It was run by a group of
ex intelligence agents,
464
00:34:09,475 --> 00:34:12,440
and they were already planning
to bug, burgle
465
00:34:12,475 --> 00:34:14,960
and blackmail Nixon's opponents.
466
00:34:16,480 --> 00:34:20,760
Behind his smile, he was preoccupied
with plotting and scheming.
467
00:34:31,360 --> 00:34:33,045
Jiang Qing and Richard Nixon
468
00:34:33,080 --> 00:34:37,360
were two of the most powerful people
in the world at that moment.
469
00:34:37,395 --> 00:34:40,080
But what they shared was a sense
that power
470
00:34:40,115 --> 00:34:42,440
was now slipping from their grasp.
471
00:34:45,720 --> 00:34:48,880
While the new force that Nixon
had unleashed - money -
472
00:34:48,915 --> 00:34:52,037
was eating away at the idea
that there was a fixed,
473
00:34:52,072 --> 00:34:55,160
predictable system that
any politician could control.
474
00:34:57,920 --> 00:35:01,000
Because the bankers had realised
that currencies could be traded
475
00:35:01,035 --> 00:35:03,520
globally, like any other asset.
476
00:35:05,360 --> 00:35:09,920
And what that had created was
a fluid, constantly-changing reality
477
00:35:09,955 --> 00:35:12,320
that no-one was fully in control of.
478
00:35:15,280 --> 00:35:16,780
Try 35.42, then!
479
00:35:16,815 --> 00:35:18,245
Hello? 35.42.
480
00:35:18,280 --> 00:35:20,045
It dropped 100 points.
We don't know why.
481
00:35:20,080 --> 00:35:23,440
It just dropped down in points when
everything else was staying still.
482
00:35:23,475 --> 00:35:25,240
Right, 30 other way! 30 other way!
483
00:35:25,275 --> 00:35:26,920
Change it! Change!
484
00:35:26,955 --> 00:35:29,440
MUSIC PLAYS
485
00:35:55,280 --> 00:35:57,320
THEY SING
486
00:36:15,320 --> 00:36:17,400
CHILDREN SING
487
00:36:21,560 --> 00:36:23,240
SINGING CONTINUES
488
00:36:52,280 --> 00:36:56,440
Eduard Limonov had now left Ukraine
and come to Moscow.
489
00:36:56,475 --> 00:37:00,600
He became part of what was called
the underground -
490
00:37:00,635 --> 00:37:03,040
writers and painters
who saw themselves
491
00:37:03,075 --> 00:37:04,960
as the opponents of the regime.
492
00:37:06,640 --> 00:37:08,240
Limonov became a poet.
493
00:37:09,760 --> 00:37:11,840
And one night, at a party,
he met a girl
494
00:37:11,875 --> 00:37:13,920
who he fell passionately in love
with.
495
00:37:15,200 --> 00:37:17,325
She was called Yelena Shchapova.
496
00:37:17,360 --> 00:37:20,080
And together, they became
a glamorous couple
497
00:37:20,115 --> 00:37:22,040
in the underground world.
498
00:37:26,200 --> 00:37:27,965
But what Limonov began to discover
499
00:37:28,000 --> 00:37:31,440
was that most of the dissidents
did not have a clear idea
500
00:37:31,475 --> 00:37:33,640
of what alternative they wanted.
501
00:37:34,800 --> 00:37:37,440
They, too, were trapped
by the Soviet ideology.
502
00:37:40,920 --> 00:37:43,920
The most famous dissident
was Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn.
503
00:37:45,280 --> 00:37:46,925
He was secretly writing a novel
504
00:37:46,960 --> 00:37:50,240
that was going to expose the horror
behind the communist facade.
505
00:37:51,720 --> 00:37:53,760
It was called The Gulag Archipelago.
506
00:37:55,520 --> 00:37:58,860
But in the novel, Solzhenitsyn
also confronted the fact
507
00:37:58,895 --> 00:38:02,200
that, faced by the failure
of the revolutionary dream,
508
00:38:02,235 --> 00:38:05,200
it was now difficult to believe
in anything.
509
00:38:07,000 --> 00:38:10,600
That maybe ideology itself
was the problem.
510
00:38:15,360 --> 00:38:17,645
The evildoers in Shakespeare,
he said,
511
00:38:17,680 --> 00:38:20,840
killed just a few dozen
in their struggle for power.
512
00:38:22,640 --> 00:38:25,640
But then came the belief
that you could find a theory
513
00:38:25,675 --> 00:38:28,405
that would create an ideal world.
514
00:38:28,440 --> 00:38:32,880
The agents of the Inquisition,
he said, invoked Christianity.
515
00:38:34,360 --> 00:38:35,925
The great empires, like Britain,
516
00:38:35,960 --> 00:38:38,840
justified it by the idea
of civilisation.
517
00:38:41,160 --> 00:38:43,360
The Nazis did it by race.
518
00:38:44,720 --> 00:38:48,520
And the revolutionaries,
both in France and in Russia,
519
00:38:48,555 --> 00:38:51,197
justified it by equality,
brotherhood
520
00:38:51,232 --> 00:38:53,840
and the happiness
of future generations.
521
00:38:55,000 --> 00:38:56,965
But in every case, he said,
522
00:38:57,000 --> 00:39:00,680
thousands, and often millions,
were killed.
523
00:39:02,080 --> 00:39:05,480
Solzhenitsyn's book
contained a damning conclusion,
524
00:39:05,515 --> 00:39:07,605
which was going to be one of
the foundations
525
00:39:07,640 --> 00:39:11,020
of the counter-ideology
that dominates the world today.
526
00:39:11,055 --> 00:39:14,400
It said that the only way to escape
from that horror
527
00:39:14,435 --> 00:39:17,480
was to stop trying
to change the world.
528
00:39:17,515 --> 00:39:20,480
Stop trying to reshape reality.
529
00:39:21,640 --> 00:39:24,640
Instead, the safest thing to do
in the future
530
00:39:24,675 --> 00:39:26,440
was to believe in nothing.
531
00:39:32,160 --> 00:39:34,965
Limonov scorned Solzhenitsyn.
532
00:39:35,000 --> 00:39:37,720
He saw him as part of
an older generation
533
00:39:37,755 --> 00:39:39,560
trapped by their literary elitism.
534
00:39:41,560 --> 00:39:43,645
Ever since his time in Ukraine,
535
00:39:43,680 --> 00:39:47,840
he had been fascinated by
what he saw as the real outsiders.
536
00:39:47,875 --> 00:39:52,000
Those who refused in any way
to be a part of the Soviet system.
537
00:39:57,560 --> 00:39:59,965
Above all,
the thousands of criminals
538
00:40:00,000 --> 00:40:02,920
who lived most of their lives
in the Russian prisons.
539
00:40:04,560 --> 00:40:08,280
They were called the Vory v Zakone -
thieves in law.
540
00:40:09,440 --> 00:40:11,325
They had their own codes
and hierarchies
541
00:40:11,360 --> 00:40:14,520
that were expressed in the
complex tattoos on their bodies.
542
00:40:17,440 --> 00:40:20,925
The tattoos also expressed
their fundamental belief
543
00:40:20,960 --> 00:40:26,280
that in a society where ideology
controlled the minds of everyone,
544
00:40:26,315 --> 00:40:29,120
the only way to step
outside the system
545
00:40:29,155 --> 00:40:30,840
was through violent crime.
546
00:40:33,880 --> 00:40:35,925
A singer called Arkady Severny
547
00:40:35,960 --> 00:40:40,160
had secretly recorded
what were called prison songs.
548
00:40:40,195 --> 00:40:43,840
Songs from the Vory v Zakone
inside the jails,
549
00:40:43,875 --> 00:40:46,480
that attacked not just the Soviets,
550
00:40:46,515 --> 00:40:48,280
but the whole Russian empire.
551
00:40:52,560 --> 00:40:55,760
MAN SINGS IN RUSSIAN
552
00:41:33,360 --> 00:41:34,880
MAN SPEAKS RUSSIAN
553
00:41:34,915 --> 00:41:36,325
LAUGHTER
554
00:41:36,360 --> 00:41:38,040
MAN SPEAKS RUSSIAN
555
00:41:40,600 --> 00:41:43,245
But then, at the start of 1974,
556
00:41:43,280 --> 00:41:47,200
the Soviet leaders discovered
what Solzhenitsyn had been writing.
557
00:41:47,235 --> 00:41:49,925
They debated whether to shoot him,
558
00:41:49,960 --> 00:41:53,320
but decided instead to expel him
to the West.
559
00:41:54,880 --> 00:41:57,245
They also decided to take
the opportunity
560
00:41:57,280 --> 00:42:00,160
to get rid of some of the other
dissidents, as well.
561
00:42:01,640 --> 00:42:05,600
Eduard Limonov and Yelena
were summoned to KGB headquarters
562
00:42:05,635 --> 00:42:08,480
and told that they were being sent
to New York.
563
00:42:09,760 --> 00:42:12,725
While many of the leading
criminals, the Vory v Zakone
564
00:42:12,760 --> 00:42:16,840
were taken from the prisons and put
on planes to New York, as well.
565
00:42:17,960 --> 00:42:21,320
The Soviets told the Americans
that they were another group of Jews
566
00:42:21,355 --> 00:42:23,280
who were being allowed to emigrate.
567
00:42:31,720 --> 00:42:34,560
I bet you can't hit me.
Why don't you try?
568
00:42:34,595 --> 00:42:37,285
GUNFIRE
Ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha!
569
00:42:37,320 --> 00:42:40,700
You're going to miss.
You're going to miss. Yes, you are!
570
00:42:40,735 --> 00:42:44,080
Most of the Russian criminals
set up home in Brighton Beach,
571
00:42:44,115 --> 00:42:45,920
just outside New York.
572
00:42:47,040 --> 00:42:51,240
They created their own organisation,
called the Potato Bag Gang.
573
00:42:52,320 --> 00:42:55,520
It was the start of the
modern Russian mafia in America.
574
00:42:58,400 --> 00:43:00,645
Limonov and Yelena
575
00:43:00,680 --> 00:43:03,320
were helped by Russian emigre
writers and artists
576
00:43:03,355 --> 00:43:05,160
already in Manhattan.
577
00:43:06,240 --> 00:43:08,520
And they soon became
a glamorous couple,
578
00:43:08,555 --> 00:43:10,777
invited to parties by rich Americans
579
00:43:10,812 --> 00:43:13,000
who wanted to meet
Soviet dissidents.
580
00:43:15,120 --> 00:43:17,480
But the New York
Limonov had arrived in
581
00:43:17,515 --> 00:43:19,440
was not the city of his dreams.
582
00:43:19,475 --> 00:43:20,725
SIRENS WAIL
583
00:43:20,760 --> 00:43:22,645
Much of it was falling apart
584
00:43:22,680 --> 00:43:25,880
with gangs burning down whole
buildings for insurance claims.
585
00:43:29,760 --> 00:43:33,200
But a strange, unreal mood
spread through the ruins.
586
00:43:35,440 --> 00:43:38,640
Well, this morning, on our way
into work, we had a report that
587
00:43:38,675 --> 00:43:41,677
the police had located a carcass
588
00:43:41,712 --> 00:43:44,645
in a street on 172nd and Bryant.
589
00:43:44,680 --> 00:43:48,240
It turned out to be a, er...
stripped carcass of a gorilla.
590
00:43:48,275 --> 00:43:50,800
It was headless and the, er...
fur was removed,
591
00:43:50,835 --> 00:43:52,560
the skin was removed.
592
00:43:52,595 --> 00:43:54,645
South Bronx!
593
00:43:54,680 --> 00:43:59,360
There was also a mood of paranoia
spreading through America.
594
00:44:00,960 --> 00:44:05,120
Nixon's own paranoia had been
exposed by the Watergate scandal.
595
00:44:05,155 --> 00:44:09,160
But in its wake, all kinds of
other revelations came out,
596
00:44:09,195 --> 00:44:11,817
of dark secrets
in the political world
597
00:44:11,852 --> 00:44:14,440
that had been kept hidden
from the people.
598
00:44:15,560 --> 00:44:19,645
That for 20 years, the CIA
had been planning assassinations
599
00:44:19,680 --> 00:44:23,920
and overthrowing leaders of foreign
governments all around the world,
600
00:44:23,955 --> 00:44:27,920
using poisons and specially-made
secret weapons.
601
00:44:27,955 --> 00:44:29,880
Don't... don't point it at me!
602
00:44:29,915 --> 00:44:31,280
LAUGHTER
603
00:44:33,880 --> 00:44:38,600
Does... does this... does this pistol,
er... fire the dart?
604
00:44:38,635 --> 00:44:40,365
Yes, it does, Mr Chairman.
605
00:44:40,400 --> 00:44:43,200
And a special one was developed
which would be able to
606
00:44:43,235 --> 00:44:45,840
enter the target without perception.
607
00:44:45,875 --> 00:44:46,885
As a murder instrument,
608
00:44:46,920 --> 00:44:49,160
that's about as efficient
as you can get, isn't it?
609
00:44:49,195 --> 00:44:50,520
Yes.
610
00:44:52,360 --> 00:44:54,845
The uncertainty even infected those
611
00:44:54,880 --> 00:44:58,800
who had previously ridiculed
all conspiracy theories.
612
00:45:00,080 --> 00:45:04,240
Six years before, Kerry Thornley
had begun Operation Mindfuck.
613
00:45:05,720 --> 00:45:09,320
He and his friend Greg Hill
had planted fake conspiracy theories
614
00:45:09,355 --> 00:45:12,520
in the press
and in underground magazines,
615
00:45:12,555 --> 00:45:15,005
alleging that the Illuminati
616
00:45:15,040 --> 00:45:20,300
were the secret organisation behind
all the assassinations in America.
617
00:45:20,335 --> 00:45:25,560
Their aim was to make people see
how absurd all such theories were.
618
00:45:28,240 --> 00:45:29,605
But one day in New York,
619
00:45:29,640 --> 00:45:31,885
Thornley thought that he recognised
a picture
620
00:45:31,920 --> 00:45:35,600
of one of the Watergate burglars
on a magazine stand.
621
00:45:36,880 --> 00:45:41,240
He was certain he had met him
20 years before in New Orleans.
622
00:45:42,600 --> 00:45:46,720
Back then, Thornley had been friends
with Lee Harvey Oswald.
623
00:45:46,755 --> 00:45:49,600
They had met when they were Marines
together.
624
00:45:51,040 --> 00:45:53,245
Thorney had then lived
in New Orleans,
625
00:45:53,280 --> 00:45:57,200
the same city that Oswald had lived
in before the assassination.
626
00:45:58,720 --> 00:46:00,365
And he had met people there
627
00:46:00,400 --> 00:46:03,440
who later became suspects
in the Kennedy conspiracy.
628
00:46:04,840 --> 00:46:08,480
Thornley had always seen these
as coincidences,
629
00:46:08,515 --> 00:46:11,440
but in the new mood, he started
to doubt.
630
00:46:12,560 --> 00:46:17,680
I had met Guy Banister, a figure,
a suspect in the Garrison probe,
631
00:46:17,715 --> 00:46:20,920
I had met Clay Shaw two weeks
before the assassination
632
00:46:20,955 --> 00:46:24,200
and a discussion of my book
about Oswald,
633
00:46:24,235 --> 00:46:25,765
The Idle Warriors was involved.
634
00:46:25,800 --> 00:46:29,605
I had even worked in a restaurant
where Oswald
635
00:46:29,640 --> 00:46:34,720
had lived in his youth
with his mother right upstairs
636
00:46:34,755 --> 00:46:36,205
in the same building.
637
00:46:36,240 --> 00:46:39,160
So there were meaningful
coincidences
638
00:46:39,195 --> 00:46:40,845
and meaningless coincidences,
639
00:46:40,880 --> 00:46:44,000
but I could not explain
all these weird coincidences.
640
00:46:46,600 --> 00:46:50,900
But at the same time, the fake
conspiracy theories that Thornley
641
00:46:50,935 --> 00:46:55,200
had been spreading into American
culture with Operation Mindfuck
642
00:46:55,235 --> 00:46:58,960
ever since the late 1960s,
started to be believed as well.
643
00:47:00,200 --> 00:47:04,005
Because the real conspiracies
were so extraordinary.
644
00:47:04,040 --> 00:47:09,080
Stories about the Illuminati and
a plot to create a new world order
645
00:47:09,115 --> 00:47:11,485
began to get mixed up
with revelations
646
00:47:11,520 --> 00:47:16,800
about brainwashing and secret mind
control programmes run by the CIA.
647
00:47:18,760 --> 00:47:22,200
The line between the reality
of political corruption
648
00:47:22,235 --> 00:47:25,000
and a dream world of conspiracy
theories
649
00:47:25,035 --> 00:47:27,440
started to get blurred in America.
650
00:47:31,360 --> 00:47:35,260
But the sense of uncertainty,
and a feeling that systems
651
00:47:35,295 --> 00:47:39,160
might be out of control,
was also creeping into other areas.
652
00:47:40,280 --> 00:47:43,600
A group of climate scientists
had begun to argue that the world
653
00:47:43,635 --> 00:47:47,040
might be on the edge of another
dramatic change.
654
00:47:48,000 --> 00:47:51,320
That there might be
a cataclysmic crisis coming.
655
00:47:51,355 --> 00:47:52,605
WIND WHISTLES
656
00:47:52,640 --> 00:47:55,640
And that the reason this time
was human activity.
657
00:47:59,480 --> 00:48:03,200
In the 1970s, there seemed
to be dramatic shifts happening
658
00:48:03,235 --> 00:48:05,245
in the climate.
659
00:48:05,280 --> 00:48:07,325
In regions near the equator
660
00:48:07,360 --> 00:48:09,685
there were droughts and famines,
661
00:48:09,720 --> 00:48:13,200
but in the Arctic regions,
it was getting colder.
662
00:48:14,480 --> 00:48:17,840
Something was happening,
but no-one knew what.
663
00:48:18,960 --> 00:48:22,320
One group said that there was going
to be a dramatic cooling
664
00:48:22,355 --> 00:48:25,440
because the dust and smoke spreading
around the world
665
00:48:25,475 --> 00:48:27,000
was blocking out the sunlight.
666
00:48:29,560 --> 00:48:33,420
A man-made dust pall is spreading
over the Earth.
667
00:48:33,455 --> 00:48:37,280
This dust blots out the sun
and causes cooling
668
00:48:37,315 --> 00:48:39,445
on a worldwide scale.
669
00:48:39,480 --> 00:48:43,445
Not all scientists agree
with this theory.
670
00:48:43,480 --> 00:48:47,080
I hope it's wrong myself,
but there is no doubting
671
00:48:47,115 --> 00:48:50,205
its seriousness
for if this is correct,
672
00:48:50,240 --> 00:48:55,120
millions of people will be
destined for chronic famine.
673
00:48:55,155 --> 00:48:57,440
THUNDER RUMBLES
674
00:48:59,320 --> 00:49:02,680
But others said the very opposite
was about to happen.
675
00:49:02,715 --> 00:49:06,040
There was more and more
carbon dioxide being pumped
676
00:49:06,075 --> 00:49:08,205
into the atmosphere.
677
00:49:08,240 --> 00:49:12,820
That would trap the heat,
but the world would grow hotter.
678
00:49:12,855 --> 00:49:17,400
And the key force behind
that was the hydrocarbon - oil.
679
00:49:25,520 --> 00:49:29,725
In the mid 1970s, oil was
about to play a crucial role
680
00:49:29,760 --> 00:49:33,960
that would increase the uncertain
mood that today has come to dominate
681
00:49:33,995 --> 00:49:35,445
Western societies -
682
00:49:35,480 --> 00:49:38,485
a feeling
that we are somehow surrounded
683
00:49:38,520 --> 00:49:43,440
by global systems, both natural
and those made by humans themselves,
684
00:49:43,475 --> 00:49:45,200
that are beyond control.
685
00:49:47,120 --> 00:49:51,400
Systems so complex and unpredictable
that they make a mockery of the idea
686
00:49:51,435 --> 00:49:55,240
that national governments
can shape and control the world.
687
00:50:02,320 --> 00:50:05,640
100 years before,
coal had done the same.
688
00:50:06,800 --> 00:50:10,760
It had brought millions of people
into the new industrial cities
689
00:50:10,795 --> 00:50:13,720
where they worked for the men
who owned the vast wealth
690
00:50:13,755 --> 00:50:16,245
that the coal had created.
691
00:50:16,280 --> 00:50:21,160
And that money was so powerful that
it seemed to control everything -
692
00:50:21,195 --> 00:50:24,480
not just people's lives,
but politics as well.
693
00:50:27,320 --> 00:50:31,960
But slowly, out of that, came
a challenge to that power,
694
00:50:31,995 --> 00:50:34,480
based on the workers organising
together.
695
00:50:35,480 --> 00:50:38,520
And from that came the idea
of mass democracy.
696
00:50:39,480 --> 00:50:41,045
That the role of politicians
697
00:50:41,080 --> 00:50:45,520
was to represent the mass
of the people against the powerful.
698
00:50:47,840 --> 00:50:50,800
But now oil was about to start
something
699
00:50:50,835 --> 00:50:53,760
that was going to undermine
that idea.
700
00:50:55,680 --> 00:50:58,205
This is King Faisal of Saudi Arabia.
701
00:50:58,240 --> 00:51:02,560
He's going to have a great deal to
say in the next few years
702
00:51:02,595 --> 00:51:04,325
about the way you live.
703
00:51:04,360 --> 00:51:07,720
He rules over a desert kingdom
of six million people.
704
00:51:07,755 --> 00:51:09,645
In this decade of the oil shortage,
705
00:51:09,680 --> 00:51:13,320
he's one of the most powerful men
in the world.
706
00:51:13,355 --> 00:51:16,960
Under these sands,
there are proved deposits
707
00:51:16,995 --> 00:51:19,240
of 160 billion barrels of oil.
708
00:51:20,600 --> 00:51:25,520
Starting in 1973, the Arab
countries, led by King Faisal,
709
00:51:25,555 --> 00:51:27,760
decided to use oil as a weapon.
710
00:51:28,840 --> 00:51:32,780
They wanted to force America
to stop supporting Israel.
711
00:51:32,815 --> 00:51:36,720
They did with oil just what
the miners had done with coal
712
00:51:36,755 --> 00:51:38,885
in the past.
713
00:51:38,920 --> 00:51:40,805
The Arabs blocked supplies
714
00:51:40,840 --> 00:51:44,280
and then suddenly raised the price
four times.
715
00:51:45,520 --> 00:51:48,645
It was a dramatic exercise of power.
716
00:51:48,680 --> 00:51:51,600
And it caused chaos in the American
economy.
717
00:51:53,520 --> 00:51:56,800
As a friend of the
United States,
718
00:51:56,835 --> 00:51:58,525
we are deeply concerned
719
00:51:58,560 --> 00:52:02,800
that if the United States does not
change its policy in the Middle East
720
00:52:02,835 --> 00:52:07,077
and continues to side with Zionism,
then I'm afraid, such course
721
00:52:07,112 --> 00:52:11,285
of action will affect our relations
with our American friends
722
00:52:11,320 --> 00:52:15,480
because it will place us in an
untenable position in the Arab world
723
00:52:15,515 --> 00:52:20,880
and vis a vis the countries which
Zionism seeks to destroy.
724
00:52:20,915 --> 00:52:23,165
For almost three decades, we have
725
00:52:23,200 --> 00:52:26,760
been the richest, most powerful
nation on Earth.
726
00:52:27,960 --> 00:52:32,880
Now, a nation of six million warns
us we must change our foreign policy
727
00:52:32,915 --> 00:52:35,280
if we want full gas tanks.
728
00:52:37,880 --> 00:52:39,645
It had a dramatic effect.
729
00:52:39,680 --> 00:52:42,760
Money suddenly poured
into the Arab world.
730
00:52:44,360 --> 00:52:48,120
Within three years, Saudi Arabia
had more foreign currency
731
00:52:48,155 --> 00:52:51,880
than Japan, Germany and the United
States put together.
732
00:52:53,680 --> 00:52:56,360
But the Arab governments
had no idea what to do
733
00:52:56,395 --> 00:52:59,005
with this vast new wealth.
734
00:52:59,040 --> 00:53:02,160
So they turned for help
to the Western banks.
735
00:53:03,280 --> 00:53:06,920
The banks realised that they could
take these petrodollars and turn
736
00:53:06,955 --> 00:53:10,320
them into a new kind of
international currency,
737
00:53:10,355 --> 00:53:12,240
free of all government control.
738
00:53:13,400 --> 00:53:17,360
And soon, politicians from all
around the world were coming
739
00:53:17,395 --> 00:53:20,040
to the new headquarters of the
Western banks
740
00:53:20,075 --> 00:53:22,005
to elaborate signing ceremonies
741
00:53:22,040 --> 00:53:25,160
where they borrowed billions
of the petrodollars.
742
00:53:32,320 --> 00:53:36,440
And that global financial system
that President Nixon had created
743
00:53:36,475 --> 00:53:39,720
by accident a few years before,
744
00:53:39,755 --> 00:53:42,525
now became a giant force -
745
00:53:42,560 --> 00:53:47,325
one that held the destiny of
millions of people in its hands
746
00:53:47,360 --> 00:53:52,040
and politicians became increasingly
convinced they couldn't control.
747
00:53:54,080 --> 00:53:58,800
And the money started to take charge
of politics once again.
748
00:54:06,440 --> 00:54:09,885
But it was only the beginning,
because another component
749
00:54:09,920 --> 00:54:14,320
was about to be fitted into
this growing new system of power.
750
00:54:16,760 --> 00:54:19,805
In China, as Mao approached death,
751
00:54:19,840 --> 00:54:23,640
Jiang Qing was still determined
to take his place as the leader.
752
00:54:26,160 --> 00:54:30,400
But there was one person who is
equally determined to stop her.
753
00:54:30,435 --> 00:54:32,040
He was called Deng Xiaoping.
754
00:54:34,080 --> 00:54:36,765
Deng was one of the original
revolutionaries
755
00:54:36,800 --> 00:54:39,880
and he had been sidelined
during the Cultural Revolution.
756
00:54:41,800 --> 00:54:45,320
But now, Deng believed that if Jiang
Qing was allowed to take power,
757
00:54:45,355 --> 00:54:49,120
it would be a disaster
for China and the country
758
00:54:49,155 --> 00:54:51,280
could splinter into civil war.
759
00:54:52,880 --> 00:54:56,880
An anonymous poem appeared
on a wall in Tiananmen Square.
760
00:54:56,915 --> 00:55:00,640
It was obviously addressed
to Jiang Qing.
761
00:55:00,675 --> 00:55:03,917
"Lady X", it said, "you are insane.
762
00:55:03,952 --> 00:55:07,125
"To be empress is your ambition.
763
00:55:07,160 --> 00:55:11,400
"Instead, take this mirror and see
what you are really like.
764
00:55:12,680 --> 00:55:17,760
"You deceive your superiors
and you delude your subordinates.
765
00:55:17,795 --> 00:55:21,960
"Yet for types like you,
good times won't last."
766
00:55:48,480 --> 00:55:50,000
Then Mao died.
767
00:55:52,360 --> 00:55:55,440
Jiang Qing came on her own,
dressed in black.
768
00:55:56,640 --> 00:55:59,520
She was already preparing to take
power with three others
769
00:55:59,555 --> 00:56:01,485
of the leadership.
770
00:56:01,520 --> 00:56:04,000
They were called the Gang of Four.
771
00:56:05,600 --> 00:56:08,760
But another group backed by
Deng Xiaoping set out
772
00:56:08,795 --> 00:56:09,920
to destroy them.
773
00:56:11,040 --> 00:56:15,720
Wall posters went up all across
China attacking the Gang of Four,
774
00:56:15,755 --> 00:56:18,125
claiming that as well as being
corrupt,
775
00:56:18,160 --> 00:56:21,800
they were really working for the CIA
to undermine China.
776
00:56:26,120 --> 00:56:27,965
When Jiang Qing came to Tachai,
777
00:56:28,000 --> 00:56:30,845
there seemed to be no end
to her whims.
778
00:56:30,880 --> 00:56:33,645
Now she wanted her room sprayed
with perfume.
779
00:56:33,680 --> 00:56:37,300
Then she wanted more carpets
on the floor and for curtains,
780
00:56:37,335 --> 00:56:40,920
she wanted to have special ones
of a particular dark colour.
781
00:56:40,955 --> 00:56:44,960
Jiang Qing and company demanded
complete quietude.
782
00:56:44,995 --> 00:56:47,165
No-one should laugh or talk loudly.
783
00:56:47,200 --> 00:56:50,645
Planes at a nearby airport
had to stop their sorties.
784
00:56:50,680 --> 00:56:55,760
People had to be sent uphill to beat
the woods to drive the birds away.
785
00:57:02,960 --> 00:57:06,760
And four weeks after Mao's death,
army units came in the middle
786
00:57:06,795 --> 00:57:09,480
of the night and arrested
Jiang Qing.
787
00:57:10,720 --> 00:57:13,045
She was put in an underground cell,
788
00:57:13,080 --> 00:57:18,080
next to the refrigeration unit
that was holding Mao's body.
789
00:57:18,115 --> 00:57:20,245
She later tried to commit suicide
790
00:57:20,280 --> 00:57:22,685
by hitting her head against
the wall.
791
00:57:22,720 --> 00:57:26,040
So the soldiers covered
the walls with rubber.
792
00:57:33,960 --> 00:57:38,960
Within 18 months, Deng Xiaoping
defeated all other rivals
793
00:57:38,995 --> 00:57:40,920
and he took power in China.
794
00:57:43,400 --> 00:57:47,160
The first thing he did was wipe
the past everywhere.
795
00:57:48,960 --> 00:57:52,920
In Shanghai, the giant sign that
said, "Long live the victory
796
00:57:52,955 --> 00:57:56,640
"of Chairman Mao's
Revolutionary Road" was taken down.
797
00:58:03,440 --> 00:58:07,040
While outside the Department
of Public Tranquillity in Beijing,
798
00:58:07,075 --> 00:58:10,640
which in reality was the
headquarters of the secret police,
799
00:58:10,675 --> 00:58:13,080
the thoughts of Chairman Mao
were also removed.
800
00:58:18,360 --> 00:58:22,960
Deng then set out to create
a new kind of revolution.
801
00:58:22,995 --> 00:58:26,285
He was going to bring capitalism
into China,
802
00:58:26,320 --> 00:58:30,360
but the state would control
and manage the whole system.
803
00:58:31,480 --> 00:58:33,285
His aim was simple.
804
00:58:33,320 --> 00:58:37,200
Money would replace
the old revolutionary dreams -
805
00:58:37,235 --> 00:58:38,800
it was less dangerous.
806
00:58:42,480 --> 00:58:46,240
But he was going to use
it to restore China's power.
807
00:58:48,640 --> 00:58:51,485
Deng Xiaoping knew that in the
19th century,
808
00:58:51,520 --> 00:58:55,880
the British had used drugs
to control the Chinese.
809
00:58:55,915 --> 00:58:58,365
They had brought opium to China.
810
00:58:58,400 --> 00:59:03,285
It led to what the Chinese called
the century of humiliation.
811
00:59:03,320 --> 00:59:08,880
Now, Deng was determined to reverse
that, to reassert China's power.
812
00:59:10,120 --> 00:59:12,045
You couldn't use drugs
813
00:59:12,080 --> 00:59:15,340
because the Americans already
had their own drugs.
814
00:59:15,375 --> 00:59:18,600
Instead, he was going to use
the mass mobilisation
815
00:59:18,635 --> 00:59:20,885
of the Chinese people to invent
816
00:59:20,920 --> 00:59:24,880
another force that would be
the equivalent of opium.
817
00:59:25,840 --> 00:59:30,400
A kind of mass consumerism never
seen before in the world -
818
00:59:30,435 --> 00:59:32,325
driven by goods so cheap that
819
00:59:32,360 --> 00:59:34,880
everyone in the West would
want them.
820
00:59:38,520 --> 00:59:42,520
Whole cities were going to be built
in China that made just one
821
00:59:42,555 --> 00:59:44,605
kind of product.
822
00:59:44,640 --> 00:59:48,560
They would be shipped
in vast quantities to the West.
823
00:59:56,800 --> 01:00:00,440
You gave up on utopian ideas
about the future
824
01:00:00,475 --> 01:00:04,080
and didn't believe in anything
any longer,
825
01:00:04,115 --> 01:00:06,520
apart from the money.
826
01:00:09,880 --> 01:00:13,200
And his allies in this would be
the Western banks
827
01:00:13,235 --> 01:00:16,040
and their new system of
global lending.
828
01:00:20,480 --> 01:00:24,600
Because the banks would lend
millions of people in the West
829
01:00:24,635 --> 01:00:27,245
the money to buy the Chinese goods,
830
01:00:27,280 --> 01:00:32,040
just like they had been lending
to governments all around the world.
831
01:00:32,075 --> 01:00:34,800
It was going to be the
perfect system.
832
01:00:53,080 --> 01:00:56,320
Eduard Limonov was now all alone
in New York.
833
01:00:58,160 --> 01:01:01,520
He had published an article
attacking the other emigres,
834
01:01:01,555 --> 01:01:03,240
so they all dropped him.
835
01:01:04,480 --> 01:01:08,800
Then Yelena, the woman he loved more
than anything else in the world,
836
01:01:08,835 --> 01:01:13,120
met a photographer who promised
to make her a model.
837
01:01:13,155 --> 01:01:16,160
He seduced her and she left
Limonov.
838
01:01:18,240 --> 01:01:21,960
Without love or money,
Limonov became destitute.
839
01:01:21,995 --> 01:01:23,765
He lived in the cheapest hotel
840
01:01:23,800 --> 01:01:26,800
surrounded by prostitutes
and drug addicts.
841
01:01:31,000 --> 01:01:35,480
And he spent his days and nights
wandering the city alone...
842
01:01:36,600 --> 01:01:38,680
GLASS BREAKS
843
01:01:39,720 --> 01:01:41,300
The call car, yeah.
844
01:01:41,335 --> 01:01:42,845
..while all around him
845
01:01:42,880 --> 01:01:45,720
the newly powerful banks
were building
846
01:01:45,755 --> 01:01:48,560
their headquarters
among the old ruins.
847
01:01:50,920 --> 01:01:53,800
UPBEAT MUSIC
848
01:02:06,040 --> 01:02:08,925
Then one day in Central Park,
looking at the people
849
01:02:08,960 --> 01:02:13,720
all around him, Limonov decided
that he was going to write a novel,
850
01:02:13,755 --> 01:02:17,577
but one that would have him
as the central figure.
851
01:02:17,612 --> 01:02:21,400
It would be about the real
experience of America,
852
01:02:21,435 --> 01:02:22,800
not the fake democracy.
853
01:02:25,120 --> 01:02:28,560
In the book, he described
watching Americans in a cafe
854
01:02:28,595 --> 01:02:30,960
where he was working as a waiter.
855
01:02:33,240 --> 01:02:38,160
"It is they", he wrote, "who have
introduced a plague into this world.
856
01:02:38,195 --> 01:02:43,640
"The plague of money, the disease
of money, the plague of buying
857
01:02:43,675 --> 01:02:45,880
"and selling is their handiwork.
858
01:02:47,160 --> 01:02:52,240
"I hate this system, and I am not
ashamed that my hatred has sprung
859
01:02:52,275 --> 01:02:53,960
"from my wife's betrayal.
860
01:02:55,640 --> 01:02:59,320
"I clear away your leftovers
while my wife fucks
861
01:02:59,355 --> 01:03:02,085
"and you amuse yourself with her,
862
01:03:02,120 --> 01:03:06,080
"for the sole
reason that there is an inequality.
863
01:03:06,115 --> 01:03:10,040
"She has a cunt for which there
are buyers, you,
864
01:03:10,075 --> 01:03:13,165
"and I don't have a cunt.
865
01:03:13,200 --> 01:03:15,560
"I'm going to blow up your world."
866
01:03:22,960 --> 01:03:28,000
The book, called It's Me, Eddie,
gave a picture of a new reality
867
01:03:28,035 --> 01:03:30,920
that Limonov saw emerging
from under the surface
868
01:03:30,955 --> 01:03:32,880
of America's everyday life.
869
01:03:34,200 --> 01:03:38,780
People think they are free,
but really they are becoming
870
01:03:38,815 --> 01:03:43,325
like simplified robots,
following the rules of money,
871
01:03:43,360 --> 01:03:48,200
limited to satisfying only those
desires that can be bought and sold.
872
01:03:51,240 --> 01:03:55,000
Every publisher he sent it to
refused to publish it.
873
01:03:59,360 --> 01:04:03,340
But there was another person
at the very top of America
874
01:04:03,375 --> 01:04:07,285
in the White House itself
who was also about to expose
875
01:04:07,320 --> 01:04:12,560
a frightening reality underneath
the surface of the society.
876
01:04:12,595 --> 01:04:16,720
In 1978, the president's
wife, Betty Ford, revealed
877
01:04:16,755 --> 01:04:19,485
that she had become addicted
to Valium.
878
01:04:19,520 --> 01:04:23,920
An addiction that she said
had taken her into a strange state
879
01:04:23,955 --> 01:04:27,600
where even her sense of time
had become dislocated.
880
01:04:28,880 --> 01:04:31,760
As I look back, it was December,
881
01:04:31,795 --> 01:04:34,640
about a year ago when I realised...
882
01:04:34,675 --> 01:04:37,160
..that there were some sort of
883
01:04:37,195 --> 01:04:39,417
blank spots where I had
884
01:04:39,452 --> 01:04:41,605
a hard time putting...
885
01:04:41,640 --> 01:04:44,440
..events in their separate slots
886
01:04:44,475 --> 01:04:46,165
in time.
887
01:04:46,200 --> 01:04:47,525
To me, it was marvellous
888
01:04:47,560 --> 01:04:50,160
and beautiful, but to the family,
889
01:04:50,195 --> 01:04:52,760
I was beginning to show signs
890
01:04:52,795 --> 01:04:56,080
of overmedication.
891
01:04:57,320 --> 01:05:00,605
Betty Ford's admission had
a dramatic effect.
892
01:05:00,640 --> 01:05:05,160
In its wake, stories began to pour
out of people all across America
893
01:05:05,195 --> 01:05:07,040
who were also addicted to Valium.
894
01:05:08,440 --> 01:05:12,200
It seemed that there was a private,
hidden world of anxiety
895
01:05:12,235 --> 01:05:15,960
behind the public faces
that affected millions of people.
896
01:05:17,560 --> 01:05:21,280
But Arthur Sackler, who in
the 1960s had promoted Valium
897
01:05:21,315 --> 01:05:25,645
as beneficial and non-addictive,
was unrepentant.
898
01:05:25,680 --> 01:05:29,480
And the company that he and his two
brothers had started
899
01:05:29,515 --> 01:05:32,085
was about to develop a new drug -
900
01:05:32,120 --> 01:05:35,965
a synthetic form of opium
called OxyContin.
901
01:05:36,000 --> 01:05:39,520
And that was going to deal with
the next wave of anxiety
902
01:05:39,555 --> 01:05:41,240
that would hit America.
903
01:05:42,320 --> 01:05:46,640
Over the next 20 years,
as more and more factories closed
904
01:05:46,675 --> 01:05:49,845
because of the cheap goods coming
from China,
905
01:05:49,880 --> 01:05:53,680
millions of people in the
communities would take OxyContin...
906
01:05:54,720 --> 01:05:57,040
..because it made them feel safe,
907
01:05:57,075 --> 01:05:58,525
in a bubble,
908
01:05:58,560 --> 01:06:02,400
protected from the growing
uncertainties around them.
909
01:06:02,435 --> 01:06:04,120
LIFT BELL DINGS
910
01:06:10,840 --> 01:06:12,525
And Harry Caudill,
911
01:06:12,560 --> 01:06:15,125
who had represented the miners
in Appalachia,
912
01:06:15,160 --> 01:06:18,680
became certain that the anger
under the surface there
913
01:06:18,715 --> 01:06:19,880
was going to grow.
914
01:06:21,240 --> 01:06:24,840
"One day", he said, "it would
break out and infect
915
01:06:24,875 --> 01:06:26,365
"the whole of America."
916
01:06:26,400 --> 01:06:30,700
How are you, Mrs Melchor? All right,
thank you. How are you?
917
01:06:30,735 --> 01:06:35,000
In 1990, he discovered he had
Parkinson's, and he shot himself.
918
01:06:36,880 --> 01:06:40,800
While Kerry Thornley had become
convinced that the coincidences
919
01:06:40,835 --> 01:06:44,765
in his past were not coincidences -
920
01:06:44,800 --> 01:06:49,125
that the CIA had somehow
manipulated him to set up
921
01:06:49,160 --> 01:06:54,680
Operation Mindfuck, but he had
no idea why, he had become lost.
922
01:06:55,640 --> 01:06:56,805
20 years before,
923
01:06:56,840 --> 01:07:00,640
he and his friend Greg Hill had been
early individualists.
924
01:07:00,675 --> 01:07:03,520
They believed
that they could shape reality
925
01:07:03,555 --> 01:07:05,245
the way they wanted.
926
01:07:05,280 --> 01:07:10,260
But now, faced with the revelations
about how intricate and complex
927
01:07:10,295 --> 01:07:15,240
power had become in the modern
world, they felt powerless and lost.
928
01:07:15,275 --> 01:07:19,517
Thornley had retreated into
a dream world of conspiracies,
929
01:07:19,552 --> 01:07:23,760
while Greg Hill had become
an alcoholic and was equally lost.
930
01:07:26,160 --> 01:07:28,640
He wrote a letter to Thornley
about how he had come
931
01:07:28,675 --> 01:07:30,280
to believe in nothing.
932
01:07:32,200 --> 01:07:36,000
"It is not injustice
that overwhelms me now", he wrote,
933
01:07:36,035 --> 01:07:38,365
"but my sheer damn inability
934
01:07:38,400 --> 01:07:41,680
"to know anything with any deep
level of certainty.
935
01:07:42,880 --> 01:07:46,920
"When despair is deep enough,
even death seems pointless.
936
01:07:48,080 --> 01:07:50,525
"Now I live without justice.
937
01:07:50,560 --> 01:07:53,200
"I don't know why.
I just live it.
938
01:07:54,280 --> 01:07:55,640
"So be it."
939
01:08:05,840 --> 01:08:09,680
And Eduard Limonov would finally
get his novel, It's Me, Eddie,
940
01:08:09,715 --> 01:08:11,120
published in Russia.
941
01:08:14,560 --> 01:08:19,040
It would cause a sensation
and its dark vision of the reality
942
01:08:19,075 --> 01:08:23,520
behind the rhetoric of American
democracy is going to influence
943
01:08:23,555 --> 01:08:25,760
an entire generation in Russia.
944
01:08:27,320 --> 01:08:30,640
It was the generation to whom
the Americans would then try
945
01:08:30,675 --> 01:08:32,880
and sell the idea of democracy.
946
01:08:34,560 --> 01:08:39,520
All the talk of democracy, the book
told them, was just a sham.
947
01:08:39,555 --> 01:08:42,080
Really, it was all about the money.
948
01:08:47,720 --> 01:08:51,680
Starry Eyes
by Cigarettes After Sex
949
01:08:55,360 --> 01:08:57,525
* Starry eyes
950
01:08:57,560 --> 01:09:04,400
* How can I get to you,
my true little?
951
01:09:04,435 --> 01:09:07,085
* Starry eyes
952
01:09:07,120 --> 01:09:14,360
* What can I say or do for you,
my little?
953
01:09:14,395 --> 01:09:16,960
* Starry eyes
954
01:09:18,120 --> 01:09:21,880
* Starry eyes forever
955
01:09:21,915 --> 01:09:24,197
* Shall be mine
956
01:09:24,232 --> 01:09:26,445
* Starry eyes
957
01:09:26,480 --> 01:09:33,360
* What can I say to make you listen?
958
01:09:33,395 --> 01:09:36,085
* Starry eyes
959
01:09:36,120 --> 01:09:42,880
* What can I do for your attention?
960
01:09:42,915 --> 01:09:50,040
* Starry eyes forever
961
01:09:50,075 --> 01:09:52,280
* Shall be mine
962
01:09:57,320 --> 01:10:02,240
* When I'm alone,
I hear and feel you
963
01:10:06,520 --> 01:10:11,880
* Wish that I could reach right out
and touch you
964
01:10:15,440 --> 01:10:22,040
* But knowing you're the one
to greet me
965
01:10:22,075 --> 01:10:24,565
* And meet me
966
01:10:24,600 --> 01:10:28,880
* Two alone in the dark... *
967
01:10:31,880 --> 01:10:35,880
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