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Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:11,480 --> 00:00:15,480 www.titlovi.com 2 00:00:18,480 --> 00:00:22,160 Oh, my God! Oh, my God. Please, God. 3 00:00:22,195 --> 00:00:23,920 Please, God. Oh, my God! 4 00:00:25,600 --> 00:00:30,160 Oh, my God, please, don't... Please, God, please. 5 00:00:36,320 --> 00:00:38,840 I don't want to be in this tunnel. 6 00:00:38,875 --> 00:00:41,040 Oh, my God. Oh, my God. 7 00:00:44,680 --> 00:00:47,685 DISTANT SIRENS, RUMBLING 8 00:00:47,720 --> 00:00:57,480 Oh, my God. Oh, my God. Oh, my God. 9 00:00:59,440 --> 00:01:01,885 Oh, my God! Please, God, please. 10 00:01:01,920 --> 00:01:05,360 Oh, my God. Oh, my God. Please let me out of here. 11 00:01:05,395 --> 00:01:06,400 Please, God. 12 00:01:07,760 --> 00:01:09,880 Please, God, please let me out of here. 13 00:01:09,915 --> 00:01:11,845 Please, God, please. 14 00:01:11,880 --> 00:01:15,040 Oh, my God. Oh, my God. Oh, my God. 15 00:01:16,800 --> 00:01:18,280 Oh, my God. Oh, my God. 16 00:01:20,280 --> 00:01:23,205 Oh, my God. Oh, my God. 17 00:01:23,240 --> 00:01:25,800 Oh, my God. What am I doing? 18 00:01:44,560 --> 00:01:47,125 One of the most complex systems ever created 19 00:01:47,160 --> 00:01:50,600 was the pattern of detonations inside the atomic bomb 20 00:01:50,635 --> 00:01:53,000 that began the chain reaction. 21 00:01:54,120 --> 00:01:58,320 The scientist who created it, a physicist called John von Neumann, 22 00:01:58,355 --> 00:02:01,000 said that there was only one thing as complex... 23 00:02:02,400 --> 00:02:03,920 ..it was the world's climate. 24 00:02:05,840 --> 00:02:08,600 Like the bomb, it was a mass of different forces 25 00:02:08,635 --> 00:02:10,440 moving around a central globe. 26 00:02:13,520 --> 00:02:16,245 Von Neumann then used an early computer 27 00:02:16,280 --> 00:02:20,160 to build a model that simulated the world's climate system. 28 00:02:20,195 --> 00:02:24,040 His aim was to use it to predict and manipulate the weather 29 00:02:24,075 --> 00:02:27,320 as a weapon with which to attack the Soviet Union. 30 00:02:28,920 --> 00:02:31,720 But what he began had another consequence. 31 00:02:37,360 --> 00:02:40,685 In 1961, a scientist called Edward Lorenz 32 00:02:40,720 --> 00:02:44,360 made a mistake which revealed something that astonished him. 33 00:02:46,160 --> 00:02:49,240 Lorenz had built his own computer model of the world's climate. 34 00:02:51,280 --> 00:02:54,800 Then, one day, he ran a programme that he had run many times before, 35 00:02:54,835 --> 00:02:57,697 but missed out one tiny piece of data - 36 00:02:57,732 --> 00:03:00,560 a change at the fourth decimal point. 37 00:03:01,880 --> 00:03:05,005 For 30 days, everything went as before, 38 00:03:05,040 --> 00:03:08,960 but then, suddenly, the computer began to predict weather conditions 39 00:03:08,995 --> 00:03:10,880 never seen before on the planet. 40 00:03:12,400 --> 00:03:15,725 Other scientists said that his model was at fault. 41 00:03:15,760 --> 00:03:19,525 But Lorenz ran it again and again, with tiny variations, 42 00:03:19,560 --> 00:03:24,560 and each time, it led to different, often very strange futures. 43 00:03:25,960 --> 00:03:28,660 He began to wonder whether the world's climate 44 00:03:28,695 --> 00:03:31,360 was not the stable, self-correcting system 45 00:03:31,395 --> 00:03:33,320 that other scientists believed... 46 00:03:34,920 --> 00:03:36,445 ..that it was unstable, 47 00:03:36,480 --> 00:03:40,085 and that one tiny change somewhere in the world 48 00:03:40,120 --> 00:03:44,360 could tip the whole system from one state into another. 49 00:04:14,080 --> 00:04:18,285 * Dark moon 50 00:04:18,320 --> 00:04:21,045 * Away up high up in the sky 51 00:04:21,080 --> 00:04:28,480 * Oh, tell me why, oh, tell me why you've lost your splendour 52 00:04:30,760 --> 00:04:35,125 * Dark moon 53 00:04:35,160 --> 00:04:37,725 * What is the cause your light withdraws 54 00:04:37,760 --> 00:04:44,280 * Is it because Is it because I've lost my love? 55 00:04:47,400 --> 00:04:52,445 * Mortals have dreamed 56 00:04:52,480 --> 00:04:57,860 * Of love's perfect schemes 57 00:04:57,895 --> 00:05:03,205 * But they don't realise 58 00:05:03,240 --> 00:05:08,880 * That love will sometimes bring 59 00:05:08,915 --> 00:05:12,157 * A dark moon... * 60 00:05:12,192 --> 00:05:15,365 In America, in the 1960s, 61 00:05:15,400 --> 00:05:18,600 there was a man who was convinced that there was something frightening 62 00:05:18,635 --> 00:05:22,497 hidden under the surface of the new modern suburbs. 63 00:05:22,532 --> 00:05:26,360 Behind what looked like a confident individualism 64 00:05:26,395 --> 00:05:28,165 that was rising up throughout America, 65 00:05:28,200 --> 00:05:32,640 there were really hidden fears eating away at people from inside. 66 00:05:34,080 --> 00:05:35,720 Oh, these are gorgeous! 67 00:05:35,755 --> 00:05:37,360 Look! Salt and pepper. 68 00:05:39,040 --> 00:05:42,800 There were feelings of anxiety, loneliness and emptiness. 69 00:05:44,240 --> 00:05:48,080 And he was convinced he could make a lot of money out of these feelings. 70 00:05:50,680 --> 00:05:52,400 He was called Arthur Sackler. 71 00:05:53,840 --> 00:05:56,520 Sackler had trained as a psychiatrist 72 00:05:56,555 --> 00:05:58,285 but in the 1950s 73 00:05:58,320 --> 00:06:01,120 had turned to advertising drugs and medicines to doctors. 74 00:06:04,240 --> 00:06:07,360 And more and more of the doctors he talked with 75 00:06:07,395 --> 00:06:09,605 told him about people from the suburbs 76 00:06:09,640 --> 00:06:13,080 coming to them with vague feelings of anxiety and fear... 77 00:06:14,560 --> 00:06:17,120 ..something the doctors didn't know how to deal with. 78 00:06:20,080 --> 00:06:24,285 And in 1963, the company Hoffman LaRoche 79 00:06:24,320 --> 00:06:28,165 hired Sackler to promote a new drug called Valium. 80 00:06:28,200 --> 00:06:31,600 He offered it to the doctors as an extraordinary new way 81 00:06:31,635 --> 00:06:34,765 to treat these inner anxieties, 82 00:06:34,800 --> 00:06:38,640 and he said it wasn't dangerous or addictive. 83 00:06:40,240 --> 00:06:42,165 Valium became an amazing success. 84 00:06:42,200 --> 00:06:46,560 By 1971, it was the most widely prescribed medication 85 00:06:46,595 --> 00:06:48,485 in the western world. 86 00:06:48,520 --> 00:06:54,760 Hoffman's plant in New Jersey turned out 30 million pills in 15 hours - 87 00:06:54,795 --> 00:06:58,760 enough to satisfy global consumption for just five days. 88 00:07:01,880 --> 00:07:06,080 Valium had touched on something inside human beings, 89 00:07:06,115 --> 00:07:07,720 but nobody knew what it was. 90 00:07:08,960 --> 00:07:13,400 The new wave of feminists pointed out that far more women than men 91 00:07:13,435 --> 00:07:15,205 were taking Valium. 92 00:07:15,240 --> 00:07:19,080 They said the drug was being used to blot out the feeling 93 00:07:19,115 --> 00:07:20,965 that millions of women were having 94 00:07:21,000 --> 00:07:23,680 that there was something badly wrong with their lives. 95 00:07:26,480 --> 00:07:29,140 That when they did what they were supposed to do, 96 00:07:29,175 --> 00:07:31,800 it didn't bring the happiness they had been promised. 97 00:07:40,320 --> 00:07:43,040 And I thought to myself, well, I... 98 00:07:43,075 --> 00:07:45,725 There's got to be a better way for me, 99 00:07:45,760 --> 00:07:48,285 and I went about it in the way that I wanted to. 100 00:07:48,320 --> 00:07:51,680 I did what I wanted, regardless of what society was saying. 101 00:07:51,715 --> 00:07:54,205 And then, it all kind of caved in on me. 102 00:07:54,240 --> 00:07:58,120 And I just figured, well, you know, what's the use? 103 00:07:58,155 --> 00:08:01,605 And so I ended up in the state hospital. 104 00:08:01,640 --> 00:08:05,560 But now that I'm on the road back, I found if I... 105 00:08:05,595 --> 00:08:07,085 I don't see there is any solution, 106 00:08:07,120 --> 00:08:10,045 because if I act the way society tells me to act, 107 00:08:10,080 --> 00:08:15,240 and do abide by the rules, my life is fine and everybody's happy. 108 00:08:15,275 --> 00:08:17,445 But Arthur Sackler suspected 109 00:08:17,480 --> 00:08:21,525 that the drug had touched on something much deeper, 110 00:08:21,560 --> 00:08:25,080 that the women who spent their days alone in their new suburban homes 111 00:08:25,115 --> 00:08:27,560 were in a kind of laboratory of the future. 112 00:08:29,400 --> 00:08:31,885 They had discovered before anyone else 113 00:08:31,920 --> 00:08:35,000 the underlying weakness with the new individualism - 114 00:08:35,035 --> 00:08:38,965 that you were free, but you were alone. 115 00:08:39,000 --> 00:08:43,400 Women told researchers, "I feel empty somehow", 116 00:08:43,435 --> 00:08:45,960 or, "I feel as if I don't exist." 117 00:08:51,640 --> 00:08:53,365 And Sackler knew 118 00:08:53,400 --> 00:08:56,960 more and more men were also beginning to take the drug. 119 00:08:56,995 --> 00:08:59,760 The women had just got there first. 120 00:09:37,320 --> 00:09:39,360 PLUCKS MELODY 121 00:09:41,200 --> 00:09:44,240 SINGS TRADITIONAL SONG 122 00:09:50,520 --> 00:09:52,445 The Dream Of The Red Chamber 123 00:09:52,480 --> 00:09:55,605 is the most famous novel in China's history. 124 00:09:55,640 --> 00:10:00,285 It was written 250 years before in the 18th century. 125 00:10:00,320 --> 00:10:05,960 It tells the story of the rise and fall of two powerful families. 126 00:10:05,995 --> 00:10:07,725 As their power declines, 127 00:10:07,760 --> 00:10:10,920 the characters begin to find that the line between reality 128 00:10:10,955 --> 00:10:13,560 and a dream world gets blurred. 129 00:10:16,920 --> 00:10:19,880 They slip back and forth between the two. 130 00:10:19,915 --> 00:10:22,400 DISCORDANT MUSIC 131 00:10:30,400 --> 00:10:33,405 Jiang Qing, the wife of Mao Zedong, 132 00:10:33,440 --> 00:10:36,160 had always been fascinated by The Dream Of The Red Chamber... 133 00:10:37,720 --> 00:10:41,520 ..because it seemed to show that it is the power of a ruling class 134 00:10:41,555 --> 00:10:45,245 that shapes the very nature of reality itself. 135 00:10:45,280 --> 00:10:49,680 And it was that idea that had driven her in the Cultural Revolution. 136 00:10:50,880 --> 00:10:53,280 She had wanted to create a mass force 137 00:10:53,315 --> 00:10:55,045 powerful enough to change 138 00:10:55,080 --> 00:10:58,760 the very way millions of Chinese people saw the world. 139 00:11:04,280 --> 00:11:08,120 But suddenly, Mao Zedong had turned on her. 140 00:11:08,155 --> 00:11:11,685 He brutally dismissed all her ideas 141 00:11:11,720 --> 00:11:15,440 and she began to realise that maybe he had been using her. 142 00:11:17,400 --> 00:11:20,680 That Mao had used the mass frenzy that she had created 143 00:11:20,715 --> 00:11:23,800 simply as a way of getting rid of his enemies. 144 00:11:24,880 --> 00:11:27,760 It meant that everything that she had created - 145 00:11:27,795 --> 00:11:30,005 the epic operas and ballets, 146 00:11:30,040 --> 00:11:33,120 that promised a new kind of reality in the future - 147 00:11:33,155 --> 00:11:35,605 had just been flimsy illusions 148 00:11:35,640 --> 00:11:39,680 to disguise what had really been a brutal struggle for power. 149 00:11:48,640 --> 00:11:50,900 And now, Mao had sent the Red Guards, 150 00:11:50,935 --> 00:11:53,447 who had been the source of her power, 151 00:11:53,482 --> 00:11:55,960 off to the distant deserts and mountains. 152 00:11:57,400 --> 00:12:01,805 Jiang Qing was increasingly alone, and frightened, 153 00:12:01,840 --> 00:12:04,960 because Mao was turning on all those who had helped him 154 00:12:04,995 --> 00:12:06,560 in the Cultural Revolution. 155 00:12:07,680 --> 00:12:10,840 He tricked the head of the People's Army, Lin Biao, 156 00:12:10,875 --> 00:12:12,360 into plotting a coup. 157 00:12:13,640 --> 00:12:16,005 Mao sent troops to arrest Lin, 158 00:12:16,040 --> 00:12:19,720 but he and his family managed to escape on a plane. 159 00:12:21,360 --> 00:12:22,885 But the plane ran out of fuel 160 00:12:22,920 --> 00:12:26,040 and crashed in the desolate mountains of Mongolia. 161 00:12:28,200 --> 00:12:31,480 Jiang Qing was terrified that she would be next. 162 00:12:31,515 --> 00:12:33,685 She mounted anti-aircraft guns 163 00:12:33,720 --> 00:12:36,480 on the roof of her house in the party compound. 164 00:12:37,960 --> 00:12:41,400 She ate meals at random times to avoid being poisoned. 165 00:12:42,560 --> 00:12:45,000 And she suspected the nurse who gave her sleeping pills 166 00:12:45,035 --> 00:12:46,840 of being an assassin. 167 00:12:48,160 --> 00:12:52,200 Jiang Qing's own sense of reality was beginning to dissolve. 168 00:12:53,640 --> 00:12:57,325 But she also realised that, with Lin Biao destroyed, 169 00:12:57,360 --> 00:13:02,280 she now had a much greater chance of taking power when Mao died. 170 00:13:35,240 --> 00:13:39,245 In 1967, the Russians launched a space flight 171 00:13:39,280 --> 00:13:42,240 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Revolution. 172 00:13:43,200 --> 00:13:45,285 It was called Soyuz 1. 173 00:13:45,320 --> 00:13:48,645 Everything seemed to be going normally 174 00:13:48,680 --> 00:13:51,200 but the astronaut knew that something terrible 175 00:13:51,235 --> 00:13:52,360 was likely to happen. 176 00:13:56,480 --> 00:13:59,325 He was called Vladimir Komarov. 177 00:13:59,360 --> 00:14:03,440 Komarov's best friend was the Soviet hero Yuri Gagarin, 178 00:14:03,475 --> 00:14:06,720 who had made the first human flight into space. 179 00:14:06,755 --> 00:14:08,525 As they prepared for the launch, 180 00:14:08,560 --> 00:14:11,280 Gagarin had inspected Komarov's spacecraft. 181 00:14:12,480 --> 00:14:15,400 He discovered hundreds of faults in its construction. 182 00:14:16,680 --> 00:14:18,980 He told Komarov what he had found, 183 00:14:19,015 --> 00:14:21,280 that the spacecraft was a deathtrap. 184 00:14:22,520 --> 00:14:25,260 Gagarin tried to get the launch stopped, 185 00:14:25,295 --> 00:14:27,847 but the Communist Party leaders refused. 186 00:14:27,882 --> 00:14:30,365 "The launch had to go ahead", they said, 187 00:14:30,400 --> 00:14:33,160 "to celebrate the anniversary of the revolution." 188 00:14:34,600 --> 00:14:37,685 Komarov went, but on one condition. 189 00:14:37,720 --> 00:14:43,000 If he died, his body should be displayed in an open coffin. 190 00:14:43,035 --> 00:14:45,080 Things went wrong from the start. 191 00:14:45,115 --> 00:14:47,045 The spacecraft lost power. 192 00:14:47,080 --> 00:14:50,480 Komarov tried to manually guide it back to Earth. 193 00:14:50,515 --> 00:14:53,160 But then the parachutes failed to open. 194 00:14:54,480 --> 00:14:57,040 An American listening post on the Russian border 195 00:14:57,075 --> 00:15:00,205 recorded Komarov's final cries of rage 196 00:15:00,240 --> 00:15:03,520 as he plunged to his death on the plains of Kazakhstan. 197 00:15:06,040 --> 00:15:08,840 PANICKED YELLING 198 00:15:15,600 --> 00:15:18,885 BEEPING 199 00:15:18,920 --> 00:15:20,645 SCREAM ECHOES 200 00:15:20,680 --> 00:15:23,720 Komarov's remains were put into an open casket 201 00:15:23,755 --> 00:15:25,800 at the space headquarters. 202 00:15:25,835 --> 00:15:28,245 It was his revenge. 203 00:15:28,280 --> 00:15:31,800 It showed in a shocking way how the power of the Soviet leaders 204 00:15:31,835 --> 00:15:33,685 was crumbling, 205 00:15:33,720 --> 00:15:37,640 and how deeply the communist dream had become corrupted. 206 00:15:43,320 --> 00:15:44,880 UPBEAT MUSIC 207 00:15:55,760 --> 00:15:58,840 Eduard Limonov grew up in Ukraine in the 1950s. 208 00:16:00,000 --> 00:16:02,100 His father worked in a lowly position 209 00:16:02,135 --> 00:16:04,200 in the Ministry of Internal Security. 210 00:16:05,640 --> 00:16:08,760 They were in charge of watching and reporting on people, 211 00:16:08,795 --> 00:16:11,920 to make sure that everyone was a good communist. 212 00:16:13,520 --> 00:16:16,960 Limonov admired his father as a Soviet hero. 213 00:16:18,080 --> 00:16:21,760 And often, his father would travel to Siberia by train for his work. 214 00:16:24,960 --> 00:16:26,965 TRAIN WHISTLE 215 00:16:27,000 --> 00:16:29,245 One evening after his father had been away, 216 00:16:29,280 --> 00:16:32,560 Limonov went to the station to meet him as he returned. 217 00:16:34,080 --> 00:16:35,920 But his father didn't appear. 218 00:16:37,920 --> 00:16:39,925 Limonov searched, 219 00:16:39,960 --> 00:16:42,880 and found another train hidden away in the sidings. 220 00:16:44,240 --> 00:16:46,165 He watched dozens of men in handcuffs 221 00:16:46,200 --> 00:16:49,840 being taken off the train and put into trucks. 222 00:16:50,920 --> 00:16:53,720 Each one was called out by a man with a clipboard. 223 00:16:55,080 --> 00:16:56,840 The man was his father. 224 00:16:59,360 --> 00:17:03,800 Later that night, Limonov overheard his father tell his mother 225 00:17:03,835 --> 00:17:07,440 that all the men were being sent to a prison to be shot 226 00:17:07,475 --> 00:17:09,240 because they were against the system. 227 00:17:11,320 --> 00:17:13,860 Limonov realised that there was another 228 00:17:13,895 --> 00:17:16,365 violent hidden reality in the Soviet system 229 00:17:16,400 --> 00:17:20,520 that reached everywhere, even into his own family. 230 00:17:21,800 --> 00:17:25,200 And he decided he would be against the system. 231 00:17:25,235 --> 00:17:26,920 He would become a dissident. 232 00:17:39,600 --> 00:17:43,125 * People steal 233 00:17:43,160 --> 00:17:46,840 * They cheat and lie 234 00:17:48,800 --> 00:17:53,760 * For wealth and what 235 00:17:53,795 --> 00:17:58,000 * It will buy 236 00:17:59,160 --> 00:18:02,780 * Don't they know 237 00:18:02,815 --> 00:18:06,400 * On the Judgment Day 238 00:18:08,120 --> 00:18:12,360 * That their gold and silver 239 00:18:12,395 --> 00:18:15,680 * Will melt away? * 240 00:18:15,715 --> 00:18:17,285 TRAIN WHISTLE 241 00:18:17,320 --> 00:18:22,280 This coal train is symbolic of much of the dilemma of Appalachia. 242 00:18:22,315 --> 00:18:26,280 Until very recently, the companies that mine the coal 243 00:18:26,315 --> 00:18:29,437 owned all the mining communities. 244 00:18:29,472 --> 00:18:32,416 They owned the mines themselves, 245 00:18:32,451 --> 00:18:35,325 the tipples, the company towns, 246 00:18:35,360 --> 00:18:38,045 the streets, the houses, the stores, 247 00:18:38,080 --> 00:18:42,380 the commissaries, the hotels, the hospitals. 248 00:18:42,415 --> 00:18:46,645 They even had their own brand of money, scrip, 249 00:18:46,680 --> 00:18:51,420 which circulated only in company commissaries and stores. 250 00:18:51,455 --> 00:18:56,027 This created a population that was totally dependent. 251 00:18:56,062 --> 00:19:00,600 And the dependency lasted for more than 40 years. 252 00:19:00,635 --> 00:19:03,285 Abruptly, a few years ago, 253 00:19:03,320 --> 00:19:07,360 the company no longer needed its mining men, 254 00:19:07,395 --> 00:19:09,325 it needed mining machines. 255 00:19:09,360 --> 00:19:13,440 So the company withdrew its paternalism 256 00:19:13,475 --> 00:19:15,737 in each of the mining valleys. 257 00:19:15,772 --> 00:19:17,965 Millions, hundreds of millions, 258 00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:23,080 even billions of dollars' worth of coal have gone out of these valleys. 259 00:19:23,115 --> 00:19:27,720 Appalachia has produced, essentially, two crops of people - 260 00:19:27,755 --> 00:19:30,325 the rich, who have followed the coal, 261 00:19:30,360 --> 00:19:34,200 and the poor, who have stayed here, in the Appalachian valleys. 262 00:19:35,680 --> 00:19:39,365 TRAIN WHISTLE 263 00:19:39,400 --> 00:19:42,565 Harry Caudill was a lawyer in the giant coal-mining area 264 00:19:42,600 --> 00:19:46,160 that stretched across the Cumberland Mountains in Appalachia. 265 00:19:47,560 --> 00:19:50,480 He had spent his life representing the miners - 266 00:19:50,515 --> 00:19:53,400 taking on and fighting those who owned the mines. 267 00:19:54,560 --> 00:19:58,080 But now he had realised that something fundamental was happening. 268 00:19:59,680 --> 00:20:02,120 The power of the miners all around him 269 00:20:02,155 --> 00:20:04,560 was beginning to dissolve and collapse. 270 00:20:06,320 --> 00:20:08,720 He wrote a book called Night Comes To The Cumberlands. 271 00:20:10,240 --> 00:20:13,640 He described how coal had not only brought wealth and power 272 00:20:13,675 --> 00:20:16,245 to those who owned the mines, 273 00:20:16,280 --> 00:20:19,405 but also to the miners themselves. 274 00:20:19,440 --> 00:20:23,500 It gave them power because it brought thousands of them together. 275 00:20:23,535 --> 00:20:27,560 And together, they could block the coal from leaving the valleys. 276 00:20:29,480 --> 00:20:32,120 It gave them enormous collective power, 277 00:20:32,155 --> 00:20:34,760 out of which, organised labour had come. 278 00:20:36,600 --> 00:20:39,805 For 40 years, they had mounted strikes and blockades 279 00:20:39,840 --> 00:20:44,200 and fought violent battles with the private armies of the mine-owners. 280 00:20:47,560 --> 00:20:50,125 And out of that had come strong leaders, 281 00:20:50,160 --> 00:20:54,480 who had used the collective power to change society for the better. 282 00:21:07,440 --> 00:21:09,805 In 1946, 283 00:21:09,840 --> 00:21:12,520 the United Mine Workers of America, 284 00:21:12,555 --> 00:21:15,200 under the leadership of John L Lewis, 285 00:21:15,235 --> 00:21:16,485 who is generally regarded as 286 00:21:16,520 --> 00:21:20,720 the greatest labour statesman in American history, 287 00:21:20,755 --> 00:21:24,920 undertook to raise the medical standards of this area. 288 00:21:24,955 --> 00:21:28,165 Lewis had a very dramatic confrontation 289 00:21:28,200 --> 00:21:31,840 with the American coal operators at Pittsburgh. 290 00:21:32,960 --> 00:21:36,480 "You have", he said, "made dead more than half a million 291 00:21:36,515 --> 00:21:38,245 "of your fellow citizens. 292 00:21:38,280 --> 00:21:41,480 "The product you sell in the markets of the world 293 00:21:41,515 --> 00:21:44,845 "is drenched with the blood of your workmen. 294 00:21:44,880 --> 00:21:48,840 "It is salted with the tears of their widows and orphans." 295 00:21:48,875 --> 00:21:54,520 And he said, "Beginning today, beginning immediately, 296 00:21:54,555 --> 00:21:56,485 "and at this bargaining table, 297 00:21:56,520 --> 00:22:01,160 "you will begin to redress this old injustice." 298 00:22:02,080 --> 00:22:06,800 The United Mine Workers Health and Welfare Fund came into existence 299 00:22:06,835 --> 00:22:08,845 the following year. 300 00:22:08,880 --> 00:22:10,765 It was comparable in many respects 301 00:22:10,800 --> 00:22:14,440 to the National Health Service in Great Britain. 302 00:22:14,475 --> 00:22:16,800 CLOCK TICKS 303 00:22:19,160 --> 00:22:22,400 But now, Caudill realised that that power had gone. 304 00:22:24,960 --> 00:22:26,525 First, the machines had come 305 00:22:26,560 --> 00:22:28,800 and replaced thousands of workers. 306 00:22:30,840 --> 00:22:34,360 Helpless to save their jobs, they now lived in growing poverty, 307 00:22:34,395 --> 00:22:36,320 supported only by welfare. 308 00:22:42,400 --> 00:22:45,400 And then there was the other fossil fuel - oil. 309 00:22:53,720 --> 00:22:56,280 Oil was now rising up to replace coal. 310 00:22:57,520 --> 00:22:59,960 And more and more of it came from the Middle East. 311 00:23:01,240 --> 00:23:04,720 In countries like Saudi Arabia, the Western oil companies 312 00:23:04,755 --> 00:23:07,240 had created their own managed communities. 313 00:23:09,960 --> 00:23:12,765 But these communities were for the managers, 314 00:23:12,800 --> 00:23:16,360 who lived a dreamlike existence in the middle of the desert. 315 00:23:17,920 --> 00:23:21,800 Their golf courses created by rolling crude oil into the sand... 316 00:23:24,480 --> 00:23:28,760 ..while the workers were controlled by authoritarian governments. 317 00:23:28,795 --> 00:23:30,400 They were no threat. 318 00:23:32,080 --> 00:23:34,800 And across the world, the oil industry 319 00:23:34,835 --> 00:23:36,645 was a scattered, diffused network, 320 00:23:36,680 --> 00:23:39,360 where there was never any chance of enough workers 321 00:23:39,395 --> 00:23:42,240 coming together to create a critical mass... 322 00:23:43,520 --> 00:23:46,000 ..out of which would come collective action. 323 00:24:00,920 --> 00:24:03,840 But at that very moment, something was revealed 324 00:24:03,875 --> 00:24:06,325 in another remote part of the world 325 00:24:06,360 --> 00:24:09,800 that was going to lead to a realisation that fossil fuels 326 00:24:09,835 --> 00:24:12,605 could not only change the nature of power, 327 00:24:12,640 --> 00:24:16,320 they could also change the whole structure of the planet. 328 00:24:22,280 --> 00:24:26,840 On the top of the world, below the surface of a giant ice cap, 329 00:24:26,875 --> 00:24:28,640 a city is buried. 330 00:24:30,560 --> 00:24:34,880 Camp Century is buried below the surface of this ice cap. 331 00:24:34,915 --> 00:24:38,400 Beneath it, the ice descends for 6.000 feet. 332 00:24:39,640 --> 00:24:42,165 In this remote setting, Camp Century is a symbol 333 00:24:42,200 --> 00:24:46,320 of man's unceasing struggle to conquer his environment. 334 00:24:46,355 --> 00:24:50,117 Camp Century pretended to be a scientific base. 335 00:24:50,152 --> 00:24:53,880 In reality, it was a disguise for Project Iceworm. 336 00:24:55,640 --> 00:24:58,580 600 nuclear missiles were going to be hidden 337 00:24:58,615 --> 00:25:01,520 in hundreds of miles of tunnels under the ice, 338 00:25:01,555 --> 00:25:03,360 targeted at Russia. 339 00:25:06,400 --> 00:25:08,365 But as a part of the disguise, 340 00:25:08,400 --> 00:25:11,660 climate scientists, working with army engineers, 341 00:25:11,695 --> 00:25:14,920 began to drill hundreds of feet down into the ice 342 00:25:14,955 --> 00:25:17,360 and bring up ice cores. 343 00:25:18,760 --> 00:25:21,040 The ice sheet had been built up layer by layer 344 00:25:21,075 --> 00:25:24,325 over hundreds of thousands of years. 345 00:25:24,360 --> 00:25:28,360 That meant that it had within it a frozen record of the past. 346 00:25:32,560 --> 00:25:35,200 What the scientists found in the cores astonished them. 347 00:25:36,360 --> 00:25:40,640 That 11.000 years before, there had been a sudden cataclysmic shift. 348 00:25:41,920 --> 00:25:46,240 The world's temperature had changed by ten degrees in just centuries. 349 00:25:49,160 --> 00:25:51,080 Other ice cores then confirmed this. 350 00:25:52,240 --> 00:25:55,240 That in the past, there had been repeated, sudden changes, 351 00:25:55,275 --> 00:25:56,925 both heating and cooling, 352 00:25:56,960 --> 00:26:00,840 of the world's climate at speeds that no-one thought possible. 353 00:26:02,560 --> 00:26:05,440 This piece of ice records a spectacular cooling. 354 00:26:06,440 --> 00:26:09,460 In fact, it's a quite new discovery for us 355 00:26:09,495 --> 00:26:12,480 that the Earth can turn so cold so fast. 356 00:26:12,515 --> 00:26:14,925 What was the reason? 357 00:26:14,960 --> 00:26:18,245 We don't think that volcanic eruptions did it. 358 00:26:18,280 --> 00:26:23,880 Maybe it was due to enormous breakout of Antarctic ice. 359 00:26:25,120 --> 00:26:29,320 The problem is, could that happen again to us right now? 360 00:26:30,720 --> 00:26:35,580 Or could we accidentally provoke such a catastrophe? 361 00:26:35,615 --> 00:26:40,440 We must find the reason for this natural event long ago. 362 00:26:43,560 --> 00:26:46,460 They believed that what the ice cores showed 363 00:26:46,495 --> 00:26:48,967 was that the idea which dominated science, 364 00:26:49,002 --> 00:26:51,961 that the world's climate was a stable, 365 00:26:51,996 --> 00:26:54,885 self-correcting system, was wrong - 366 00:26:54,920 --> 00:26:58,880 that it could suddenly shift into a completely different state... 367 00:27:00,160 --> 00:27:02,560 ..which would have extraordinary consequences. 368 00:27:30,160 --> 00:27:31,800 WIND GUSTS 369 00:27:35,640 --> 00:27:38,080 WIND WHISTLES 370 00:27:53,120 --> 00:27:54,805 Richard Nixon came to power 371 00:27:54,840 --> 00:27:57,640 because he had harnessed a new force. 372 00:27:57,675 --> 00:27:59,520 He called it the silent majority. 373 00:28:01,160 --> 00:28:02,725 They were the people in the suburbs 374 00:28:02,760 --> 00:28:05,400 that were rapidly growing around every city in America. 375 00:28:07,160 --> 00:28:09,245 But it was a fragile power base, 376 00:28:09,280 --> 00:28:11,980 because it wasn't like the old collective power 377 00:28:12,015 --> 00:28:14,680 that had driven political parties in the past. 378 00:28:15,800 --> 00:28:17,845 It was millions of individuals 379 00:28:17,880 --> 00:28:20,245 who not only felt isolated and alone, 380 00:28:20,280 --> 00:28:24,520 but also increasingly fearful of the chaos in America 381 00:28:24,555 --> 00:28:26,600 as a result of the Vietnam War. 382 00:28:27,840 --> 00:28:31,720 We were sitting in the living room watching the Miss Ohio pageant, 383 00:28:31,755 --> 00:28:34,885 and all of a sudden, I heard a smack at the front 384 00:28:34,920 --> 00:28:39,440 and I run out and heard something hit a window here in the back. 385 00:28:39,475 --> 00:28:42,765 And I tore around the driveway here 386 00:28:42,800 --> 00:28:45,480 and I looked all over, but I didn't see a thing. 387 00:28:45,515 --> 00:28:47,045 I didn't see one guy. 388 00:28:47,080 --> 00:28:50,400 You know, you can put up with this crap just so long 389 00:28:50,435 --> 00:28:53,040 and then - pow! - somebody's going to get it. 390 00:28:53,075 --> 00:28:54,880 ANIMATED SHOUTS 391 00:28:58,480 --> 00:29:01,125 MUFFLED SPEECH 392 00:29:01,160 --> 00:29:04,480 There are those who say, "How do we answer those who engage in violence? 393 00:29:04,515 --> 00:29:08,120 "How do we answer those who try to shout down a speaker?" 394 00:29:08,155 --> 00:29:11,337 And my answer is, don't answer in kind. 395 00:29:11,372 --> 00:29:14,646 It's time for the great silent majority 396 00:29:14,681 --> 00:29:17,885 just to stand up and be counted! APPLAUSE 397 00:29:17,920 --> 00:29:20,760 Nixon promised to represent the silent majority. 398 00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:24,640 But the truth was that he was also uncertain, 399 00:29:24,675 --> 00:29:27,760 and frightened, too, just like them. 400 00:29:29,680 --> 00:29:33,040 Nixon had been to see a psychiatrist about his feelings of dread. 401 00:29:34,280 --> 00:29:35,725 He told the psychiatrist 402 00:29:35,760 --> 00:29:38,560 that when he looked in the mirror in the morning, 403 00:29:38,595 --> 00:29:40,720 it was as if there was no-one there. 404 00:29:45,560 --> 00:29:48,525 He was also suspicious and paranoid. 405 00:29:48,560 --> 00:29:51,045 Nixon was convinced that there was a conspiracy, 406 00:29:51,080 --> 00:29:54,640 by what he called the liberal establishment, to destroy him. 407 00:29:56,080 --> 00:30:00,920 In 1971, he told his aides to start what he called, the enemies list. 408 00:30:02,120 --> 00:30:05,200 It included dozens of liberal journalists, academics 409 00:30:05,235 --> 00:30:06,840 and even film stars. 410 00:30:08,320 --> 00:30:11,840 Nixon had a tape machine running all the time in the White House. 411 00:30:11,875 --> 00:30:15,640 And on it, he left a record of this paranoia. 412 00:30:38,000 --> 00:30:41,980 But Nixon soon found that the chaos created by the Vietnam War 413 00:30:42,015 --> 00:30:45,960 was also going to stop him delivering the new, stable America 414 00:30:45,995 --> 00:30:47,600 that he had promised. 415 00:30:48,760 --> 00:30:53,480 The cost of the war was huge, and America was deeply in debt. 416 00:30:53,515 --> 00:30:56,845 In 1971, it forced Nixon to give up 417 00:30:56,880 --> 00:31:00,200 one of the great symbols of America's global power - 418 00:31:00,235 --> 00:31:03,040 the control of all the world's currencies. 419 00:31:07,600 --> 00:31:09,205 Ever since the Second World War, 420 00:31:09,240 --> 00:31:11,640 the value of all currencies in the world 421 00:31:11,675 --> 00:31:13,925 had been fixed to the dollar. 422 00:31:13,960 --> 00:31:17,680 They were backed by the gold reserves held in Fort Knox. 423 00:31:18,640 --> 00:31:21,125 But then, overnight, Nixon let that go. 424 00:31:21,160 --> 00:31:25,600 And suddenly, there was no fixed value for any currency 425 00:31:25,635 --> 00:31:27,657 anywhere in the world. 426 00:31:27,692 --> 00:31:29,680 What was that mark, John? 427 00:31:29,715 --> 00:31:31,285 8.38-8.43. 428 00:31:31,320 --> 00:31:34,480 8.38-8.43, I can deal with you in sterling mark. 429 00:31:35,760 --> 00:31:38,640 And dollars? Just a second. Dollars, Chris? 430 00:31:38,675 --> 00:31:42,605 2.44.59. 2.44.59 dollar sterling. 431 00:31:42,640 --> 00:31:46,080 There was immediately confusion as banks around the world 432 00:31:46,115 --> 00:31:49,120 struggled to come to terms with the new reality. 433 00:31:50,520 --> 00:31:53,000 They set up new, improvised dealing rooms 434 00:31:53,035 --> 00:31:54,725 buying and selling currencies 435 00:31:54,760 --> 00:31:57,880 as, minute by minute, they went up and down in value. 436 00:32:02,320 --> 00:32:04,325 But then President Nixon did something 437 00:32:04,360 --> 00:32:07,560 that seemed to show he still had power to change the world. 438 00:32:08,720 --> 00:32:10,360 He went to China. 439 00:32:11,440 --> 00:32:14,440 His arrival was broadcast live in America. 440 00:32:14,475 --> 00:32:17,405 Journalists compared it to the moon landings 441 00:32:17,440 --> 00:32:20,525 because Nixon was going to a giant, mysterious country 442 00:32:20,560 --> 00:32:24,160 that had been cut off from the rest of the world for decades. 443 00:32:27,640 --> 00:32:30,520 And he was going to bring it into the modern global system. 444 00:32:38,400 --> 00:32:40,720 By now, Mao could hardly walk. 445 00:32:42,240 --> 00:32:44,720 The Americans had sent medical equipment ahead 446 00:32:44,755 --> 00:32:47,200 in case of an assassination attempt on Nixon. 447 00:32:48,320 --> 00:32:52,880 But the Chinese took it and used it instead to resuscitate Mao. 448 00:32:54,240 --> 00:32:56,520 The meeting lasted for only an hour. 449 00:32:57,920 --> 00:33:01,560 Mao went back to bed and Nixon didn't see him again. 450 00:33:05,600 --> 00:33:08,800 Instead, he went with Mao's wife, Jiang Qing, 451 00:33:08,835 --> 00:33:10,880 to see one of her revolutionary operas. 452 00:33:12,680 --> 00:33:15,160 On the surface, Jiang Qing seemed confident. 453 00:33:16,280 --> 00:33:19,840 But underneath, she realised she could be destroyed at any minute. 454 00:33:21,120 --> 00:33:22,885 It wasn't just Mao. 455 00:33:22,920 --> 00:33:26,080 By now, the whole system of authority in China 456 00:33:26,115 --> 00:33:28,485 was beginning to fall apart. 457 00:33:28,520 --> 00:33:32,600 As many of those in power realised that the revolution had failed. 458 00:33:32,635 --> 00:33:34,480 CAST SING 459 00:33:50,400 --> 00:33:53,800 But while Jiang Qing was preoccupied with real enemies, 460 00:33:53,835 --> 00:33:57,117 Nixon, sitting next to her, had now become obsessed 461 00:33:57,152 --> 00:34:00,400 with plotting to destroy his imaginary enemies. 462 00:34:02,120 --> 00:34:04,960 He had set up a conspiracy, based in the White House. 463 00:34:06,440 --> 00:34:09,440 It was run by a group of ex intelligence agents, 464 00:34:09,475 --> 00:34:12,440 and they were already planning to bug, burgle 465 00:34:12,475 --> 00:34:14,960 and blackmail Nixon's opponents. 466 00:34:16,480 --> 00:34:20,760 Behind his smile, he was preoccupied with plotting and scheming. 467 00:34:31,360 --> 00:34:33,045 Jiang Qing and Richard Nixon 468 00:34:33,080 --> 00:34:37,360 were two of the most powerful people in the world at that moment. 469 00:34:37,395 --> 00:34:40,080 But what they shared was a sense that power 470 00:34:40,115 --> 00:34:42,440 was now slipping from their grasp. 471 00:34:45,720 --> 00:34:48,880 While the new force that Nixon had unleashed - money - 472 00:34:48,915 --> 00:34:52,037 was eating away at the idea that there was a fixed, 473 00:34:52,072 --> 00:34:55,160 predictable system that any politician could control. 474 00:34:57,920 --> 00:35:01,000 Because the bankers had realised that currencies could be traded 475 00:35:01,035 --> 00:35:03,520 globally, like any other asset. 476 00:35:05,360 --> 00:35:09,920 And what that had created was a fluid, constantly-changing reality 477 00:35:09,955 --> 00:35:12,320 that no-one was fully in control of. 478 00:35:15,280 --> 00:35:16,780 Try 35.42, then! 479 00:35:16,815 --> 00:35:18,245 Hello? 35.42. 480 00:35:18,280 --> 00:35:20,045 It dropped 100 points. We don't know why. 481 00:35:20,080 --> 00:35:23,440 It just dropped down in points when everything else was staying still. 482 00:35:23,475 --> 00:35:25,240 Right, 30 other way! 30 other way! 483 00:35:25,275 --> 00:35:26,920 Change it! Change! 484 00:35:26,955 --> 00:35:29,440 MUSIC PLAYS 485 00:35:55,280 --> 00:35:57,320 THEY SING 486 00:36:15,320 --> 00:36:17,400 CHILDREN SING 487 00:36:21,560 --> 00:36:23,240 SINGING CONTINUES 488 00:36:52,280 --> 00:36:56,440 Eduard Limonov had now left Ukraine and come to Moscow. 489 00:36:56,475 --> 00:37:00,600 He became part of what was called the underground - 490 00:37:00,635 --> 00:37:03,040 writers and painters who saw themselves 491 00:37:03,075 --> 00:37:04,960 as the opponents of the regime. 492 00:37:06,640 --> 00:37:08,240 Limonov became a poet. 493 00:37:09,760 --> 00:37:11,840 And one night, at a party, he met a girl 494 00:37:11,875 --> 00:37:13,920 who he fell passionately in love with. 495 00:37:15,200 --> 00:37:17,325 She was called Yelena Shchapova. 496 00:37:17,360 --> 00:37:20,080 And together, they became a glamorous couple 497 00:37:20,115 --> 00:37:22,040 in the underground world. 498 00:37:26,200 --> 00:37:27,965 But what Limonov began to discover 499 00:37:28,000 --> 00:37:31,440 was that most of the dissidents did not have a clear idea 500 00:37:31,475 --> 00:37:33,640 of what alternative they wanted. 501 00:37:34,800 --> 00:37:37,440 They, too, were trapped by the Soviet ideology. 502 00:37:40,920 --> 00:37:43,920 The most famous dissident was Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. 503 00:37:45,280 --> 00:37:46,925 He was secretly writing a novel 504 00:37:46,960 --> 00:37:50,240 that was going to expose the horror behind the communist facade. 505 00:37:51,720 --> 00:37:53,760 It was called The Gulag Archipelago. 506 00:37:55,520 --> 00:37:58,860 But in the novel, Solzhenitsyn also confronted the fact 507 00:37:58,895 --> 00:38:02,200 that, faced by the failure of the revolutionary dream, 508 00:38:02,235 --> 00:38:05,200 it was now difficult to believe in anything. 509 00:38:07,000 --> 00:38:10,600 That maybe ideology itself was the problem. 510 00:38:15,360 --> 00:38:17,645 The evildoers in Shakespeare, he said, 511 00:38:17,680 --> 00:38:20,840 killed just a few dozen in their struggle for power. 512 00:38:22,640 --> 00:38:25,640 But then came the belief that you could find a theory 513 00:38:25,675 --> 00:38:28,405 that would create an ideal world. 514 00:38:28,440 --> 00:38:32,880 The agents of the Inquisition, he said, invoked Christianity. 515 00:38:34,360 --> 00:38:35,925 The great empires, like Britain, 516 00:38:35,960 --> 00:38:38,840 justified it by the idea of civilisation. 517 00:38:41,160 --> 00:38:43,360 The Nazis did it by race. 518 00:38:44,720 --> 00:38:48,520 And the revolutionaries, both in France and in Russia, 519 00:38:48,555 --> 00:38:51,197 justified it by equality, brotherhood 520 00:38:51,232 --> 00:38:53,840 and the happiness of future generations. 521 00:38:55,000 --> 00:38:56,965 But in every case, he said, 522 00:38:57,000 --> 00:39:00,680 thousands, and often millions, were killed. 523 00:39:02,080 --> 00:39:05,480 Solzhenitsyn's book contained a damning conclusion, 524 00:39:05,515 --> 00:39:07,605 which was going to be one of the foundations 525 00:39:07,640 --> 00:39:11,020 of the counter-ideology that dominates the world today. 526 00:39:11,055 --> 00:39:14,400 It said that the only way to escape from that horror 527 00:39:14,435 --> 00:39:17,480 was to stop trying to change the world. 528 00:39:17,515 --> 00:39:20,480 Stop trying to reshape reality. 529 00:39:21,640 --> 00:39:24,640 Instead, the safest thing to do in the future 530 00:39:24,675 --> 00:39:26,440 was to believe in nothing. 531 00:39:32,160 --> 00:39:34,965 Limonov scorned Solzhenitsyn. 532 00:39:35,000 --> 00:39:37,720 He saw him as part of an older generation 533 00:39:37,755 --> 00:39:39,560 trapped by their literary elitism. 534 00:39:41,560 --> 00:39:43,645 Ever since his time in Ukraine, 535 00:39:43,680 --> 00:39:47,840 he had been fascinated by what he saw as the real outsiders. 536 00:39:47,875 --> 00:39:52,000 Those who refused in any way to be a part of the Soviet system. 537 00:39:57,560 --> 00:39:59,965 Above all, the thousands of criminals 538 00:40:00,000 --> 00:40:02,920 who lived most of their lives in the Russian prisons. 539 00:40:04,560 --> 00:40:08,280 They were called the Vory v Zakone - thieves in law. 540 00:40:09,440 --> 00:40:11,325 They had their own codes and hierarchies 541 00:40:11,360 --> 00:40:14,520 that were expressed in the complex tattoos on their bodies. 542 00:40:17,440 --> 00:40:20,925 The tattoos also expressed their fundamental belief 543 00:40:20,960 --> 00:40:26,280 that in a society where ideology controlled the minds of everyone, 544 00:40:26,315 --> 00:40:29,120 the only way to step outside the system 545 00:40:29,155 --> 00:40:30,840 was through violent crime. 546 00:40:33,880 --> 00:40:35,925 A singer called Arkady Severny 547 00:40:35,960 --> 00:40:40,160 had secretly recorded what were called prison songs. 548 00:40:40,195 --> 00:40:43,840 Songs from the Vory v Zakone inside the jails, 549 00:40:43,875 --> 00:40:46,480 that attacked not just the Soviets, 550 00:40:46,515 --> 00:40:48,280 but the whole Russian empire. 551 00:40:52,560 --> 00:40:55,760 MAN SINGS IN RUSSIAN 552 00:41:33,360 --> 00:41:34,880 MAN SPEAKS RUSSIAN 553 00:41:34,915 --> 00:41:36,325 LAUGHTER 554 00:41:36,360 --> 00:41:38,040 MAN SPEAKS RUSSIAN 555 00:41:40,600 --> 00:41:43,245 But then, at the start of 1974, 556 00:41:43,280 --> 00:41:47,200 the Soviet leaders discovered what Solzhenitsyn had been writing. 557 00:41:47,235 --> 00:41:49,925 They debated whether to shoot him, 558 00:41:49,960 --> 00:41:53,320 but decided instead to expel him to the West. 559 00:41:54,880 --> 00:41:57,245 They also decided to take the opportunity 560 00:41:57,280 --> 00:42:00,160 to get rid of some of the other dissidents, as well. 561 00:42:01,640 --> 00:42:05,600 Eduard Limonov and Yelena were summoned to KGB headquarters 562 00:42:05,635 --> 00:42:08,480 and told that they were being sent to New York. 563 00:42:09,760 --> 00:42:12,725 While many of the leading criminals, the Vory v Zakone 564 00:42:12,760 --> 00:42:16,840 were taken from the prisons and put on planes to New York, as well. 565 00:42:17,960 --> 00:42:21,320 The Soviets told the Americans that they were another group of Jews 566 00:42:21,355 --> 00:42:23,280 who were being allowed to emigrate. 567 00:42:31,720 --> 00:42:34,560 I bet you can't hit me. Why don't you try? 568 00:42:34,595 --> 00:42:37,285 GUNFIRE Ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha! 569 00:42:37,320 --> 00:42:40,700 You're going to miss. You're going to miss. Yes, you are! 570 00:42:40,735 --> 00:42:44,080 Most of the Russian criminals set up home in Brighton Beach, 571 00:42:44,115 --> 00:42:45,920 just outside New York. 572 00:42:47,040 --> 00:42:51,240 They created their own organisation, called the Potato Bag Gang. 573 00:42:52,320 --> 00:42:55,520 It was the start of the modern Russian mafia in America. 574 00:42:58,400 --> 00:43:00,645 Limonov and Yelena 575 00:43:00,680 --> 00:43:03,320 were helped by Russian emigre writers and artists 576 00:43:03,355 --> 00:43:05,160 already in Manhattan. 577 00:43:06,240 --> 00:43:08,520 And they soon became a glamorous couple, 578 00:43:08,555 --> 00:43:10,777 invited to parties by rich Americans 579 00:43:10,812 --> 00:43:13,000 who wanted to meet Soviet dissidents. 580 00:43:15,120 --> 00:43:17,480 But the New York Limonov had arrived in 581 00:43:17,515 --> 00:43:19,440 was not the city of his dreams. 582 00:43:19,475 --> 00:43:20,725 SIRENS WAIL 583 00:43:20,760 --> 00:43:22,645 Much of it was falling apart 584 00:43:22,680 --> 00:43:25,880 with gangs burning down whole buildings for insurance claims. 585 00:43:29,760 --> 00:43:33,200 But a strange, unreal mood spread through the ruins. 586 00:43:35,440 --> 00:43:38,640 Well, this morning, on our way into work, we had a report that 587 00:43:38,675 --> 00:43:41,677 the police had located a carcass 588 00:43:41,712 --> 00:43:44,645 in a street on 172nd and Bryant. 589 00:43:44,680 --> 00:43:48,240 It turned out to be a, er... stripped carcass of a gorilla. 590 00:43:48,275 --> 00:43:50,800 It was headless and the, er... fur was removed, 591 00:43:50,835 --> 00:43:52,560 the skin was removed. 592 00:43:52,595 --> 00:43:54,645 South Bronx! 593 00:43:54,680 --> 00:43:59,360 There was also a mood of paranoia spreading through America. 594 00:44:00,960 --> 00:44:05,120 Nixon's own paranoia had been exposed by the Watergate scandal. 595 00:44:05,155 --> 00:44:09,160 But in its wake, all kinds of other revelations came out, 596 00:44:09,195 --> 00:44:11,817 of dark secrets in the political world 597 00:44:11,852 --> 00:44:14,440 that had been kept hidden from the people. 598 00:44:15,560 --> 00:44:19,645 That for 20 years, the CIA had been planning assassinations 599 00:44:19,680 --> 00:44:23,920 and overthrowing leaders of foreign governments all around the world, 600 00:44:23,955 --> 00:44:27,920 using poisons and specially-made secret weapons. 601 00:44:27,955 --> 00:44:29,880 Don't... don't point it at me! 602 00:44:29,915 --> 00:44:31,280 LAUGHTER 603 00:44:33,880 --> 00:44:38,600 Does... does this... does this pistol, er... fire the dart? 604 00:44:38,635 --> 00:44:40,365 Yes, it does, Mr Chairman. 605 00:44:40,400 --> 00:44:43,200 And a special one was developed which would be able to 606 00:44:43,235 --> 00:44:45,840 enter the target without perception. 607 00:44:45,875 --> 00:44:46,885 As a murder instrument, 608 00:44:46,920 --> 00:44:49,160 that's about as efficient as you can get, isn't it? 609 00:44:49,195 --> 00:44:50,520 Yes. 610 00:44:52,360 --> 00:44:54,845 The uncertainty even infected those 611 00:44:54,880 --> 00:44:58,800 who had previously ridiculed all conspiracy theories. 612 00:45:00,080 --> 00:45:04,240 Six years before, Kerry Thornley had begun Operation Mindfuck. 613 00:45:05,720 --> 00:45:09,320 He and his friend Greg Hill had planted fake conspiracy theories 614 00:45:09,355 --> 00:45:12,520 in the press and in underground magazines, 615 00:45:12,555 --> 00:45:15,005 alleging that the Illuminati 616 00:45:15,040 --> 00:45:20,300 were the secret organisation behind all the assassinations in America. 617 00:45:20,335 --> 00:45:25,560 Their aim was to make people see how absurd all such theories were. 618 00:45:28,240 --> 00:45:29,605 But one day in New York, 619 00:45:29,640 --> 00:45:31,885 Thornley thought that he recognised a picture 620 00:45:31,920 --> 00:45:35,600 of one of the Watergate burglars on a magazine stand. 621 00:45:36,880 --> 00:45:41,240 He was certain he had met him 20 years before in New Orleans. 622 00:45:42,600 --> 00:45:46,720 Back then, Thornley had been friends with Lee Harvey Oswald. 623 00:45:46,755 --> 00:45:49,600 They had met when they were Marines together. 624 00:45:51,040 --> 00:45:53,245 Thorney had then lived in New Orleans, 625 00:45:53,280 --> 00:45:57,200 the same city that Oswald had lived in before the assassination. 626 00:45:58,720 --> 00:46:00,365 And he had met people there 627 00:46:00,400 --> 00:46:03,440 who later became suspects in the Kennedy conspiracy. 628 00:46:04,840 --> 00:46:08,480 Thornley had always seen these as coincidences, 629 00:46:08,515 --> 00:46:11,440 but in the new mood, he started to doubt. 630 00:46:12,560 --> 00:46:17,680 I had met Guy Banister, a figure, a suspect in the Garrison probe, 631 00:46:17,715 --> 00:46:20,920 I had met Clay Shaw two weeks before the assassination 632 00:46:20,955 --> 00:46:24,200 and a discussion of my book about Oswald, 633 00:46:24,235 --> 00:46:25,765 The Idle Warriors was involved. 634 00:46:25,800 --> 00:46:29,605 I had even worked in a restaurant where Oswald 635 00:46:29,640 --> 00:46:34,720 had lived in his youth with his mother right upstairs 636 00:46:34,755 --> 00:46:36,205 in the same building. 637 00:46:36,240 --> 00:46:39,160 So there were meaningful coincidences 638 00:46:39,195 --> 00:46:40,845 and meaningless coincidences, 639 00:46:40,880 --> 00:46:44,000 but I could not explain all these weird coincidences. 640 00:46:46,600 --> 00:46:50,900 But at the same time, the fake conspiracy theories that Thornley 641 00:46:50,935 --> 00:46:55,200 had been spreading into American culture with Operation Mindfuck 642 00:46:55,235 --> 00:46:58,960 ever since the late 1960s, started to be believed as well. 643 00:47:00,200 --> 00:47:04,005 Because the real conspiracies were so extraordinary. 644 00:47:04,040 --> 00:47:09,080 Stories about the Illuminati and a plot to create a new world order 645 00:47:09,115 --> 00:47:11,485 began to get mixed up with revelations 646 00:47:11,520 --> 00:47:16,800 about brainwashing and secret mind control programmes run by the CIA. 647 00:47:18,760 --> 00:47:22,200 The line between the reality of political corruption 648 00:47:22,235 --> 00:47:25,000 and a dream world of conspiracy theories 649 00:47:25,035 --> 00:47:27,440 started to get blurred in America. 650 00:47:31,360 --> 00:47:35,260 But the sense of uncertainty, and a feeling that systems 651 00:47:35,295 --> 00:47:39,160 might be out of control, was also creeping into other areas. 652 00:47:40,280 --> 00:47:43,600 A group of climate scientists had begun to argue that the world 653 00:47:43,635 --> 00:47:47,040 might be on the edge of another dramatic change. 654 00:47:48,000 --> 00:47:51,320 That there might be a cataclysmic crisis coming. 655 00:47:51,355 --> 00:47:52,605 WIND WHISTLES 656 00:47:52,640 --> 00:47:55,640 And that the reason this time was human activity. 657 00:47:59,480 --> 00:48:03,200 In the 1970s, there seemed to be dramatic shifts happening 658 00:48:03,235 --> 00:48:05,245 in the climate. 659 00:48:05,280 --> 00:48:07,325 In regions near the equator 660 00:48:07,360 --> 00:48:09,685 there were droughts and famines, 661 00:48:09,720 --> 00:48:13,200 but in the Arctic regions, it was getting colder. 662 00:48:14,480 --> 00:48:17,840 Something was happening, but no-one knew what. 663 00:48:18,960 --> 00:48:22,320 One group said that there was going to be a dramatic cooling 664 00:48:22,355 --> 00:48:25,440 because the dust and smoke spreading around the world 665 00:48:25,475 --> 00:48:27,000 was blocking out the sunlight. 666 00:48:29,560 --> 00:48:33,420 A man-made dust pall is spreading over the Earth. 667 00:48:33,455 --> 00:48:37,280 This dust blots out the sun and causes cooling 668 00:48:37,315 --> 00:48:39,445 on a worldwide scale. 669 00:48:39,480 --> 00:48:43,445 Not all scientists agree with this theory. 670 00:48:43,480 --> 00:48:47,080 I hope it's wrong myself, but there is no doubting 671 00:48:47,115 --> 00:48:50,205 its seriousness for if this is correct, 672 00:48:50,240 --> 00:48:55,120 millions of people will be destined for chronic famine. 673 00:48:55,155 --> 00:48:57,440 THUNDER RUMBLES 674 00:48:59,320 --> 00:49:02,680 But others said the very opposite was about to happen. 675 00:49:02,715 --> 00:49:06,040 There was more and more carbon dioxide being pumped 676 00:49:06,075 --> 00:49:08,205 into the atmosphere. 677 00:49:08,240 --> 00:49:12,820 That would trap the heat, but the world would grow hotter. 678 00:49:12,855 --> 00:49:17,400 And the key force behind that was the hydrocarbon - oil. 679 00:49:25,520 --> 00:49:29,725 In the mid 1970s, oil was about to play a crucial role 680 00:49:29,760 --> 00:49:33,960 that would increase the uncertain mood that today has come to dominate 681 00:49:33,995 --> 00:49:35,445 Western societies - 682 00:49:35,480 --> 00:49:38,485 a feeling that we are somehow surrounded 683 00:49:38,520 --> 00:49:43,440 by global systems, both natural and those made by humans themselves, 684 00:49:43,475 --> 00:49:45,200 that are beyond control. 685 00:49:47,120 --> 00:49:51,400 Systems so complex and unpredictable that they make a mockery of the idea 686 00:49:51,435 --> 00:49:55,240 that national governments can shape and control the world. 687 00:50:02,320 --> 00:50:05,640 100 years before, coal had done the same. 688 00:50:06,800 --> 00:50:10,760 It had brought millions of people into the new industrial cities 689 00:50:10,795 --> 00:50:13,720 where they worked for the men who owned the vast wealth 690 00:50:13,755 --> 00:50:16,245 that the coal had created. 691 00:50:16,280 --> 00:50:21,160 And that money was so powerful that it seemed to control everything - 692 00:50:21,195 --> 00:50:24,480 not just people's lives, but politics as well. 693 00:50:27,320 --> 00:50:31,960 But slowly, out of that, came a challenge to that power, 694 00:50:31,995 --> 00:50:34,480 based on the workers organising together. 695 00:50:35,480 --> 00:50:38,520 And from that came the idea of mass democracy. 696 00:50:39,480 --> 00:50:41,045 That the role of politicians 697 00:50:41,080 --> 00:50:45,520 was to represent the mass of the people against the powerful. 698 00:50:47,840 --> 00:50:50,800 But now oil was about to start something 699 00:50:50,835 --> 00:50:53,760 that was going to undermine that idea. 700 00:50:55,680 --> 00:50:58,205 This is King Faisal of Saudi Arabia. 701 00:50:58,240 --> 00:51:02,560 He's going to have a great deal to say in the next few years 702 00:51:02,595 --> 00:51:04,325 about the way you live. 703 00:51:04,360 --> 00:51:07,720 He rules over a desert kingdom of six million people. 704 00:51:07,755 --> 00:51:09,645 In this decade of the oil shortage, 705 00:51:09,680 --> 00:51:13,320 he's one of the most powerful men in the world. 706 00:51:13,355 --> 00:51:16,960 Under these sands, there are proved deposits 707 00:51:16,995 --> 00:51:19,240 of 160 billion barrels of oil. 708 00:51:20,600 --> 00:51:25,520 Starting in 1973, the Arab countries, led by King Faisal, 709 00:51:25,555 --> 00:51:27,760 decided to use oil as a weapon. 710 00:51:28,840 --> 00:51:32,780 They wanted to force America to stop supporting Israel. 711 00:51:32,815 --> 00:51:36,720 They did with oil just what the miners had done with coal 712 00:51:36,755 --> 00:51:38,885 in the past. 713 00:51:38,920 --> 00:51:40,805 The Arabs blocked supplies 714 00:51:40,840 --> 00:51:44,280 and then suddenly raised the price four times. 715 00:51:45,520 --> 00:51:48,645 It was a dramatic exercise of power. 716 00:51:48,680 --> 00:51:51,600 And it caused chaos in the American economy. 717 00:51:53,520 --> 00:51:56,800 As a friend of the United States, 718 00:51:56,835 --> 00:51:58,525 we are deeply concerned 719 00:51:58,560 --> 00:52:02,800 that if the United States does not change its policy in the Middle East 720 00:52:02,835 --> 00:52:07,077 and continues to side with Zionism, then I'm afraid, such course 721 00:52:07,112 --> 00:52:11,285 of action will affect our relations with our American friends 722 00:52:11,320 --> 00:52:15,480 because it will place us in an untenable position in the Arab world 723 00:52:15,515 --> 00:52:20,880 and vis a vis the countries which Zionism seeks to destroy. 724 00:52:20,915 --> 00:52:23,165 For almost three decades, we have 725 00:52:23,200 --> 00:52:26,760 been the richest, most powerful nation on Earth. 726 00:52:27,960 --> 00:52:32,880 Now, a nation of six million warns us we must change our foreign policy 727 00:52:32,915 --> 00:52:35,280 if we want full gas tanks. 728 00:52:37,880 --> 00:52:39,645 It had a dramatic effect. 729 00:52:39,680 --> 00:52:42,760 Money suddenly poured into the Arab world. 730 00:52:44,360 --> 00:52:48,120 Within three years, Saudi Arabia had more foreign currency 731 00:52:48,155 --> 00:52:51,880 than Japan, Germany and the United States put together. 732 00:52:53,680 --> 00:52:56,360 But the Arab governments had no idea what to do 733 00:52:56,395 --> 00:52:59,005 with this vast new wealth. 734 00:52:59,040 --> 00:53:02,160 So they turned for help to the Western banks. 735 00:53:03,280 --> 00:53:06,920 The banks realised that they could take these petrodollars and turn 736 00:53:06,955 --> 00:53:10,320 them into a new kind of international currency, 737 00:53:10,355 --> 00:53:12,240 free of all government control. 738 00:53:13,400 --> 00:53:17,360 And soon, politicians from all around the world were coming 739 00:53:17,395 --> 00:53:20,040 to the new headquarters of the Western banks 740 00:53:20,075 --> 00:53:22,005 to elaborate signing ceremonies 741 00:53:22,040 --> 00:53:25,160 where they borrowed billions of the petrodollars. 742 00:53:32,320 --> 00:53:36,440 And that global financial system that President Nixon had created 743 00:53:36,475 --> 00:53:39,720 by accident a few years before, 744 00:53:39,755 --> 00:53:42,525 now became a giant force - 745 00:53:42,560 --> 00:53:47,325 one that held the destiny of millions of people in its hands 746 00:53:47,360 --> 00:53:52,040 and politicians became increasingly convinced they couldn't control. 747 00:53:54,080 --> 00:53:58,800 And the money started to take charge of politics once again. 748 00:54:06,440 --> 00:54:09,885 But it was only the beginning, because another component 749 00:54:09,920 --> 00:54:14,320 was about to be fitted into this growing new system of power. 750 00:54:16,760 --> 00:54:19,805 In China, as Mao approached death, 751 00:54:19,840 --> 00:54:23,640 Jiang Qing was still determined to take his place as the leader. 752 00:54:26,160 --> 00:54:30,400 But there was one person who is equally determined to stop her. 753 00:54:30,435 --> 00:54:32,040 He was called Deng Xiaoping. 754 00:54:34,080 --> 00:54:36,765 Deng was one of the original revolutionaries 755 00:54:36,800 --> 00:54:39,880 and he had been sidelined during the Cultural Revolution. 756 00:54:41,800 --> 00:54:45,320 But now, Deng believed that if Jiang Qing was allowed to take power, 757 00:54:45,355 --> 00:54:49,120 it would be a disaster for China and the country 758 00:54:49,155 --> 00:54:51,280 could splinter into civil war. 759 00:54:52,880 --> 00:54:56,880 An anonymous poem appeared on a wall in Tiananmen Square. 760 00:54:56,915 --> 00:55:00,640 It was obviously addressed to Jiang Qing. 761 00:55:00,675 --> 00:55:03,917 "Lady X", it said, "you are insane. 762 00:55:03,952 --> 00:55:07,125 "To be empress is your ambition. 763 00:55:07,160 --> 00:55:11,400 "Instead, take this mirror and see what you are really like. 764 00:55:12,680 --> 00:55:17,760 "You deceive your superiors and you delude your subordinates. 765 00:55:17,795 --> 00:55:21,960 "Yet for types like you, good times won't last." 766 00:55:48,480 --> 00:55:50,000 Then Mao died. 767 00:55:52,360 --> 00:55:55,440 Jiang Qing came on her own, dressed in black. 768 00:55:56,640 --> 00:55:59,520 She was already preparing to take power with three others 769 00:55:59,555 --> 00:56:01,485 of the leadership. 770 00:56:01,520 --> 00:56:04,000 They were called the Gang of Four. 771 00:56:05,600 --> 00:56:08,760 But another group backed by Deng Xiaoping set out 772 00:56:08,795 --> 00:56:09,920 to destroy them. 773 00:56:11,040 --> 00:56:15,720 Wall posters went up all across China attacking the Gang of Four, 774 00:56:15,755 --> 00:56:18,125 claiming that as well as being corrupt, 775 00:56:18,160 --> 00:56:21,800 they were really working for the CIA to undermine China. 776 00:56:26,120 --> 00:56:27,965 When Jiang Qing came to Tachai, 777 00:56:28,000 --> 00:56:30,845 there seemed to be no end to her whims. 778 00:56:30,880 --> 00:56:33,645 Now she wanted her room sprayed with perfume. 779 00:56:33,680 --> 00:56:37,300 Then she wanted more carpets on the floor and for curtains, 780 00:56:37,335 --> 00:56:40,920 she wanted to have special ones of a particular dark colour. 781 00:56:40,955 --> 00:56:44,960 Jiang Qing and company demanded complete quietude. 782 00:56:44,995 --> 00:56:47,165 No-one should laugh or talk loudly. 783 00:56:47,200 --> 00:56:50,645 Planes at a nearby airport had to stop their sorties. 784 00:56:50,680 --> 00:56:55,760 People had to be sent uphill to beat the woods to drive the birds away. 785 00:57:02,960 --> 00:57:06,760 And four weeks after Mao's death, army units came in the middle 786 00:57:06,795 --> 00:57:09,480 of the night and arrested Jiang Qing. 787 00:57:10,720 --> 00:57:13,045 She was put in an underground cell, 788 00:57:13,080 --> 00:57:18,080 next to the refrigeration unit that was holding Mao's body. 789 00:57:18,115 --> 00:57:20,245 She later tried to commit suicide 790 00:57:20,280 --> 00:57:22,685 by hitting her head against the wall. 791 00:57:22,720 --> 00:57:26,040 So the soldiers covered the walls with rubber. 792 00:57:33,960 --> 00:57:38,960 Within 18 months, Deng Xiaoping defeated all other rivals 793 00:57:38,995 --> 00:57:40,920 and he took power in China. 794 00:57:43,400 --> 00:57:47,160 The first thing he did was wipe the past everywhere. 795 00:57:48,960 --> 00:57:52,920 In Shanghai, the giant sign that said, "Long live the victory 796 00:57:52,955 --> 00:57:56,640 "of Chairman Mao's Revolutionary Road" was taken down. 797 00:58:03,440 --> 00:58:07,040 While outside the Department of Public Tranquillity in Beijing, 798 00:58:07,075 --> 00:58:10,640 which in reality was the headquarters of the secret police, 799 00:58:10,675 --> 00:58:13,080 the thoughts of Chairman Mao were also removed. 800 00:58:18,360 --> 00:58:22,960 Deng then set out to create a new kind of revolution. 801 00:58:22,995 --> 00:58:26,285 He was going to bring capitalism into China, 802 00:58:26,320 --> 00:58:30,360 but the state would control and manage the whole system. 803 00:58:31,480 --> 00:58:33,285 His aim was simple. 804 00:58:33,320 --> 00:58:37,200 Money would replace the old revolutionary dreams - 805 00:58:37,235 --> 00:58:38,800 it was less dangerous. 806 00:58:42,480 --> 00:58:46,240 But he was going to use it to restore China's power. 807 00:58:48,640 --> 00:58:51,485 Deng Xiaoping knew that in the 19th century, 808 00:58:51,520 --> 00:58:55,880 the British had used drugs to control the Chinese. 809 00:58:55,915 --> 00:58:58,365 They had brought opium to China. 810 00:58:58,400 --> 00:59:03,285 It led to what the Chinese called the century of humiliation. 811 00:59:03,320 --> 00:59:08,880 Now, Deng was determined to reverse that, to reassert China's power. 812 00:59:10,120 --> 00:59:12,045 You couldn't use drugs 813 00:59:12,080 --> 00:59:15,340 because the Americans already had their own drugs. 814 00:59:15,375 --> 00:59:18,600 Instead, he was going to use the mass mobilisation 815 00:59:18,635 --> 00:59:20,885 of the Chinese people to invent 816 00:59:20,920 --> 00:59:24,880 another force that would be the equivalent of opium. 817 00:59:25,840 --> 00:59:30,400 A kind of mass consumerism never seen before in the world - 818 00:59:30,435 --> 00:59:32,325 driven by goods so cheap that 819 00:59:32,360 --> 00:59:34,880 everyone in the West would want them. 820 00:59:38,520 --> 00:59:42,520 Whole cities were going to be built in China that made just one 821 00:59:42,555 --> 00:59:44,605 kind of product. 822 00:59:44,640 --> 00:59:48,560 They would be shipped in vast quantities to the West. 823 00:59:56,800 --> 01:00:00,440 You gave up on utopian ideas about the future 824 01:00:00,475 --> 01:00:04,080 and didn't believe in anything any longer, 825 01:00:04,115 --> 01:00:06,520 apart from the money. 826 01:00:09,880 --> 01:00:13,200 And his allies in this would be the Western banks 827 01:00:13,235 --> 01:00:16,040 and their new system of global lending. 828 01:00:20,480 --> 01:00:24,600 Because the banks would lend millions of people in the West 829 01:00:24,635 --> 01:00:27,245 the money to buy the Chinese goods, 830 01:00:27,280 --> 01:00:32,040 just like they had been lending to governments all around the world. 831 01:00:32,075 --> 01:00:34,800 It was going to be the perfect system. 832 01:00:53,080 --> 01:00:56,320 Eduard Limonov was now all alone in New York. 833 01:00:58,160 --> 01:01:01,520 He had published an article attacking the other emigres, 834 01:01:01,555 --> 01:01:03,240 so they all dropped him. 835 01:01:04,480 --> 01:01:08,800 Then Yelena, the woman he loved more than anything else in the world, 836 01:01:08,835 --> 01:01:13,120 met a photographer who promised to make her a model. 837 01:01:13,155 --> 01:01:16,160 He seduced her and she left Limonov. 838 01:01:18,240 --> 01:01:21,960 Without love or money, Limonov became destitute. 839 01:01:21,995 --> 01:01:23,765 He lived in the cheapest hotel 840 01:01:23,800 --> 01:01:26,800 surrounded by prostitutes and drug addicts. 841 01:01:31,000 --> 01:01:35,480 And he spent his days and nights wandering the city alone... 842 01:01:36,600 --> 01:01:38,680 GLASS BREAKS 843 01:01:39,720 --> 01:01:41,300 The call car, yeah. 844 01:01:41,335 --> 01:01:42,845 ..while all around him 845 01:01:42,880 --> 01:01:45,720 the newly powerful banks were building 846 01:01:45,755 --> 01:01:48,560 their headquarters among the old ruins. 847 01:01:50,920 --> 01:01:53,800 UPBEAT MUSIC 848 01:02:06,040 --> 01:02:08,925 Then one day in Central Park, looking at the people 849 01:02:08,960 --> 01:02:13,720 all around him, Limonov decided that he was going to write a novel, 850 01:02:13,755 --> 01:02:17,577 but one that would have him as the central figure. 851 01:02:17,612 --> 01:02:21,400 It would be about the real experience of America, 852 01:02:21,435 --> 01:02:22,800 not the fake democracy. 853 01:02:25,120 --> 01:02:28,560 In the book, he described watching Americans in a cafe 854 01:02:28,595 --> 01:02:30,960 where he was working as a waiter. 855 01:02:33,240 --> 01:02:38,160 "It is they", he wrote, "who have introduced a plague into this world. 856 01:02:38,195 --> 01:02:43,640 "The plague of money, the disease of money, the plague of buying 857 01:02:43,675 --> 01:02:45,880 "and selling is their handiwork. 858 01:02:47,160 --> 01:02:52,240 "I hate this system, and I am not ashamed that my hatred has sprung 859 01:02:52,275 --> 01:02:53,960 "from my wife's betrayal. 860 01:02:55,640 --> 01:02:59,320 "I clear away your leftovers while my wife fucks 861 01:02:59,355 --> 01:03:02,085 "and you amuse yourself with her, 862 01:03:02,120 --> 01:03:06,080 "for the sole reason that there is an inequality. 863 01:03:06,115 --> 01:03:10,040 "She has a cunt for which there are buyers, you, 864 01:03:10,075 --> 01:03:13,165 "and I don't have a cunt. 865 01:03:13,200 --> 01:03:15,560 "I'm going to blow up your world." 866 01:03:22,960 --> 01:03:28,000 The book, called It's Me, Eddie, gave a picture of a new reality 867 01:03:28,035 --> 01:03:30,920 that Limonov saw emerging from under the surface 868 01:03:30,955 --> 01:03:32,880 of America's everyday life. 869 01:03:34,200 --> 01:03:38,780 People think they are free, but really they are becoming 870 01:03:38,815 --> 01:03:43,325 like simplified robots, following the rules of money, 871 01:03:43,360 --> 01:03:48,200 limited to satisfying only those desires that can be bought and sold. 872 01:03:51,240 --> 01:03:55,000 Every publisher he sent it to refused to publish it. 873 01:03:59,360 --> 01:04:03,340 But there was another person at the very top of America 874 01:04:03,375 --> 01:04:07,285 in the White House itself who was also about to expose 875 01:04:07,320 --> 01:04:12,560 a frightening reality underneath the surface of the society. 876 01:04:12,595 --> 01:04:16,720 In 1978, the president's wife, Betty Ford, revealed 877 01:04:16,755 --> 01:04:19,485 that she had become addicted to Valium. 878 01:04:19,520 --> 01:04:23,920 An addiction that she said had taken her into a strange state 879 01:04:23,955 --> 01:04:27,600 where even her sense of time had become dislocated. 880 01:04:28,880 --> 01:04:31,760 As I look back, it was December, 881 01:04:31,795 --> 01:04:34,640 about a year ago when I realised... 882 01:04:34,675 --> 01:04:37,160 ..that there were some sort of 883 01:04:37,195 --> 01:04:39,417 blank spots where I had 884 01:04:39,452 --> 01:04:41,605 a hard time putting... 885 01:04:41,640 --> 01:04:44,440 ..events in their separate slots 886 01:04:44,475 --> 01:04:46,165 in time. 887 01:04:46,200 --> 01:04:47,525 To me, it was marvellous 888 01:04:47,560 --> 01:04:50,160 and beautiful, but to the family, 889 01:04:50,195 --> 01:04:52,760 I was beginning to show signs 890 01:04:52,795 --> 01:04:56,080 of overmedication. 891 01:04:57,320 --> 01:05:00,605 Betty Ford's admission had a dramatic effect. 892 01:05:00,640 --> 01:05:05,160 In its wake, stories began to pour out of people all across America 893 01:05:05,195 --> 01:05:07,040 who were also addicted to Valium. 894 01:05:08,440 --> 01:05:12,200 It seemed that there was a private, hidden world of anxiety 895 01:05:12,235 --> 01:05:15,960 behind the public faces that affected millions of people. 896 01:05:17,560 --> 01:05:21,280 But Arthur Sackler, who in the 1960s had promoted Valium 897 01:05:21,315 --> 01:05:25,645 as beneficial and non-addictive, was unrepentant. 898 01:05:25,680 --> 01:05:29,480 And the company that he and his two brothers had started 899 01:05:29,515 --> 01:05:32,085 was about to develop a new drug - 900 01:05:32,120 --> 01:05:35,965 a synthetic form of opium called OxyContin. 901 01:05:36,000 --> 01:05:39,520 And that was going to deal with the next wave of anxiety 902 01:05:39,555 --> 01:05:41,240 that would hit America. 903 01:05:42,320 --> 01:05:46,640 Over the next 20 years, as more and more factories closed 904 01:05:46,675 --> 01:05:49,845 because of the cheap goods coming from China, 905 01:05:49,880 --> 01:05:53,680 millions of people in the communities would take OxyContin... 906 01:05:54,720 --> 01:05:57,040 ..because it made them feel safe, 907 01:05:57,075 --> 01:05:58,525 in a bubble, 908 01:05:58,560 --> 01:06:02,400 protected from the growing uncertainties around them. 909 01:06:02,435 --> 01:06:04,120 LIFT BELL DINGS 910 01:06:10,840 --> 01:06:12,525 And Harry Caudill, 911 01:06:12,560 --> 01:06:15,125 who had represented the miners in Appalachia, 912 01:06:15,160 --> 01:06:18,680 became certain that the anger under the surface there 913 01:06:18,715 --> 01:06:19,880 was going to grow. 914 01:06:21,240 --> 01:06:24,840 "One day", he said, "it would break out and infect 915 01:06:24,875 --> 01:06:26,365 "the whole of America." 916 01:06:26,400 --> 01:06:30,700 How are you, Mrs Melchor? All right, thank you. How are you? 917 01:06:30,735 --> 01:06:35,000 In 1990, he discovered he had Parkinson's, and he shot himself. 918 01:06:36,880 --> 01:06:40,800 While Kerry Thornley had become convinced that the coincidences 919 01:06:40,835 --> 01:06:44,765 in his past were not coincidences - 920 01:06:44,800 --> 01:06:49,125 that the CIA had somehow manipulated him to set up 921 01:06:49,160 --> 01:06:54,680 Operation Mindfuck, but he had no idea why, he had become lost. 922 01:06:55,640 --> 01:06:56,805 20 years before, 923 01:06:56,840 --> 01:07:00,640 he and his friend Greg Hill had been early individualists. 924 01:07:00,675 --> 01:07:03,520 They believed that they could shape reality 925 01:07:03,555 --> 01:07:05,245 the way they wanted. 926 01:07:05,280 --> 01:07:10,260 But now, faced with the revelations about how intricate and complex 927 01:07:10,295 --> 01:07:15,240 power had become in the modern world, they felt powerless and lost. 928 01:07:15,275 --> 01:07:19,517 Thornley had retreated into a dream world of conspiracies, 929 01:07:19,552 --> 01:07:23,760 while Greg Hill had become an alcoholic and was equally lost. 930 01:07:26,160 --> 01:07:28,640 He wrote a letter to Thornley about how he had come 931 01:07:28,675 --> 01:07:30,280 to believe in nothing. 932 01:07:32,200 --> 01:07:36,000 "It is not injustice that overwhelms me now", he wrote, 933 01:07:36,035 --> 01:07:38,365 "but my sheer damn inability 934 01:07:38,400 --> 01:07:41,680 "to know anything with any deep level of certainty. 935 01:07:42,880 --> 01:07:46,920 "When despair is deep enough, even death seems pointless. 936 01:07:48,080 --> 01:07:50,525 "Now I live without justice. 937 01:07:50,560 --> 01:07:53,200 "I don't know why. I just live it. 938 01:07:54,280 --> 01:07:55,640 "So be it." 939 01:08:05,840 --> 01:08:09,680 And Eduard Limonov would finally get his novel, It's Me, Eddie, 940 01:08:09,715 --> 01:08:11,120 published in Russia. 941 01:08:14,560 --> 01:08:19,040 It would cause a sensation and its dark vision of the reality 942 01:08:19,075 --> 01:08:23,520 behind the rhetoric of American democracy is going to influence 943 01:08:23,555 --> 01:08:25,760 an entire generation in Russia. 944 01:08:27,320 --> 01:08:30,640 It was the generation to whom the Americans would then try 945 01:08:30,675 --> 01:08:32,880 and sell the idea of democracy. 946 01:08:34,560 --> 01:08:39,520 All the talk of democracy, the book told them, was just a sham. 947 01:08:39,555 --> 01:08:42,080 Really, it was all about the money. 948 01:08:47,720 --> 01:08:51,680 Starry Eyes by Cigarettes After Sex 949 01:08:55,360 --> 01:08:57,525 * Starry eyes 950 01:08:57,560 --> 01:09:04,400 * How can I get to you, my true little? 951 01:09:04,435 --> 01:09:07,085 * Starry eyes 952 01:09:07,120 --> 01:09:14,360 * What can I say or do for you, my little? 953 01:09:14,395 --> 01:09:16,960 * Starry eyes 954 01:09:18,120 --> 01:09:21,880 * Starry eyes forever 955 01:09:21,915 --> 01:09:24,197 * Shall be mine 956 01:09:24,232 --> 01:09:26,445 * Starry eyes 957 01:09:26,480 --> 01:09:33,360 * What can I say to make you listen? 958 01:09:33,395 --> 01:09:36,085 * Starry eyes 959 01:09:36,120 --> 01:09:42,880 * What can I do for your attention? 960 01:09:42,915 --> 01:09:50,040 * Starry eyes forever 961 01:09:50,075 --> 01:09:52,280 * Shall be mine 962 01:09:57,320 --> 01:10:02,240 * When I'm alone, I hear and feel you 963 01:10:06,520 --> 01:10:11,880 * Wish that I could reach right out and touch you 964 01:10:15,440 --> 01:10:22,040 * But knowing you're the one to greet me 965 01:10:22,075 --> 01:10:24,565 * And meet me 966 01:10:24,600 --> 01:10:28,880 * Two alone in the dark... * 967 01:10:31,880 --> 01:10:35,880 Preuzeto sa www.titlovi.com 80536

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