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(people chatting)

(relaxing piano music)

- There you go.

- [Stewart] Oh, yeah.

- Mammoth.

- Oh.
- Wow.

- [Stewart] It's a tusk in here.

Beautifully preserved specimen.

- [George] You think those are part of it?

(indistinct)

- [George] That's useful for us.

(freezer door clicking)

(freezer hissing)

(lady speaking in foreign language)

- All right.
- The main event.

Great.

- [Lady] Mammoth's trunk.

- Wow.
- Oh yeah,

you can see that.
- Yeah, you can see it.

- [George] So we would like
to help you get DNA sequence.

(lady speaking in foreign language)

- DNA, okay.

- [Lady] We finally got some hair.

- This is not an ancient artifact.

Using DNA, we can bring
back extinct species.

So this is the once in the future mammoth

that we're looking at.

It has been gone for a
while and with any luck,

they are on the way back.

(dramatic rumbling)

(relaxing upbeat piano music)

- [Mike] Stewart is a lot

like the great American P. T. Barnum.

- [Man] Stewart is the
intellectual Johnny Appleseed

of the counterculture.

- Stewart might be the
Zelig or maybe the DaVinci

of cyber culture.

- [George] It's actually
a little bit eerie

how often Stewart has
been at the right place

at the right time.

- He's like an invincible string.

- [George] And by the time
all the rest of us get there,

he's gone on to something
else more interesting.

- [Man] Stewart has this remarkable

"Forrest Gump" superpower--

- I believe he said he had to go pee.

- [Man] To sense where the frontiers are

and then be there.

- [Man] He's like Kilroy.

(atomic bomb exploding)

He shows up in the background

of every important thing going on.

- [Carolyn] He could see into the future

that this technology was
going to be a huge part

of American culture.

- Welcome Stewart Brand.

- [Man] It isn't so much
that he's ahead of it,

he's actually creating the future.

- Steve Jobs, not surprisingly,

was fascinated by Stewart.

- When I was young the
"Whole Earth Catalog"

was one of the Bibles of my generation.

It was created by a fellow
named Stewart Brand.

It was sort of like Google
in paperback form 35 years

before Google came along.

- [Brian] So many of the
ideas that you may find vital

either originate with Stewart Brand

or were really articulated by him.

- [Man] Ideas that scene at
the edge of believability

from the environmental movement,

to the technological
movement, to genetics.

- [Hunter] Stu loves being the
techno file with the answer.

But technologies tend
to break people apart.

(waves swishing)

- [Man] Stewart is an evangelical optimist

which may be quite dangerous.

- [Man] He's famous for saying,

"We are as Gods,

"so we might as well get good at it"

(typewriter clicking)

(relaxing upbeat instrumental music)

(footsteps crunching on sand)

(crickets chirping)

(rain trickling on roof)

(door clicking)

- My own progress through life

has been to try stuff early on

when there aren't rules against it yet

so you get to be part of
the new thing in the world.

I didn't sit down in life
to have a trajectory.

It is a pretty interesting
way to have a life

'cause you get to be surprised a lot.

I was born, I'm told,

(Stewart chuckling)

I don't remember it,

in Rockford, Illinois.

(baby Stewart crying)

(lady laughing)

(birds chirping)

(upbeat organ music)

We were a Midwestern family.

My father was a civil engineer out of MIT

and I got from him respect for that kind

of problem solving that
engineers love to do.

And I took after my mother in the sense

that she was mad for books.

I know my mother was instilling values

of caring about wildlife.

(birds chirping)

This is kind of where
I grew up and I'm back

in this cottage 63 years, basically,

after I left at the age of 16.

This is where all the fun stuff was.

(baby Stewart giggling)

I got to be a free-range kid.

- I remember Stewart as a
kid who is really interested

in animals and would get into mischief

that way fairly often.

(duck quacking)

- I was very much in cahoots with wildlife

like the chipmunks and squirrels.

I had an opossum named Frank

I had a wonderful raccoon named Oscar.

There was a feral cat
and he became my friend.

And when we left out the road,

the cat chased the car all
the way out to the highway.

(Stewart imitating a gulp)

- [Mike] Stewart was already smart

and he went off to Stanford.

- I've been a conservationist all my life.

And I was trained as a
biologist back in the '50s.

At Stanford, I went

in the direction of ecology and evolution.

- We have an extremely serious
world demographic situation.

Famine and plague and thermonuclear war,

and who knows which one or
what combination will come?

- I'm Paul Ehrlich,

president of the Center
for Conservation Biology

at Stanford University
and notorious doomsayer.

Doom.

- [Stewart] Paul Ehrlich was my advisor

for the field work that I was doing.

- Stewart was one of the
brightest students I ever had

in the biology department working,

as I recall, on tarantulas.

(dramatic upbeat ominous music)

(typewriter clicking)

- [Stewart] So I would go
out on a full moon night

and put up a cot and just watch

what tarantulas do all night.

(dramatic gravel rustling)

(mouse squeaking)

What I've learned is
that in any ecosystem,

species are evolving in
relation to other species

who are evolving right back at them.

(birds chirping)

And if you apply it to the extinction,

(dove cooing)

there's a new kind of
problem for humanity.

(lion roaring)

- Let's put it this way,

if you have a very complex,

evolving planet on which
your life absolutely depends,

taking pieces out of it at random is,

by definition, a bad idea.

- We have the power to
destroy life on this planet,

which we unfortunately are
going about at warp speed.

And we are now looking at
the extinction of species

at a rate faster than when
the dinosaurs went extinct.

(hen clucking)

(birds chirping)

- The American chestnut is
one of the prime examples

of a species that is so consequential

in terms of the whole ecosystem that if

that species is gone the
whole ecosystem has changed.

One quarter of all the
trees in the Eastern forest

of the United States used to
be American chestnut trees.

Around 1905, this fungus came in,

apparently from Asia,

killed the trees and they were all gone

within about 20 years.

(dramatic ominous music)

It was huge.

It's called the Redwood of the East.

It was an enormously loved
species in North America.

They put down these incredibly sweet nuts

in vast quantities every year.

And it fed a lot of humans and a whole lot

of animals depended on that food source.

And when that food source went away,

the animals went away.

(leaver rumbling)

(doors clicking)

Hi sweeties, there they are.

(drawer rumbling)

(Stewart groaning)

God.

The passenger pigeon was
once one of the wonders

of North America.

(pigeons cooing)

Visitors from Europe were
wowed by Niagara Falls,

but they were even more wowed
by these incredibly large

and beautiful flocks of passenger
pigeons streaming overhead

for days at 60 miles an hour.

(gunshot exploding)

They were a forest bird
and they ran out of forest

as well as being hunted to death.

(gunshot exploding)

My mother grew up in the living memory

of what it was like to have
the most abundant animal

in America disappear in a
period of about three decades.

And she said when the
last one died in 1914,

it broke America's heart.

(clock chiming)

(clock ticking)

But that's a tragedy
that can be unwritten.

You can actually go back to
the end of the play and say,

that's not the end of the play,

because we didn't kill their DNA.

Using a closely-related living species,

we can edit the missing
genes into the living species

and basically recreate
the extinct species.

And we're moving in the
direction of bringing

back passenger pigeons and wooly mammoths.

(birds chirping)

I started to get a sense
of where it was going

from George Church at Harvard,

one of the leading geniuses in biotech.

- [Reporter] George Church,
a world leading geneticist

whose DNA harbors genes for genius.

- [Stewart] He's totally
adored by the media.

- George Church, everyone.

(audience applauding)

Bring back the wooly mammoth.

Can we get one?
- Yeah.

(audience laughing)

- Tonight's topic is de-extinction.

Oh my Gosh, de-extinction.

George, what's the next
creature that's gonna crawl

out of your lab?

- So one that's already crawling out are--

- I was just joking.

(people laughing)

Okay, so you have a real
answer to that question?

When you're creating new species,

have you really thought it through?

Because if you haven't
then you're dangerous.

- I'm definitely dangerous.
- Okay, got that.

Okay, that answers that.

(people laughing)

(upbeat music)

- This is the room where
we did all the pig cloning

where we were eliminating
viruses from their genome.

- Why its own room?
- Why?

- Why has its own room?

It's extra clean?
- Well, it's very clean.

I tend not to go in
these rooms because most

of the human cell we use are from my body.

And many of them are transformed
with potential carcinogens.

(Stewart chuckling)

- What? Wait.

You're not worried about your
cells getting into there,

you're worried about those cells

getting into you?
- Getting into me, yeah right.

- And doing what?
- I'm not worried about it

but the lab is, yeah.

Good questions, you're hired.

(Stewart chuckling)

(relaxing ominous music)

- [Stewart] The plausibility
of de-extinction,

George Church's lab is
really where it all began.

And George started with wooly mammoth.

- The mammoth was a keystone
species in the Arctic.

20,000 years ago our ancestors

started systematically
slaughtering mammoths.

They were altogether too easy to get

with our new technical abilities.

And the new tools we had

for killing off the
herbivores included knives

and spears and fire.

(mammoth trumpeting)

They had strategies for surrounding them

and running them off of cliffs.

(eagle screeching)

(hunters shouting)

Those mistakes, the people who
made them did them innocently

and aren't around to take
responsibility for them.

We need to take responsibility.

(plastic rustling)

And now we're in a position

where we could reverse those mistakes

with better tools than our ancestors had.

- So this is mammoth tissue.

- Right.

- Can you see

the small tissue?
- Yeah.

- Since Asian elephants and
wooly mammoths are so similar

to each other, 99.6% similar,

we are hoping to test them
first in elephant tissue

and then see whether they work.

(birds chirping)

- What we're doing at
Harvard is editing the genes

that bridge the small gap between mammoths

and modern Asian elephants

so that they can be cold resistant.

(mammoth trumpeting)

(audience applauding)

- I am Stewart Brand.

This is the first public
discussion of the possibility

of bringing back extinct species.

What's different and what's the same

about the kind of hybridization--

- Stewart brought us together
in the de-extinction movement

and in the same sense that you say,

this is the Manhattan Project,

this is the Apollo Project,

this is the Human Genome Project.

That's the sort of thing

that Stewart has brought to de-extinction.

- The century of work that'll go in

to making this a reality.

These engineered mammoth-elephant
hybrids will initially go

to Pleistocene Park in Northern Siberia.

(relaxing upbeat instrumental music)

We collaborate with these
Russian conservationists,

Sergey Zimov and his son, Nikita Zimov.

(ice jet skis humming)

They're returning a variety
of herbivores needed

for this particular ecosystem.

(bison bleating)

The only one they're missing

is this mammoth-elephant hybrid.

That's our job to provide one of those.

- It turns out that by bringing
back the wooly mammoth,

we can help fix climate change.

The exaggerated version is that we need

to bring back wooly mammoths

because they will save the world.

(audience applauding)

(relaxing upbeat instrumental music)

- I think steward likes the idea,

as do I,

of being able to recreate
extinct animals from DNA.

But one of the things that I've learned

in my much longer life
than Stewart has had

is that when you pull a
technological rabbit out of a hat,

it very often has very nasty droppings.

- I would love to see a mammoth.

Wouldn't that be cool.

That, we can do it,

is so much fun and so
fascinating for people

who love technology.

At the same time we ought to be asking,

should we do this?

Is this a good idea?

(dramatic ominous music)

(birds chirping)

(gate latch clicking)

(boots banging on wooden steps)

- So what you've got here

is kind of a place where my stuff lives

and also my entire past,

come to think of it.

And then we go into

♪ The archive. ♪

Films and slides from my
older multimedia shows back

in the '60s.

Photographs, I was a
professional photographer

for years in the

'60s and into the '70s.

(camera shutter clicking)

(relaxing chiming music)

(camera shutter clicking)

I graduated early '60s.

An old family friend commissioned
me to photograph a tribe

of Indians in Oregon.

(camera shutter clicking)

I had no idea about what
Contemporary Indians did

and how they lived.

(horses neighing)

(relaxing chiming music)

(camera shutter clicking)

So the photographs I took,

(camera shutter clicking)

for me, there were revelatory.

(camera shutter clicking)

- The first time I met Stewart Brand was

at the National Congress
of American Indians

in Sheridan, Wyoming.

(screeching microphone feedback)

I was working on the registration desk

and he came through the door

(camera shutter clicking)
with his camera.

He was very blonde,

didn't fit in.

(Lois chuckling)

He was very much out of place.

(camera shutter clicking)

(relaxing guitar music)

- [Stewart] We went from friends

to absolutely in love

and she became Lois Jennings Brand.

- [Lois] Stewart didn't want

to be encumbered by anything
like a lease in an apartment.

So we purchased a trailer,

put all of our belongings,

which in his case involved
photographic equipment

and a ton of books.

(birds chirping)

- [Stewart] We moved to San Francisco

and I started to immerse myself

in the Bohemian life of the
slightly post Beatnik period

that was happening by the early '60s.

That was when I met Ken Kesey.

His book, "One Flew
Over the Cuckoo's Nest",

had a Indian protagonist.

(upbeat percussion music)

(man shouting)
(glass shattering)

They sent the photographs
to Kesey and word got back,

we'll, come on down.

- [Lois] The first time
that Stewart met Kesey,

we drove down to a little tree house.

- Somebody by the door said, welcome,

you must be Stewart.

And that was not usually
how you met strangers

in those days.

Usually marijuana was smoked
in the bathroom right next

to the toilet so you can flush it down.

So right away I saw the
Prankster and boldness.

- The Merry Pranksters were
a very interesting collection

of young, footloose folk.

And Ken Kesey was kind of
the boss of the outfit.

(dramatic upbeat percussion music)

When Stewart started
coming to Prankster events,

pretty soon, he's sporting a top hat.

- Aware of your their own bodies,

their own senses, their breathing,

where they're at and who they're with.

- He's beginning to
manifest signs of straying

from the norm in a really good way.

(Carolyn chuckling)

(relaxing upbeat music)

- [Stewart] Civilization was in question.

(protestors chanting)

The civil rights and
Vietnam War resistance.

We felt like an all out generation.

(static hissing)

(people chatting)

LSD was a right of passage.

We took apart the
trappings of orderly mind

and good education.

(relaxing ominous music)

(sparklers fizzing)

(vehicle horns honking)

And LSD gave us permission to
try things in unapproved ways.

(Stewart chuckling)

And that also probably added
to our creativity in the sense

that we weren't trying to
make it in the lawful world.

We were making it in the
world that we felt was partly

of our own creation.

(electric buzzing)

The best thing I learned
from their Pranksters,

and this came straight from
Kesey, was fearlessness.

(people cheering)

And one of the mottos of the
Pranksters was, go further.

(people clapping)

(vehicle horn honking)

(bus rumbling)

- Original Prankster credo,

you start off by saying,

never trust a Prankster,

because I will eventually lie

to you even though I may not want to.

If I say one thing today,
(horn blowing)

it may not work tomorrow.

- [Interviewer] Go ahead,
Would you repeat that again?

(Kesey imitating horn blowing)

(men laughing)

(camera shutter clicking)

- [Stewart] Kesey was a charismatic leader

and it puts you in the position
of paying close attention

to this person.

And then what happens is

that the charismatic
character is writing the story

that everybody is participating in.

And you're left having
not written your own story

for a while.

(camera shutter clicking)

I happened to me to a little extent.

And I wanted to check in on who am I?

Who do I wanna be?

What do I wanna be doing?

So for my final role in
the Merry Pranksters,

I wanted to plan one last big event.

(electric buzzing)

(upbeat drum music)

- [Carolyn] One of the things

that we did was events
called The Acid Test.

(people whistling)

We had music and projections.

All of this is audience participation

which was not really done in those days.

It was a costume party like
you've never seen before.

because of the additional
energy from the LSD.

- [Stewart] I started
to organize this thing

and that was the most
important of all acid tests,

and we called it the Trips Festival.

- When Stewart was doing all the work

for the Trips Festival
he made up a poster.

He put the names of bands on there

that he would like to attend.

And, in fact,

they showed up because they
saw the posters and said,

oh, we're supposed to be there.

- [Announcer] Good evening
from Captain Consciousness.

For your listening pleasure,

the Grateful Dead.

- [Stewart] Indeed, they
did show up and thousands

and thousands of hippies showed
up and Tom Wolfe was right

because this is the night
(indistinct) was born.

There was a big bucket
of ice cream going around

that was laced with LSD.

And it was gonna taste
delicious when you ate it

and then it was gonna

become very strange 1/2 an hour later.

What really took off was Grateful Dead

who had just named themselves
that and they got on stage

and they were sensational.

- [Carolyn] Stewart invited
every weirdo in the Bay Area

that had gadgets to come
and set up their stuff.

- [Stewart] We were projecting
various things on the walls

and Ken Kesey is writing messages.

- I spent much of the Trips Festival

under a table with a stripper
that I was going out with,

high on acid.

It would be hard for me to
tell you much more than that.

It was maybe my first
experience of being high

with lots and lots of people.

- People are not dancing with each other,

they're dancing with
everybody and looking around

and clotsing into things
and doing stuff to the beat

that everybody is on.

Typically, at a party
wherever there was a strobe,

people would just get under it and then.

(Stewart clicking tongue)

That was another thing
that got people moving

'cause they loved watching pieces

of themselves flying around.

- [Peter] The Trips Festival
was a watershed moment

that introduced a lot
of different communities

and families to one another.

We could recognize each other and knew

that we were on the same page.

- Thousands of hippies in
the Bay Area discovered

that there were thousands
of hippies in the Bay Area.

And that let's you know
there's a movement.

(upbeat drum music)

Trips Festival was a very
true for me in the sense

of I just made a riot happen.

But on the other hand, nothing's changed.

Yeah, that was a great event,

meanwhile, now what?

(clock ticking)

So two months later,

it's a tedious afternoon
and maybe I'll just take,

I don't know,

100 micrograms or something
and go up on the roof

and see what LSD does for the afternoon.

(Stewart chuckling)

And as I'm looking out at San Francisco,

I imagine that the buildings
that are parallel Downtown

are not quite parallel,

they're actually slightly
diverge because they're

on the curved surface of the Earth.

(dramatic ominous music)

(man speaking in foreign language)

At this point we're 10 years into Sputnik

and there's been no photographs
of the Earth as a whole.

LSD is not actually
consciousness expanding,

it's consciousness concentrating.

And so you get thinking about one thing

and that's all you can
think about for hours.

So all I could think
about on that rooftop was

how different everything would be

if you could see a photograph
of the Earth in space?

(pen grinding on paper)

So what I had conjured
in my mind was a button

that would say,

why haven't we seen a photograph
of the whole Earth yet?

I sent the button to
all of the congressmen,

(typewriter clicking)

to NASA and officials in the Soviet Union

and then started selling
them on college campuses.

People would come up and say,

what's this about?

(relaxing twinkling music)

Ever since 1945,

the image of the mushroom
cloud made people feel

that civilization was basically doomed.

(atomic bomb rumbling)

(camera shutter clicking)

Being a photographer,

I was thinking about the images
that hadn't been made yet

that might change humanity's behavior.

- [Shuttle Launcher] T-minus 10, nine,

eight, seven,

six,

five.

(rocket rumbling)

Liftoff.

- I feel the liftoff,

the clock has started.

I was the Apollo 9 lunar module pilot.

Seeing the earth with your own eyes,

you realize how small and fragile it is

and that all of life is on that planet.

It changes your perspective

and that's basically
what Stewart recognized.

- [Stewart] Finally,
NASA publicly released

the first ever image of the whole Earth.

(dramatic rumbling)

The whole damn thing was alive,

you could see that.

And it was a hopeful image

and it blew away the mushroom cloud.

- That one image created
this extraordinary frame

of reference for our
relationships with other cultures

and the planet itself.

- [Stewart] Humanity wasn't just capable

of destroying itself,

humanity was capable of discovering itself

in this very visual way.

- Let's give Stewart credit.

When we could look at the
real earth in her photograph

that Stewart kept yelling for,

people were beginning to get
this idea that we all live

on a very small planet and
that we're not just passengers,

we're the crew and we're
responsible for what goes on.

- [Stewart] Indeed, once we
did have the photographs,

suddenly there's organizations
called Friends of the Earth

and Earth First.

(protestors chanting)

A bunch of environmental
organizations took off globally

that were assuming care of this thing

that was now understood
to be in need of care.

- The United Nations has
assumed responsibility

for the preservation of
species in danger of extinction

and whereas the United
Nations Conference--

- I think Stu played a very important role

in creating the environmental movement

and in making it accessible,

showing people that there
are different ways to live.

(relaxing upbeat rock music)

- [Stewart] All my friends were involved

in various commune efforts,

basically trying to reinvent civilization.

Most of these communes were being started

by liberal arts majors who
had dropped out of college

and their knowledge was
not helping them at all.

(water splashing)

By then I had a sense I wanted

to effect change in the world.

Human nature doesn't change.

You're wasting your time
if you try to change

how people behave,

but if you can change their tools,

you can change whatever you want.

And I thought, well,

I could maybe have kind of a catalog.

The great thing about being
a double (indistinct) artist

is that I didn't have a job.

So if you have an idea and it still seems

like a good idea the next day,

you just start.

And so I'd started the
"Whole Earth Catalog" in 1968

and the subtitle was "Access to Tools".

(relaxing upbeat guitar music)

- In all the "Whole Earth Catalogs,

Stewart injected the phrase,

"We are as Gods and might
as well get good at it."

- [Stewart] It was an acknowledgement

that there's an empowerment

that has occurred of the individual.

(relaxing upbeat guitar music)

Lois was the COO

and brought a business acumen.

- The first issue I think we
only printed a thousand copies.

A number were given away.

It was just a massive disaster.

(Lois chuckling)

He's going, no.

- The first first "Whole Earth Catalog",

we distributed them by
carrying them around physically

to bookstores and saying, here.

(Stewart chuckling)

And they would say,

what is it, what section do I put it in?

And we would not know how to answer that.

- You have to understand how
impoverished the world was

in terms of information.

If you'd had a question
it was very unlikely

that you would ever get an answer to it,

so most people never asked the question.

(relaxing upbeat music)

- These days I'll pop open my handy phone,

go on the internet,

Google it and the world's
information is at my fingertips.

When the "Whole Earth Catalog" came out,

this wasn't true.

Where would you go?

- [Man] You could think of
it as the web on newsprint,

so it became a catalog of possibilities.

And the startup culture
was born directly out

of the "Whole Earth Catalog".

- [Man] Stewart and his
team put out several issues

of the "Whole Earth Catalog"
and he brought it to life

with his poetic touch.

This was in the late '60s
before personal computers

and desktop publishing,

so it was all made with typewriters,

scissors and Polaroid cameras.

It was idealistic,

overflowing with neat
tools and great notions.

(hen crowing)

- [Kevin] Millions of
people who were reading it

were taught to invent their life.

- Everybody could plug in and chip in

on this conversation about what's the role

of tools and technology in this
new imagining of the world?

- For somebody like me,

living in the English
countryside at the time,

I thought, oh my God,

there's a lot of others out there too.

And it consolidated in so
many people's minds the idea

that there was a new movement,

there was a new
consciousness of some kind.

The "Whole Earth Catalog"
was a revolution.

(people laughing)

- I had set the "Whole Earth Catalog"

on a path of it had to be bigger, better,

more ambitious, wider reach,

more people involved.

Pretty soon we had a very steep curve

of people subscribing this
publication and money coming in,

and it was being a fabulous
success in the world.

(upbeat music)

(audience applauding)

- The "Whole Earth Catalog",

it's just full of the kinds of things

that make you wish you had
infinite amount of spare time.

Oh, this is an amazing thing.

- [Stewart] It won the
National Book Award.

I was getting interviewed.

Why haven't we seen the
photograph of the whole Earth yet?

(audience laughing)

So at a fairly young age
I was nationally famous.

Plus, we have a flag
which is a pretty thing,

the only flag you can say that
doesn't exclude anybody out,

everybody's in it.

- That's the Earth from the NASA?

(audience applauding)

- [Man] On the back cover
was their farewell message.

"Stay hungry, stay foolish."

(airplane rumbling)

(relaxing music)

- We're going to Pleistocene Park.

In a way what we're doing is
bringing two visions together.

One is what George Church
is doing at the Harvard lab,

bringing wooly mammoths back to a world,

and the matching vision is to
restore the mammoth steppe.

(upbeat percussion music)

(horse neighing)

(relaxing upbeat percussion music)

(horse clip-clopping)

(relaxing ominous music)

(barge humming)

(water trickling)

(man speaking in foreign language)

(boat engine humming)

(water trickling)

(relaxing ominous music)

(crow cawing)

(dry branches clanging)

(mud squishing)

- [Stewart] Come on.

- [Sergey] This is mammoth.

- You figure that's mammoth?
- Yeah.

I feel it's the smell of mammoth.

- The smell of mammoth, come on.

- It's finger, hand or finger of mammoth.

- [Stewart] Mammoth bones
are just dense in the ground

all across this land.

(flies buzzing)

(crickets chirping)

Sergey Zimov refers to it as
once the world's largest biome.

It wrapped all the way
across the North of Eurasia

and the north of North America, Canada.

(water splashing)

(boat engine humming)

While we were here,

the story was getting out of
the discovery by the Zimovs

of something troubling
going on in the permafrost

that they're studying.

(branches cracking)

(birds chirping)

(door creaking)

(door banging)

(door creaking)

(boots banging on wooden steps)

(ice crystals cracking)

(magical crystal twinkling music)

(ice crystals cracking)

(boots crunching on ice)

- This last winter,

a layer of the permafrost

that normally freezes did not freeze,

it stayed thawed.

(dramatic ominous echoing)

(water trickling)

(water trickling)

(frozen ice cracking)

(methane bubbling underwater)

(tree branches creaking)

(water trickling)

(empty plastic container banging)

(water trickling)

(relaxing ominous music)

(match hissing to light)

- What's coming out of
that lake is real methane

that's going on apparently all
day and all night, all year.

(water trickling)

So we've got a bad feedback cycle going on

which needs to be slowed, stopped,

and ideally, reversed

(water trickling)

(relaxing ominous music)

(birds chirping)

(horses clip-clopping)

- The Sergey Zimov theory is
that if you put a dense array

of grazing animals back on this land,

they will turn Tundra and Boreal
Forest back into grassland.

And the grassland's gonna stop the release

of greenhouse gasses coming
from this thawing permafrost.

(birds chirping)

(moose hooves clip clopping)

Such a great looking animal.

(leaves rustling)

- These animals busily,

almost frantically they're eating.

Chow, chow, chow, munch munch.

These guys are working.

(relaxing ominous music)

In the winter,

in order to get to the grass,

the animals, they're
trampling and digging down

through the snow and the
cold gets into the ground

and keeps the ground frozen.

(freezing water crystallizing)

- [George] And then the mammoths,

you can do things that cannot be done

by the other herbivores

like knock down trees.
(mammoth trumpeting)

- [Stewart] Wow.

(indistinct)

Talk about data.

At Pleistocene Park
they've been able to prove

that if you have fairly dense population

of grazing animals on the land,

that leads directly to the
ground underneath getting colder

as much as two degrees Celsius.

That amount of coldness can
make an enormous difference

in terms of heading off the
thawing of the permafrost.

So if you get wooly mammoths
back on the landscape,

they will push down the
temperature even more.

(freezing water crystallizing)

This whole Pleistocene
Park Project is a form

of geoengineering, an attempt
to directly affect climate.

And what I love about
it is it's the only form

of geoengineering I know

that's not mechanical, it's biological.

We're nudging the ecosystem
in the right direction

but nature's doing most of the work.

And then the animals take
over and the grass takes over

(moose hooves clip-clopping)

and this landscape comes back to life.

(relaxing chiming music)

- Stewart suggests that with tools

and technology there's a
bright future ahead of us,

that we can fix all the
disasters that we've created

on our planet.

But I think these
experiments are horseshit.

At a certain age you need to know

that everything has a shadow
and you need to account for it,

otherwise you run into disastrous
unintended consequences.

- Welcome everybody, we are here tonight

to discuss technology.

We can't live without technology,

no one suggests that,

but how do we live with it?

You, Stewart Brand,

say that we should assume
that the technology is neutral

and that the people
promoting it are neutral.

Why would one assume that
those people are neutral?

- There is very little malevolence
behind new technologies.

People are trying to figure
out how to make a cool,

new tool work in a cool, new way.

- [Mark] Winona LaDuke?

- Technology's not gonna save us.

It is a tool, perhaps,

in part of what we need to do
but we need to be responsible.

From my perspective all
these questions require

this broader thinking and not an amnesia,

which I think is what you are promoting.

For instance, Edward Teller,

father of the hydrogen
bomb is the guy who came up

with the fabulously bad
idea of geoengineering.

I don't agree that every
new technology is equal

and that everybody comes
with clear moral history

and clear conscience.

I don't agree with that

because I don't actually have amnesia.

(audience applauding)

- Hi, Stewart.

- Is that Peter?

- Hi, Winona.
- Hi.

- Let me challenge your
hypothesis that we're Gods

and let me suggest a
more accurate metaphor

which would be idiot savants.

(audience applauding)

We're highly developed.

We have these great skills,

these technological cleverness

which is completely untethered to wisdom.

What I find disturbing and
sort of a little sociopathic

about your perspective

is the absence of doubt.

(audience applauding)

- Stu loves technology
of almost any variety.

And if you have a big megaphone
like Stewart Brand does,

I would hope he would put it
on the side of preservation.

- This is a American chestnut tree.

There's some tests to be done--

- Instead, for reasons that defeat me,

Stu is a fan of genetic modification.

This is human cleverness.

We know better than nature.

Really?

Stu, I'm sorry,

this is not environmentalism.

- The idea that humans are moving genes

from one organism into the genome

of another organism is
somehow against nature,

is just dead wrong.

(Stewart chuckling)

(birds chirping)

It's assisted evolution,

and so we're doing
exactly what nature does.

This is what killed five
billion American chestnut trees.

These trees are functionally extinct

because they can't reproduce

and make a forest like they used to.

But genetically they're
not extinct at all,

they've got all the variety they ever had

and they're about to get
one more bit of variety

which is one or two genes
that will help them head

off the diseases that we brought here,

not on purpose.

But the cure is on purpose.

We use gene guns to move
this gene from wheat

into the American chestnut
and that resists the fungus.

(relaxing ominous music)

When genetically modified
organisms were first created,

most environmentalists were
just automatically against it,

and that actually makes me pretty mad,

because that's taking
ideology more seriously

than the ecosystems
you're trying to protect.

(people chatting)

But this resistance to technology

and intervention is nothing new.

The environmental movement
that formed in the '60s

that I was part of
helping shape, was young,

enthusiastic, not terribly
scientifically informed.

- I enjoy the trees and the elements,

just things that are
very basic to the Earth.

- [Stewart] And it locked
in a number of stances.

- Everything we do affects it.

Everything we get comes from it.

Everything we leave goes back into it.

- [Stewart] An environmentalist
is automatically

against intervention in nature

because nature is always right

and humanity is always wrong.

- Don't fowl your nest.

- It's a romantic story
but it's just wrong.

(people whistling)

- A lot of the '60 scene had
been very anti-technological.

You have to make a choice
between being an environmentalist

and being a technologist.

They were seen by many people
as at odds with each other.

Technology was ruining the
environment it seemed like.

Stewart and a few other
people said, no actually,

it's the way we can save it.

- It's a whole lot of good
stuff and it's been for us.

But we're amplifying it as big as we can.

- That started Stewart off
on a line that differed

from many of the people he
had been associated with

in that he had begun

to embrace technology as
the way towards the future.

- It's our biggest problem and
nothing's going to be solved.

No technologies are going

to manipulate people's minds and feelings.

(dramatic ominous music)

- I was starting to feel isolated

in the environmental movement

and felt like I was cut off
from the rest of the world.

I was working like mad on
the "Whole Earth Catalog"

and I was reduced in
non-catalog function more

and more and more.

There was a room in the back
of the 4,000 square feet

where we did the "Whole Earth
Catalog" where I had a bed

and I was doing a lot of
my work from that bed.

(clock ticking)

(relaxing piano music)

But I didn't even know
to call it depression.

(pencil grinding on paper)

I was bad company for my wife.

(marker grinding on paper)

The depression I had at
that period was also related

to drug involvement
triggered by the amount

of nitrous oxide I was breathing.

(dramatic ominous music)

Nitrous oxide was a party
drug in the counter culture.

You would have a flash

which might be exciting or revelatory.

And for a few years I had a tank

about three feet high
delivered once a week

to the "Whole Earth Catalog"
so I could breath it up.

I got wrapped up in my own mind

which then turned all
convoluted watching itself

to the point where I could barely drive,

because I was watching
my mind watch my mind

watch my mind instead of
watching the damn road.

(tires screeching)

(somber piano music)

Depression is self-reinforcing
and becomes its own system.

So long after I stopped
breathing nitrous oxide,

I was still badly depressed.

Basically, I wanted
off this runaway train,

so came up with the idea,

how about I just stop the
success right in its tracks?

- [Lois] He made the decision that we

would do the last "Whole Earth Catalog"

and we sold a million copies.

- [Stewart] And then as
a way to celebrate that

we put on a public,

what we call Demise Party.

(audience applauding)

- [Lois] We had some money
and he made a decision

that we would do this social experiment.

- I said, I have here in
my hand $20,000 in cash.

Go on and tell us what you think
should happen to the money?

They money will go to a
person with the responsibility

for seeing it through a
project by probably dawn.

And these are hippies
that have been living

on $200 a year.

So to be standing there on
stage with a pretty thick wad

of $100 bills and trying to say, well,

my commune really needs a pump.

(Stewart chuckling)

The notions piled up
but it turned out most

of them were bad.

- I think this money should be used

to get all the Jews out of Miami

and get the Puerto Ricans
back where they belong.

- So it was a disappointment
in that regard

'cause my hypothesis had
been that under duress people

would be extra creative.

We've gotta get together
and deal with our problem.

(man shouting)
(cracker exploding)

What actually turned out to be the case

was under duress people
are extra non-creative.

- [Man] Well, 'cause you're
a fucking (indistinct).

- [Stewart] It was basically chaotic.

- You've got nine million suggestions.

They're all good, pick one.

This could go on for
the next fucking year.

- I suggest one $100 dollar
bill to put in the fireplace.

- [Stewart] You wanna put $100--

One guy, his name's Fred,

set fire to his $100 bill and
said it's not about the money,

it's about the people.

And by the end of all this he was the guy

that took away $20,000.

(relaxing ominous music)

(marker grinding on paper)

It felt like a total failure.

I was in a bad way

and I'm shutting down one
thing after another to see

what thing I can get rid of
that will give me a chance

to get myself back?

(marker grinding on paper)

So I shut down the "Whole Earth Catalog"

and I wasn't better.

(pen grinding on paper)

And I shut down my marriage.

By then, being just with her
was getting troubled enough

for me and probably to
some extent for her.

But I initiated the,

let's not be married anymore.

- He woke up one morning and
he said he wanted a divorce.

So that was the end of that, okay.

I still feel cold.

(somber ominous music)

(water trickling)

(upbeat guitar music)

♪ Thinking of a world and ♪
the light of the sun ♪

♪ And all the many lives ♪
that were ever begun ♪

♪ Ever begun ♪

♪ Our little world turning in the blue ♪

♪ As each day goes ♪
there's another one new ♪

♪ Another one new ♪

♪ How many people will we feed today ♪

♪ How many lips will we kiss today ♪

♪ If we wake up ♪

♪ How many worlds will we ever see ♪

♪ And how many people can we ever be ♪

♪ If we wake up ♪

- The 1970s I spent living alone.

I was in a lot of stupid pain.

It took a while to get out
of being really shut down

in terms of feeling good about life.

(clock ticking)

(relaxing instrumental music)

(camera shutter clicking)

I had seen people get
in the mood of, well,

I'm having a problem with my drug,

so obviously the answer is
I should take more drugs.

That universally did not work out.

(Stewart chuckling)

So one aspect of how I
treated being depressed

at the time was to not
try to fix it with drugs.

I was starting to do meditation
and seeing a psychiatrist

who was actually pretty good.

And eventually I was able to become more

and more happy again.

(relaxing xylophone music)

And at that point,

having shut down the
"Whole Earth Catalog",

I was free to pursue a
subject I was curious about.

10 years earlier when I
was visiting Stanford,

I hear male yells from

what was called the Computation Center.

And it turns out they
were playing the earliest

of all the video games called "Space War".

(playful gaming music)

They were gathered around a
mini computer called PDP-1.

What got me about it was
the insane enthusiasm

and out of body wildness that was going on

in the players of this game.

They identified with what
I thought of as hippies

but they weren't doing drugs very much,

because they had found a better drug

and the better drug was computer power.

I wrote it up for "Rolling Stone"

and I began the article with the line,

ready or not,

computers are coming to the people.

(relaxing xylophone music)

People get up to strange things

and people that are good at
getting up to strange things,

get up to more than the one.

(Stewart chuckling)

(relaxing upbeat rock music)

At the end of the Demise Party,

the guy who'd set fire

to the $100 bill came away with $20,000.

- He was this unusual
draft resister activist

community organizer, a guy
by the name of Fred Moore.

He was deeply opposed to
the very concept of money,

so the fact that Fred got the
money was really quite ironic.

Fred took the money,

put it in his backyard in
a coffee can and buried it.

It was a little bit
like Frodo and the ring

- That same Fred Moore who
did a few interesting things

for that money,

a couple of years later
was one of the founders

of the Homebrew Computer Club,

one of the most important groups

in the history of technology.

It's where Steve Jobs
and Steve Wozniak met

(fast computer beeping)

and started Apple Computer.

(computer beeping)

- [George] Stewart, he
was in the thick of that

and began to actively
organizing that community.

- Stewart and I are both
attracted to technologists

that are on the frontier.

And because of Stewart
I had the opportunity

to see the very beginning

of how the internet was gonna play out.

(static beeping)

- Ryan Phelan and I
took on the organization

of this event called
the Hackers Conference.

That was the beginning of my involvement

with the personal computer revolution.

I'm Stewart Brand.

I'm not a hacker.

I'm here for the contact high.

- [Reporter] One long-time supporter

of Hackers is Stewart Brand.

- They are more effective in
pushing the culture around now

in good ways than almost
any group I can think of.

- [Reporter] But the real
purpose of the get-together was

to discuss the unique set of values

that made the computer
revolution possible.

- Political platform is

that we need an electronic
declaration of independence.

- [Man] We were trying
to liberate the tools

that had been kept in the hands

of powerful companies like IBM.

- Sometimes the companies internally,

because they own it,

will squash it and say you cannot have it,

even though we're not gonna put it out

and nobody else in the
world's gonna get it.

That's a hiding of
information that is wrong.

- [Stewart] And there was a
hacker ethic to be transparent

and to share code.

(audience laughing)

- My project is to make all software free.

My soul is in that.

Tools I will give away to anybody.

- This software I wrote
is a desk accessory,

so it works on top of
any other application.

- This a program that allows
you to switch very quickly

between programs on the
map as I can show you here.

- Stewart was the first guy to get it.

The personal computer was one
of the most powerful examples

of using machines as
tools for independence

and that you could build your own world

out of this new technology.

He saw that hacker's culture
shared a lot of values

with the "Whole Earth Catalog" ideal.

That information should be freely shared.

- Stewart was one of the
first people who realized that

that actually was a social movement,

that wasn't just like a couple of new toys

that had appeared.

That's a very typical
Stewart thing to understand

that there is something there,

to take it seriously,

to give it a name.

As soon as you call a situation something,

the people within it start to
look around and say, oh yeah

it is something, yeah.

Okay, we're in something together.

(people chatting)

- I had been in solo
bachelorhood for quite a while

and one of the things I was
missing was conversation.

And I found that the
conversations I was having

with Ryan Phelan,

they were some of the best I was having.

So here we are 35 years later still

having a good conversation.

(birds chirping)

(relaxing xylophone music)

(door creaking)

(door banging)

(water trickling)

Hello.

(door banging)

(water trickling)

(cups clanging)

Here you go.

(relaxing guitar music)

- It must've been about 1980.

I think we both realized
a mutual appreciation

of each other that went beyond work.

We liked taking hikes out in nature.

Sparks flew and there were
some very soulful moments there

on hillsides where we
got to know each other.

We had realized we had fallen in love.

We were both pretty fascinated

with the waterfront community.

We'd been wandering up and down the docks,

looking at houseboats.

Mirene was a rotted out 1912 tugboat

and we brought her back to life.

To be honest,

when Stewart and I started thinking

about getting a boat together,

I still didn't really necessarily think

about it as a marriage.

I was a product of the '60s

and marriage was not something

that I thought was an essential
part of a relationship.

I was kind of in it for the short-term.

That was great and it
was fun and I had no idea

how profound it would be to actually start

to create this life with Stewart.

He surprised me.

(relaxing guitar music)

(water trickling)

I could get used to this.

- You could get used to this, yeah.

Ryan and I are always scheming things up.

We're always advisors to
each other's projects.

But when we work together
closely it's just wonderful.

- You got a seal right here.

- Really?

- Shall we swap?

(seals grunting)

Look at them all.

(seals barking)

- Hi, guys.
- Isn't that great?

(birds chirping)

(water trickling)

(elephant trumpeting)

- [Stewart] The two of us
created Revive and Restore,

which is the entity that is
making de-extinction possible.

(elephant trumpeting)

- It's not just about
bringing back a wooly mammoth,

but this technology is what's
needed for conservation.

Good afternoon, I'm Ryan Phelan

and we work at the convergence
of biotech and conservation.

- [Stewart] One thing that
biotech is bringing to the rescue

of endangered species is a
chance to get off the defense

and go on the offense.

- We have to protect, absolutely.

We have to intervene

when these new technologies
start to demonstrate--

- So Ross, you wanna prevent extinction,

meanwhile you have other people trying

to bring species back.

Where is your moral compass on this?

- Have we taken on a responsibility

that has no end point to it?

I would say, yes,

because what we're doing is playing God.

And in that event,

we have to look at it in the same way

that we would look at
obligations to any living thing.

- About 10 years ago,

Stewart asked me to
participate in a meeting

that was going to take up de-extinction.

I'm at paleomammalogist
and the idea of being able

to actually interact with
a living wooly mammoth,

this was astounding and
I was totally fascinated,

I admit it.

(birds chirping)

But although the idea
of bringing back species

that are no longer with us
is immensely attractive,

I also understand it's

about the worst thing
we could possibly do.

Stewart Brand is a visionary.

I, by contrast,

am a pragmatist.

What's the length of time
that we're talking about

to make and to manufacturer
a wooly mammoth?

Stewart thinks centuries.

So do I.

And that's a long period
of time to keep interest up

in an experiment that
has no certain outcome.

(relaxing xylophone music)

- We are a major force
now in this dynamic planet

and we have to function as an
entire global civilization,

patiently over time with
awareness and continuity.

And we've never done that before.

There are issues going on

in the world like climate
change and extinction

and it's gonna take
centuries to sort them out.

One of the problems now is

that civilization is revving itself

into a pathologically
short attention span.

When I met Stewart it was
getting to be the early '90s

and people were still thinking

about the future as
being in the year 2,000.

And I realized that the future had kind

of been shrinking by one year
per year for my whole life.

That's when I started designing this clock

that would last for 10,000 years.

(dramatic ominous drum music)

- [Stewart] I heard from
Danny Hillis about his idea

to build Estonian scale mechanical clock

that would tick once a Century,

more in every thousand years
and after much longer than

that the cuckoo comes out.

(dramatic ominous drum music)

- [Danny] Stewart realized
the 10,000-year clock

would change how people thought

about time long before I did,

even when I was building it.

(dramatic ominous drum music)

(marker grinding on paper)

- [Stewart] There are ways
to help each other behave

more responsibly and
we want people to think

about the next 10,000
years the way they think

about next week.

The photographs of the earth
from space 50 years ago

gave humanity a whole new
way to think about itself

and about the planet that we live on,

but it didn't really teach
us anything about time.

We need icons that give people a sense

of long-term thinking.

(rolling door grinding)

(lights pinging on in tandem)

- To make something last
for 10,000 years you have

to choose materials that
can last, like titanium.

You make things very,

very large so that the
wear doesn't matter much.

But actually by far the hardest
problem is making something

that people will care
about for 10,000 years.

- When we started building the clock,

we had talked about the idea
of the clock having a chime.

Because it will be beautiful
if this was almost subsonic

or even subsonic.

And I thought,

well, if you had 10 bells you would

have three million possible
permutations of those 10 bells.

Just the sound of the clock.

(mechanisms clicking)

That meant you could have
a different chime each day

for 10,000 years.

(clock bell chiming)

- [Stewart] We're trying
to figure out what kind

of a site should it be for a clock?

And we decided it should be
kind of a pilgrimage site.

So after much exploration,

we're now putting a very large
clock inside a 500-foot shaft

inside a mountain.

- It's in analog.
- The big clock

probably just going.

(Stewart imitating chiming)

(dramatic explosion)

(cable tension pinging)

If the clock is an artwork
then it's already an expression

of thinking long term.

(clock bell chiming)

- The clock is a provocation in a sense.

You're hoping to consciously
put into the world something

that would give people that flash,

that moment of saying, wow,

I see, is it possible
that we could be around

for 10,000 years?

What if there's a war?

Or what if a astroid hits the earth

and there's a nuclear winter?

Even saying, what if,

is starting to do what the
clock is intended to do.

(clock bell chiming)

- I think we're in the shift
point in the long story,

finding out how nature actually works,

finding out how we actually work.

And de-extinction is a good
way of keeping people reminded

that they're gonna bear down
on some issues for a long time.

And when you do that astounding
things can be accomplished,

including bringing back wooly mammoths.

In fact, bring back the
whole damn mammoth steppe,

change that biome back
to what it used to be,

which would be better for the climate,

and that's a long-term story.

(bell chiming)

- The Greek word, hubris,

has to do with the idea that
a hero has a central failing

that he's not aware of,

but the failing eventually comes out

and usually results in disaster.

(relaxing chiming music)

I think that's a very word
for the de-extinction agenda.

It is hubris.

(audience applauding)

(audience cheering)

- Remember Jurassic park,

amazing movie where
science brings dinosaurs

back from extinction.

The science is now getting real.

Right now scientists and
thinkers are working on a way

to revive other extinct
species like the wooly mammoth.

To paraphrase Jeff Goldblum, should they?

Here to be making his opening statement,

ladies and gentlemen, Stewart Brand.

- I've been a conservationist
since I was 10,

just 70 years ago,

and what's driving us now is
getting some species back.

You will be having the
chestnut trees coming back,

raining down sweet nuts for
wildlife and for humans.

You will have passenger pigeons back,

taking up their old habitat
which is perfectly intact

and waiting for them.

So a vote for de-extinction
is a vote for more life.

(audience applauding)
(audience cheering)

- All right, thank you very much ladies

and gentleman, Stewart Brand.

(audience applauding)

Stewart, but I would like to
let your opponents respond

to that last point.

- Why do we think we can
do this with elephants?

Elephants are sentient creatures.

They have self-awareness.

Human babies, until they're
six months or a year or so,

are not self-aware.

Your dog isn't self-aware.

So why are we considering
them the kind of property

that we can mess with
and then set them loose?

Is that really their job?

- Okay, that's a perfectly
phrased question.

I want to bring it to George Church.

- Excellent point and I sympathize.

However, they are currently not

having such a happy life going extinct.

(audience laughing)

I agree that we should be humane.

We should do something
that's for their benefit,

not just the benefit of the planet.

I think the ends and the
means should be humane.

- The real de-extinction agenda,

which is bringing back
completely extinct species,

it's not for repairing ecosystems

that in a sense don't
need repairing anymore

because we're already
10,000 years down the pike

from what they were.

The planet is getting warmer.

Whether or not we get elephants

up into Northern Siberia is not going

to change the equation sufficiently

to turn the whole process back.

The real problem,

as usual, is us.

- Stewart, to response?

(audience applauding)

- Wooly mammoths and the mammoth steppe

are not gonna fix climate change,

but they could be over the long-term part

of the stabilization of climate.

- I have to say, Stewart,

that I'm very pleased that I
am not the most naive person

on the panel tonight.

(audience laughing)
(audience applauding)

- All right, we try not
to make it personal.

(people chuckling)

- It's a joke.

- I'm trying to think of not naive,

it's not that cutting but it was there.

So let's try to keep it above board.

Dr. Lynn Rothschild?

- In the end we've been
dancing around this idea

of what is natural.

Is it natural to have a wooly mammoth

on the Siberian steppes?

Or is it more natural to have
a sky filled with teradactyls

or maybe a sea filled with trilobites.

Jurassic park was a bad idea.

Pleistocene Park is no better.

So no matter how cool this seems,

we should not de-extinct creatures.

- And now it's time to learn
which side that you feel

has been more convincing?

Lynn and Ross,

they pulled up 17 percentage points.

That's the number to beat.

Stewart and George,

they lost four percentage points.

That means that the winner

of this debate is the side arguing,

don't bring extinct
creatures back to life.

(audience applauding)

(relaxing chiming music)

- I think what will change
people's minds is the change

in the facts,

change in the data.

And we're all still waiting

for actual de-extinction to occur.

(dramatic ominous music)

I wish I could see the wooly
mammoth back in the wild

and that probably won't
happen in my lifetime,

but I have lived to see
American chestnuts come back.

(door clicking)

(relaxing upbeat chiming music)

- [Man] These are all destined to go out

in the field this year.

- Back in the day I said that,

we are as gods and might
as well get good at it,

but it's really becoming,

we are as nature,

and using nature to do things
that nature does already.

In my mind this is a forest
we're flying over at altitude.

- [Lady] I like that idea.

(relaxing upbeat music)

- American chestnut is
the first de-extinction

and then trees will be
planted by the thousands.

And that was not possible two decades ago.

Now it's not only possible,

it's the way it's gonna be.

Okay, is that about right?

It's good?

These little American
chestnuts can live a Century

or more in getting arms.

And eventually in this
century the American chestnut

should be completely back
in the Eastern forest

and I can't wait.

(relaxing chiming music)

For me as a conservationist
to engage seriously

with an ecosystem that you may care about,

gives you a place to live that
isn't inside your own skin

and takes down some of the dread of death

and engages a larger life.

(chain rustling on rock)

(relaxing chiming music)

(boots banging on wood)

(door rumbling)

(door bang echoing in shaft)

(metal scraping)

(overhead crane clicking)

(tools clanging)

(clock bell chiming)

(clock bell chiming)

(birds chirping)

People wind up writing memoirs

because they want their children to know

what their life was really like.

People are really interested
in their parents' story,

maybe their grandparents' story.

(relaxing chiming music)

Generations is a good way to think,

but let's go way longer than that.

(clock bell chiming)

Once you are holding these
longer timeframes in mind,

that starts to raise the question

of what do you do on Monday?

Does your behavior start to
reflect this larger frame?

(clock bell chiming)

(clock ticking)

("This" by Brian Eno)

♪ This chord ♪

♪ This water ♪

♪ This son ♪

♪ This daughter ♪

♪ This day ♪

♪ This time ♪

♪ This land, it's all mine ♪

♪ This Calling Bell ♪

♪ This Forge Bell ♪

♪ This Dark Bell ♪

♪ This, The Knife Bell ♪

♪ This calling ♪

♪ This burden ♪

♪ This falling ♪

♪ The world's turning ♪

♪ This, what I thought I knew ♪

♪ This, what I thought was true ♪

♪ This, I understood ♪

♪ This, in the deep wood ♪

♪ This, ah there I stood ♪

♪ A child so fair ♪

♪ This, on a certain square ♪

♪ This, down the dirty stairs ♪

♪ This, to see the table set ♪

♪ This, with golden chairs ♪

♪ This, ah to follow, follow ♪

♪ Follow, follow there ♪

♪ This race ♪

♪ And this world ♪

♪ This feeling ♪

♪ And this girl ♪

♪ This revolver ♪

♪ This fire ♪

♪ This, I'll hold it up ♪

♪ Higher, higher, high ♪