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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:02,560 --> 00:00:05,440 (machine whirring) 2 00:00:08,640 --> 00:00:11,480 (ominous music) 3 00:00:12,839 --> 00:00:14,919 - [Presenter] Adolf Hitler neither finished school, 4 00:00:14,920 --> 00:00:17,159 nor had any vocational training. 5 00:00:17,160 --> 00:00:18,518 (crowd cheering) 6 00:00:18,519 --> 00:00:22,440 He occasionally lived in homeless shelters or on the street. 7 00:00:23,199 --> 00:00:25,440 He refused to pursue a regular job. 8 00:00:26,879 --> 00:00:29,279 To this day, it seems inexplicable 9 00:00:29,280 --> 00:00:30,960 that he could come to power. 10 00:00:33,520 --> 00:00:36,279 Out of nowhere, Hitler became the Fuhrer, 11 00:00:36,280 --> 00:00:38,000 leader of the German Reich, 12 00:00:38,920 --> 00:00:41,579 one of the most powerful men of the 20th century, 13 00:00:41,580 --> 00:00:44,480 who brought the world to the brink of disaster 14 00:00:44,481 --> 00:00:46,479 and death to millions of people. 15 00:00:50,399 --> 00:00:52,079 The nation worshiped him 16 00:00:52,080 --> 00:00:54,880 and followed him blindly into the abyss. 17 00:00:56,280 --> 00:00:57,860 But during his lifetime, 18 00:00:57,861 --> 00:01:00,479 he kept his origins and his life secret. 19 00:01:01,359 --> 00:01:03,960 No one should know how or who he was. 20 00:01:06,400 --> 00:01:09,999 Hitler's contemporaries, from his birth to his death, 21 00:01:10,000 --> 00:01:11,399 flesh out the picture. 22 00:01:11,400 --> 00:01:12,599 Who was Hitler? 23 00:01:15,920 --> 00:01:18,680 (somber music) 24 00:01:38,640 --> 00:01:40,240 (people chattering) 25 00:01:40,241 --> 00:01:42,539 - [Narrator] On June the 30th 1903, 26 00:01:42,540 --> 00:01:47,238 the 72-year-old Kaiser Franz Joseph I visits Braunau am Inn 27 00:01:47,239 --> 00:01:49,280 to celebrate its 700th birthday. 28 00:01:50,439 --> 00:01:52,219 An historical coincidence, 29 00:01:52,220 --> 00:01:54,920 this border town to Bavaria of all places 30 00:01:54,921 --> 00:01:57,300 is the origin of the oldest film footage 31 00:01:57,301 --> 00:01:59,719 shot by an Austrian cinematographer. 32 00:02:02,319 --> 00:02:04,780 - [Voiceover] "In the late '80s of the last century, 33 00:02:04,781 --> 00:02:07,799 my parents lived in the small town on the Inn, 34 00:02:07,800 --> 00:02:11,439 which is Bavarian by blood and Austrian by nationality." 35 00:02:13,400 --> 00:02:15,599 Adolf Hitler, "Mein Kampf." 36 00:02:17,800 --> 00:02:20,160 - [Narrator] The customs inspector Alois Hitler 37 00:02:20,161 --> 00:02:22,520 and his family occupy a small apartment 38 00:02:22,521 --> 00:02:25,199 on the top floor of the Pommer Hotel in Braunau. 39 00:02:26,599 --> 00:02:29,918 At Easter time, on April the 20th 1889, 40 00:02:29,919 --> 00:02:34,158 at about 6:30 in the evening, Adolf Hitler is born. 41 00:02:34,159 --> 00:02:37,360 (people chattering) 42 00:02:39,800 --> 00:02:42,199 - [Voiceover] Parish register, Braunau. 43 00:02:43,000 --> 00:02:46,559 Adolfus Hitler, born on April the 20th 1889, 44 00:02:46,560 --> 00:02:48,758 at 6:30 in the evening. 45 00:02:48,759 --> 00:02:54,199 Baptized on April the 22nd at 3:15 by Ignat Proust. 46 00:02:54,639 --> 00:02:56,959 (solemn music) 47 00:02:56,960 --> 00:02:59,080 - [Voiceover] "To begin with, there's this picture 48 00:02:59,081 --> 00:03:01,598 of little Adolf from the year 1889, 49 00:03:01,599 --> 00:03:03,700 a few months after his birth. 50 00:03:03,701 --> 00:03:06,479 One thing worthy of note in this first picture of Hitler 51 00:03:06,480 --> 00:03:09,560 is the close resemblance of Adolf to his mother." 52 00:03:11,759 --> 00:03:15,680 August Kubizek, childhood friend of Adolf Hitler. 53 00:03:19,840 --> 00:03:21,800 - [Narrator] Adolf Hitler is the third 54 00:03:21,801 --> 00:03:23,740 of the couple's six children. 55 00:03:23,741 --> 00:03:25,619 He and his younger sister Paula 56 00:03:25,620 --> 00:03:28,560 are the only ones to survive beyond childhood. 57 00:03:30,240 --> 00:03:33,520 The mother is 28 years old at the time of the birth. 58 00:03:33,521 --> 00:03:35,478 The father is 51. 59 00:03:35,479 --> 00:03:38,478 Klara Hitler is related to Alois Hitler. 60 00:03:38,479 --> 00:03:40,639 She's her husband's second cousin. 61 00:03:42,800 --> 00:03:44,560 When Hitler is three years old, 62 00:03:44,561 --> 00:03:46,980 his father is transferred to a new post 63 00:03:46,981 --> 00:03:49,639 and decides to move into an apartment in Passau 64 00:03:49,640 --> 00:03:51,840 on the German side of the border. 65 00:03:51,841 --> 00:03:54,199 Adolf Hitler lives with his family in Bavaria 66 00:03:54,200 --> 00:03:57,039 for three years until 1895. 67 00:03:58,599 --> 00:04:00,719 - [Voiceover] "Actually, Hitler didn't speak 68 00:04:00,720 --> 00:04:02,719 a typical Austrian dialect." 69 00:04:04,599 --> 00:04:06,199 August Kubizek. 70 00:04:07,400 --> 00:04:10,240 - [Voiceover] "In my youth, my German was the dialect 71 00:04:10,241 --> 00:04:12,039 spoken in Lower Bavaria." 72 00:04:13,439 --> 00:04:15,159 Adolf Hitler, "Mein Kampf." 73 00:04:19,839 --> 00:04:21,399 - [Narrator] The oldest film recording 74 00:04:21,400 --> 00:04:22,680 made in Austria-Hungary 75 00:04:22,681 --> 00:04:25,420 was shot by foreigners, the Lumiere brothers. 76 00:04:25,421 --> 00:04:28,958 It shows Vienna, the capital of a multinational empire, 77 00:04:28,959 --> 00:04:31,159 in the year 1896. 78 00:04:31,160 --> 00:04:34,360 (vehicles clanking) 79 00:04:36,160 --> 00:04:37,560 - [Voiceover] "In Old Austria, 80 00:04:37,561 --> 00:04:39,519 you could travel without a passport, 81 00:04:39,520 --> 00:04:41,980 from the Mediterranean, over the Alps, 82 00:04:41,981 --> 00:04:44,600 way into the east, the west, and the north." 83 00:04:46,800 --> 00:04:50,120 Oskar Kokoschka, painter and writer. 84 00:04:55,720 --> 00:04:58,600 - [Narrator] Hitler's ancestry from Lower Austria 85 00:04:58,601 --> 00:05:00,639 as well as a total of 21 years 86 00:05:00,640 --> 00:05:02,700 spent in Upper Austria and Vienna 87 00:05:02,701 --> 00:05:04,840 do not suffice to make him Austrian 88 00:05:04,841 --> 00:05:07,120 in the sense of a citizen of that nation. 89 00:05:10,639 --> 00:05:12,399 - [Voiceover] Kurt Schuschnigg, 90 00:05:12,400 --> 00:05:15,879 Austrian Chancellor from 1934 to 1938. 91 00:05:18,079 --> 00:05:21,599 "Austrians who spoke about the nation before 1938 92 00:05:21,600 --> 00:05:23,380 meant the national culture 93 00:05:23,381 --> 00:05:25,760 that extended beyond their borders, 94 00:05:25,761 --> 00:05:29,160 which is what Austrian man also identified with." 95 00:05:30,560 --> 00:05:33,279 - [Narrator] This cultural nation is Germany. 96 00:05:35,720 --> 00:05:37,559 (hooves clopping) 97 00:05:37,560 --> 00:05:41,318 Transporting a locomotive through the streets of Chemnitz, 98 00:05:41,319 --> 00:05:44,119 16 workhorses pull the locomotive 99 00:05:44,120 --> 00:05:46,919 as the factory has no rail connection. 100 00:05:46,920 --> 00:05:50,160 (people chattering) 101 00:05:53,800 --> 00:05:56,518 The majority of German speaking Austrians 102 00:05:56,519 --> 00:06:00,799 feel close links to the Germans in Prussia, Saxony, Bavaria, 103 00:06:00,800 --> 00:06:02,680 and the smaller federal states 104 00:06:02,681 --> 00:06:06,079 already united in a partly industrialized Reich. 105 00:06:12,360 --> 00:06:14,900 - [Voiceover] "He was a grumpy, reticent old man, 106 00:06:14,901 --> 00:06:18,120 and like a lot of political free spirits at the time, 107 00:06:18,121 --> 00:06:20,040 a stern German nationalist." 108 00:06:22,680 --> 00:06:24,120 Joseph Mayerhofer, 109 00:06:24,121 --> 00:06:27,199 farmer in the village of Leonding by Linz. 110 00:06:27,879 --> 00:06:29,100 (pensive music) 111 00:06:29,101 --> 00:06:31,399 - [Voiceover] "A visit to his parent's grave. 112 00:06:32,800 --> 00:06:34,279 His school friends say his mother 113 00:06:34,280 --> 00:06:35,920 was loving and kindhearted. 114 00:06:36,639 --> 00:06:39,199 The father, cold, silent, and straight." 115 00:06:42,480 --> 00:06:47,040 Joseph Goebbels, diary, July 22nd 1938. 116 00:06:51,079 --> 00:06:53,440 - [Voiceover] "I never loved my father, 117 00:06:53,441 --> 00:06:55,040 but feared him all the more." 118 00:06:57,199 --> 00:06:58,958 Adolf Hitler, table talk, 119 00:06:58,959 --> 00:07:01,920 recorded by his secretary Christa Schroeder. 120 00:07:04,240 --> 00:07:05,958 (baby wailing) 121 00:07:05,959 --> 00:07:08,279 - [Voiceover] "My brother Adolf provoked my father 122 00:07:08,280 --> 00:07:11,360 to such extremes that he was beaten every day." 123 00:07:13,199 --> 00:07:15,879 Paula Hitler, later Paula Wolff. 124 00:07:18,720 --> 00:07:23,119 - [Narrator] In June 1939, Eva Braun films the small farm 125 00:07:23,120 --> 00:07:25,920 in the village of Hafeld in Upper Austria 126 00:07:25,921 --> 00:07:30,240 that Hitler's father leases after retiring early in 1895. 127 00:07:32,319 --> 00:07:34,159 (melancholy music) 128 00:07:34,160 --> 00:07:37,838 On May the 1st 1895, Hitler starts school 129 00:07:37,839 --> 00:07:39,340 in a one-room schoolhouse 130 00:07:39,341 --> 00:07:41,720 in the neighboring village of Fischlham. 131 00:07:44,079 --> 00:07:46,078 In the year 1897, 132 00:07:46,079 --> 00:07:48,800 Hitler's father sells the farm in Hafeld. 133 00:07:50,560 --> 00:07:54,999 The family lives temporarily in the small town of Lambach. 134 00:07:55,000 --> 00:07:58,119 (gloomy music) 135 00:07:58,120 --> 00:08:01,119 In 1898, the Hitler family moves 136 00:08:01,120 --> 00:08:03,600 to the village of Leonding near Linz. 137 00:08:03,601 --> 00:08:06,799 Here Hitler's father buys property number 61, 138 00:08:06,800 --> 00:08:09,959 including 1,900 square meters of land. 139 00:08:13,879 --> 00:08:16,240 After five years of elementary school, 140 00:08:16,241 --> 00:08:19,159 in 1900, Adolf Hitler aged 11 141 00:08:19,160 --> 00:08:21,959 begins secondary school in the city of Linz. 142 00:08:23,240 --> 00:08:25,240 Adolf Hitler has to repeat his first year 143 00:08:25,241 --> 00:08:27,920 at secondary school due to poor grades. 144 00:08:30,120 --> 00:08:33,119 - [Voiceover] "I remember the scrawny pale boy 145 00:08:33,120 --> 00:08:34,440 who commuted every day 146 00:08:34,441 --> 00:08:37,320 between Linz and Leonding fairly well. 147 00:08:38,279 --> 00:08:41,080 He was definitely talented on the one hand, 148 00:08:41,960 --> 00:08:44,479 but was not in control of himself. 149 00:08:44,480 --> 00:08:46,999 He was considered rebellious, 150 00:08:47,000 --> 00:08:48,759 and he didn't work hard." 151 00:08:51,000 --> 00:08:54,439 Dr. Eduard Humer, Hitler's French teacher. 152 00:08:54,440 --> 00:08:57,840 (children chattering) 153 00:09:03,720 --> 00:09:06,480 - [Voiceover] "The quiet life enjoyed by the Hitler family 154 00:09:06,481 --> 00:09:10,038 on its little patch of land only lasted a few years. 155 00:09:10,039 --> 00:09:12,720 The head of the family died unexpectedly 156 00:09:12,721 --> 00:09:16,240 of a heart attack in January 1903." 157 00:09:18,080 --> 00:09:22,200 Max Zigstel, "Leonding, the Fuhrer's Hometown." 158 00:09:23,879 --> 00:09:26,559 - [Narrator] Alois Hitler leaves his modest savings 159 00:09:26,560 --> 00:09:28,679 to his four surviving children, 160 00:09:28,680 --> 00:09:32,160 Alois and Angela from the second of his three marriages 161 00:09:32,161 --> 00:09:33,839 and Adolf and Paula. 162 00:09:33,840 --> 00:09:37,519 This inheritance is to be paid out when they come of age. 163 00:09:38,559 --> 00:09:40,480 - [Voiceover] "The quiet cemetery of Leonding 164 00:09:40,481 --> 00:09:42,360 was his final resting place. 165 00:09:43,120 --> 00:09:45,760 His widow moved to the nearby city of Linz 166 00:09:45,761 --> 00:09:49,279 for the better educational opportunities for her children." 167 00:09:50,600 --> 00:09:51,999 Max Zigstel. 168 00:09:52,000 --> 00:09:55,119 (melancholy music) 169 00:09:55,120 --> 00:09:57,360 - [Narrator] In 1904, Klara Hitler 170 00:09:57,361 --> 00:10:00,479 has to send her son Adolf, who due to bad grades 171 00:10:00,480 --> 00:10:03,520 is again in danger of not moving up a class, 172 00:10:03,521 --> 00:10:07,759 to the state secondary school in Steyr, 40 kilometers away. 173 00:10:11,200 --> 00:10:13,918 (children chattering) 174 00:10:13,919 --> 00:10:15,799 - [Voiceover] "Look at my school grades. 175 00:10:15,800 --> 00:10:17,839 I had bad marks in German. 176 00:10:17,840 --> 00:10:19,200 That idiot of a professor 177 00:10:19,201 --> 00:10:21,500 spoiled the German language for me. 178 00:10:21,501 --> 00:10:24,159 I would never be able to write a proper letter." 179 00:10:25,440 --> 00:10:28,480 Adolf Hitler in the Fuhrer's Headquarters, 1943. 180 00:10:29,120 --> 00:10:32,519 (children chattering) 181 00:10:35,639 --> 00:10:38,799 - [Voiceover] Last grades at secondary school in Steyr. 182 00:10:38,800 --> 00:10:41,518 Diligence, inconsistent. 183 00:10:41,519 --> 00:10:44,119 German, insufficient. 184 00:10:44,120 --> 00:10:47,079 Geography and history, sufficient. 185 00:10:47,080 --> 00:10:49,798 Mathematics, insufficient. 186 00:10:49,799 --> 00:10:52,878 Physics, satisfactory. 187 00:10:52,879 --> 00:10:55,479 Freehand drawing, commendable. 188 00:10:55,480 --> 00:10:57,679 Sport, excellent. 189 00:11:00,679 --> 00:11:03,240 - [Voiceover] "I don't have a photograph of Adolf Hitler 190 00:11:03,241 --> 00:11:05,539 during the years of our friendship. 191 00:11:05,540 --> 00:11:07,840 There probably aren't any photos of Hitler 192 00:11:07,841 --> 00:11:09,439 during this period. 193 00:11:09,440 --> 00:11:11,060 Everything that could be said 194 00:11:11,061 --> 00:11:14,300 about images of Hitler as a young man has already been said, 195 00:11:14,301 --> 00:11:16,420 were it not for the drawing by a classmate 196 00:11:16,421 --> 00:11:20,000 from the fourth grade of the junior high school in Steyr. 197 00:11:20,001 --> 00:11:24,079 By chance, this drawing done in 1905 was preserved. 198 00:11:24,080 --> 00:11:26,518 The boy could only draw profiles. 199 00:11:26,519 --> 00:11:29,739 Nevertheless, there is something peculiarly fascinating 200 00:11:29,740 --> 00:11:31,320 about this pencil sketch." 201 00:11:33,919 --> 00:11:35,639 August Kubizek. 202 00:11:36,960 --> 00:11:40,039 - [Narrator] After nine years, Adolf Hitler finishes school 203 00:11:40,040 --> 00:11:41,640 without graduating. 204 00:11:41,641 --> 00:11:43,300 For the following three years, 205 00:11:43,301 --> 00:11:45,799 he lives in Linz on his mother's pension, 206 00:11:45,800 --> 00:11:47,599 not really doing anything. 207 00:11:47,600 --> 00:11:50,320 (jaunty music) 208 00:11:52,240 --> 00:11:53,519 - [Voiceover] "All of his relatives 209 00:11:53,520 --> 00:11:55,020 considered him worthless, 210 00:11:55,021 --> 00:11:56,300 a person who shied away 211 00:11:56,301 --> 00:11:59,039 from any gainful employment from the start." 212 00:12:01,519 --> 00:12:02,799 August Kubizek. 213 00:12:06,360 --> 00:12:09,200 (elegant music) 214 00:12:10,879 --> 00:12:12,399 - [Narrator] Adolf Hitler talks his mother 215 00:12:12,400 --> 00:12:14,279 into allowing him to travel to Vienna. 216 00:12:15,039 --> 00:12:16,540 He wants to apply for admission 217 00:12:16,541 --> 00:12:20,360 to the general painting class at the Academy of Fine Arts. 218 00:12:23,679 --> 00:12:26,639 - [Voiceover] "From early in the morning to late at night, 219 00:12:26,640 --> 00:12:29,599 I ran from one sightseeing attraction to the next, 220 00:12:29,600 --> 00:12:32,560 but the buildings were the only things that fascinated me. 221 00:12:32,561 --> 00:12:34,120 All of Ring Street affected me 222 00:12:34,121 --> 00:12:36,639 like a spell from the Arabian Nights." 223 00:12:38,759 --> 00:12:41,279 Adolf Hitler, "Mein Kampf." 224 00:12:43,240 --> 00:12:46,158 - [Voiceover] "From 1904 to 1908, 225 00:12:46,159 --> 00:12:48,798 I was Adolf Hitler's only friend in Linz 226 00:12:48,799 --> 00:12:50,639 and thereafter in Vienna." 227 00:12:52,799 --> 00:12:54,200 August Kubizek. 228 00:12:57,600 --> 00:12:59,720 - [Narrator] Hitler, who later in the opinion 229 00:12:59,721 --> 00:13:02,759 of a few art experts was not entirely untalented, 230 00:13:02,760 --> 00:13:04,900 manages to pass the first selection, 231 00:13:04,901 --> 00:13:07,200 but is turned down after the second. 232 00:13:09,000 --> 00:13:12,758 - [Voiceover] "Adolf Hitler, born on Braunau, Upper Austria 233 00:13:12,759 --> 00:13:15,399 on April the 20th 1889. 234 00:13:16,200 --> 00:13:17,999 German, Catholic. 235 00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:22,000 Few faces, test drawing unsatisfactory." 236 00:13:23,279 --> 00:13:26,399 Classification list of the general painting class. 237 00:13:28,799 --> 00:13:29,919 - [Narrator] When Adolf Hitler, 238 00:13:29,920 --> 00:13:31,560 disappointed by the rejection, 239 00:13:31,561 --> 00:13:34,519 returns to his family in Linz after eight weeks, 240 00:13:34,520 --> 00:13:38,199 Klara Hitler is struck down with a serious illness. 241 00:13:38,200 --> 00:13:40,518 She's suffering from a swelling. 242 00:13:40,519 --> 00:13:43,340 Nowadays, it would be diagnosed as cancer. 243 00:13:43,341 --> 00:13:46,000 For several months, Adolf Hitler devotedly 244 00:13:46,001 --> 00:13:48,159 takes care of his mother at home. 245 00:13:48,160 --> 00:13:49,500 (foreboding music) 246 00:13:49,501 --> 00:13:52,020 - [Voiceover] "Dr. Bloch, well-loved by all, 247 00:13:52,021 --> 00:13:54,200 was the Hitler family physician." 248 00:13:55,240 --> 00:13:56,480 August Kubizek. 249 00:13:57,399 --> 00:13:58,679 - [Voiceover] "To a great degree, 250 00:13:58,680 --> 00:14:00,759 the boy lived in his own world. 251 00:14:01,639 --> 00:14:04,240 I have no idea what dreams he dreamt." 252 00:14:05,960 --> 00:14:10,039 Dr. Eduard Bloch, Jewish physician of the Hitler family. 253 00:14:11,000 --> 00:14:12,399 - [Narrator] Klara Hitler dies 254 00:14:12,400 --> 00:14:15,479 in the night of December the 21st 1907, 255 00:14:15,480 --> 00:14:17,399 surrounded by her family. 256 00:14:18,279 --> 00:14:19,319 (somber music) 257 00:14:19,320 --> 00:14:20,759 - [Voiceover] "The death of our mother 258 00:14:20,760 --> 00:14:22,559 had a great effect on me and Adolf. 259 00:14:22,560 --> 00:14:24,820 We were very attached to our mother. 260 00:14:24,821 --> 00:14:27,600 When she died, Adolf stopped coming home." 261 00:14:29,759 --> 00:14:32,600 Paula Hitler, Adolf Hitler's sister. 262 00:14:36,399 --> 00:14:37,759 - [Narrator] In contrast to what 263 00:14:37,760 --> 00:14:40,040 Hitler's sister Paula claims later, 264 00:14:40,041 --> 00:14:41,419 Adolf Hitler remains in Linz 265 00:14:41,420 --> 00:14:44,320 several weeks after the death of his mother. 266 00:14:44,321 --> 00:14:47,099 He never tells his family or his friend Kubizek 267 00:14:47,100 --> 00:14:50,039 that he failed the admissions test the previous year. 268 00:14:52,720 --> 00:14:54,519 - [Voiceover] "Apparently, he was having 269 00:14:54,520 --> 00:14:56,200 some really bad days. 270 00:14:56,201 --> 00:14:59,240 He was easily irritated and gave me short shrift 271 00:14:59,241 --> 00:15:01,720 when I started to talk about my studies." 272 00:15:02,919 --> 00:15:04,159 August Kubizek. 273 00:15:07,759 --> 00:15:09,940 - [Narrator] In the spring of 1908, 274 00:15:09,941 --> 00:15:11,279 Adolf Hitler begins living 275 00:15:11,280 --> 00:15:13,759 the life of a wastrel in the metropolis. 276 00:15:15,240 --> 00:15:17,440 - [Voiceover] "Vienna was the most thorough education 277 00:15:17,441 --> 00:15:18,960 of my life." 278 00:15:19,759 --> 00:15:21,559 Adolf Hitler, "Mein Kampf." 279 00:15:22,600 --> 00:15:24,080 - [Voiceover] "The small inheritance 280 00:15:24,081 --> 00:15:26,840 that was diligently managed by his guardian 281 00:15:26,841 --> 00:15:30,220 had to cover both the cost of living and his studies. 282 00:15:30,221 --> 00:15:32,380 He may have been able to supplement his income 283 00:15:32,381 --> 00:15:34,840 through the sale of drawings and paintings." 284 00:15:36,840 --> 00:15:37,879 August Kubizek. 285 00:15:42,799 --> 00:15:44,399 - [Narrator] For the next month, 286 00:15:44,400 --> 00:15:46,840 there's no trace of Hitler's activities in Vienna. 287 00:15:46,841 --> 00:15:49,039 He's broken off contact with his family, 288 00:15:49,040 --> 00:15:52,679 and he fails the second entrance test at the art academy. 289 00:15:54,919 --> 00:15:58,278 He begins to copy street views of Vienna from books 290 00:15:58,279 --> 00:16:00,639 and then sells them as postcards. 291 00:16:05,200 --> 00:16:07,879 - [Voiceover] "I was a young inexperienced man 292 00:16:07,880 --> 00:16:09,820 without any means of support. 293 00:16:09,821 --> 00:16:11,580 Forced to get by on my own, 294 00:16:11,581 --> 00:16:13,760 the few kronen, often only cents, 295 00:16:13,761 --> 00:16:15,320 from the proceeds of my work 296 00:16:15,321 --> 00:16:18,159 were barely enough to pay for my bed and board." 297 00:16:19,480 --> 00:16:21,399 Adolf Hitler, "Mein Kampf." 298 00:16:22,399 --> 00:16:25,080 - [Narrator] Hitler's share of his father's inheritance 299 00:16:25,081 --> 00:16:30,200 is paid out on April the 20th 1913, his 24th birthday. 300 00:16:31,399 --> 00:16:34,398 Hitler met Rudolf Hausler in a men's hostel. 301 00:16:34,399 --> 00:16:38,079 With him, he wants to move to the German city of Munich. 302 00:16:38,080 --> 00:16:41,320 (people chattering) 303 00:16:43,000 --> 00:16:46,038 - [Voiceover] "He was just full of praise for this city, 304 00:16:46,039 --> 00:16:47,759 and at the same time, he didn't forget 305 00:16:47,760 --> 00:16:50,759 the large beer gardens and radishes, et cetera." 306 00:16:52,480 --> 00:16:54,919 Housemate of Hitler's in 1912. 307 00:16:59,480 --> 00:17:00,840 (train clattering) 308 00:17:00,841 --> 00:17:02,759 - [Voiceover] "I had arrived in this town as a boy 309 00:17:02,760 --> 00:17:06,079 and departed as a quiet and serious man." 310 00:17:08,519 --> 00:17:10,240 Adolf Hitler, "Mein Kampf." 311 00:17:15,680 --> 00:17:17,600 - [Narrator] The main reason for leaving Austria 312 00:17:17,601 --> 00:17:21,060 is probably that the later Commander in Chief Adolf Hitler 313 00:17:21,061 --> 00:17:23,680 wants to get out of doing military service. 314 00:17:23,681 --> 00:17:26,118 On Saturday, May the 24th 1913, 315 00:17:26,119 --> 00:17:29,580 Hitler and Hausler give notice of departure to the police, 316 00:17:29,581 --> 00:17:31,839 but don't state where they plan to live. 317 00:17:34,400 --> 00:17:37,020 In Munich, Adolf Hitler has found the city 318 00:17:37,021 --> 00:17:39,520 that is to become the center of his life. 319 00:17:39,521 --> 00:17:42,039 He does, however, remain an outsider. 320 00:17:42,599 --> 00:17:44,480 His inheritance helps him build 321 00:17:44,481 --> 00:17:46,740 an uncertain yet adequate existence 322 00:17:46,741 --> 00:17:48,160 on the fringe of society. 323 00:17:53,680 --> 00:17:56,400 (somber music) 324 00:18:19,119 --> 00:18:20,240 - [Voiceover] "It was a beautiful 325 00:18:20,241 --> 00:18:22,039 Sunday afternoon in spring. 326 00:18:23,599 --> 00:18:26,319 Someone knocked on the door and I answered it. 327 00:18:27,240 --> 00:18:30,320 It was a young man wanting to see the room we were renting. 328 00:18:30,321 --> 00:18:33,440 I showed it to him and we reached an agreement." 329 00:18:34,920 --> 00:18:39,758 Frau Anna Popp, landlady, Schleissheimerstrasse 34. 330 00:18:39,759 --> 00:18:42,199 (gloomy music) 331 00:18:42,200 --> 00:18:44,399 - [Narrator] Adolf Hitler and Rudolf Hausler 332 00:18:44,400 --> 00:18:47,079 rent a room together from the tailor Popp 333 00:18:47,080 --> 00:18:51,240 at 34 Schleissheimerstrasse near the district of Schwabing. 334 00:18:54,440 --> 00:18:56,679 - [Voiceover] "The younger generation that we belonged to 335 00:18:56,680 --> 00:18:58,799 didn't know anything about war, 336 00:18:58,800 --> 00:19:01,719 but were intoxicated by foreign wars. 337 00:19:01,720 --> 00:19:04,798 We had no real idea what war was. 338 00:19:04,799 --> 00:19:07,000 Adolf's father had never been a soldier. 339 00:19:07,001 --> 00:19:09,279 Now and again, old men would talk about 340 00:19:09,280 --> 00:19:11,720 Koniggratz and Custoza." 341 00:19:14,400 --> 00:19:15,839 August Kubizek. 342 00:19:18,079 --> 00:19:22,719 - [Voiceover] Diary, Monday, June the 29th 1914. 343 00:19:22,720 --> 00:19:24,520 "Archduke Franz Ferdinand, 344 00:19:24,521 --> 00:19:27,000 the heir apparent to the Austrian throne, 345 00:19:27,001 --> 00:19:29,160 has been killed along with his wife. 346 00:19:29,759 --> 00:19:32,640 The scum of moral turpitude." 347 00:19:33,519 --> 00:19:38,798 Henrietta Schneider, born 1872, housekeeper, East Prussia. 348 00:19:38,799 --> 00:19:41,559 (bell tolling) 349 00:19:42,480 --> 00:19:45,359 - [Narrator] The incident triggers a war in the Balkans 350 00:19:45,360 --> 00:19:47,759 that grows to become a world war. 351 00:19:49,039 --> 00:19:52,039 (crowd shouting) 352 00:19:53,319 --> 00:19:55,920 - [Voiceover] "For me, those hours were a release 353 00:19:55,921 --> 00:19:58,199 from the annoying emotions of youth. 354 00:19:58,200 --> 00:19:59,800 I'm not ashamed to say today 355 00:19:59,801 --> 00:20:01,860 that I was overwhelmed with enthusiasm, 356 00:20:01,861 --> 00:20:04,760 fell to my knees and thanked the heavens with all my heart 357 00:20:04,761 --> 00:20:08,000 that they'd given me the good fortune to live in this era." 358 00:20:10,160 --> 00:20:12,680 Adolf Hitler, "Mein Kampf." 359 00:20:15,079 --> 00:20:17,479 - [Narrator] On August the 2nd 1914, 360 00:20:17,480 --> 00:20:20,500 the day after Germany declares war on Russia, 361 00:20:20,501 --> 00:20:23,439 there is a big patriotic rally on Odeonsplatz 362 00:20:23,440 --> 00:20:25,400 in front of the Feldherrnhalle. 363 00:20:25,401 --> 00:20:28,239 (stately music) 364 00:20:28,240 --> 00:20:31,159 Heinrich Hoffmann photographed the ceremony. 365 00:20:31,160 --> 00:20:33,159 Years later, in an enlargement, 366 00:20:33,160 --> 00:20:35,280 he discovers a face among the masses, 367 00:20:35,281 --> 00:20:37,160 which is presumably Hitler's. 368 00:20:46,119 --> 00:20:47,758 (crowd shouting) 369 00:20:47,759 --> 00:20:49,620 - [Voiceover] "On August the 5th 1914, 370 00:20:49,621 --> 00:20:52,400 I enlisted in the army on a request to His Majesty 371 00:20:52,401 --> 00:20:55,400 and entered the First Bavarian Infantry Regiment. 372 00:20:55,401 --> 00:20:57,319 I was deferred for several days, 373 00:20:57,320 --> 00:21:00,380 then transferred to the Second Infantry Regiment, 374 00:21:00,381 --> 00:21:01,800 and finally assigned 375 00:21:01,801 --> 00:21:04,960 to the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment Number 16 376 00:21:04,961 --> 00:21:06,720 on August the 16th." 377 00:21:08,640 --> 00:21:11,680 Adolf Hitler, outline of my person. 378 00:21:15,480 --> 00:21:16,558 (soldiers chattering) 379 00:21:16,559 --> 00:21:18,400 - [Narrator] For the first time in his life, 380 00:21:18,401 --> 00:21:20,519 Adolf Hitler wears a uniform. 381 00:21:22,680 --> 00:21:23,999 (train rattling) 382 00:21:24,000 --> 00:21:26,960 In the early morning hours of October the 21st 1914, 383 00:21:27,799 --> 00:21:30,100 Hitler's regiment sets out from Munich Station 384 00:21:30,101 --> 00:21:31,720 in a westerly direction. 385 00:21:32,960 --> 00:21:38,319 (explosions banging) (gunfire rattling) 386 00:21:47,960 --> 00:21:50,840 Shortly after the first combat mission of the List Regiment 387 00:21:50,841 --> 00:21:53,359 Hitler is promoted to lance corporal. 388 00:21:55,319 --> 00:21:57,160 He will reject further promotions 389 00:21:57,161 --> 00:21:59,180 during the course of the war. 390 00:21:59,181 --> 00:22:02,720 This would have involved an attachment to other army units, 391 00:22:02,721 --> 00:22:05,900 and Hitler would have lost the camaraderie and security 392 00:22:05,901 --> 00:22:07,599 of the regimental family. 393 00:22:09,880 --> 00:22:13,079 (explosion banging) 394 00:22:16,039 --> 00:22:17,480 - [Voiceover] "For the first time, 395 00:22:17,481 --> 00:22:19,459 Hitler was part of a bigger community, 396 00:22:19,460 --> 00:22:21,520 and with that came the order and structure 397 00:22:21,521 --> 00:22:24,599 that spared him the daily struggle to survive." 398 00:22:27,200 --> 00:22:29,359 Fritz Wiedemann, Lieutenant. 399 00:22:33,000 --> 00:22:34,239 (ominous music) 400 00:22:34,240 --> 00:22:35,920 - [Narrator] As of November the 9th, 401 00:22:35,921 --> 00:22:38,319 Hitler is deployed as a dispatch runner 402 00:22:38,320 --> 00:22:40,780 and assigned to the regimental staff. 403 00:22:40,781 --> 00:22:43,340 In the eyes of many soldiers in the trenches, 404 00:22:43,341 --> 00:22:46,200 the staff orderlies behind the immediate front 405 00:22:46,201 --> 00:22:47,880 are privileged cowards. 406 00:22:50,000 --> 00:22:52,360 - [Voiceover] "Whenever death was on the prowl, 407 00:22:52,361 --> 00:22:54,700 a certain something attempted to rebel 408 00:22:54,701 --> 00:22:58,000 and appeared to the weak body in the guise of reason, 409 00:22:58,001 --> 00:22:59,679 and was, in fact, only cowardice 410 00:22:59,680 --> 00:23:01,360 that was behind this disguise 411 00:23:01,361 --> 00:23:03,480 trying to seduce the individual. 412 00:23:05,400 --> 00:23:07,758 By the winter of 1915-16, 413 00:23:07,759 --> 00:23:10,679 this battle was already decided for me. 414 00:23:10,680 --> 00:23:14,518 The will itself had finally become my complete master. 415 00:23:14,519 --> 00:23:16,798 Now fate could put me to the test 416 00:23:16,799 --> 00:23:18,798 without me losing my nerves. 417 00:23:18,799 --> 00:23:22,000 A young war volunteer had become an old soldier." 418 00:23:23,759 --> 00:23:26,279 Adolf Hitler, "Mein Kampf." 419 00:23:28,599 --> 00:23:29,920 - [Narrator] Hitler is respected 420 00:23:29,921 --> 00:23:32,480 by his comrades at regimental headquarters, 421 00:23:32,481 --> 00:23:34,300 but he remains an outsider. 422 00:23:34,301 --> 00:23:37,820 In five of six photos showing Hitler with his comrades, 423 00:23:37,821 --> 00:23:41,079 he's either standing or sitting to one side. 424 00:23:44,279 --> 00:23:47,119 Hitler is wounded by British artillery shrapnel 425 00:23:47,120 --> 00:23:49,078 on October the 5th 1916 426 00:23:49,079 --> 00:23:51,240 and is taken to the Red Cross Hospital 427 00:23:51,241 --> 00:23:53,120 in Beelitz, south of Berlin. 428 00:23:53,121 --> 00:23:55,159 (gunfire rattling) 429 00:23:55,160 --> 00:23:57,118 By March the 1st 1917, 430 00:23:57,119 --> 00:24:00,559 he's back running dispatches in the regimental staff. 431 00:24:01,640 --> 00:24:02,959 In the following months, 432 00:24:02,960 --> 00:24:05,359 he participates in combat activities. 433 00:24:07,559 --> 00:24:10,038 On August the 4th 1918, 434 00:24:10,039 --> 00:24:13,118 Hitler is awarded the Iron Cross First Class, 435 00:24:13,119 --> 00:24:16,200 the highest military honor that soldiers of his rank 436 00:24:16,201 --> 00:24:19,038 in the Imperial German Army can receive. 437 00:24:19,039 --> 00:24:22,479 The nomination was submitted by a Jewish officer, 438 00:24:22,480 --> 00:24:24,558 Lieutenant Hugo Gutmann. 439 00:24:24,559 --> 00:24:26,959 (gloomy music) 440 00:24:26,960 --> 00:24:28,599 - [Voiceover] "I never got out of Hitler 441 00:24:28,600 --> 00:24:31,600 the reason for his fanatical hatred of Jews. 442 00:24:31,601 --> 00:24:34,639 The experience with Jewish officers during the World War 443 00:24:34,640 --> 00:24:36,720 couldn't have contributed to this." 444 00:24:39,160 --> 00:24:41,599 Fritz Wiedemann, Lieutenant. 445 00:24:43,039 --> 00:24:46,239 (gunfire rattling) 446 00:24:46,240 --> 00:24:48,960 - [Narrator] In the night of October the 13th, 447 00:24:48,961 --> 00:24:52,839 Hitler's war service ends in a heavy British barrage. 448 00:24:56,240 --> 00:24:58,440 - [Voiceover] "Mustard gas was used. 449 00:24:58,441 --> 00:25:02,260 On a hill south of the city of Werwick, on October the 13th, 450 00:25:02,261 --> 00:25:03,839 we came under several hours 451 00:25:03,840 --> 00:25:06,118 of artillery fire with gas shells. 452 00:25:06,119 --> 00:25:09,159 Already around midnight, some of us dropped out, 453 00:25:09,160 --> 00:25:11,559 including some comrades permanently. 454 00:25:12,359 --> 00:25:14,920 In the morning, I too experienced pain 455 00:25:14,921 --> 00:25:17,639 that grew stronger every 15 minutes, 456 00:25:17,640 --> 00:25:18,899 and at seven o'clock, 457 00:25:18,900 --> 00:25:21,540 I staggered and stumbled back with burning eyes, 458 00:25:21,541 --> 00:25:24,240 taking my last message of the war with me." 459 00:25:25,880 --> 00:25:27,720 Adolf Hitler, "Mein Kampf." 460 00:25:30,160 --> 00:25:33,199 - [Narrator] After treatment in a mobile army hospital, 461 00:25:33,200 --> 00:25:34,560 Adolf Hitler is transported 462 00:25:34,561 --> 00:25:36,160 to the Prussian Reserve Hospital 463 00:25:36,161 --> 00:25:38,479 in Pasewalk, Western Pomerania. 464 00:25:38,480 --> 00:25:42,919 He's been on the front for 42 of the 51 months of the war. 465 00:25:42,920 --> 00:25:45,719 Hitler remains in Pasewalk for 28 days, 466 00:25:45,720 --> 00:25:47,960 during which the world changes. 467 00:25:51,119 --> 00:25:53,880 (somber music) 468 00:26:13,559 --> 00:26:15,358 (crowd cheering) 469 00:26:15,359 --> 00:26:17,879 In the military hospital in Pasewalk, 470 00:26:17,880 --> 00:26:19,860 Adolf Hitler and the other patients learn 471 00:26:19,861 --> 00:26:22,119 that a revolution has taken place, 472 00:26:22,120 --> 00:26:26,000 the monarchy abdicated, and a ceasefire been concluded. 473 00:26:28,000 --> 00:26:31,078 (crowd cheering) 474 00:26:31,079 --> 00:26:32,639 (somber music) 475 00:26:32,640 --> 00:26:34,079 - [Voiceover] "I hadn't cried 476 00:26:34,080 --> 00:26:36,480 since the day I stood by my mother's grave. 477 00:26:36,481 --> 00:26:38,880 Now, I couldn't stop myself." 478 00:26:41,119 --> 00:26:43,160 Adolf Hitler, "Mein Kampf." 479 00:26:45,599 --> 00:26:47,839 - [Narrator] Like everything else in "Mein Kampf," 480 00:26:47,840 --> 00:26:51,479 this portrayal is a stylization and must be doubted. 481 00:26:51,480 --> 00:26:54,180 We don't know whether it was Hitler's will 482 00:26:54,181 --> 00:26:55,540 or merely coincidence 483 00:26:55,541 --> 00:26:58,160 that influenced his future course from then on. 484 00:27:00,200 --> 00:27:05,159 On November the 21st 1918, Adolf Hitler returns to Munich. 485 00:27:05,160 --> 00:27:09,119 He tries to evade demobilization and remain a soldier. 486 00:27:11,960 --> 00:27:13,900 There are clashes between supporters 487 00:27:13,901 --> 00:27:15,199 of the Workers' Councils 488 00:27:15,200 --> 00:27:17,960 and parliamentary democracy in the state capital. 489 00:27:20,440 --> 00:27:22,419 The social democratic majority 490 00:27:22,420 --> 00:27:24,700 allows right-wing volunteer groups, 491 00:27:24,701 --> 00:27:26,380 the so-called Freikorps, 492 00:27:26,381 --> 00:27:28,920 to break the power of the Workers' Councils. 493 00:27:36,000 --> 00:27:38,640 - [Voiceover] Letter to Clara and Fritz Hess. 494 00:27:40,880 --> 00:27:44,078 "The Volunteer Corps made an excellent impression. 495 00:27:44,079 --> 00:27:47,519 Without them, we would have been finished in Bavaria." 496 00:27:50,160 --> 00:27:53,839 Rudolf Hess, student and member of the Freikorps. 497 00:27:55,799 --> 00:27:58,920 (foreboding music) 498 00:27:59,880 --> 00:28:01,799 - [Narrator] Adolf Hitler keeps his distance 499 00:28:01,800 --> 00:28:03,600 to the revolutionary forces, 500 00:28:03,601 --> 00:28:06,079 but also to their right-wing opponents. 501 00:28:07,920 --> 00:28:11,199 During this period, Hitler grows more radical. 502 00:28:11,200 --> 00:28:14,999 He is under the influence of army officers like Karl Mayr, 503 00:28:15,000 --> 00:28:17,279 the head of the Intelligence Battalion. 504 00:28:20,039 --> 00:28:22,119 - [Voiceover] "When I met him for the first time, 505 00:28:22,120 --> 00:28:25,559 he came across as a tired stray dog looking for an owner." 506 00:28:27,599 --> 00:28:30,839 Karl Mayr, Captain of the Reichswehr. 507 00:28:33,240 --> 00:28:34,620 (train rattling) 508 00:28:34,621 --> 00:28:38,078 - [Narrator] Karl Mayr also finances patriotic parties 509 00:28:38,079 --> 00:28:40,119 like the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, 510 00:28:40,120 --> 00:28:42,000 the German Workers' Party, 511 00:28:42,001 --> 00:28:46,118 which is founded in Munich on January the 5th 1919, 512 00:28:46,119 --> 00:28:48,240 mainly by a group of railwaymen. 513 00:28:50,880 --> 00:28:52,558 (stately music) 514 00:28:52,559 --> 00:28:55,239 On September the 12th 1919, 515 00:28:55,240 --> 00:28:58,358 Hitler, who has in the meantime been demobbed, 516 00:28:58,359 --> 00:29:01,879 is sent to spy on the German Workers' Party by Mayr, 517 00:29:01,880 --> 00:29:04,279 who also provides financial support. 518 00:29:05,400 --> 00:29:06,880 - [Voiceover] "During the discussion, 519 00:29:06,881 --> 00:29:09,598 a professor spoke about separatist views. 520 00:29:09,599 --> 00:29:11,960 A second speaker then took the floor 521 00:29:11,961 --> 00:29:15,519 and in short powerful words demolished the professor. 522 00:29:16,200 --> 00:29:17,920 It was Adolf Hitler." 523 00:29:20,359 --> 00:29:24,400 Michael Lotter, Secretary of the German Workers' Party. 524 00:29:26,160 --> 00:29:28,598 (pensive music) 525 00:29:28,599 --> 00:29:30,679 - [Voiceover] "One day, I had the opportunity 526 00:29:30,680 --> 00:29:32,360 to talk to a large audience, 527 00:29:32,361 --> 00:29:35,759 and what I had always instinctively felt without knowing it 528 00:29:35,760 --> 00:29:37,639 turned out to be true. 529 00:29:37,640 --> 00:29:39,839 I could speak in public." 530 00:29:41,799 --> 00:29:44,359 Adolf Hitler, "Mein Kampf." 531 00:29:46,000 --> 00:29:49,278 - [Narrator] In the second half of September 1919, 532 00:29:49,279 --> 00:29:51,800 Hitler joins the German Workers' Party 533 00:29:51,801 --> 00:29:54,959 and participates regularly in its meetings. 534 00:29:54,960 --> 00:29:56,159 (crowd cheering) 535 00:29:56,160 --> 00:29:57,519 - [Voiceover] "Among the various 536 00:29:57,520 --> 00:29:59,559 right-wing radical organizations, 537 00:29:59,560 --> 00:30:02,479 the NSDAP was by no means the strongest, 538 00:30:02,480 --> 00:30:05,598 but it was the most active and cohesive group. 539 00:30:05,599 --> 00:30:07,919 Its significance is solely the result 540 00:30:07,920 --> 00:30:10,160 of the effect of Hitler as a speaker." 541 00:30:12,799 --> 00:30:15,318 Ernst Hanfstaengl, son of a publisher, 542 00:30:15,319 --> 00:30:18,558 acquaintance of Adolf Hitler from 1920. 543 00:30:18,559 --> 00:30:21,798 (foreboding music) 544 00:30:21,799 --> 00:30:24,798 - [Narrator] On February the 24th 1920, 545 00:30:24,799 --> 00:30:26,920 Hitler speaks for the first time 546 00:30:26,921 --> 00:30:30,400 in front of more than 1,000 people at the Hofbrauhaus. 547 00:30:30,401 --> 00:30:33,719 He also announces the 25-point party program, 548 00:30:33,720 --> 00:30:36,798 which is formally valid for a quarter of a century 549 00:30:36,799 --> 00:30:39,119 until the demise of the NSDAP. 550 00:30:43,880 --> 00:30:46,919 - [Voiceover] First, we demand the unification 551 00:30:46,920 --> 00:30:49,040 of all Germans in a greater Germany 552 00:30:49,041 --> 00:30:52,200 based on the rights of self-determination of the people. 553 00:30:53,200 --> 00:30:56,838 Second, we demand equal rights for the German people 554 00:30:56,839 --> 00:30:58,639 in respect to other nations 555 00:30:58,640 --> 00:31:00,560 and the abrogation of the peace treaties 556 00:31:00,561 --> 00:31:02,759 of Versailles and Saint-Germain. 557 00:31:03,839 --> 00:31:06,358 Third, we demand land and territory 558 00:31:06,359 --> 00:31:08,100 for the sustenance of our people 559 00:31:08,101 --> 00:31:10,720 and settlement of our surplus population. 560 00:31:11,720 --> 00:31:15,479 Fourth, only a national comrade can be a citizen, 561 00:31:15,480 --> 00:31:18,919 Only those of German blood can be national comrades, 562 00:31:18,920 --> 00:31:20,879 regardless of creed. 563 00:31:20,880 --> 00:31:24,960 Consequently, no Jew can be a national comrade. 564 00:31:26,079 --> 00:31:27,199 (regal music) 565 00:31:27,200 --> 00:31:28,660 - [Narrator] A few days later, 566 00:31:28,661 --> 00:31:31,640 they changed their name from the German Workers' Party 567 00:31:31,641 --> 00:31:35,359 to the National Socialist German Workers' Party or NSDAP. 568 00:31:36,799 --> 00:31:38,799 - [Voiceover] "Hitler was the party, 569 00:31:38,800 --> 00:31:40,759 and the party was Hitler." 570 00:31:41,680 --> 00:31:43,000 Ernst Hanfstaengl. 571 00:31:43,001 --> 00:31:45,399 (people cheering) 572 00:31:45,400 --> 00:31:48,039 (regal music) 573 00:31:49,519 --> 00:31:52,160 - [Voiceover] "Because right now, here in Munich, 574 00:31:52,161 --> 00:31:54,100 a movement is starting so strong 575 00:31:54,101 --> 00:31:56,400 that all young, powerful, and healthy forces 576 00:31:56,401 --> 00:31:57,800 are attracted to it. 577 00:31:57,801 --> 00:32:00,720 It is the National Socialist German Workers' Party. 578 00:32:01,680 --> 00:32:05,680 To make it absolutely clear, we're anti-Semites." 579 00:32:07,599 --> 00:32:09,838 Ilse Prohl, later Ilse Hess, 580 00:32:09,839 --> 00:32:13,439 from 1921, member of the NSDAP. 581 00:32:13,440 --> 00:32:15,599 Letter to her former college teacher. 582 00:32:21,720 --> 00:32:24,480 (somber music) 583 00:32:44,200 --> 00:32:45,700 (people chattering) 584 00:32:45,701 --> 00:32:48,400 - [Voiceover] "When the first party congress is held, 585 00:32:48,401 --> 00:32:50,999 the Augsburg SA is well-represented. 586 00:32:51,000 --> 00:32:53,200 At this first public presentation, 587 00:32:53,201 --> 00:32:56,118 I get the impression that this has substance. 588 00:32:56,119 --> 00:32:57,919 We are not alone. 589 00:32:57,920 --> 00:33:00,480 The idea of the Fatherland is growing." 590 00:33:03,240 --> 00:33:06,720 Karl Wahl, Augsburg, former SA member. 591 00:33:09,160 --> 00:33:12,000 - [Narrator] The German economy collapses. 592 00:33:12,001 --> 00:33:15,960 In August 1923, hyperinflation sets in. 593 00:33:18,960 --> 00:33:22,199 - [Voiceover] "Everything is getting worse, famine. 594 00:33:22,200 --> 00:33:25,598 A loaf of bread, 140 billion. 595 00:33:25,599 --> 00:33:28,078 Then reduced again to 80 billion. 596 00:33:28,079 --> 00:33:30,559 Famine, famine everywhere." 597 00:33:32,720 --> 00:33:35,960 Kathe Kollwitz, painter and sculptress. 598 00:33:40,160 --> 00:33:42,000 - [Narrator] The national associations 599 00:33:42,001 --> 00:33:44,119 overestimate their own strength 600 00:33:44,120 --> 00:33:47,519 and believe that parliamentary democracy is at an end. 601 00:33:50,160 --> 00:33:52,559 - [Voiceover] Interview with the Daily Mail newspaper, 602 00:33:52,560 --> 00:33:55,119 October the 2nd 1923. 603 00:33:55,960 --> 00:33:58,600 "If a Mussolini were to appear in Germany, 604 00:33:58,601 --> 00:34:01,100 then the people would fall on their knees and worship him 605 00:34:01,101 --> 00:34:04,079 more than Mussolini has ever been worshiped." 606 00:34:06,440 --> 00:34:08,039 Adolf Hitler. 607 00:34:09,119 --> 00:34:11,800 - [Voiceover] "A large revolt from the right in Bavaria 608 00:34:11,801 --> 00:34:13,880 with Ludendorff at its head." 609 00:34:16,119 --> 00:34:19,920 Henrietta Schneider, District L, East Prussia. 610 00:34:22,239 --> 00:34:24,238 (dignified music) 611 00:34:24,239 --> 00:34:26,199 - [Voiceover] Report of the regional government 612 00:34:26,200 --> 00:34:27,559 of Upper Bavaria. 613 00:34:27,560 --> 00:34:30,760 Munich, November the 9th 1923. 614 00:34:32,239 --> 00:34:34,000 "The day before yesterday, 615 00:34:34,001 --> 00:34:36,399 Hitler promised General Von Lossow 616 00:34:36,400 --> 00:34:38,720 and Colonel Von Seisser personally 617 00:34:38,721 --> 00:34:40,700 that he would not undertake anything. 618 00:34:40,701 --> 00:34:43,440 The answer to this word of honor was given last night 619 00:34:43,441 --> 00:34:46,840 when, with pistol in hand, Hitler extorted a declaration 620 00:34:46,841 --> 00:34:48,780 in favor of a national dictatorship 621 00:34:48,781 --> 00:34:51,199 from General State Commissioner Von Kahr, 622 00:34:51,200 --> 00:34:54,239 General Von Lossow, and Colonel Von Seisser. 623 00:34:57,239 --> 00:34:59,379 At the same time, the ministers present 624 00:34:59,380 --> 00:35:01,840 were taken into custody by Hitler's people." 625 00:35:03,840 --> 00:35:05,580 - [Narrator] Hitler presents his suggestions 626 00:35:05,581 --> 00:35:07,800 for new governments in Berlin and Munich 627 00:35:07,801 --> 00:35:09,760 and mentions Erich Ludendorff 628 00:35:09,761 --> 00:35:12,440 as fuhrer and chief with dictatorial power 629 00:35:12,441 --> 00:35:14,400 over the German National Army. 630 00:35:15,239 --> 00:35:17,060 He asks the already drunken audience. 631 00:35:17,061 --> 00:35:18,800 - [Voiceover] "Do you accept this solution 632 00:35:18,801 --> 00:35:22,140 for the German question of a greater German state?" 633 00:35:22,141 --> 00:35:24,760 - [Narrator] Then as the crowd shouts its agreement, 634 00:35:24,761 --> 00:35:26,238 Hitler proclaims. 635 00:35:26,239 --> 00:35:28,039 - [Voiceover] "Morning will either find us 636 00:35:28,040 --> 00:35:31,440 with a national government in Germany or find us dead." 637 00:35:32,519 --> 00:35:33,960 - [Narrator] The revolt is intended 638 00:35:33,961 --> 00:35:35,600 to put Munich and Bavaria 639 00:35:35,601 --> 00:35:37,520 in the hands of the revolutionaries, 640 00:35:37,521 --> 00:35:39,480 and then with a march on Berlin, 641 00:35:39,481 --> 00:35:41,560 to topple the democratic system. 642 00:35:41,561 --> 00:35:43,679 The putschists are counting on defections 643 00:35:43,680 --> 00:35:46,800 from the army in Bavaria and the Bavarian police. 644 00:35:46,801 --> 00:35:49,959 These, however, fail to materialize. 645 00:35:49,960 --> 00:35:52,000 On the morning of November the 10th, 646 00:35:52,001 --> 00:35:54,799 2,000 revolutionaries, some armed, 647 00:35:54,800 --> 00:35:56,760 march from the Burgerbrau Beer Hall 648 00:35:56,761 --> 00:36:00,400 through the center of town to Ludwigstrasse at Odeonsplatz. 649 00:36:01,079 --> 00:36:04,238 (ominous music) 650 00:36:04,239 --> 00:36:09,599 10 years later, Munich, November the 9th 1933. 651 00:36:10,159 --> 00:36:11,899 Amateur film of a tradition 652 00:36:11,900 --> 00:36:15,199 that actually dates from the year of the seizure of power. 653 00:36:15,200 --> 00:36:18,638 The annual march of the old fighters of the NSDAP 654 00:36:18,639 --> 00:36:20,879 to the Feldherrnhalle. 655 00:36:20,880 --> 00:36:23,198 Leading the column, as in 1923, 656 00:36:23,199 --> 00:36:25,880 are Adolf Hitler and Hermann Goering. 657 00:36:30,079 --> 00:36:31,420 (triumphant music) 658 00:36:31,421 --> 00:36:33,800 - [Voiceover] "We retreated to Cafe Stephanie. 659 00:36:33,801 --> 00:36:35,180 People soon came in and said 660 00:36:35,181 --> 00:36:37,360 there had been a skirmish on the Odeonsplatz, 661 00:36:37,361 --> 00:36:39,060 and the enormous crowd of Hitler men 662 00:36:39,061 --> 00:36:41,719 turned and ran away from the state police." 663 00:36:43,159 --> 00:36:46,440 Oskar Maria Graf, writer, from my life. 664 00:36:52,559 --> 00:36:54,919 (gloomy music) 665 00:36:54,920 --> 00:36:57,479 - [Narrator] On November the 12th 1923, 666 00:36:57,480 --> 00:37:01,638 Adolf Hitler is sent to the fortress prison in Landsberg. 667 00:37:01,639 --> 00:37:03,599 He is given cell number seven. 668 00:37:06,440 --> 00:37:09,460 The leaders of the putsch are put on trial for high treason 669 00:37:09,461 --> 00:37:12,559 in the main lecture theater of the Central War School 670 00:37:12,560 --> 00:37:14,400 on February the 26th 1924. 671 00:37:20,480 --> 00:37:23,000 - [Voiceover] Report of the Wittenberg emissary, 672 00:37:23,001 --> 00:37:25,079 March the 13th 1924. 673 00:37:26,239 --> 00:37:28,999 "I attended one of the hearings myself, 674 00:37:29,000 --> 00:37:31,680 and I was upset to see how the observers, 675 00:37:31,681 --> 00:37:33,360 who you could clearly see were mostly 676 00:37:33,361 --> 00:37:35,300 from circles close to Hitler, 677 00:37:35,301 --> 00:37:37,559 used every opportunity to show their support 678 00:37:37,560 --> 00:37:38,840 for the accused." 679 00:37:41,360 --> 00:37:43,199 Karl Moser von Filseck. 680 00:37:44,719 --> 00:37:46,078 (gloomy music) 681 00:37:46,079 --> 00:37:48,999 - [Voiceover] Letter to Clara and Fritz Hess. 682 00:37:49,000 --> 00:37:51,340 "Hitler's final statement enclosed. 683 00:37:51,341 --> 00:37:53,540 It is one of the best, most powerful speeches 684 00:37:53,541 --> 00:37:54,800 that he has ever given. 685 00:37:54,801 --> 00:37:56,159 Even those in the courtroom 686 00:37:56,160 --> 00:37:58,639 who weren't particularly friendly to Hitler 687 00:37:58,640 --> 00:37:59,760 were deeply moved." 688 00:38:01,480 --> 00:38:03,280 Rudolf Hess, student. 689 00:38:08,079 --> 00:38:09,719 - [Narrator] The verdict is handed down 690 00:38:09,720 --> 00:38:12,198 on April the 1st 1924. 691 00:38:12,199 --> 00:38:15,320 All of the accused, with the exception of Ludendorff, 692 00:38:15,321 --> 00:38:16,679 are found guilty. 693 00:38:21,360 --> 00:38:24,279 In his 13 months in Landsberg Prison, 694 00:38:24,280 --> 00:38:27,300 Adolf Hitler begins the transcript of a manifesto 695 00:38:27,301 --> 00:38:29,960 that portrays his alleged journey through life 696 00:38:29,961 --> 00:38:32,240 and his development as a politician 697 00:38:32,241 --> 00:38:34,400 and sets out his worldview. 698 00:38:37,920 --> 00:38:39,519 - [Voiceover] "So I decided 699 00:38:39,520 --> 00:38:42,519 not only to clarify the goals of our movement, 700 00:38:42,520 --> 00:38:45,638 but also to draw a picture of its development. 701 00:38:45,639 --> 00:38:47,740 With that, I also had the chance 702 00:38:47,741 --> 00:38:50,760 to give a representation of my own development. 703 00:38:51,639 --> 00:38:54,519 Adolf Hitler, Forward to "Mein Kampf." 704 00:38:56,199 --> 00:38:58,559 - [Narrator] The biographical parts of his book 705 00:38:58,560 --> 00:39:01,879 are, to a great extent, exaggerated and unverified. 706 00:39:01,880 --> 00:39:05,118 However, his political goals are deadly serious. 707 00:39:05,119 --> 00:39:07,540 His view of the world is voluntaristic. 708 00:39:07,541 --> 00:39:09,760 He sees it as he wants to see it. 709 00:39:12,320 --> 00:39:14,800 Hitler's political gospel is derived 710 00:39:14,801 --> 00:39:18,959 from a primitive Darwinian idea of a struggle for existence. 711 00:39:18,960 --> 00:39:20,639 It reflects the permanent fight 712 00:39:20,640 --> 00:39:22,660 for survival of all against all, 713 00:39:22,661 --> 00:39:25,360 transferred from nature to human society. 714 00:39:25,361 --> 00:39:27,519 This struggle is, in his view, 715 00:39:27,520 --> 00:39:31,158 a selection process in which so-called high quality races 716 00:39:31,159 --> 00:39:33,280 have a better chance of survival. 717 00:39:33,281 --> 00:39:35,719 At its head is supposedly a white person 718 00:39:35,720 --> 00:39:39,280 of the Nordic race of Aryans, the founders of culture. 719 00:39:40,960 --> 00:39:43,399 Like most anti-Semites before him, 720 00:39:43,400 --> 00:39:45,999 Hitler believes in a Jewish race 721 00:39:46,000 --> 00:39:48,519 disguised as a religious community. 722 00:39:49,760 --> 00:39:51,960 He sees Jews in history as being 723 00:39:51,961 --> 00:39:54,678 parasites in the bodies of other nations 724 00:39:54,679 --> 00:39:58,239 and as contaminators of the blood of the Aryan race. 725 00:40:03,639 --> 00:40:06,560 - [Voiceover] "For hours, the black-haired Jew boy 726 00:40:06,561 --> 00:40:08,920 waits to ambush the unsuspecting girl 727 00:40:08,921 --> 00:40:10,940 whom he pollutes with his blood 728 00:40:10,941 --> 00:40:13,119 and thus steals her from her people. 729 00:40:14,039 --> 00:40:15,760 With the same hidden agenda, 730 00:40:15,761 --> 00:40:17,880 destroying the hated white race 731 00:40:17,881 --> 00:40:20,800 with the inevitable resulting bastardization." 732 00:40:23,599 --> 00:40:26,198 Adolf Hitler, "Mein Kampf." 733 00:40:26,199 --> 00:40:29,119 - [Narrator] In another chapter, Hitler drafts plans 734 00:40:29,120 --> 00:40:32,558 for territorial living space for his Aryan German people. 735 00:40:32,559 --> 00:40:34,000 - [Voiceover] "We are stopping 736 00:40:34,001 --> 00:40:35,760 the endless Germany movement southwards 737 00:40:35,761 --> 00:40:38,840 and turning our gaze towards the land in the east. 738 00:40:39,639 --> 00:40:42,260 If today we speak of new land in Europe, 739 00:40:42,261 --> 00:40:45,078 we can primarily only have in mind Russia 740 00:40:45,079 --> 00:40:47,360 and her vassal border states." 741 00:40:48,800 --> 00:40:51,280 Adolf Hitler, "Mein Kampf." 742 00:40:53,159 --> 00:40:55,920 (somber music) 743 00:41:20,360 --> 00:41:23,960 - [Voiceover] Diary, January the 14th 1925. 744 00:41:25,960 --> 00:41:27,360 "At the end of the month, 745 00:41:27,079 --> 00:41:28,800 Hitler wants to call for the reestablishment 746 00:41:28,801 --> 00:41:32,078 of the National Socialist German Workers' Party, 747 00:41:32,079 --> 00:41:33,480 the only thing to do." 748 00:41:36,719 --> 00:41:38,079 Joseph Goebbels. 749 00:41:43,320 --> 00:41:45,079 - [Narrator] Hitler's remaining sentence 750 00:41:45,080 --> 00:41:50,199 of three years, 333 days, 21 hours, and 50 minutes 751 00:41:51,360 --> 00:41:55,238 is waived according to the pedantically exact court records. 752 00:41:55,239 --> 00:41:58,518 On February the 27th 1925, 753 00:41:58,519 --> 00:42:01,079 Hitler reestablishes the party. 754 00:42:02,239 --> 00:42:03,920 In the first round of elections 755 00:42:03,921 --> 00:42:07,959 for German president on March the 29th 1925, 756 00:42:07,960 --> 00:42:09,599 Erich Ludendorff is the candidate 757 00:42:09,600 --> 00:42:12,678 of the NSDAP and other nationalistic groups. 758 00:42:12,679 --> 00:42:15,919 He only receives 1.1% of the votes. 759 00:42:15,920 --> 00:42:18,240 When Paul von Hindenburg enters the race 760 00:42:18,241 --> 00:42:19,780 in the second round of voting, 761 00:42:19,781 --> 00:42:21,280 Hitler orders his party 762 00:42:21,281 --> 00:42:24,558 to support the aging 77-year-old army general. 763 00:42:24,559 --> 00:42:27,359 Hitler and Ludendorff go separate ways. 764 00:42:27,360 --> 00:42:31,479 Hitler is now the sole leader of the national camp. 765 00:42:31,480 --> 00:42:34,279 (crowd shouting) 766 00:42:34,280 --> 00:42:38,319 - [Voiceover] Diary, April the 26th 1925. 767 00:42:38,320 --> 00:42:39,999 "Hindenburg elected. 768 00:42:40,000 --> 00:42:42,760 Is he the man that Germany needs at this time? 769 00:42:42,761 --> 00:42:44,238 Is he not too old? 770 00:42:44,239 --> 00:42:46,079 Too easy to influence?" 771 00:42:48,320 --> 00:42:51,439 Bella Fromm, German Jewish journalist. 772 00:42:51,440 --> 00:42:54,480 (dignified music) 773 00:42:55,960 --> 00:43:00,119 - [Narrator] From 1924 onwards, the German economy recovers. 774 00:43:01,119 --> 00:43:05,078 This leads to the five golden years of the Weimar Republic. 775 00:43:05,079 --> 00:43:08,038 (traffic clamoring) 776 00:43:08,039 --> 00:43:09,719 - [Voiceover] "Looking back on it now, 777 00:43:09,720 --> 00:43:13,399 I see the mad whirl of this Berlin of 1928 and '29 778 00:43:13,400 --> 00:43:15,399 as a kind of Pompeian revel 779 00:43:15,400 --> 00:43:18,079 on the eve of the Vesuvian eruption." 780 00:43:22,159 --> 00:43:23,479 Sefton Delmer, 781 00:43:23,480 --> 00:43:26,360 correspondent of the Daily Express in Berlin. 782 00:43:30,760 --> 00:43:33,440 - [Voiceover] "The Nazis hated culture itself 783 00:43:34,360 --> 00:43:36,840 because it is essentially international 784 00:43:36,841 --> 00:43:39,440 and therefore subversive of nationalism." 785 00:43:42,320 --> 00:43:45,518 Christopher Isherwood, British American writer. 786 00:43:45,519 --> 00:43:48,239 (tense music) 787 00:43:50,599 --> 00:43:53,639 (sprightly music) 788 00:43:57,199 --> 00:44:00,400 - [Voiceover] "In the 1920s, Berlin was ahead of everything 789 00:44:00,401 --> 00:44:02,759 that was known as new in our field. 790 00:44:02,760 --> 00:44:04,280 It had everything. 791 00:44:04,281 --> 00:44:08,399 Reinhardt's great theater, great film studios, great films. 792 00:44:08,400 --> 00:44:10,840 The most beautiful bars and restaurants, 793 00:44:10,841 --> 00:44:12,479 including gay bars. 794 00:44:12,480 --> 00:44:15,359 Berlin was productive and rich with ideas, 795 00:44:15,360 --> 00:44:18,678 rich in ideals, and at the same time practical, 796 00:44:18,679 --> 00:44:21,559 a combination never achieved before." 797 00:44:23,559 --> 00:44:27,000 Marlene Dietrich, actress and singer, memoirs. 798 00:44:27,880 --> 00:44:30,760 (elegant music) 799 00:44:34,639 --> 00:44:37,160 - [Voiceover] "Art was no longer a mere ornament of life, 800 00:44:37,161 --> 00:44:39,360 but rather its immediate expression. 801 00:44:40,679 --> 00:44:43,360 Cubism, futurism, expressionism, 802 00:44:44,320 --> 00:44:47,239 whatever you want to call it, this is how we wear it. 803 00:44:47,240 --> 00:44:48,920 This was our world, 804 00:44:48,921 --> 00:44:52,320 so shaken and shocked that everything was upside-down. 805 00:44:54,320 --> 00:44:55,399 Surrealism? 806 00:44:55,400 --> 00:44:57,440 Of course! What else?" 807 00:44:59,440 --> 00:45:02,118 Vicki Baum, writer and journalist. 808 00:45:02,119 --> 00:45:04,840 (jaunty music) 809 00:45:06,599 --> 00:45:07,959 (crowd cheering) 810 00:45:07,960 --> 00:45:10,800 - [Narrator] Despite the lack of political success, 811 00:45:10,801 --> 00:45:13,280 the party stages spectacular rallies, 812 00:45:13,281 --> 00:45:15,360 first in Munich and Weimar, 813 00:45:16,360 --> 00:45:21,359 then from 1927 onwards, exclusively in Nuremberg. 814 00:45:21,360 --> 00:45:24,360 (crowd cheering) 815 00:45:26,679 --> 00:45:30,679 - [Voiceover] Diary, Nuremberg, August the 4th 1929. 816 00:45:31,719 --> 00:45:35,239 "A stampede of people that exceeds our wildest hopes. 817 00:45:36,360 --> 00:45:39,399 Outside, the drums are already booming. 818 00:45:39,400 --> 00:45:41,880 Torch light processions, endlessly long." 819 00:45:44,159 --> 00:45:46,320 Joseph Goebbels, NSDAP leader of Berlin. 820 00:45:49,679 --> 00:45:52,078 (plane rattling) 821 00:45:52,079 --> 00:45:54,900 - [Voiceover] "The party conventions are without question, 822 00:45:54,901 --> 00:45:56,300 Hitler's personal work. 823 00:45:56,301 --> 00:45:58,420 Just as he was involved in building the SA 824 00:45:58,421 --> 00:46:00,960 from the smallest details of the uniforms 825 00:46:00,961 --> 00:46:03,119 to the color of the collar patches, 826 00:46:03,120 --> 00:46:04,300 he concerned himself 827 00:46:04,301 --> 00:46:06,320 with the planning of the party conventions, 828 00:46:06,321 --> 00:46:09,199 right down to the decorations in the Congress Hall." 829 00:46:11,960 --> 00:46:15,719 Albert Krebs, NSDAP leader, Hamburg. 830 00:46:17,159 --> 00:46:20,839 - [Voiceover] "Through the city, a triumphant procession, 831 00:46:20,840 --> 00:46:23,518 everyone cheering and throwing flowers, 832 00:46:23,519 --> 00:46:26,360 marched past, almost four hours. 833 00:46:27,480 --> 00:46:29,559 A sea of joy and flowers." 834 00:46:33,519 --> 00:46:35,558 Joseph Goebbels, diary. 835 00:46:35,559 --> 00:46:38,480 (crowd cheering) 836 00:46:39,360 --> 00:46:41,200 - [Narrator] The continuing fragmentation 837 00:46:41,201 --> 00:46:43,480 of the party landscape is advantageous 838 00:46:43,481 --> 00:46:46,118 for the rise of the NSDAP. 839 00:46:46,119 --> 00:46:48,560 In elections, they win more and more support 840 00:46:48,561 --> 00:46:50,920 from the splinter and protest parties. 841 00:46:58,639 --> 00:47:00,879 After imprisonment in Landsberg, 842 00:47:00,880 --> 00:47:04,718 Hitler becomes the sole leader of the nationalist movement. 843 00:47:04,719 --> 00:47:06,580 He feels chosen by destiny 844 00:47:06,581 --> 00:47:09,879 to show Germany the way to national salvation. 845 00:47:09,880 --> 00:47:13,199 Although the party remains unsuccessful at the polls 846 00:47:13,200 --> 00:47:15,700 and membership increases only slowly, 847 00:47:15,701 --> 00:47:18,639 the personality cult around Hitler is growing. 848 00:47:19,320 --> 00:47:20,839 This fuhrer cult 849 00:47:20,840 --> 00:47:23,480 holds the National Socialist Movement together 850 00:47:23,481 --> 00:47:27,320 across ideological divisions and personal differences. 851 00:47:34,480 --> 00:47:37,399 Between 1925 and 1929, 852 00:47:37,400 --> 00:47:39,159 Hitler's small political movement 853 00:47:39,160 --> 00:47:42,359 is marked by activism, dynamism, enthusiasm, 854 00:47:42,360 --> 00:47:44,360 youthfulness, and strength. 855 00:47:45,159 --> 00:47:49,959 Nearly 60% of new party members are under 30 years old. 856 00:47:49,960 --> 00:47:52,960 (people laughing) 857 00:47:57,639 --> 00:48:00,139 - [Voiceover] "Street processions, press promotions, 858 00:48:00,140 --> 00:48:02,239 propaganda tours into the provinces 859 00:48:02,240 --> 00:48:05,200 created an atmosphere of activism and tension. 860 00:48:05,201 --> 00:48:06,880 There were countless clashes 861 00:48:06,881 --> 00:48:11,239 and wounded people, even dead people left in the square." 862 00:48:14,599 --> 00:48:16,480 Horst Wessel, autobiography. 863 00:48:18,320 --> 00:48:21,799 (vehicles rumbling) 864 00:48:21,800 --> 00:48:24,960 - [Narrator] In February 1930, one of the casualties 865 00:48:24,961 --> 00:48:27,678 will be the Berlin student Horst Wessel. 866 00:48:27,679 --> 00:48:33,000 (people shouting) (horses neighing) 867 00:48:36,079 --> 00:48:40,199 (singing in foreign language) 868 00:49:16,639 --> 00:49:21,480 (Hitler speaking in foreign language) 869 00:49:36,280 --> 00:49:39,319 - [Narrator] On November the 16th 1928, 870 00:49:39,320 --> 00:49:40,839 for the first time 871 00:49:40,840 --> 00:49:43,900 after the ban on public speaking in Prussia has been lifted, 872 00:49:43,901 --> 00:49:46,559 Hitler speaks in the Sportpalast in Berlin, 873 00:49:46,560 --> 00:49:49,558 allegedly in front of 18,000 supporters. 874 00:49:49,559 --> 00:49:51,199 For the first time, he uses 875 00:49:51,200 --> 00:49:53,399 an electro-acoustic sound system, 876 00:49:53,400 --> 00:49:55,359 speaking into a microphone, 877 00:49:55,360 --> 00:49:58,959 and for the first time, his words are clearly understood 878 00:49:58,960 --> 00:50:01,518 in every corner of a large space. 879 00:50:01,519 --> 00:50:04,440 (reel rattling) 880 00:50:13,639 --> 00:50:17,800 (speaking in foreign language) 881 00:50:37,719 --> 00:50:40,480 (somber music) 882 00:51:00,519 --> 00:51:03,638 (crowd cheering) 883 00:51:03,639 --> 00:51:05,638 - [Voiceover] October 1929. 884 00:51:05,639 --> 00:51:07,700 "Angry autumn after a beautiful summer. 885 00:51:07,701 --> 00:51:09,240 Rain and calm weather 886 00:51:09,241 --> 00:51:11,520 and something suffocating in the air, 887 00:51:11,521 --> 00:51:13,060 and it wasn't the weather. 888 00:51:13,061 --> 00:51:16,760 For the first time on the street, manure brown uniforms." 889 00:51:20,199 --> 00:51:23,320 Sebastian Haffner, journalist, memoirs. 890 00:51:26,400 --> 00:51:27,839 (triumphant music) 891 00:51:27,840 --> 00:51:31,240 - [Narrator] The SPD had won the German elections of 1928, 892 00:51:31,241 --> 00:51:33,640 and since then led a coalition government 893 00:51:33,641 --> 00:51:35,800 with the middle-class people's parties. 894 00:51:38,400 --> 00:51:40,720 This falls apart one year after the death 895 00:51:40,721 --> 00:51:42,480 of the liberal foreign minister 896 00:51:42,481 --> 00:51:44,759 over domestic policy differences. 897 00:51:44,760 --> 00:51:46,879 In 1930, Chancellor Bruning 898 00:51:46,880 --> 00:51:50,480 convinces President Von Hindenburg to dissolve Parliament 899 00:51:50,481 --> 00:51:53,999 and call for new elections 24 months early. 900 00:51:54,000 --> 00:51:55,680 Bruning is determined to govern 901 00:51:55,681 --> 00:51:57,239 with the help of the president, 902 00:51:57,240 --> 00:51:59,598 if necessary, without a majority. 903 00:51:59,599 --> 00:52:02,400 (stately music) 904 00:52:05,159 --> 00:52:06,800 - [Voiceover] "National Socialists were now 905 00:52:06,801 --> 00:52:08,359 sitting in Parliament. 906 00:52:08,360 --> 00:52:11,559 The rise of the party could no longer be overlooked." 907 00:52:14,440 --> 00:52:18,638 Ernst Niekisch, National Bolshevist, Hitler opponent. 908 00:52:18,639 --> 00:52:20,799 (crowd cheering) 909 00:52:20,800 --> 00:52:22,198 (rhythmic music) 910 00:52:22,199 --> 00:52:24,559 - [Narrator] Following the example of Italy, 911 00:52:24,560 --> 00:52:26,160 at the end of the 1920s, 912 00:52:26,161 --> 00:52:28,000 movements which are called fascist 913 00:52:28,001 --> 00:52:30,839 are gaining strength all over Europe. 914 00:52:30,840 --> 00:52:33,040 In some Eastern European states, 915 00:52:33,041 --> 00:52:34,680 dictatorial governments rely 916 00:52:34,681 --> 00:52:36,840 on the support of such factions. 917 00:52:37,960 --> 00:52:41,999 A union of fascists is also established in the UK. 918 00:52:42,000 --> 00:52:44,960 (crowd shouting) 919 00:52:46,800 --> 00:52:50,559 A party demonstration in Manchester in 1934. 920 00:52:51,920 --> 00:52:53,400 - [Voiceover] Sir Oswald Mosley, 921 00:52:53,401 --> 00:52:55,880 founder, British Union of Fascists. 922 00:52:59,880 --> 00:53:05,280 "In 1930, unemployment had increased to 3,076,000, 923 00:53:06,119 --> 00:53:09,799 and the National Socialists then increased their MPs to 108 924 00:53:09,800 --> 00:53:12,038 with a vote of 18%. 925 00:53:12,039 --> 00:53:13,920 Less than three years later, 926 00:53:13,921 --> 00:53:16,760 the National Socialist Party came to power. 927 00:53:16,761 --> 00:53:20,678 Unemployment had risen to 6,014,000." 928 00:53:20,679 --> 00:53:23,599 (crowd shouting) 929 00:53:38,400 --> 00:53:42,800 - [Voiceover] New Year's Order, December the 31st 1931. 930 00:53:43,719 --> 00:53:47,379 "The army of brown shirts has multiplied numerous times. 931 00:53:47,380 --> 00:53:50,920 The movement has suffered a great deal of blood sacrifice. 932 00:53:51,599 --> 00:53:53,920 Comrades, at the beginning of this year, 933 00:53:53,921 --> 00:53:56,640 I thank you for everything that you accomplished 934 00:53:56,641 --> 00:53:59,320 over the past year through dedicated work 935 00:53:59,321 --> 00:54:01,279 and self-sacrificing battles. 936 00:54:01,280 --> 00:54:04,519 You can enter the new year with joyful confidence, 937 00:54:04,520 --> 00:54:07,440 proud of what you achieved in the year 1931." 938 00:54:11,119 --> 00:54:12,159 Adolf Hitler. 939 00:54:13,599 --> 00:54:14,839 (pensive music) 940 00:54:14,840 --> 00:54:16,760 - [Narrator] After an internal party discussion 941 00:54:16,761 --> 00:54:18,480 in Munich on February the 2nd, 942 00:54:19,440 --> 00:54:22,039 Adolf Hitler decides to run in the first round of voting 943 00:54:22,040 --> 00:54:25,679 in the German presidential elections of March 1932. 944 00:54:29,679 --> 00:54:33,920 - [Voiceover] Diary, Berlin, February the 16th 1932. 945 00:54:35,880 --> 00:54:38,840 "What a strange country in which the presidency 946 00:54:38,841 --> 00:54:42,719 must be decided between Thalmann, Hitler, or Hindenburg." 947 00:54:46,199 --> 00:54:49,239 Thea Sternheim, art collector and author. 948 00:54:50,920 --> 00:54:53,800 - [Voiceover] "Again it was the politics of toleration 949 00:54:53,801 --> 00:54:57,158 when the SPD asked its voters to vote for Hindenburg, 950 00:54:57,159 --> 00:54:59,599 and how faithfully they followed." 951 00:55:01,760 --> 00:55:05,199 Golo Mann, son of Thomas and Katia Mann. 952 00:55:08,320 --> 00:55:12,719 - [Voiceover] Diary, Monday, February the 29th 1932. 953 00:55:13,599 --> 00:55:15,000 "Who will win?" 954 00:55:16,360 --> 00:55:20,239 Henrietta Schneider, housekeeper, East Prussia. 955 00:55:22,920 --> 00:55:24,839 (crowd cheering) 956 00:55:24,840 --> 00:55:28,039 - [Voiceover] Election campaign flight, April 1932. 957 00:55:29,159 --> 00:55:32,279 "Soon Hitler had sunk into morose apathy. 958 00:55:32,280 --> 00:55:35,959 He just sat there staring gloomily out of the window, 959 00:55:35,960 --> 00:55:38,118 wads of cotton in his ears, 960 00:55:38,119 --> 00:55:39,460 a complete contrast 961 00:55:39,461 --> 00:55:41,840 to the glad-hand, extrovert man at Tempelhof. 962 00:55:48,159 --> 00:55:51,198 As the door of the aircraft was flung open, 963 00:55:51,199 --> 00:55:53,840 Hitler ducked out and immediately threw himself 964 00:55:53,841 --> 00:55:55,799 into his fuhrer pose. 965 00:55:55,800 --> 00:55:59,439 There he stood, bare-headed, upright, and unsmiling, 966 00:55:59,440 --> 00:56:01,559 his hand raised in greeting." 967 00:56:02,719 --> 00:56:05,040 Sefton Delmer, British correspondent 968 00:56:05,041 --> 00:56:06,880 of the Daily Express in Berlin. 969 00:56:09,800 --> 00:56:13,039 (people chattering) 970 00:56:14,400 --> 00:56:15,999 (crowd cheering) 971 00:56:16,000 --> 00:56:20,159 - [Voiceover] Diary, Weimar, April the 10th 1932, Sunday. 972 00:56:21,039 --> 00:56:24,200 "Second round of voting in German presidential election. 973 00:56:24,201 --> 00:56:26,519 Hindenburg finally elected over Hitler." 974 00:56:29,159 --> 00:56:32,320 Harry Graf Kessler, publicist and diplomat. 975 00:56:37,000 --> 00:56:39,959 - [Narrator] In June 1932, Franz von Papen, 976 00:56:39,960 --> 00:56:42,840 on behalf of Reichsprasident Von Hindenburg, 977 00:56:42,841 --> 00:56:45,420 forms a right-wing conservative cabinet 978 00:56:45,421 --> 00:56:48,100 which is without a majority in Parliament. 979 00:56:48,101 --> 00:56:51,079 The new chancellor hopes for the support of Hitler, 980 00:56:51,080 --> 00:56:53,179 and according to Hitler's demand, 981 00:56:53,180 --> 00:56:54,760 asks the Reichsprasident 982 00:56:54,761 --> 00:56:58,360 to call new parliamentary elections on July the 31st. 983 00:57:03,480 --> 00:57:05,439 (people chattering) 984 00:57:05,440 --> 00:57:09,199 - [Voiceover] Diary, May the 31st 1932. 985 00:57:11,039 --> 00:57:13,118 "Lotte is coming on Sunday. 986 00:57:13,119 --> 00:57:16,159 She's planning a trip with Karl to Westerland. 987 00:57:17,639 --> 00:57:19,518 Yesterday, Bruning resigned. 988 00:57:19,519 --> 00:57:20,679 Now what?" 989 00:57:21,920 --> 00:57:23,519 Henrietta Schneider. 990 00:57:27,519 --> 00:57:29,639 - [Voiceover] "The hero of Tannenberg, 991 00:57:29,640 --> 00:57:33,359 the hero of the German Republic had a dull spirit, 992 00:57:33,360 --> 00:57:37,158 a grumpy field marshal with his robust conscience. 993 00:57:37,159 --> 00:57:39,879 With truly Germanic blind loyalty, 994 00:57:39,880 --> 00:57:43,638 he betrayed the pious chancellor to whom he owed his power. 995 00:57:43,639 --> 00:57:45,959 Bruning was fired. 996 00:57:45,960 --> 00:57:47,198 His successor, 997 00:57:47,199 --> 00:57:50,119 the comparatively liberal General Von Schleicher, 998 00:57:50,120 --> 00:57:53,320 was soon the target of wild intrigue." 999 00:57:54,960 --> 00:57:59,119 Klaus Mann, son of Katia and Thomas Mann. 1000 00:58:02,400 --> 00:58:04,518 (children laughing) 1001 00:58:04,519 --> 00:58:07,020 - [Voiceover] "For far too long, we had been content 1002 00:58:07,021 --> 00:58:10,480 with laughing and joking about the house painter Hitler." 1003 00:58:13,000 --> 00:58:16,759 Carl Zuckmayer, German Austrian dramatist. 1004 00:58:16,760 --> 00:58:18,480 (children chattering) 1005 00:58:18,481 --> 00:58:22,760 - [Voiceover] Diary, Sunday July the 31st 1932. 1006 00:58:23,639 --> 00:58:26,079 "The hatred of the parties is awful. 1007 00:58:26,080 --> 00:58:29,400 At 10 o'clock the elections begin without Wilhelm. 1008 00:58:30,440 --> 00:58:32,679 He is plagued with neuralgia." 1009 00:58:35,320 --> 00:58:36,800 Henrietta Schneider. 1010 00:58:38,119 --> 00:58:40,279 (people clapping) 1011 00:58:40,280 --> 00:58:42,719 - [Narrator] The triumph of the National Socialists 1012 00:58:42,720 --> 00:58:47,039 in the July elections of 1932 is a pyrrhic victory. 1013 00:58:48,360 --> 00:58:49,879 (stately music) 1014 00:58:49,880 --> 00:58:53,159 - [Voiceover] Diary, August the 1st 1932. 1015 00:58:53,880 --> 00:58:55,439 "Election results. 1016 00:58:55,440 --> 00:58:57,480 We have gained a little ground. 1017 00:58:57,481 --> 00:58:59,360 Marxism has gained a great deal. 1018 00:59:00,320 --> 00:59:02,780 Now we have to seize power and wipe out Marxism. 1019 00:59:02,781 --> 00:59:05,580 Either way, Hitler is also of this opinion. 1020 00:59:05,581 --> 00:59:08,000 We won't get an absolute majority this way." 1021 00:59:10,239 --> 00:59:11,598 Joseph Goebbels. 1022 00:59:11,599 --> 00:59:14,519 (majestic music) 1023 00:59:18,119 --> 00:59:19,198 (thunder cracks) 1024 00:59:19,199 --> 00:59:21,000 - [Narrator] As almost all the major parties 1025 00:59:21,001 --> 00:59:24,360 in the Reichstag want to bring down Von Papen's government, 1026 00:59:24,361 --> 00:59:25,980 Reichsprasident Von Hindenburg 1027 00:59:25,981 --> 00:59:29,039 dissolves the newly elected Parliament in September 1028 00:59:29,040 --> 00:59:33,038 and calls new elections for November the 6th 1932. 1029 00:59:33,039 --> 00:59:36,159 (thunder cracking) 1030 00:59:37,599 --> 00:59:41,119 - [Voiceover] "In the German elections of November 1932, 1031 00:59:41,120 --> 00:59:44,439 the NSDAP won 11.75 million votes, 1032 00:59:44,440 --> 00:59:46,959 the SPD 7.25 million, 1033 00:59:46,960 --> 00:59:49,678 and the KPD some six million. 1034 00:59:49,679 --> 00:59:52,038 So together, both workers' parties 1035 00:59:52,039 --> 00:59:54,599 were a lot stronger than the Nazis." 1036 00:59:57,039 --> 01:00:01,639 Manes Sperber, Austrian writer and KPD member at the time. 1037 01:00:03,280 --> 01:00:05,119 - [Voiceover] "Many leftists believed 1038 01:00:05,120 --> 01:00:08,198 that Hitler would never recover from this setback 1039 01:00:08,199 --> 01:00:10,119 and had ceased to be a menace." 1040 01:00:12,119 --> 01:00:15,280 Christopher Isherwood, British American writer. 1041 01:00:20,119 --> 01:00:22,880 (somber music) 1042 01:00:42,719 --> 01:00:45,800 (people laughing) 1043 01:00:47,199 --> 01:00:49,920 - [Voiceover] January the 1st 1933. 1044 01:00:51,000 --> 01:00:53,159 "Hitler was in a good mood that evening 1045 01:00:53,160 --> 01:00:55,660 and talkative, like in the old days. 1046 01:00:55,661 --> 01:00:59,078 Before he left, he added to his entry in the guestbook." 1047 01:00:59,079 --> 01:01:01,039 - [Voiceover] "On the first day of the New Year." 1048 01:01:00,760 --> 01:01:02,599 - [Voiceover] "Then he looked at me and said 1049 01:01:02,600 --> 01:01:04,100 with suppressed excitement." 1050 01:01:04,101 --> 01:01:06,480 - [Voiceover] "This year belongs to us." 1051 01:01:08,199 --> 01:01:09,559 - [Voiceover] Ernst Hanfstaengl, 1052 01:01:09,560 --> 01:01:11,880 Head of the NSDAP Foreign Press Bureau. 1053 01:01:14,960 --> 01:01:16,840 - [Voiceover] "After Hindenburg had decided 1054 01:01:16,841 --> 01:01:18,580 against Chancellor Bruning, 1055 01:01:18,581 --> 01:01:20,200 the president turned his attention 1056 01:01:20,201 --> 01:01:23,820 to the forces of the great agrarian heavy industry coalition 1057 01:01:23,821 --> 01:01:26,558 that operated with Hitler against Bruning, 1058 01:01:26,559 --> 01:01:27,920 his natural allies. 1059 01:01:27,921 --> 01:01:29,400 He took their view of Hitler. 1060 01:01:29,401 --> 01:01:31,680 The reconstruction and further expansion 1061 01:01:31,681 --> 01:01:35,079 of the great agrarian and heavy industry positions of power 1062 01:01:35,080 --> 01:01:36,999 was to be taken forward. 1063 01:01:37,000 --> 01:01:38,638 (elegant music) 1064 01:01:38,639 --> 01:01:39,960 But the power was not to be 1065 01:01:39,961 --> 01:01:42,199 transferred to the National Socialism." 1066 01:01:44,960 --> 01:01:48,639 Ernst Niekisch, journalist, National Bolshevist. 1067 01:01:49,719 --> 01:01:52,319 (stately music) 1068 01:01:52,320 --> 01:01:56,439 - [Voiceover] Diary, Monday, January the 30th 1933, 1069 01:01:56,440 --> 01:02:00,158 "Elsa came back from school with the cry 'Heil Hitler!' 1070 01:02:00,159 --> 01:02:05,320 Then we knew Hitler had become German Chancellor at last." 1071 01:02:06,480 --> 01:02:08,000 Henrietta Schneider. 1072 01:02:10,639 --> 01:02:12,118 (crowd cheering) 1073 01:02:12,119 --> 01:02:13,639 - [Narrator] A fragment of film 1074 01:02:13,640 --> 01:02:16,799 produced using an early Agfacolor film process. 1075 01:02:16,800 --> 01:02:18,600 It shows thousands of extras 1076 01:02:18,601 --> 01:02:20,599 recreating the torchlight procession 1077 01:02:20,600 --> 01:02:22,320 through the Brandenburg Gate. 1078 01:02:22,321 --> 01:02:27,239 It is supposed to remind viewers of January the 30th 1933. 1079 01:02:28,039 --> 01:02:29,800 - [Voiceover] "That the Nazis are enemies, 1080 01:02:29,801 --> 01:02:32,140 enemies for me and for everything dear to me, 1081 01:02:32,141 --> 01:02:34,920 I was not for a moment mistaken about that. 1082 01:02:34,921 --> 01:02:36,440 Where I was completely mistaken 1083 01:02:36,441 --> 01:02:38,800 was how terrible an enemy they would become." 1084 01:02:40,880 --> 01:02:42,400 Sebastian Haffner. 1085 01:02:47,079 --> 01:02:48,880 - [Voiceover] "The majority of his ministers 1086 01:02:48,881 --> 01:02:51,800 were members of the German National People's Party. 1087 01:02:51,801 --> 01:02:54,959 He utterly despised the party and was convinced 1088 01:02:54,960 --> 01:02:58,079 that he would one day be able to rid himself of them. 1089 01:02:59,079 --> 01:03:02,220 To be able to carry this out, he set one condition 1090 01:03:02,221 --> 01:03:05,238 to which the German President also agreed. 1091 01:03:05,239 --> 01:03:08,280 He wanted the power to order new elections." 1092 01:03:10,400 --> 01:03:11,440 Ernst Niekisch. 1093 01:03:14,920 --> 01:03:17,158 (crowd cheering) 1094 01:03:17,159 --> 01:03:19,840 - [Voiceover] Speech in the Berlin Sportpalast, 1095 01:03:19,841 --> 01:03:21,679 February the 10th 1933. 1096 01:03:22,519 --> 01:03:24,760 (Hitler shouting in foreign language) 1097 01:03:24,761 --> 01:03:27,799 "I cannot divest myself of my faith in my people 1098 01:03:27,800 --> 01:03:29,920 and stand firmly by the conviction 1099 01:03:29,921 --> 01:03:32,039 that the hour will come at last 1100 01:03:32,040 --> 01:03:35,400 when the millions who curse us today will stand by us 1101 01:03:35,401 --> 01:03:37,959 and with us will hail the new hard-won 1102 01:03:37,960 --> 01:03:40,320 and painfully acquired German nation 1103 01:03:40,321 --> 01:03:42,420 that we have created together, 1104 01:03:42,421 --> 01:03:45,238 the new German Reich of greatness and power 1105 01:03:45,239 --> 01:03:47,559 and glory and justice, Amen." 1106 01:03:59,679 --> 01:04:00,960 (crowd cheering) 1107 01:04:00,961 --> 01:04:03,639 Adolf Hitler, Reich Chancellor. 1108 01:04:06,119 --> 01:04:08,280 - [Narrator] The Reichstag elections of March the 5th 1109 01:04:08,281 --> 01:04:10,559 are the last more or less free elections 1110 01:04:10,560 --> 01:04:12,000 in the German Reich. 1111 01:04:12,719 --> 01:04:15,639 On the streets, dissidents are terrorized by the SA. 1112 01:04:19,199 --> 01:04:20,839 (people chattering) 1113 01:04:20,840 --> 01:04:23,220 - [Voiceover] "The terror that was felt everywhere 1114 01:04:23,221 --> 01:04:25,500 interfered, of course, with free elections, 1115 01:04:25,501 --> 01:04:28,119 but it influenced the results only slightly." 1116 01:04:31,159 --> 01:04:32,519 Manes Sperber. 1117 01:04:37,480 --> 01:04:38,800 (people cheering) 1118 01:04:38,801 --> 01:04:41,320 - [Narrator] In the elections, the NSDAP profits 1119 01:04:41,321 --> 01:04:44,718 from the high turnout of 88.8%, 1120 01:04:44,719 --> 01:04:47,279 gaining 43.9%. 1121 01:04:47,280 --> 01:04:48,680 It has to form a coalition 1122 01:04:48,681 --> 01:04:50,920 with the German National People's Party. 1123 01:04:53,119 --> 01:04:54,740 But the majority of Germans 1124 01:04:54,741 --> 01:04:57,639 don't want a parliamentary democracy either. 1125 01:04:57,640 --> 01:05:01,000 The democratic parties remain clearly in the minority 1126 01:05:01,001 --> 01:05:03,479 because 12.3% of the voters 1127 01:05:03,480 --> 01:05:06,038 cast their votes for the Communists. 1128 01:05:06,039 --> 01:05:08,880 (crowd cheering) 1129 01:05:09,880 --> 01:05:13,678 - [Voiceover] March the 12th 1933, press dispatch. 1130 01:05:13,679 --> 01:05:17,020 "The Office of the Reichstag sent the newly elected members 1131 01:05:17,021 --> 01:05:19,119 an invitation to the opening session. 1132 01:05:20,000 --> 01:05:21,720 According to a directive, 1133 01:05:21,721 --> 01:05:23,480 the Communist members of the assembly 1134 01:05:23,481 --> 01:05:25,199 were not sent an invitation." 1135 01:05:27,199 --> 01:05:29,320 Vossische Zeitung Newspaper. 1136 01:05:32,079 --> 01:05:36,280 (speaking in foreign language) 1137 01:05:39,679 --> 01:05:41,079 - [Voiceover] "Two days later, 1138 01:05:40,840 --> 01:05:42,639 I was sitting in the Kroll Opera House, 1139 01:05:42,640 --> 01:05:44,420 not as a Reichstag deputy. 1140 01:05:44,421 --> 01:05:48,238 I was an observer, and on March the 23rd 1933, 1141 01:05:48,239 --> 01:05:49,960 I witnessed the Reichstag session 1142 01:05:49,961 --> 01:05:54,279 in which the Enabling Act was passed by 441 votes to 94." 1143 01:05:54,280 --> 01:05:58,198 (speaking in foreign language) 1144 01:05:58,199 --> 01:06:01,920 Artur Axmann, member of the leadership of the Hitler Youth. 1145 01:06:01,921 --> 01:06:06,000 (speaking in foreign language) 1146 01:06:11,039 --> 01:06:13,300 - [Narrator] With the so-called Enabling Act, 1147 01:06:13,301 --> 01:06:15,200 Hitler demands extraordinary powers 1148 01:06:15,201 --> 01:06:16,840 for himself and his government, 1149 01:06:16,841 --> 01:06:19,480 thus paving the way for a dictatorship. 1150 01:06:34,639 --> 01:06:37,999 (people applauding) 1151 01:06:38,000 --> 01:06:40,239 - [Voiceover] "The Social Democrats were the only members 1152 01:06:40,240 --> 01:06:42,280 to vote against the Enabling Act. 1153 01:06:42,281 --> 01:06:46,320 (speaking in foreign language) 1154 01:06:50,000 --> 01:06:51,280 But despite my conviction 1155 01:06:51,281 --> 01:06:53,079 that the Social Democrats had failed, 1156 01:06:56,480 --> 01:06:59,079 I was not unimpressed by Wels' speech." 1157 01:07:00,239 --> 01:07:01,280 Artur Axmann. 1158 01:07:01,281 --> 01:07:05,558 (speaking in foreign language) 1159 01:07:05,559 --> 01:07:07,119 - [Narrator] Article one of the act 1160 01:07:07,120 --> 01:07:09,780 describes the transfer of legislative powers 1161 01:07:09,781 --> 01:07:11,559 from Parliament to the Cabinet. 1162 01:07:11,560 --> 01:07:14,959 The legislative and executive branches become one. 1163 01:07:14,960 --> 01:07:17,800 Parliament has virtually abolished itself. 1164 01:07:19,039 --> 01:07:23,280 (speaking in foreign language) 1165 01:07:48,760 --> 01:07:50,879 (crowd cheering) 1166 01:07:50,880 --> 01:07:52,320 - [Voiceover] "He overrode the constitution 1167 01:07:52,321 --> 01:07:53,500 with the constitution 1168 01:07:53,501 --> 01:07:55,680 and thus won the fight for unlimited power 1169 01:07:55,681 --> 01:07:57,639 in the first and decisive rout." 1170 01:08:01,519 --> 01:08:04,400 Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk, Finance Minister. 1171 01:08:08,039 --> 01:08:09,719 - [Voiceover] "Anyone who did not fight 1172 01:08:09,720 --> 01:08:12,440 against the Hitler state effectively served it." 1173 01:08:15,320 --> 01:08:19,799 Esther, Countess of Schwerin, East Prussian landowner. 1174 01:08:19,800 --> 01:08:23,000 (people chattering) 1175 01:08:23,800 --> 01:08:25,479 - [Voiceover] "I, as a natural coward 1176 01:08:25,480 --> 01:08:28,279 and endowed with an excruciating imagination, 1177 01:08:28,280 --> 01:08:29,720 kept my mouth shut." 1178 01:08:32,159 --> 01:08:36,279 Marie Luise Kaschnitz, writer, notes. 1179 01:08:40,119 --> 01:08:42,159 - [Voiceover] "People cling to life. 1180 01:08:42,160 --> 01:08:43,920 You could certainly go along with it, 1181 01:08:43,921 --> 01:08:47,520 but you could also keep a low profile and become invisible." 1182 01:08:49,439 --> 01:08:51,520 Oda Schaefer, writer. 1183 01:08:52,239 --> 01:08:55,439 (people chattering) 1184 01:09:02,720 --> 01:09:05,640 - [Voiceover] Letter from prison, June the 7th 1933. 1185 01:09:07,279 --> 01:09:10,259 "You know that imprisonment doesn't depress me at all. 1186 01:09:10,260 --> 01:09:12,760 What could I really do outside at the moment? 1187 01:09:12,761 --> 01:09:14,480 Shrug off the sad looks of the workers 1188 01:09:14,481 --> 01:09:16,980 with a humiliated heart and sagging shoulders 1189 01:09:16,981 --> 01:09:19,520 and tell them that I cannot change it either? 1190 01:09:20,359 --> 01:09:22,199 It's better to be outwardly unfree 1191 01:09:23,159 --> 01:09:25,880 and inwardly face the future with a proud soul." 1192 01:09:28,920 --> 01:09:32,119 Julius Leber, SBD member of the Reichstag. 1193 01:09:36,479 --> 01:09:39,800 - [Narrator] The first improvised concentration camps 1194 01:09:39,801 --> 01:09:41,438 are run by the SA 1195 01:09:41,439 --> 01:09:44,278 and are then taken over by Himmler's SS, 1196 01:09:44,279 --> 01:09:46,880 thus creating the SS state. 1197 01:09:50,800 --> 01:09:52,239 (majestic music) 1198 01:09:52,240 --> 01:09:56,198 At the Nuremberg Victory Rally in early September 1933, 1199 01:09:56,199 --> 01:09:58,799 SA Chief of Staff Ernst Rohm 1200 01:09:58,800 --> 01:10:01,560 is the most prominent party leader after Hitler 1201 01:10:01,561 --> 01:10:03,479 and clearly his right-hand man. 1202 01:10:04,279 --> 01:10:07,079 Rohm shows his loyalty to Hitler in public. 1203 01:10:08,039 --> 01:10:10,880 Privately, however, he criticizes Hitler severely 1204 01:10:10,881 --> 01:10:13,198 for his policy on the German Army. 1205 01:10:13,199 --> 01:10:15,279 Thanks to his instinct for power, 1206 01:10:15,280 --> 01:10:17,239 Hitler is willing to believe the rumors 1207 01:10:17,240 --> 01:10:20,020 spread by opponents of the powerful head of the SA 1208 01:10:20,021 --> 01:10:23,239 that the leaders of the SA, with its four million members, 1209 01:10:23,240 --> 01:10:24,800 are planning a coup. 1210 01:10:24,801 --> 01:10:27,720 (crowd cheering) 1211 01:10:28,600 --> 01:10:32,319 - [Voiceover] Diary, Berlin, June the 24th 1934. 1212 01:10:33,079 --> 01:10:35,078 "Politically it stinks. 1213 01:10:35,079 --> 01:10:36,920 Nobody knows why exactly. 1214 01:10:36,921 --> 01:10:40,479 A power struggle is impending between the SA and the SS." 1215 01:10:42,119 --> 01:10:44,278 Erich Ebermayer, writer. 1216 01:10:44,279 --> 01:10:47,879 (people chattering) 1217 01:10:47,880 --> 01:10:49,399 - [Narrator] The differences of opinion 1218 01:10:49,400 --> 01:10:51,840 between Rohm and Hitler, especially concerning 1219 01:10:51,841 --> 01:10:54,379 the issue of the German Army, escalate. 1220 01:10:54,380 --> 01:10:55,960 Before the SA leadership, 1221 01:10:55,961 --> 01:10:58,440 Rohm finally calls for the German Army 1222 01:10:58,441 --> 01:11:01,198 to be included in his command. 1223 01:11:01,199 --> 01:11:03,959 (people chattering) 1224 01:11:03,960 --> 01:11:08,238 - [Voiceover] Diary, Sunday, July the 1st 1934. 1225 01:11:08,239 --> 01:11:13,158 "Mutiny of the SA leaders in Munich with Rohm at its head. 1226 01:11:13,159 --> 01:11:16,640 Hitler himself helped arrest the gang and had them shot." 1227 01:11:20,520 --> 01:11:22,039 Henrietta Schneider. 1228 01:11:25,920 --> 01:11:27,479 - [Narrator] On July the 2nd, 1229 01:11:27,480 --> 01:11:30,399 Hitler announces the official end of the purge 1230 01:11:30,400 --> 01:11:33,960 in which between 150 and 200 people were shot. 1231 01:11:36,119 --> 01:11:37,198 (solemn music) 1232 01:11:37,199 --> 01:11:39,199 - [Voiceover] "Rohm was one of the last victims. 1233 01:11:39,200 --> 01:11:43,639 He was shot on July the 2nd 1934." 1234 01:11:43,640 --> 01:11:46,199 Hans Frank, Bavarian Minister of Justice, 1235 01:11:46,200 --> 01:11:48,278 Reich Legal Director. 1236 01:11:48,279 --> 01:11:50,078 (crowd cheering) 1237 01:11:50,079 --> 01:11:53,159 - [Narrator] To crush the alleged revolt by Rohm, 1238 01:11:53,160 --> 01:11:55,780 Adolf Hitler uses the services of the SS, 1239 01:11:55,781 --> 01:11:58,279 whose leaders have already brought the police 1240 01:11:58,280 --> 01:12:00,500 almost entirely under their command. 1241 01:12:00,501 --> 01:12:04,000 The SS, which was formerly still affiliated with the SA, 1242 01:12:04,001 --> 01:12:06,560 is rewarded for its murderous service. 1243 01:12:06,561 --> 01:12:10,238 On July the 20th 1934, Hitler decrees. 1244 01:12:10,239 --> 01:12:13,620 - [Voiceover] "In view of the great services of the SS, 1245 01:12:13,621 --> 01:12:15,279 particularly in connection 1246 01:12:15,280 --> 01:12:18,879 with the occurrences of June the 30th 1934, 1247 01:12:18,880 --> 01:12:22,398 I hereby promote them to a self-contained organization 1248 01:12:22,399 --> 01:12:23,880 within the NSDAP." 1249 01:12:26,600 --> 01:12:27,920 Adolf Hitler. 1250 01:12:29,199 --> 01:12:31,199 - [Narrator] With that, Hitler has forged 1251 01:12:31,200 --> 01:12:33,759 the decisive weapon of his state. 1252 01:12:33,760 --> 01:12:38,239 The SA becomes a kind of folklore club for the NSDAP. 1253 01:12:47,279 --> 01:12:49,279 [Voiceover] "Hitler swore that only 77 people 1254 01:12:49,280 --> 01:12:50,680 had been executed. 1255 01:12:50,681 --> 01:12:53,920 It had been unavoidable that some were shot by accident. 1256 01:12:53,921 --> 01:12:56,680 Like a certain Willi Schmid in Munich for example. 1257 01:12:57,600 --> 01:12:59,780 The SS were in a hurry to shoot the first Willy Schmidt 1258 01:12:59,781 --> 01:13:02,319 they could find without court proceedings. 1259 01:13:03,079 --> 01:13:04,680 You have to consider how many Willy Schmidts 1260 01:13:04,681 --> 01:13:06,279 there were in Munich." 1261 01:13:08,560 --> 01:13:11,880 Friedelind Wagner, granddaughter of Richard Wagner. 1262 01:13:16,720 --> 01:13:19,439 (somber music) 1263 01:13:40,079 --> 01:13:43,560 - [Voiceover] Diary, Berlin, August the 1st 1934. 1264 01:13:44,279 --> 01:13:47,020 "At lunchtime, we drove to the Halensee Baths. 1265 01:13:47,021 --> 01:13:48,780 People are friendly and peaceful. 1266 01:13:48,781 --> 01:13:51,680 Even the young people seem well-behaved here. 1267 01:13:51,681 --> 01:13:53,479 The Berliner Zeitung newspaper 1268 01:13:53,480 --> 01:13:56,319 published a bulletin at 8:30 this morning. 1269 01:13:56,320 --> 01:13:59,318 Condition deteriorating, pulse weaker. 1270 01:13:59,319 --> 01:14:00,780 So the end is near. 1271 01:14:00,781 --> 01:14:03,199 This death does not come at a good time." 1272 01:14:05,760 --> 01:14:07,279 Erich Ebermayer. 1273 01:14:09,640 --> 01:14:11,680 - [Voiceover] "The newspaper reports the following 1274 01:14:11,681 --> 01:14:13,399 about the death of Hindenburg. 1275 01:14:14,319 --> 01:14:16,920 The government has enacted the following law 1276 01:14:16,921 --> 01:14:18,700 that is hereby announced. 1277 01:14:18,701 --> 01:14:21,720 The office will be merged with that of the chancellor, 1278 01:14:21,721 --> 01:14:24,400 which means all authority of the president 1279 01:14:24,401 --> 01:14:27,439 goes to the Fuhrer and Chancellor, Adolf Hitler." 1280 01:14:29,920 --> 01:14:35,359 Karl Windschild, retired pastor, Ballenstedt, diary. 1281 01:14:35,760 --> 01:14:38,000 (solemn music) 1282 01:14:39,920 --> 01:14:43,159 (people chattering) 1283 01:14:44,359 --> 01:14:49,639 - [Voiceover] Diary, Wednesday, October the 17th 1934. 1284 01:14:49,640 --> 01:14:51,358 "A law has been made. 1285 01:14:51,359 --> 01:14:52,920 Hitler will remain the leader 1286 01:14:52,921 --> 01:14:55,119 of the German people for life." 1287 01:14:57,479 --> 01:14:59,279 Henrietta Schneider. 1288 01:15:02,000 --> 01:15:03,800 - [Voiceover] "The magic formula, 1289 01:15:03,801 --> 01:15:05,599 the Fuhrer has ordered, 1290 01:15:05,600 --> 01:15:07,398 the Fuhrer wishes, 1291 01:15:07,399 --> 01:15:08,919 the Fuhrer accepts, 1292 01:15:08,920 --> 01:15:10,239 the Fuhrer forbids, 1293 01:15:10,240 --> 01:15:12,078 or the Fuhrer authorizes 1294 01:15:12,079 --> 01:15:15,919 became the completely new legitimized method of authority 1295 01:15:15,920 --> 01:15:17,480 to issue directives 1296 01:15:17,481 --> 01:15:21,199 that nullified all existing forms of state life in Germany." 1297 01:15:23,840 --> 01:15:24,880 Hans Frank. 1298 01:15:33,119 --> 01:15:34,339 (people chattering) 1299 01:15:34,340 --> 01:15:36,199 - [Voiceover] "Arrived in Munich around 8:00 1300 01:15:36,200 --> 01:15:39,560 and went to the Hofbrauhaus, which was very interesting. 1301 01:15:39,561 --> 01:15:41,560 Hitler seems so popular here, 1302 01:15:41,561 --> 01:15:43,359 as Mussolini was in Italy." 1303 01:15:45,319 --> 01:15:49,800 John F. Kennedy, student traveling in Europe, diary. 1304 01:15:52,800 --> 01:15:55,439 - [Voiceover] "At first, what surprised me 1305 01:15:55,440 --> 01:15:58,799 was that most Germans, as far as I could see, 1306 01:15:58,800 --> 01:16:00,120 didn't seem to mind 1307 01:16:00,121 --> 01:16:02,640 that their personal freedoms had been taken away, 1308 01:16:02,641 --> 01:16:06,379 that so much of their splendid culture was being destroyed, 1309 01:16:06,380 --> 01:16:08,679 or soon became aware, to be sure, 1310 01:16:08,680 --> 01:16:10,199 that in the background 1311 01:16:10,200 --> 01:16:12,500 there lurked the terror of the Gestapo 1312 01:16:12,501 --> 01:16:14,800 and the fear of the concentration camps. 1313 01:16:17,960 --> 01:16:20,860 The vast majority did not seem unduly concerned 1314 01:16:20,861 --> 01:16:23,439 with what had happened to a few Communists, 1315 01:16:23,440 --> 01:16:27,078 socialists, pacifists, defiant priests and pastors, 1316 01:16:27,079 --> 01:16:28,359 and to the Jews." 1317 01:16:30,760 --> 01:16:32,580 William Shirer, correspondent 1318 01:16:32,581 --> 01:16:35,238 to the Universal News Service in Berlin. 1319 01:16:35,239 --> 01:16:38,119 (train chugging) 1320 01:16:39,279 --> 01:16:42,279 - [Voiceover] "Departure for Cologne via Frankfurt. 1321 01:16:44,159 --> 01:16:46,278 All towns are very attractive, 1322 01:16:46,279 --> 01:16:48,119 showing that the Nordic races 1323 01:16:48,120 --> 01:16:50,420 certainly seem superior to Latins. 1324 01:16:50,421 --> 01:16:52,319 The Germans really are too good." 1325 01:16:54,359 --> 01:16:56,560 John F. Kennedy, diary. 1326 01:16:58,840 --> 01:17:01,760 (train chugging) 1327 01:17:02,760 --> 01:17:05,720 (crowd cheering) 1328 01:17:08,560 --> 01:17:10,600 - [Voiceover] "I had to think a lot about the comments 1329 01:17:10,601 --> 01:17:13,040 of an ordinary middle-aged Berlin woman. 1330 01:17:13,041 --> 01:17:14,840 She said she went to all the ceremonies 1331 01:17:14,841 --> 01:17:17,540 and stood near the front rows where the Fuhrer walked by, 1332 01:17:17,541 --> 01:17:19,159 but she was never able to see him 1333 01:17:19,160 --> 01:17:22,319 because whenever he came near, her eyes filled with tears." 1334 01:17:24,920 --> 01:17:28,600 Erich Kordt, Department Head, Foreign Ministry 1335 01:17:29,680 --> 01:17:32,640 (crowd cheering) 1336 01:17:37,079 --> 01:17:40,599 - [Voiceover] "Hitler seemed modest, middle-class, 1337 01:17:40,600 --> 01:17:42,660 rather dull and self-conscious, 1338 01:17:42,661 --> 01:17:46,319 yet with a strange tenderness and appealing helplessness." 1339 01:17:48,960 --> 01:17:52,920 Martha Dodd, daughter of US Ambassador William Dodd. 1340 01:17:54,079 --> 01:17:55,839 (people chattering) 1341 01:17:55,840 --> 01:17:57,320 - [Voiceover] "In private, 1342 01:17:57,321 --> 01:18:00,540 and we as personal bodyguards belonged to his private life, 1343 01:18:00,541 --> 01:18:02,199 he was uncomplicated." 1344 01:18:03,920 --> 01:18:06,880 Rochus Misch, SS Bodyguard Regiment. 1345 01:18:08,600 --> 01:18:10,620 - [Voiceover] "Simple lower middle-class life 1346 01:18:10,621 --> 01:18:11,960 was not hard for him. 1347 01:18:14,560 --> 01:18:16,319 It attracted a lot of empathy. 1348 01:18:17,239 --> 01:18:20,760 It gave him a lot of credit for other unpopular decisions. 1349 01:18:21,680 --> 01:18:23,279 Otherwise his simple manner 1350 01:18:23,280 --> 01:18:25,919 also had clear political intentions. 1351 01:18:25,920 --> 01:18:27,620 He often emphasized." 1352 01:18:27,621 --> 01:18:29,880 - [Voiceover] "If I am simple and unpretentious, 1353 01:18:29,881 --> 01:18:32,080 then my surroundings have to be pompous. 1354 01:18:32,081 --> 01:18:35,119 That way, my simplicity appears even stronger." 1355 01:18:36,079 --> 01:18:38,920 - [Voiceover] Albert Speer, "The Kransberg Protocol." 1356 01:18:39,720 --> 01:18:42,720 (majestic music) 1357 01:18:43,600 --> 01:18:46,159 - [Voiceover] "Goering, who'd become fat and out of shape, 1358 01:18:46,160 --> 01:18:48,479 seemed ridiculous in his fantasy uniforms 1359 01:18:48,480 --> 01:18:50,980 and his love of medals and decorations. 1360 01:18:50,981 --> 01:18:53,880 His greed for earthly goods turned him into a crook. 1361 01:18:54,600 --> 01:18:57,079 Robert Coulondre, who served as an ambassador 1362 01:18:57,080 --> 01:18:59,278 to Berlin in autumn 1938, 1363 01:18:59,279 --> 01:19:02,318 wrote that of all Hitler's sinister buddies, 1364 01:19:02,319 --> 01:19:03,920 he was still the best." 1365 01:19:06,520 --> 01:19:08,959 Paul Stehlin, Air Force Attache 1366 01:19:08,960 --> 01:19:10,840 in the French Embassy in Berlin. 1367 01:19:18,000 --> 01:19:20,159 - [Voiceover] "It has been suggested many times 1368 01:19:20,160 --> 01:19:23,960 that Hitler had unwavering faith in his old comrades. 1369 01:19:25,520 --> 01:19:28,319 As far as the Reichsmarschall was concerned, 1370 01:19:28,320 --> 01:19:31,439 this assumption is true unfortunately." 1371 01:19:32,560 --> 01:19:36,359 Heinz Guderian, Commander of the Second Tank Division. 1372 01:19:37,159 --> 01:19:40,399 (people chattering) 1373 01:19:41,920 --> 01:19:43,920 - [Voiceover] "For the rest of the evening, he told jokes 1374 01:19:43,921 --> 01:19:45,719 about Goebbels and Goering." 1375 01:19:45,720 --> 01:19:47,039 - [Voiceover] "Do you know the difference 1376 01:19:47,040 --> 01:19:48,740 between Goebbels and Goering?" 1377 01:19:48,741 --> 01:19:51,199 - [Voiceover] "He asked, and when nobody could answer, 1378 01:19:51,200 --> 01:19:52,680 he solved the riddle himself." 1379 01:19:52,681 --> 01:19:55,239 - [Voiceover] "Goebbels is the maximum amount of nonsense 1380 01:19:55,240 --> 01:19:57,478 a man can utter in one hour, 1381 01:19:57,479 --> 01:20:00,318 and Goering is the maximum of sheet metal 1382 01:20:00,319 --> 01:20:02,719 a man can hang on his chest." 1383 01:20:02,720 --> 01:20:04,279 - [Voiceover] Friedelind Wagner. 1384 01:20:04,280 --> 01:20:07,439 (people chattering) 1385 01:20:10,319 --> 01:20:12,840 - [Voiceover] Berlin, November 1937. 1386 01:20:14,520 --> 01:20:17,478 "In November, the hunting exhibition was opened 1387 01:20:17,479 --> 01:20:20,799 by Reich Master Hunter Goering. 1388 01:20:20,800 --> 01:20:24,959 Strong foreign participation contributed to its success, 1389 01:20:24,960 --> 01:20:26,640 causing a sensation in Berlin 1390 01:20:26,641 --> 01:20:30,319 and impressing the visiting guests from all over the world. 1391 01:20:30,320 --> 01:20:32,800 Our French countryman came in droves." 1392 01:20:35,920 --> 01:20:37,359 Paul Stehlin. 1393 01:20:39,199 --> 01:20:41,000 - [Voiceover] "He condemned the elegant passions 1394 01:20:41,001 --> 01:20:44,520 of his lofty colleagues, like hunting or horse racing. 1395 01:20:47,680 --> 01:20:49,040 These were the last remnants 1396 01:20:49,041 --> 01:20:51,119 of the feudal rule of the princes. 1397 01:20:52,279 --> 01:20:53,880 He made fun of them a lot." 1398 01:20:56,800 --> 01:20:58,239 Albert Speer. 1399 01:21:00,279 --> 01:21:03,479 - [Voiceover] "Hitler's evil sprit was Goebbels." 1400 01:21:05,600 --> 01:21:07,279 Ernst Hanfstaengl. 1401 01:21:08,760 --> 01:21:10,159 - [Voiceover] "On the same evening, 1402 01:21:10,160 --> 01:21:12,259 I saw Goebbels for the first time, 1403 01:21:12,260 --> 01:21:15,560 a small man with an overly big head on a child's body. 1404 01:21:15,561 --> 01:21:17,339 He was surprisingly ugly. 1405 01:21:17,340 --> 01:21:19,460 His defect, he has a club foot, 1406 01:21:19,461 --> 01:21:22,259 barely lessened the antipathy that he aroused. 1407 01:21:22,260 --> 01:21:24,160 He was, however, very intelligent 1408 01:21:24,161 --> 01:21:27,319 and, after Hitler, the best public speaker in the party." 1409 01:21:29,600 --> 01:21:31,159 Paul Stehlin. 1410 01:21:33,439 --> 01:21:35,660 - [Voiceover] "I couldn't care less what people think, 1411 01:21:35,661 --> 01:21:37,279 and I'll say this openly. 1412 01:21:37,280 --> 01:21:39,060 Goebbels was an interesting man. 1413 01:21:39,061 --> 01:21:40,199 I never disliked him. 1414 01:21:40,200 --> 01:21:42,439 He was only dangerous towards the end." 1415 01:21:45,560 --> 01:21:48,880 Zarah Leander, Swedish singer and actress. 1416 01:21:50,239 --> 01:21:51,420 (majestic music) 1417 01:21:51,421 --> 01:21:53,279 - [Voiceover] "He was capable of recognizing 1418 01:21:53,280 --> 01:21:56,399 the faults and weakness of the National Socialist system, 1419 01:21:57,319 --> 01:21:58,840 but he wasn't courageous enough 1420 01:21:58,841 --> 01:22:00,439 to point these out to Hitler. 1421 01:22:01,199 --> 01:22:02,600 In front of Hitler, 1422 01:22:02,601 --> 01:22:05,600 he was like Goering and Himmler, a little man." 1423 01:22:09,640 --> 01:22:12,119 Heinz Guderian, Major General. 1424 01:22:16,800 --> 01:22:19,438 (people cheering) 1425 01:22:19,439 --> 01:22:24,039 - [Voiceover] Speech in Munich, March the 14th 1936. 1426 01:22:24,880 --> 01:22:26,660 "With the confidence of a sleepwalker, 1427 01:22:26,661 --> 01:22:30,119 I am following the path marked out by destiny for me." 1428 01:22:32,680 --> 01:22:34,119 Adolf Hitler. 1429 01:22:38,279 --> 01:22:42,680 - [Voiceover] Diary, Sunday, March the 16th 1935. 1430 01:22:44,279 --> 01:22:46,680 "In the evening, we heard a proclamation 1431 01:22:46,681 --> 01:22:49,478 to the German people by Dr. Goebbels. 1432 01:22:49,479 --> 01:22:51,079 In answer to the adoption 1433 01:22:51,080 --> 01:22:53,620 of two-year military service in France, 1434 01:22:53,621 --> 01:22:54,920 Hitler has introduced 1435 01:22:54,921 --> 01:22:57,479 compulsory military service in Germany. 1436 01:22:57,480 --> 01:22:59,439 Jubilation in Berlin." 1437 01:23:02,159 --> 01:23:03,920 Henrietta Schneider. 1438 01:23:06,920 --> 01:23:08,960 - [Voiceover] Interview with Ward Price, 1439 01:23:08,961 --> 01:23:11,158 correspondent for the Daily Mail, 1440 01:23:11,159 --> 01:23:13,159 January the 17th 1935. 1441 01:23:14,720 --> 01:23:16,359 "I know the horrors of war. 1442 01:23:17,359 --> 01:23:20,079 No gains can compensate for the losses it brings. 1443 01:23:21,039 --> 01:23:24,359 I have seen that war is not the highest form of bliss, 1444 01:23:24,360 --> 01:23:25,799 but the contrary. 1445 01:23:25,800 --> 01:23:28,839 I have witnessed only the deepest suffering. 1446 01:23:28,840 --> 01:23:31,198 Hence, I can quite frankly state, 1447 01:23:31,199 --> 01:23:35,398 Germany will never break the peace of its own accord." 1448 01:23:35,399 --> 01:23:36,559 Adolf Hitler. 1449 01:23:36,560 --> 01:23:38,999 (children chattering) 1450 01:23:39,000 --> 01:23:41,720 - [Voiceover] "I saw a sign on the shop door, 1451 01:23:41,721 --> 01:23:43,600 dogs and Jews not allowed." 1452 01:23:46,359 --> 01:23:48,159 Edgar Feuchtwanger. 1453 01:23:54,239 --> 01:23:58,839 - [Voiceover] Diary, Sunday, September the 15th 1935. 1454 01:23:58,840 --> 01:24:01,760 "On the radio tonight, they're announcing the outcome 1455 01:24:01,761 --> 01:24:04,398 of today's resolutions in the Reichstag. 1456 01:24:04,399 --> 01:24:05,720 That is to say, the laws 1457 01:24:05,721 --> 01:24:08,358 that the NSDAP deputies have agreed on, 1458 01:24:08,359 --> 01:24:10,160 the anti-Jewish laws. 1459 01:24:10,161 --> 01:24:14,399 Marriage between Aryans and non-Aryans is forbidden." 1460 01:24:15,960 --> 01:24:17,800 Calvin Sched, retired. 1461 01:24:21,760 --> 01:24:25,960 (speaking in foreign language) 1462 01:24:34,399 --> 01:24:37,600 (audience cheering) 1463 01:24:46,399 --> 01:24:50,600 (speaking in foreign language) 1464 01:24:55,359 --> 01:24:58,600 (audience cheering) 1465 01:25:04,079 --> 01:25:08,239 (shouting in foreign language) 1466 01:25:15,119 --> 01:25:18,959 - [Voiceover] Diary, Berlin, December the 10th 1935. 1467 01:25:18,960 --> 01:25:22,239 "The genetic health act or sterilization law has been passed 1468 01:25:22,240 --> 01:25:24,160 and envisages extensive examinations 1469 01:25:24,161 --> 01:25:27,480 and tests for engaged couples before they get married. 1470 01:25:27,481 --> 01:25:29,239 If things continue like this, 1471 01:25:29,240 --> 01:25:31,620 we'll soon have a race of supermen. 1472 01:25:31,621 --> 01:25:34,079 So far, there is no sign of this happening." 1473 01:25:36,920 --> 01:25:38,439 Erich Ebermayer. 1474 01:25:41,600 --> 01:25:43,399 - [Voiceover] "Before the end of Culture Week, 1475 01:25:43,400 --> 01:25:45,420 I was once again in an airplane, 1476 01:25:45,421 --> 01:25:47,700 and even from the air, I could see the mass of people 1477 01:25:47,701 --> 01:25:50,399 inside the party buildings on Zeppelinfeld. 1478 01:25:51,239 --> 01:25:52,820 On the way back from the airport, 1479 01:25:52,821 --> 01:25:55,299 the boiling heat of this uniformed public festival 1480 01:25:55,300 --> 01:25:56,720 suddenly enveloped me. 1481 01:25:57,760 --> 01:26:01,760 Marching music, columns of men, swirling dust, 1482 01:26:02,600 --> 01:26:06,800 swastika flags in all possible and impossible places. 1483 01:26:07,800 --> 01:26:10,199 And the pavements brown with people." 1484 01:26:11,199 --> 01:26:12,580 Paul-Otto Schmidt, 1485 01:26:12,581 --> 01:26:15,680 Chief Interpreter at the Foreign Ministry, experiences. 1486 01:26:17,319 --> 01:26:19,318 (singing in foreign language) 1487 01:26:19,319 --> 01:26:22,179 - [Voiceover] "The march past took four hours. 1488 01:26:22,180 --> 01:26:25,080 He held his right arm out in the Nazi salute 1489 01:26:25,081 --> 01:26:27,000 for literally the entire time. 1490 01:26:29,199 --> 01:26:32,599 Afterwards I asked him how he was able to do that. 1491 01:26:32,600 --> 01:26:35,000 His answer, willpower." 1492 01:26:36,960 --> 01:26:40,119 Neville Henderson, British Ambassador to Germany. 1493 01:26:41,720 --> 01:26:43,438 (crowd shouting) 1494 01:26:43,439 --> 01:26:45,000 - [Voiceover] "Each time, I noticed 1495 01:26:45,001 --> 01:26:46,660 how enchanted people looked, 1496 01:26:46,661 --> 01:26:49,139 their faces full of near biblical devotion 1497 01:26:49,140 --> 01:26:50,560 when they saw Hitler. 1498 01:26:53,119 --> 01:26:56,040 As if delirious, they stretched out their arms 1499 01:26:56,041 --> 01:26:59,720 and greeted him with screams and shouts of Heil." 1500 01:27:01,840 --> 01:27:03,039 Paul-Otto Schmidt. 1501 01:27:09,600 --> 01:27:11,060 - [Narrator] Over the years, 1502 01:27:11,061 --> 01:27:14,279 the procedures at the Nuremberg rallies are canonized. 1503 01:27:14,280 --> 01:27:17,198 The form, as Hitler expresses to Albert Speer 1504 01:27:17,199 --> 01:27:20,599 in a debriefing of the party convention in 1938, 1505 01:27:20,600 --> 01:27:25,438 must be an irreversible ritual for as long as he lives. 1506 01:27:25,439 --> 01:27:28,839 Canonization would provide his potential successor 1507 01:27:28,840 --> 01:27:30,959 with Hitler's borrowed charisma 1508 01:27:30,960 --> 01:27:33,559 and become a liturgy of the Third Reich. 1509 01:27:33,560 --> 01:27:36,760 (people chattering) 1510 01:27:38,079 --> 01:27:41,079 (crowd shouting) 1511 01:27:44,640 --> 01:27:48,198 - [Voiceover] "On Friday the 11th of March 1938, 1512 01:27:48,199 --> 01:27:51,600 Austrian Radio broadcast a program of light music. 1513 01:27:52,399 --> 01:27:54,478 It was 7:45 in the evening 1514 01:27:54,479 --> 01:27:57,198 when the announcer suddenly interrupted. 1515 01:27:57,199 --> 01:27:59,398 The Chancellor was going to speak. 1516 01:27:59,399 --> 01:28:02,879 Kurt Schuschnigg said that in order to avoid bloodshed, 1517 01:28:02,880 --> 01:28:05,600 he would capitate to Hitler's wishes. 1518 01:28:06,640 --> 01:28:10,319 He ended his speech with the words God protect Austria." 1519 01:28:12,079 --> 01:28:15,118 Dr. Eduard Bloch, the Hitlers' family doctor, 1520 01:28:15,119 --> 01:28:20,000 written in US exile, March the 15th 1941. 1521 01:28:22,960 --> 01:28:26,959 (guns banging) (pensive music) 1522 01:28:26,960 --> 01:28:28,479 - [Voiceover] "Apart from his resolve 1523 01:28:28,480 --> 01:28:30,960 to bring all Teutonic races into the Reich, 1524 01:28:30,961 --> 01:28:33,540 as so plainly described in 'Mein Kampf, ' 1525 01:28:33,541 --> 01:28:35,359 Hitler had two reasons for wishing 1526 01:28:35,360 --> 01:28:37,159 to absorb the Austrian Republic. 1527 01:28:39,359 --> 01:28:42,198 It opened both the door of Czechoslovakia 1528 01:28:42,199 --> 01:28:44,198 and the more spacious portals 1529 01:28:44,199 --> 01:28:46,720 of Southeastern Europe to Germany." 1530 01:28:48,760 --> 01:28:51,960 Winston Churchill, "The Second World War." 1531 01:28:54,880 --> 01:28:56,238 (stately music) 1532 01:28:56,239 --> 01:28:58,119 - [Voiceover] "If it is still claimed today 1533 01:28:58,120 --> 01:28:59,820 that Hitler occupied Austria 1534 01:28:59,821 --> 01:29:01,680 against the will of the Austrians, 1535 01:29:01,681 --> 01:29:04,560 that doesn't coincide with my observations." 1536 01:29:07,239 --> 01:29:10,599 Fritz Wiedemann, Adjutant to Adolf Hitler. 1537 01:29:10,600 --> 01:29:13,800 (people chattering) 1538 01:29:15,000 --> 01:29:16,560 - [Voiceover] Hitler's speech from a balcony 1539 01:29:16,561 --> 01:29:18,119 of the Hapsburg Palace. 1540 01:29:21,239 --> 01:29:22,740 (speaking in foreign language) 1541 01:29:22,741 --> 01:29:25,319 "As Fuhrer and Chancellor of the German nation and Reich, 1542 01:29:25,320 --> 01:29:28,759 I report before history the entry of my homeland 1543 01:29:28,760 --> 01:29:30,960 into the German Reich." 1544 01:29:32,680 --> 01:29:35,600 (crowd cheering) 1545 01:29:37,840 --> 01:29:39,900 - [Narrator] On March the 25th 1938, 1546 01:29:39,901 --> 01:29:43,079 Hitler begins the last election campaign of his life. 1547 01:29:44,479 --> 01:29:47,239 Hitler wants to confirm the annexation of Austria 1548 01:29:47,240 --> 01:29:48,720 in a referendum. 1549 01:29:50,600 --> 01:29:54,559 He estimates 80% will vote in favor of it in Austria. 1550 01:29:54,560 --> 01:29:55,920 He's more than surprised 1551 01:29:55,921 --> 01:29:58,159 when on the evening of April the 10th 1552 01:29:58,160 --> 01:30:00,560 the referendum results are announced. 1553 01:30:00,561 --> 01:30:05,038 99.7% have voted for the Anschluss, 1554 01:30:05,039 --> 01:30:07,158 more than in the Old Reich. 1555 01:30:07,159 --> 01:30:10,079 (crowd cheering) 1556 01:30:17,159 --> 01:30:19,920 (somber music) 1557 01:30:40,640 --> 01:30:42,840 - [Voiceover] "He's really very lonely. 1558 01:30:42,841 --> 01:30:44,439 Doesn't have any luck with women. 1559 01:30:44,440 --> 01:30:46,139 He's too soft with them 1560 01:30:46,140 --> 01:30:47,400 Women don't like that. 1561 01:30:47,401 --> 01:30:49,399 They need a man to lord it over them." 1562 01:30:52,199 --> 01:30:53,960 Joseph Goebbels, diary. 1563 01:30:55,199 --> 01:30:56,999 (people chattering) 1564 01:30:57,000 --> 01:30:58,999 - [Narrator] In October 1938, 1565 01:30:59,000 --> 01:31:03,679 Willi Forst shoots "Bel Ami" in the UFA Studios in Berlin. 1566 01:31:03,680 --> 01:31:05,719 (jaunty music) 1567 01:31:05,720 --> 01:31:08,038 (singing in foreign language) 1568 01:31:08,039 --> 01:31:10,239 - [Voiceover] Speech to the Nazi Women's League 1569 01:31:10,240 --> 01:31:11,438 in Nuremberg. 1570 01:31:11,439 --> 01:31:13,560 "There was a time when liberalism fought 1571 01:31:13,561 --> 01:31:15,159 for the equal rights of women, 1572 01:31:15,160 --> 01:31:18,700 but the faces of German women, of German girls lacked hope. 1573 01:31:18,701 --> 01:31:20,439 They were gloomy and sad. 1574 01:31:20,440 --> 01:31:24,600 And today, today we see countless beaming, laughing faces." 1575 01:31:29,760 --> 01:31:31,438 Adolf Hitler. 1576 01:31:31,439 --> 01:31:35,520 (singing in foreign language) 1577 01:31:55,439 --> 01:31:57,039 - [Voiceover] "He knew that he could have 1578 01:31:57,040 --> 01:31:58,479 any number of women. 1579 01:31:59,439 --> 01:32:03,318 He refused because he didn't know, as he said jokingly, 1580 01:32:03,319 --> 01:32:06,519 whether they favored him as Reich Chancellor 1581 01:32:06,520 --> 01:32:07,840 or as Adolf Hitler." 1582 01:32:08,640 --> 01:32:09,680 Albert Speer. 1583 01:32:12,079 --> 01:32:13,760 - [Voiceover] "As for Eva Braun, 1584 01:32:13,761 --> 01:32:16,299 no one outside the inner circles of the party and the SS 1585 01:32:16,300 --> 01:32:19,159 knew of her until the last year of the war." 1586 01:32:21,199 --> 01:32:22,478 Charles Bewley, 1587 01:32:22,479 --> 01:32:26,399 Irish Envoy Extraordinary to Berlin, 1933 to 1939. 1588 01:32:32,039 --> 01:32:34,840 - [Voiceover] "Privately Hitler was very nice. 1589 01:32:34,841 --> 01:32:37,960 Eva Braun loved him very much and he loved her." 1590 01:32:41,680 --> 01:32:44,600 Herta Schneider, friend of Eva Braun. 1591 01:32:46,279 --> 01:32:48,920 - [Voiceover] Diary, November the 18th 1934. 1592 01:32:51,560 --> 01:32:53,119 "I don't want it to be my fault 1593 01:32:53,120 --> 01:32:54,880 if he doesn't like me anymore." 1594 01:32:57,039 --> 01:32:58,720 Eva Braun. 1595 01:33:00,600 --> 01:33:05,559 - [Narrator] For several months in the years 1934 and 1935, 1596 01:33:05,560 --> 01:33:07,520 Eva Braun keeps a diary. 1597 01:33:08,439 --> 01:33:11,680 The diary includes the period when she attempts suicide, 1598 01:33:11,681 --> 01:33:14,438 probably to get Hitler to commit to her. 1599 01:33:14,439 --> 01:33:17,680 (squirrel chirping) 1600 01:33:20,000 --> 01:33:23,359 - [Voiceover] Diary, March the 11th 1935 1601 01:33:24,479 --> 01:33:26,318 "If only I'd never met him. 1602 01:33:26,319 --> 01:33:27,679 I'm in despair. 1603 01:33:27,680 --> 01:33:30,038 I'm buying sleeping powders again. 1604 01:33:30,039 --> 01:33:31,980 He only needs me for certain purposes. 1605 01:33:31,981 --> 01:33:33,680 Nothing else is possible. 1606 01:33:34,479 --> 01:33:37,840 When he says he loves me, he means it only at that moment." 1607 01:33:40,640 --> 01:33:41,640 Eva Braun. 1608 01:33:42,279 --> 01:33:44,078 (waves rustling) 1609 01:33:44,079 --> 01:33:46,319 - [Voiceover] "That was when Eva Braun 1610 01:33:46,320 --> 01:33:48,398 attempted her first suicide. 1611 01:33:48,399 --> 01:33:51,960 This act of desperation moved Hitler deeply." 1612 01:33:54,399 --> 01:33:57,239 Christa Schroeder, Hitler's private secretary. 1613 01:34:05,159 --> 01:34:07,959 "Politically she had no idea. 1614 01:34:07,960 --> 01:34:10,460 You often heard Eva Braun complaining." 1615 01:34:10,461 --> 01:34:12,159 - [Voiceover] "I don't know anything. 1616 01:34:12,160 --> 01:34:14,239 Everything's kept secret from me." 1617 01:34:14,240 --> 01:34:16,639 (breezy music) 1618 01:34:16,640 --> 01:34:18,119 - [Voiceover] "Hitler had got used 1619 01:34:18,120 --> 01:34:19,800 to his girlfriend's character, 1620 01:34:19,801 --> 01:34:22,680 but he didn't give in to everything she wanted. 1621 01:34:22,681 --> 01:34:25,259 She was subject to a lot of strict rules. 1622 01:34:25,260 --> 01:34:27,600 When she danced, she did so secretly 1623 01:34:27,601 --> 01:34:29,920 because Hitler disliked dancing." 1624 01:34:32,199 --> 01:34:33,640 Christa Schroeder. 1625 01:34:33,641 --> 01:34:36,919 (people chattering) 1626 01:34:36,920 --> 01:34:39,800 (elegant music) 1627 01:34:44,399 --> 01:34:46,640 - [Voiceover] "The efforts my wife and I made 1628 01:34:46,641 --> 01:34:49,919 to encourage Hitler to take private dancing lessons 1629 01:34:49,920 --> 01:34:52,358 weren't crowned with success." 1630 01:34:52,359 --> 01:34:53,600 - [Voiceover] "No." 1631 01:34:53,601 --> 01:34:55,319 - [Voiceover] "He said categorically." 1632 01:34:55,159 --> 01:34:56,439 - [Voiceover] "For a statesman, 1633 01:34:56,440 --> 01:34:58,800 dancing is an undignified activity. 1634 01:34:58,801 --> 01:35:01,800 All of these balls are purely a waste of time. 1635 01:35:01,801 --> 01:35:05,199 And besides, the waltz is far too effeminate for a man. 1636 01:35:05,200 --> 01:35:07,119 It's exactly this waltz mania 1637 01:35:07,120 --> 01:35:09,099 that made me hate Vienna so much 1638 01:35:09,100 --> 01:35:10,239 and how it contributed 1639 01:35:10,240 --> 01:35:12,520 to the downfall of the Habsburg Empire." 1640 01:35:15,119 --> 01:35:18,199 - [Voiceover] Ernst Hanfstaengl, from 1937 in exile. 1641 01:35:19,119 --> 01:35:21,960 (elegant music) 1642 01:35:26,000 --> 01:35:29,279 (people chattering) 1643 01:35:35,680 --> 01:35:39,219 - [Narrator] Hitler maintains his publicly spartan lifestyle 1644 01:35:39,220 --> 01:35:42,020 in surroundings of not inconsiderable luxury. 1645 01:35:42,021 --> 01:35:44,560 In addition to his private apartment in Munich, 1646 01:35:44,561 --> 01:35:48,278 he also has a residence in the Alps on Obersalzberg. 1647 01:35:48,279 --> 01:35:49,840 Unnoticed by the public, 1648 01:35:49,841 --> 01:35:52,359 he builds up a fortune worth millions. 1649 01:35:53,439 --> 01:35:55,600 - [Voiceover] "I don't have any stocks. 1650 01:35:55,601 --> 01:35:57,879 I don't own shares in any company. 1651 01:35:57,880 --> 01:35:59,680 I don't earn dividends." 1652 01:36:01,359 --> 01:36:03,680 Adolf Hitler in the Krupp works, Essen, 1653 01:36:03,681 --> 01:36:06,359 March the 27th 1936. 1654 01:36:08,960 --> 01:36:11,159 - [Narrator] The Reich Finance Ministry declares 1655 01:36:11,160 --> 01:36:14,100 that Hitler is no longer obliged to pay taxes 1656 01:36:14,101 --> 01:36:16,959 due to his constitutional position, 1657 01:36:16,960 --> 01:36:21,199 and as of 1934, Hitler no longer does so. 1658 01:36:23,520 --> 01:36:25,799 (foreboding music) 1659 01:36:25,800 --> 01:36:28,119 - [Voiceover] "When he had to make big decisions, 1660 01:36:28,120 --> 01:36:29,800 he went up to Obersalzberg. 1661 01:36:30,760 --> 01:36:33,680 Here, life was geared to his personal needs. 1662 01:36:35,239 --> 01:36:37,318 Strolls around Obersalzberg, 1663 01:36:37,319 --> 01:36:40,679 stopping in small guesthouses gave him, as he said, 1664 01:36:40,680 --> 01:36:42,120 the inner peace and confidence 1665 01:36:42,121 --> 01:36:44,880 to make the decisions that surprise the world." 1666 01:36:46,560 --> 01:36:48,000 Albert Speer. 1667 01:36:51,640 --> 01:36:53,920 - [Voiceover] "He didn't drink a drop of alcohol, 1668 01:36:53,921 --> 01:36:55,999 never ate meat, didn't smoke. 1669 01:36:56,000 --> 01:37:00,079 His asceticism was real and not artificial." 1670 01:37:01,960 --> 01:37:03,159 Hans Frank. 1671 01:37:05,319 --> 01:37:06,800 - [Voiceover] "One of those present 1672 01:37:06,801 --> 01:37:08,420 asked his personal physician 1673 01:37:08,421 --> 01:37:10,680 whether the health of the Reich Chancellor 1674 01:37:10,681 --> 01:37:13,198 forced him to keep such a strict diet, 1675 01:37:13,199 --> 01:37:15,840 and he answered that his spartan habits 1676 01:37:15,841 --> 01:37:18,279 were mainly for psychological reasons." 1677 01:37:20,800 --> 01:37:23,720 Gustaf Mannerheim, Finnish Field Marshal. 1678 01:37:27,039 --> 01:37:29,800 - [Voiceover] Incidentally, the Fuhrer tried to spoil 1679 01:37:29,801 --> 01:37:32,119 the meat eaters' enjoyment of their meal. 1680 01:37:34,000 --> 01:37:37,620 Although he didn't want to convert anyone to vegetarianism, 1681 01:37:37,621 --> 01:37:40,480 he suddenly began talking about how awful it was 1682 01:37:40,481 --> 01:37:42,279 walking through an abattoir. 1683 01:37:44,640 --> 01:37:48,198 Gertraud Traudl Junge, Hitler's private secretary. 1684 01:37:48,199 --> 01:37:50,078 (pig squealing) 1685 01:37:50,079 --> 01:37:52,719 (people chattering) 1686 01:37:52,720 --> 01:37:54,720 - [Voiceover] "Enjoying meat, he said, 1687 01:37:54,721 --> 01:37:57,158 triggered a desire for alcohol, 1688 01:37:57,159 --> 01:38:00,278 and then again, alcohol stimulated smoking, 1689 01:38:00,279 --> 01:38:03,278 and this was how one vice led to another. 1690 01:38:03,279 --> 01:38:07,199 Nicotine was, in his opinion, even worse than alcohol. 1691 01:38:07,840 --> 01:38:09,860 He actually toyed with the idea 1692 01:38:09,861 --> 01:38:12,520 of totally banning smoking throughout Germany. 1693 01:38:15,439 --> 01:38:18,339 The campaign would start with a skull and crossbones 1694 01:38:18,340 --> 01:38:20,439 printed on the cigarette packet." 1695 01:38:24,039 --> 01:38:25,439 Christa Schroeder. 1696 01:38:27,920 --> 01:38:30,279 - [Narrator] Hitler is driven by the notion 1697 01:38:30,280 --> 01:38:33,839 that he will only be granted a short life. 1698 01:38:33,840 --> 01:38:35,118 (ominous music) 1699 01:38:35,119 --> 01:38:37,520 - [Voiceover] My personal last will and testament. 1700 01:38:37,521 --> 01:38:40,639 Berlin, May the 2nd 1938. 1701 01:38:40,640 --> 01:38:42,438 "In the case of my death, 1702 01:38:42,439 --> 01:38:45,198 I dispose that my remains be buried 1703 01:38:45,199 --> 01:38:48,460 in the right-hand temple of the Eternal Guardhouse. 1704 01:38:48,461 --> 01:38:50,960 My coffin should resemble the others. 1705 01:38:50,961 --> 01:38:53,839 That my entire estate be left to the party. 1706 01:38:53,840 --> 01:38:56,278 To Fraulein Eva Braun, Munich, 1707 01:38:56,279 --> 01:38:59,799 a lifelong allowance of 1,000 marks per month. 1708 01:38:59,800 --> 01:39:01,959 To my sister Angela, Dresden, 1709 01:39:01,960 --> 01:39:05,478 a lifelong allowance of 1,000 marks per month. 1710 01:39:05,479 --> 01:39:07,398 To my sister Paula, Vienna, 1711 01:39:07,399 --> 01:39:10,959 a lifelong allowance of 1,000 marks per month. 1712 01:39:10,960 --> 01:39:13,358 To my stepbrother Alois Hitler, 1713 01:39:13,359 --> 01:39:16,078 the lump sum of 60,000 marks. 1714 01:39:16,079 --> 01:39:17,959 To my trusted Julius Schaub, 1715 01:39:17,960 --> 01:39:19,880 the lump sum of 10,000 marks 1716 01:39:19,881 --> 01:39:22,960 and a lifelong monthly pension of 500 marks. 1717 01:39:25,159 --> 01:39:26,960 I appoint the Master of the Treasury 1718 01:39:26,961 --> 01:39:28,940 as executor of this testament. 1719 01:39:28,941 --> 01:39:31,600 In the case of his death, Martin Bormann." 1720 01:39:34,000 --> 01:39:35,239 Adolf Hitler. 1721 01:39:39,399 --> 01:39:42,199 (somber music) 1722 01:40:04,199 --> 01:40:06,840 - [Voiceover] "He has managed to captivate his people, 1723 01:40:06,841 --> 01:40:08,700 using a mystical band 1724 01:40:08,701 --> 01:40:11,720 that is not even dependent on the National Socialist Party 1725 01:40:11,721 --> 01:40:13,559 that helped him into power. 1726 01:40:13,560 --> 01:40:16,599 I often have the opportunity to experience this, 1727 01:40:16,600 --> 01:40:19,159 indeed, in all social circles." 1728 01:40:23,039 --> 01:40:24,359 Robert Coulondre, 1729 01:40:24,360 --> 01:40:28,719 French Ambassador to Berlin, 1938 and 1939. 1730 01:40:28,720 --> 01:40:31,760 (people clapping) 1731 01:40:37,319 --> 01:40:40,279 - [Voiceover] "Troppau lies near the German border. 1732 01:40:41,119 --> 01:40:43,159 Whenever we came up to the border, 1733 01:40:43,160 --> 01:40:44,960 several in the group broke away, 1734 01:40:44,961 --> 01:40:48,880 ran across the border line, and kissed the German earth. 1735 01:40:50,319 --> 01:40:53,900 Later, I learned that these children were ethnic Germans 1736 01:40:53,901 --> 01:40:56,039 who were raised to love Germany." 1737 01:40:59,359 --> 01:41:01,239 Ruth Elias, Czech Jew. 1738 01:41:09,760 --> 01:41:14,000 - [Voiceover] Diary, Monday, September the 12th 1938. 1739 01:41:16,279 --> 01:41:18,159 "In the evening, we heard the close 1740 01:41:18,160 --> 01:41:20,799 of the party convention in Nuremberg. 1741 01:41:20,800 --> 01:41:23,519 Adolf Hitler called on President Benes, 1742 01:41:23,520 --> 01:41:26,159 if the Sudeten Germans are not protected, 1743 01:41:26,160 --> 01:41:27,920 we know what we have to do. 1744 01:41:29,840 --> 01:41:32,839 God preserve the existing peace." 1745 01:41:32,840 --> 01:41:34,639 (stately music) 1746 01:41:34,640 --> 01:41:39,159 Diary, Tuesday, September the 27th 1938. 1747 01:41:40,119 --> 01:41:42,840 "Hitler spoke to the German people last night. 1748 01:41:43,760 --> 01:41:45,960 If Benes doesn't accept his offer, 1749 01:41:45,961 --> 01:41:48,119 we'll move in on October the 1st. 1750 01:41:48,960 --> 01:41:50,399 That means war." 1751 01:41:52,520 --> 01:41:57,358 Diary, Wednesday September the 28th 1938. 1752 01:41:57,359 --> 01:41:59,478 "Tomorrow, a meeting in Munich 1753 01:41:59,479 --> 01:42:04,680 between Hitler, Daladier, Chamberlain, and Mussolini." 1754 01:42:10,760 --> 01:42:15,238 Diary, Friday, September the 30th 1938. 1755 01:42:15,239 --> 01:42:18,639 "The negotiations in Munich have had a happy ending. 1756 01:42:18,640 --> 01:42:22,719 The Czechs have to pull out of the Sudetenland tomorrow. 1757 01:42:22,720 --> 01:42:25,840 Hitler, our prince of peace." 1758 01:42:27,680 --> 01:42:31,079 Henrietta Schneider, housekeeper, East Prussia. 1759 01:42:34,319 --> 01:42:36,199 - [Voiceover] "The genius of the Fuhrer 1760 01:42:36,200 --> 01:42:39,999 and his determination not to shrink even in the face of war 1761 01:42:40,000 --> 01:42:43,680 have again achieved victory without the use of force." 1762 01:42:44,920 --> 01:42:47,479 Alfred Jodl, Major General. 1763 01:42:50,079 --> 01:42:52,840 - [Voiceover] "In spite of the harshness and ruthlessness 1764 01:42:52,841 --> 01:42:54,719 I thought I saw in his face, 1765 01:42:54,720 --> 01:42:57,219 I got the impression that here was a man 1766 01:42:57,220 --> 01:43:00,520 who could be relied upon when he had given his word." 1767 01:43:02,359 --> 01:43:05,020 Neville Chamberlain, British Prime Minister, 1768 01:43:05,021 --> 01:43:06,479 letter to his sister. 1769 01:43:10,520 --> 01:43:13,620 - [Voiceover] "On Monday, November the 7th 1938, 1770 01:43:13,621 --> 01:43:16,560 the stateless 17-year-old Jewish boy Grynszpan 1771 01:43:16,561 --> 01:43:18,299 goes to the German Embassy, 1772 01:43:18,300 --> 01:43:21,000 demands to speak with one of the councilors, 1773 01:43:21,001 --> 01:43:25,279 is taken to the Duty Councilor Vom Rath, and shoots him. 1774 01:43:26,079 --> 01:43:28,520 Grynszpan describes the motive for the act 1775 01:43:28,521 --> 01:43:31,640 as wanting to take revenge for his fellow believers 1776 01:43:31,641 --> 01:43:34,560 for the Polish Jews forced out of Germany. 1777 01:43:37,600 --> 01:43:41,520 Walter Tausk, German Jew, Wroclaw, diary. 1778 01:43:48,920 --> 01:43:52,679 - [Voiceover] "In Munich, the failed putsch of 1923 1779 01:43:52,680 --> 01:43:54,879 was celebrated with great pomp. 1780 01:43:54,880 --> 01:43:57,760 The SS marched through all over the city. 1781 01:43:59,000 --> 01:44:03,359 The radio announced the death of the diplomat." 1782 01:44:06,560 --> 01:44:08,238 Edgar Feuchtwanger. 1783 01:44:08,239 --> 01:44:12,399 (speaking in foreign language) 1784 01:44:19,279 --> 01:44:22,319 (dignified music) 1785 01:44:29,720 --> 01:44:34,278 (speaking in foreign language) 1786 01:44:34,279 --> 01:44:37,159 (pompous music) 1787 01:44:56,960 --> 01:45:01,159 (speaking in foreign language) 1788 01:45:34,600 --> 01:45:38,720 (singing in foreign language) 1789 01:45:47,359 --> 01:45:50,279 (fire crackling) 1790 01:45:57,520 --> 01:45:59,319 - [Narrator] Following a traditional march 1791 01:45:59,320 --> 01:46:01,020 to the Feldherrnhalle, 1792 01:46:01,021 --> 01:46:04,720 at a social evening of NS party leaders and old comrades, 1793 01:46:04,721 --> 01:46:08,079 Joseph Goebbels announces the death of Ernst vom Rath. 1794 01:46:09,960 --> 01:46:11,680 - [Voiceover] "I go to the party reception 1795 01:46:11,681 --> 01:46:13,398 in the Old Town Hall. 1796 01:46:13,399 --> 01:46:14,719 Very busy. 1797 01:46:14,720 --> 01:46:16,720 I report the matter to the Fuhrer. 1798 01:46:17,960 --> 01:46:19,119 He orders." 1799 01:46:18,880 --> 01:46:20,600 - [Voiceover] "Withdraw the police. 1800 01:46:20,601 --> 01:46:23,439 The Jews should for once feel the people's anger." 1801 01:46:24,960 --> 01:46:27,199 - [Voiceover] Joseph Goebbels, diary. 1802 01:46:27,200 --> 01:46:30,079 (fire crackling) 1803 01:46:30,800 --> 01:46:33,399 - [Voiceover] Diary, November 1938. 1804 01:46:34,359 --> 01:46:36,600 "In the night that brings the news of the death, 1805 01:46:36,601 --> 01:46:39,119 a pogrom breaks out all over Germany. 1806 01:46:40,279 --> 01:46:42,259 All the synagogues are on fire. 1807 01:46:42,260 --> 01:46:44,800 Windows are smashed in all the Jewish shops, 1808 01:46:44,801 --> 01:46:46,438 the wares destroyed. 1809 01:46:46,439 --> 01:46:48,319 Apartments are broken into. 1810 01:46:49,640 --> 01:46:51,840 Thousands of Jewish men are arrested 1811 01:46:51,841 --> 01:46:54,520 and locked up in concentration camps." 1812 01:47:00,960 --> 01:47:04,159 Kathe Kollwitz, painter and sculptress. 1813 01:47:07,960 --> 01:47:09,759 (rain splattering) 1814 01:47:09,760 --> 01:47:11,960 - [Voiceover] "When that segment of the population 1815 01:47:11,961 --> 01:47:15,039 that had not taken part, either as police or SA, 1816 01:47:15,040 --> 01:47:16,700 awoke after the fatal night 1817 01:47:16,701 --> 01:47:19,359 and saw the destruction that had taken place, 1818 01:47:19,360 --> 01:47:23,120 a sequence unfolded that its instigators had not expected. 1819 01:47:23,121 --> 01:47:26,959 An unmistakable deep sense of depression and shame 1820 01:47:26,960 --> 01:47:28,479 seized the public. 1821 01:47:28,480 --> 01:47:31,920 People said, 'I'm ashamed to be a German.'" 1822 01:47:33,520 --> 01:47:37,839 Rudolf Bing, German Jewish businessman, Nuremberg. 1823 01:47:37,840 --> 01:47:40,960 (thunder cracking) 1824 01:47:42,479 --> 01:47:45,239 (lively music) 1825 01:48:00,800 --> 01:48:03,800 - [Voiceover] Diary, December the 6th 1938. 1826 01:48:04,640 --> 01:48:06,740 "A boycott has been issued against Jews 1827 01:48:06,741 --> 01:48:08,239 throughout the Reich. 1828 01:48:10,960 --> 01:48:14,140 The ban against Jews in Berlin applies to all theaters, 1829 01:48:14,141 --> 01:48:17,119 cinemas, cabarets, concert and lecture halls, 1830 01:48:17,120 --> 01:48:20,118 museums, fairs, the radio tower, 1831 01:48:20,119 --> 01:48:22,800 the Deutschlandhalle and the Sportpalast. 1832 01:48:22,801 --> 01:48:26,120 In addition, all outdoor and indoor swimming pools, 1833 01:48:26,121 --> 01:48:29,398 as well as from Wilhelmstrasse and Vossstrasse 1834 01:48:29,399 --> 01:48:33,079 to the Reich Monument and the Zeughaus." 1835 01:48:34,960 --> 01:48:36,520 Erich Ebermayer, writer. 1836 01:48:36,521 --> 01:48:39,358 (audience cheering) 1837 01:48:39,359 --> 01:48:42,199 - [Narrator] Harassed by the Nazi authorities, 1838 01:48:42,200 --> 01:48:45,919 around 120,000 German and Austrian Jews 1839 01:48:45,920 --> 01:48:48,179 succeed in leaving their homeland 1840 01:48:48,180 --> 01:48:50,800 by the beginning of the Second World War. 1841 01:48:50,801 --> 01:48:53,520 (jaunty music) 1842 01:48:55,680 --> 01:48:58,318 (wind howling) 1843 01:48:58,319 --> 01:49:01,479 - [Voiceover] Diary, January the 1st 1939. 1844 01:49:04,640 --> 01:49:05,600 "A new year. 1845 01:49:05,601 --> 01:49:07,760 Ah, may it be a year of peace." 1846 01:49:10,520 --> 01:49:13,680 Thea Sternheim, art collector and author. 1847 01:49:15,079 --> 01:49:18,238 - [Narrator] On the 13th of February 1939, 1848 01:49:18,239 --> 01:49:21,140 Hitler tells a few confidantes that he intends 1849 01:49:21,141 --> 01:49:24,398 to take action against the Czechs in mid-March. 1850 01:49:24,399 --> 01:49:27,719 German propaganda is adjusted accordingly. 1851 01:49:27,720 --> 01:49:31,000 (people chattering) 1852 01:49:34,399 --> 01:49:35,960 - [Voiceover] Diary, Berlin, 1853 01:49:35,961 --> 01:49:39,000 March the 14th 1939, nighttime. 1854 01:49:40,159 --> 01:49:41,840 "Foreign broadcasters are reporting 1855 01:49:41,841 --> 01:49:43,820 that the Czechoslovak President Hacha 1856 01:49:43,821 --> 01:49:46,680 arrived in Berlin today and was received by Hitler. 1857 01:49:47,319 --> 01:49:49,279 Does this mean war after all?" 1858 01:49:51,920 --> 01:49:53,239 Erich Ebermayer. 1859 01:49:57,720 --> 01:50:01,198 (triumphant music) 1860 01:50:01,199 --> 01:50:02,319 - [Voiceover] "In the meantime, 1861 01:50:02,159 --> 01:50:03,600 I dealt with the transcription 1862 01:50:03,601 --> 01:50:06,359 of the statement of just a few lines, reading, 1863 01:50:06,360 --> 01:50:08,640 the Czechoslovak President has declared 1864 01:50:08,641 --> 01:50:10,039 that he has trustingly placed 1865 01:50:10,040 --> 01:50:12,580 the fate of the Czech people and country 1866 01:50:12,581 --> 01:50:15,199 in the hands of the Fuhrer of the German Reich. 1867 01:50:16,000 --> 01:50:18,180 The Fuhrer accepted this declaration 1868 01:50:18,181 --> 01:50:20,960 and expressed his intention of taking the Czech people 1869 01:50:20,961 --> 01:50:23,380 under the protection of the German Reich 1870 01:50:23,381 --> 01:50:25,640 and guaranteeing them autonomous development 1871 01:50:25,641 --> 01:50:28,479 of their ethnic life suited to their character." 1872 01:50:29,960 --> 01:50:33,159 Paul-Otto Schmidt, interpreter for Adolf Hitler. 1873 01:50:36,359 --> 01:50:37,920 - [Voiceover] "For three hours, 1874 01:50:37,921 --> 01:50:39,399 Hitler conducted a discussion 1875 01:50:39,400 --> 01:50:41,720 with the President of Czechoslovakia. 1876 01:50:41,721 --> 01:50:44,599 We all knew that it was about war or peace. 1877 01:50:44,600 --> 01:50:46,239 Suddenly the door opened. 1878 01:50:46,240 --> 01:50:48,480 Hitler rushed out and proclaimed." 1879 01:50:48,481 --> 01:50:50,919 - [Voiceover] "So people, good news. 1880 01:50:50,920 --> 01:50:52,560 Hacha has signed the agreement. 1881 01:50:52,561 --> 01:50:55,359 I will go down as the greatest German in history." 1882 01:50:57,239 --> 01:51:00,600 - [Voiceover] Christa Schroeder, Hitler's private secretary. 1883 01:51:03,239 --> 01:51:05,079 - [Voiceover] Letter to Elisabeth Wagner, 1884 01:51:05,080 --> 01:51:07,959 March the 15th 1939, evening. 1885 01:51:07,960 --> 01:51:11,600 "The Fuhrer drove to Prague at four o'clock this afternoon. 1886 01:51:12,119 --> 01:51:14,199 He is staying at Prague Castle. 1887 01:51:14,200 --> 01:51:16,600 In the morning, there will be a parade. 1888 01:51:16,601 --> 01:51:18,520 His dream is thus fulfilled." 1889 01:51:22,479 --> 01:51:24,640 Eduard Wagner, Artillery General. 1890 01:51:31,439 --> 01:51:32,760 - [Voiceover] Secret report 1891 01:51:32,761 --> 01:51:35,039 to Ambassador Jozef Lipski in Berlin. 1892 01:51:36,680 --> 01:51:39,520 "Everyone is awaiting further steps from Hitler. 1893 01:51:39,521 --> 01:51:42,340 It is generally assumed that after the annexation of Memel, 1894 01:51:42,341 --> 01:51:45,120 he has to move on to the settlement demands with Poland, 1895 01:51:45,121 --> 01:51:48,120 primarily the takeover of Danzig and the Corridor. 1896 01:51:48,121 --> 01:51:50,680 The solution to these questions will meet with understanding 1897 01:51:50,681 --> 01:51:52,840 and recognition by the German people." 1898 01:51:56,680 --> 01:52:00,118 Feliks Chiczewski, Polish General Consul. 1899 01:52:00,119 --> 01:52:02,840 (bell ringing) 1900 01:52:08,479 --> 01:52:11,399 - [Voiceover] Letter to his wife, Vita Sackville-West, 1901 01:52:11,400 --> 01:52:14,239 April the 20th 1939. 1902 01:52:15,119 --> 01:52:18,380 "There is a break in the crisis, which makes me uneasy. 1903 01:52:18,381 --> 01:52:20,960 That is one of the worst things with this tension. 1904 01:52:20,961 --> 01:52:24,238 If Hitler doesn't do anything, we all become uneasy, 1905 01:52:24,239 --> 01:52:27,439 and if he does do something, we all get frightened." 1906 01:52:28,720 --> 01:52:33,318 Harold Nicolson, member of Parliament, National Labor Party. 1907 01:52:33,319 --> 01:52:36,079 (mellow music) 1908 01:52:39,199 --> 01:52:41,560 - [Voiceover] "The summer was winding down. 1909 01:52:41,561 --> 01:52:43,760 The weather was warm and sultry, 1910 01:52:43,761 --> 01:52:46,919 and Danzig's numerous cafes, beer and wine gardens 1911 01:52:46,920 --> 01:52:49,540 were filled with Germans enjoying themselves 1912 01:52:49,541 --> 01:52:51,960 despite all the talk of imminent war. 1913 01:52:54,039 --> 01:52:57,478 It was difficult to conceive of such folks going to war 1914 01:52:57,479 --> 01:52:59,760 or causing war to break out over them." 1915 01:53:03,279 --> 01:53:04,740 Williams Shirer, correspondent 1916 01:53:04,741 --> 01:53:07,399 for the Columbia Broadcast System in Berlin. 1917 01:53:10,159 --> 01:53:14,039 - [Voiceover] August the 13th 1939, Obersalzberg. 1918 01:53:14,920 --> 01:53:17,959 Paul-Otto Schmidt, interpreter of Adolf Hitler. 1919 01:53:17,960 --> 01:53:20,520 "Hitler was completely set on war." 1920 01:53:21,560 --> 01:53:23,800 - [Voiceover] "The British are guilty of everything. 1921 01:53:23,801 --> 01:53:26,400 The Poles have a serious lesson to learn. 1922 01:53:26,401 --> 01:53:28,660 The democracies are inferior to Germany 1923 01:53:28,661 --> 01:53:30,000 and will never fight." 1924 01:53:30,680 --> 01:53:32,319 - [Voiceover] "Was the recurring key note 1925 01:53:32,320 --> 01:53:34,239 of the German dictator's speeches. 1926 01:53:39,000 --> 01:53:41,840 The next day, the Italian Foreign Minister Ciano 1927 01:53:41,841 --> 01:53:43,439 was received at the Berghof. 1928 01:53:44,920 --> 01:53:47,599 Hitler spoke the following sentence at this event." 1929 01:53:47,600 --> 01:53:49,039 - [Voiceover] "I am firmly convinced 1930 01:53:49,040 --> 01:53:50,560 that neither England nor France 1931 01:53:50,561 --> 01:53:52,560 will enter into a general war." 1932 01:53:53,439 --> 01:53:56,319 (ominous music) 1933 01:54:00,079 --> 01:54:01,840 - [Narrator] On August the 19th, 1934 01:54:01,841 --> 01:54:04,259 Kathe and Erich Heuser from Leipzig 1935 01:54:04,260 --> 01:54:07,439 begin their honeymoon with a canoe trip on the Oder River 1936 01:54:07,440 --> 01:54:09,719 in Upper Silesian Raciborz. 1937 01:54:09,720 --> 01:54:11,479 They take Erich's camera. 1938 01:54:12,199 --> 01:54:16,118 For 12 days, the newlywed Leipzigers paddle down the Oder. 1939 01:54:16,119 --> 01:54:19,438 During this time, Adolf Hitler propels the continent 1940 01:54:19,439 --> 01:54:20,920 into a world war. 1941 01:54:25,479 --> 01:54:29,959 - [Voiceover] Diary, Paris, August the 19th 1939. 1942 01:54:29,960 --> 01:54:33,840 "Announcement of a German-Russian Nonaggression Pact." 1943 01:54:35,000 --> 01:54:36,520 Thea Sternheim. 1944 01:54:42,239 --> 01:54:44,800 - [Narrator] At the end of July, on Hitler's approval, 1945 01:54:44,801 --> 01:54:46,520 Foreign Minister Von Ribbentrop 1946 01:54:46,521 --> 01:54:49,920 and State Secretary Von Weizsaecker set the foundations 1947 01:54:49,921 --> 01:54:52,060 for an agreement with the Soviet Union, 1948 01:54:52,061 --> 01:54:54,760 which also includes the partitioning of Poland 1949 01:54:54,761 --> 01:54:56,480 and the Baltic states. 1950 01:54:56,481 --> 01:54:59,760 Hitler is in a hurry because he believes autumn rains 1951 01:54:59,761 --> 01:55:02,840 will prevent a motorized war in backward Poland. 1952 01:55:06,039 --> 01:55:07,860 - [Voiceover] "On August the 19th, 1953 01:55:07,861 --> 01:55:10,580 Stalin accepted Hitler's offer with both hands 1954 01:55:10,581 --> 01:55:13,099 after Hitler had suggested splitting the Baltic 1955 01:55:13,100 --> 01:55:14,880 into spheres of influence. 1956 01:55:15,880 --> 01:55:18,839 I noted, but if Ribbentrop travels to Moscow, 1957 01:55:18,840 --> 01:55:22,640 it means Russia is inviting Hitler to invade Poland." 1958 01:55:25,359 --> 01:55:26,960 Ernst von Weizsaecker, 1959 01:55:26,961 --> 01:55:30,279 Secretary of State at the Foreign Office, memoirs. 1960 01:55:35,479 --> 01:55:37,640 - [Voiceover] Telegram to the German Chancellor, 1961 01:55:37,641 --> 01:55:39,078 Herr A. Hitler. 1962 01:55:39,079 --> 01:55:41,640 August the 21st 1939. 1963 01:55:42,800 --> 01:55:44,760 "I thank you for your letter. 1964 01:55:44,761 --> 01:55:47,319 I hope that the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact 1965 01:55:47,320 --> 01:55:50,179 will be a turning point and a serious improvement 1966 01:55:50,180 --> 01:55:52,840 in political relations between our countries." 1967 01:55:55,119 --> 01:55:56,600 J. Stalin. 1968 01:56:00,199 --> 01:56:01,840 - [Voiceover] Addressed to the commanders in chief 1969 01:56:01,841 --> 01:56:03,158 of the military, 1970 01:56:03,159 --> 01:56:05,639 August the 22nd 1939. 1971 01:56:05,640 --> 01:56:09,198 "It was becoming clear to me that a dispute with Poland 1972 01:56:09,199 --> 01:56:12,278 might take place at an unfavorable time. 1973 01:56:12,279 --> 01:56:14,439 Here is the basis for this finding. 1974 01:56:14,440 --> 01:56:17,919 It depends essentially on me, on my existence, 1975 01:56:17,920 --> 01:56:19,680 on my political ability. 1976 01:56:19,681 --> 01:56:22,139 For it is a fact that probably no one 1977 01:56:22,140 --> 01:56:23,399 will ever have the trust 1978 01:56:23,400 --> 01:56:25,759 of the entire German people as I do. 1979 01:56:25,760 --> 01:56:28,800 In the future, there will probably never be a man 1980 01:56:28,801 --> 01:56:30,660 who has more authority than I. 1981 01:56:30,661 --> 01:56:33,399 My presence, therefore, is of great value, 1982 01:56:33,400 --> 01:56:35,439 but I can be eliminated any time 1983 01:56:35,440 --> 01:56:37,640 by a criminal or by an idiot." 1984 01:56:38,560 --> 01:56:39,760 Adolf Hitler. 1985 01:56:43,039 --> 01:56:44,720 - [Voiceover] "Suffocatingly humid days 1986 01:56:44,721 --> 01:56:47,039 full of fear and expectations. 1987 01:56:48,840 --> 01:56:51,358 Very calm, now only a few cars, 1988 01:56:51,359 --> 01:56:54,438 but trains, trains almost without a break, 1989 01:56:54,439 --> 01:56:55,880 whistling shrilly. 1990 01:56:56,560 --> 01:56:58,839 You can't do anything, can't think, 1991 01:56:58,840 --> 01:57:02,920 can't feel anything other than no war." 1992 01:57:05,439 --> 01:57:09,560 Marie Luise Kaschnitz, author, notes. 1993 01:57:12,439 --> 01:57:15,780 - [Narrator] On August the 30th, Kathe and Erich Heuser 1994 01:57:15,781 --> 01:57:17,640 reach the delta of the Oder River 1995 01:57:17,641 --> 01:57:19,999 and Szczecin, the harbor. 1996 01:57:20,000 --> 01:57:22,339 Government cruise liners are anchored here, 1997 01:57:22,340 --> 01:57:24,840 placed under the protection of the Red Cross 1998 01:57:24,841 --> 01:57:26,359 as hospital ships. 1999 01:57:27,119 --> 01:57:30,319 Two days after the honeymooners arrive in Szczecin, 2000 01:57:30,320 --> 01:57:32,238 the Second World War begins. 2001 01:57:32,239 --> 01:57:35,560 Erich Heuser becomes a soldier on September the 1st. 2002 01:57:39,560 --> 01:57:43,999 - [Voiceover] Diary, Wednesday, August the 30th 1939. 2003 01:57:44,000 --> 01:57:47,038 "In the afternoon, troops equipped for war 2004 01:57:47,039 --> 01:57:50,118 passed for hours heading for the border. 2005 01:57:50,119 --> 01:57:53,119 Poland has declared mobilization." 2006 01:57:54,640 --> 01:57:57,479 Henrietta Schneider, East Prussia. 2007 01:58:02,039 --> 01:58:05,199 - [Voiceover] Private war diary, General Franz Halder. 2008 01:58:06,199 --> 01:58:09,239 "Demands of the Fuhrer on the military leadership. 2009 01:58:09,240 --> 01:58:11,119 Destruction of Poland equals 2010 01:58:11,120 --> 01:58:13,359 elimination of its living power. 2011 01:58:13,360 --> 01:58:16,959 It is not about achieving a specific line or a new border, 2012 01:58:16,960 --> 01:58:19,199 but about destroying the enemy. 2013 01:58:20,039 --> 01:58:22,679 The means are of little concern." 2014 01:58:22,680 --> 01:58:25,880 (people chattering) 2015 01:58:26,800 --> 01:58:28,359 - [Voiceover] "It is disturbing to see the amount 2016 01:58:28,360 --> 01:58:31,000 of responsibility that he bears and accepts." 2017 01:58:32,680 --> 01:58:36,239 Eduard Wagner. (ominous music) 2018 01:58:42,079 --> 01:58:44,559 (gunfire banging) 2019 01:58:44,560 --> 01:58:45,800 - [Voiceover] Message from Commander 2020 01:58:45,801 --> 01:58:47,039 of Westerplatte Peninsula 2021 01:58:47,040 --> 01:58:49,199 to Polish Navy Headquarters in Gdynia, 2022 01:58:49,200 --> 01:58:52,479 September the 1st 1939, 4:50. 2023 01:58:55,159 --> 01:58:57,880 "At 4:45, the armored cruiser Schleswig-Holstein 2024 01:58:57,881 --> 01:59:00,840 opened fire on the Westerplatte with all its guns. 2025 01:59:01,840 --> 01:59:03,479 The barrage continues." 2026 01:59:04,600 --> 01:59:05,820 (gunfire banging) 2027 01:59:05,821 --> 01:59:08,680 Henrich Zukarski, Major of the Polish Army. 2028 01:59:12,319 --> 01:59:15,959 - [Voiceover] Morning, 10:00 am, Reichstag session. 2029 01:59:15,960 --> 01:59:18,559 "Hitler appears deadly serious, 2030 01:59:18,560 --> 01:59:21,318 for the first time in field gray uniform. 2031 01:59:21,319 --> 01:59:23,680 Members of Parliament rise silently, 2032 01:59:23,681 --> 01:59:25,600 and Hitler speaks without notes, 2033 01:59:25,601 --> 01:59:28,199 describing the events of the last days. 2034 01:59:29,159 --> 01:59:30,960 Then comes a sentence." 2035 01:59:30,961 --> 01:59:34,959 - [Voiceover] "Since 5:45 am, we have been returning fire." 2036 01:59:34,960 --> 01:59:38,720 - [Voiceover] Rudolf Jordan, provincial NSDAP leader. 2037 01:59:40,359 --> 01:59:42,399 - [Voiceover] Address before the Reichstag, 2038 01:59:42,400 --> 01:59:45,198 September the 1st 1939. 2039 01:59:45,199 --> 01:59:47,479 "I have once more put on that coat 2040 01:59:47,480 --> 01:59:49,839 that was most sacred and dear to me. 2041 01:59:49,840 --> 01:59:53,478 I will not take it off again until victory is secured, 2042 01:59:53,479 --> 01:59:55,720 or I will not survive the outcome." 2043 01:59:59,880 --> 02:00:01,399 - [Voiceover] "In the early hours, 2044 02:00:01,400 --> 02:00:03,519 4:00 am of September the 3rd, 2045 02:00:03,520 --> 02:00:07,158 I was accordingly instructed by His Majesty's government 2046 02:00:07,159 --> 02:00:08,600 to arrange for a meeting 2047 02:00:08,601 --> 02:00:11,440 with the Minister for Foreign Affairs at 9:00 am. 2048 02:00:11,441 --> 02:00:13,900 I accordingly handed the final ultimatum 2049 02:00:13,901 --> 02:00:16,580 from His Majesty's government to Dr. Schmidt 2050 02:00:16,581 --> 02:00:18,279 at precisely 9:00 am, 2051 02:00:18,280 --> 02:00:21,400 pointing out that unless satisfactory assurances 2052 02:00:21,401 --> 02:00:23,560 were received by His Majesty's government 2053 02:00:23,561 --> 02:00:25,940 before 11:00 am British summertime 2054 02:00:25,941 --> 02:00:29,399 of the suspension of all the German forces from Poland, 2055 02:00:29,400 --> 02:00:32,660 a state of war would exist between our two countries 2056 02:00:32,661 --> 02:00:34,079 as from that hour." 2057 02:00:35,000 --> 02:00:37,479 Neville Henderson, British Ambassador to Germany. 2058 02:00:38,359 --> 02:00:40,318 (bells tolling) 2059 02:00:40,319 --> 02:00:41,920 - [Voiceover] Paul-Otto Schmidt, 2060 02:00:41,921 --> 02:00:45,259 Chief Interpreter of the Foreign Ministry, experiences. 2061 02:00:45,260 --> 02:00:47,680 "Then I took the ultimatum to the Chancellery. 2062 02:00:47,681 --> 02:00:49,359 Hitler's most prominent people 2063 02:00:49,360 --> 02:00:52,520 were gathered in the room in front of his office. 2064 02:00:52,521 --> 02:00:54,800 'What news?' asked anxious voices. 2065 02:00:55,560 --> 02:00:57,940 I answered with a shrug, 'School's canceled, ' 2066 02:00:57,941 --> 02:00:59,179 and entered the next room 2067 02:00:59,180 --> 02:01:01,020 where Hitler was sitting at his desk, 2068 02:01:01,021 --> 02:01:03,039 while Ribbentrop stood at the window. 2069 02:01:04,319 --> 02:01:06,760 I remained some distance from Hitler's desk 2070 02:01:06,761 --> 02:01:08,460 and slowly translated the ultimatum 2071 02:01:08,461 --> 02:01:09,720 of the British government. 2072 02:01:09,721 --> 02:01:12,179 When I finished, there was total silence. 2073 02:01:12,180 --> 02:01:14,000 Hitler sat as though turned to stone, 2074 02:01:14,001 --> 02:01:15,399 just looking straight ahead. 2075 02:01:15,400 --> 02:01:17,820 After a while, he turned to Ribbentrop." 2076 02:01:17,821 --> 02:01:19,399 - [Voiceover] "What now?" 2077 02:01:20,239 --> 02:01:22,560 - [Voiceover] "Ribbentrop replied with a quiet voice." 2078 02:01:22,279 --> 02:01:24,039 - [Voiceover] "I suppose the French will issue 2079 02:01:24,040 --> 02:01:26,118 an identical ultimatum within the hour." 2080 02:01:26,119 --> 02:01:27,720 - [Voiceover] "As my job was now finished, 2081 02:01:27,721 --> 02:01:29,880 I left and told those waiting outside, 2082 02:01:29,881 --> 02:01:31,920 in two hours, a state of war will exist 2083 02:01:31,921 --> 02:01:33,700 between England and Germany. 2084 02:01:33,701 --> 02:01:35,479 Goering turned to me and said." 2085 02:01:36,359 --> 02:01:38,039 - [Voiceover] "If we lose this war, 2086 02:01:38,040 --> 02:01:40,199 then may heaven have mercy on us." 2087 02:01:53,119 --> 02:01:55,880 (somber music) 2088 02:02:16,840 --> 02:02:21,319 - [Voiceover] War diary, September the 13th 1939. 2089 02:02:22,079 --> 02:02:24,000 "The Fuhrer's motorcade roared by. 2090 02:02:25,119 --> 02:02:26,639 We saw our Fuhrer. 2091 02:02:26,640 --> 02:02:28,319 He was going to the front." 2092 02:02:29,960 --> 02:02:33,198 Gerhardt Ent, soldier, Flensburg. 2093 02:02:33,199 --> 02:02:36,119 (crowd cheering) 2094 02:02:38,600 --> 02:02:40,799 - [Narrator] Some 16,000 members 2095 02:02:40,800 --> 02:02:42,960 of the German Armed Forces die, 2096 02:02:42,961 --> 02:02:47,319 and 30,000 are wounded in the Polish campaign of 1939. 2097 02:02:48,199 --> 02:02:50,959 Sources report 68,000 dead 2098 02:02:50,960 --> 02:02:55,118 and 130,000 wounded on the Polish side. 2099 02:02:55,119 --> 02:02:58,158 Tens of thousands of Polish civilians are killed 2100 02:02:58,159 --> 02:03:00,720 in the course of the five-week conflict. 2101 02:03:02,439 --> 02:03:04,278 (fire crackling) 2102 02:03:04,279 --> 02:03:07,920 - [Voiceover] Diary, September the 28th 1939. 2103 02:03:09,159 --> 02:03:11,318 "Warsaw has finally fallen. 2104 02:03:11,319 --> 02:03:13,800 Mountains of corpses have to be removed. 2105 02:03:14,960 --> 02:03:17,060 The Russians are marching into Poland 2106 02:03:17,061 --> 02:03:20,079 and are moving up to an agreed demarcation line. 2107 02:03:20,640 --> 02:03:21,960 Scattered Polish divisions 2108 02:03:21,961 --> 02:03:24,479 are leading a heroic desperate struggle." 2109 02:03:28,039 --> 02:03:32,199 Rudolf von Auvensladen, Captain, 16th Tank Division. 2110 02:03:33,760 --> 02:03:35,040 (majestic music) 2111 02:03:35,041 --> 02:03:36,740 - [Voiceover] "The next day in Warsaw, 2112 02:03:36,741 --> 02:03:38,800 troops paraded in front of Hitler. 2113 02:03:38,801 --> 02:03:40,780 The Lantschner brothers filmed him. 2114 02:03:40,781 --> 02:03:42,439 I was standing near Hitler 2115 02:03:42,440 --> 02:03:45,719 and saw how the troops looked at him, mesmerized. 2116 02:03:45,720 --> 02:03:46,900 Without exception, 2117 02:03:46,901 --> 02:03:49,720 they appeared ready to do anything for him. 2118 02:03:49,721 --> 02:03:53,159 If he were to give the order, they would die for him." 2119 02:03:55,079 --> 02:03:58,680 Leni Riefenstahl, director and actress. 2120 02:04:07,680 --> 02:04:10,520 - [Voiceover] "Fuhrer spoke at length and in detail 2121 02:04:10,521 --> 02:04:12,640 about the ongoing incorporation 2122 02:04:12,641 --> 02:04:16,438 of the former provinces of Posen and West Prussia. 2123 02:04:16,439 --> 02:04:19,679 The social strata thought to be racially valuable 2124 02:04:19,680 --> 02:04:21,319 could be Germanized. 2125 02:04:22,279 --> 02:04:25,420 In principle, they would have to look racially pure 2126 02:04:25,421 --> 02:04:28,039 and have the right hereditary disposition. 2127 02:04:28,040 --> 02:04:31,438 A special cultural heritage group would be created. 2128 02:04:31,439 --> 02:04:34,719 Here, language would be the most important factor. 2129 02:04:34,720 --> 02:04:38,020 He said he wasn't interested in the Polish intelligentsia 2130 02:04:38,021 --> 02:04:41,039 as they were the supporters of Polish nationalism." 2131 02:04:43,800 --> 02:04:46,959 Gerhard Engel, Army Adjutant to Hitler, 2132 02:04:46,960 --> 02:04:48,800 memoirs in diary form. 2133 02:04:50,960 --> 02:04:53,000 - [Voiceover] "At lunchtime on May the 9th, 2134 02:04:53,001 --> 02:04:55,179 we left Berlin in great secrecy 2135 02:04:55,180 --> 02:04:58,319 and traveled at first light towards Hamburg. 2136 02:04:59,239 --> 02:05:02,640 Turned the train around and arrived in Ahm at 3:00 am. 2137 02:05:02,641 --> 02:05:04,660 Under a beautiful starry sky, 2138 02:05:04,661 --> 02:05:06,600 we went by car to the command post 2139 02:05:06,601 --> 02:05:08,279 to the Fuhrer's headquarters, 2140 02:05:08,280 --> 02:05:11,039 the Felsennest or Rocky Eyrie." 2141 02:05:12,880 --> 02:05:15,679 Wilhelm Keitel, Supreme High Commander 2142 02:05:15,680 --> 02:05:18,319 of the Armed Forces, memoirs. 2143 02:05:22,199 --> 02:05:26,358 "In the first armed forces report at noon on May the 10th, 2144 02:05:26,359 --> 02:05:28,319 I had recorded the sentence, 2145 02:05:28,320 --> 02:05:31,439 the Fuhrer has personally taken over supreme command 2146 02:05:31,440 --> 02:05:34,358 of the German Army operating in the west. 2147 02:05:34,359 --> 02:05:36,199 I wrestled with him for half an hour 2148 02:05:36,200 --> 02:05:38,620 over the approval of this publication. 2149 02:05:38,621 --> 02:05:41,159 He declared he wanted to remain anonymous 2150 02:05:41,160 --> 02:05:44,060 and not diminish the glory for the generals. 2151 02:05:44,061 --> 02:05:47,199 I did not let up, and in the end, he gave in." 2152 02:05:51,039 --> 02:05:52,278 Wilhelm Keitel. 2153 02:05:52,279 --> 02:05:55,520 (people chattering) 2154 02:05:56,840 --> 02:05:58,319 - [Voiceover] "Hitler took the credit 2155 02:05:58,320 --> 02:06:00,479 for the success of the western campaign." 2156 02:06:03,279 --> 02:06:05,759 Albert Speer, memoirs. 2157 02:06:05,760 --> 02:06:08,560 (horn blaring) 2158 02:06:14,720 --> 02:06:19,639 - [Voiceover] Diary, Friday, May the 10th 1940. 2159 02:06:19,640 --> 02:06:21,959 "Now the war has really begun. 2160 02:06:21,960 --> 02:06:25,840 Chamberlain has stepped down and Churchill replaced him. 2161 02:06:26,800 --> 02:06:30,920 One bad person's left, and a much worse one has come." 2162 02:06:33,000 --> 02:06:34,720 Henrietta Schneider. 2163 02:06:38,119 --> 02:06:39,358 (solemn music) 2164 02:06:39,359 --> 02:06:42,700 - [Voiceover] "Thus, then, on the night of the 10th of May, 2165 02:06:42,701 --> 02:06:45,000 at the outset of this mighty battle, 2166 02:06:45,001 --> 02:06:47,720 I acquired the chief power in the state. 2167 02:06:48,920 --> 02:06:51,519 I cannot conceal that I was conscious 2168 02:06:51,520 --> 02:06:53,640 of a profound sense of relief. 2169 02:06:54,479 --> 02:06:57,199 I felt as if I were walking with destiny 2170 02:06:57,200 --> 02:07:00,839 and that all my past life had been but a preparation 2171 02:07:00,840 --> 02:07:03,680 for this hour and for this trial." 2172 02:07:06,640 --> 02:07:09,960 Winston Churchill, "The Second World War." 2173 02:07:15,439 --> 02:07:18,358 - [Voiceover] May the 23rd 1940. 2174 02:07:18,359 --> 02:07:19,559 "We've done it. 2175 02:07:19,560 --> 02:07:22,219 The Air Force is destroying the English on the beach. 2176 02:07:22,220 --> 02:07:24,880 I was able to persuade Hitler to stop the army. 2177 02:07:25,760 --> 02:07:28,520 The Fuhrer wants this to be a lesson for them." 2178 02:07:30,800 --> 02:07:31,980 Hans Jeschonnek, 2179 02:07:31,981 --> 02:07:33,680 Chief of the General Staff of the Air Force 2180 02:07:33,681 --> 02:07:37,000 to Erhard Milch, State Secretary of the Aviation Ministry. 2181 02:07:40,159 --> 02:07:42,238 (ominous music) 2182 02:07:42,239 --> 02:07:46,919 - [Voiceover] Diary, Friday, June the 14th 1940. 2183 02:07:46,920 --> 02:07:49,759 "News at one o'clock at night. 2184 02:07:49,760 --> 02:07:53,278 Paris occupied by our troops without a fight. 2185 02:07:53,279 --> 02:07:55,800 Flag raised for three days." 2186 02:07:57,800 --> 02:07:59,359 Henrietta Schneider. 2187 02:08:01,760 --> 02:08:04,038 (people chattering) 2188 02:08:04,039 --> 02:08:07,780 - [Voiceover] "France offered a ceasefire on June the 17th. 2189 02:08:07,781 --> 02:08:11,199 I've never seen Hitler as happy as on that day." 2190 02:08:13,279 --> 02:08:16,439 Heinz Linge, valet to Adolf Hitler. 2191 02:08:20,520 --> 02:08:23,479 - [Voiceover] "France's peace offer was submitted to him 2192 02:08:23,480 --> 02:08:26,319 while he stood surrounded by his officers. 2193 02:08:26,320 --> 02:08:29,020 He slapped his thigh in a lively gesture. 2194 02:08:29,021 --> 02:08:31,199 We were to one side and observed the scene 2195 02:08:31,200 --> 02:08:33,359 that Walter Frentz also filmed." 2196 02:08:35,840 --> 02:08:39,119 Christa Schroeder, "He Was My Boss." 2197 02:08:43,560 --> 02:08:46,520 - [Voiceover] Heinrich Hofmann, photographer. 2198 02:08:46,521 --> 02:08:50,318 "Keitel, who was carried away by an outburst of emotion, 2199 02:08:50,319 --> 02:08:51,940 coined the fatal phrase." 2200 02:08:51,941 --> 02:08:54,239 - [Voiceover] "My Fuhrer, you are the greatest 2201 02:08:54,240 --> 02:08:56,680 military commander of all time." 2202 02:08:58,800 --> 02:09:01,720 (crowd cheering) 2203 02:09:03,000 --> 02:09:04,238 (stately music) 2204 02:09:04,239 --> 02:09:07,079 - [Voiceover] Franz Halder, Chief of the General Staff. 2205 02:09:07,800 --> 02:09:10,719 "Part of Hitler's growing self-deification 2206 02:09:10,720 --> 02:09:13,078 after the first military successes 2207 02:09:13,079 --> 02:09:15,319 involve believing it himself." 2208 02:09:18,239 --> 02:09:19,679 (crowd cheering) 2209 02:09:19,680 --> 02:09:21,880 - [Voiceover] "Hitler was at the height of his power. 2210 02:09:21,881 --> 02:09:23,640 He was the master of Europe." 2211 02:09:26,000 --> 02:09:30,079 Gustaf Mannerheim, Field Marshal of Finland. 2212 02:09:31,000 --> 02:09:32,520 (singing in foreign language) 2213 02:09:32,521 --> 02:09:35,259 - [Voiceover] "Germany had air supremacy over Europe 2214 02:09:35,260 --> 02:09:38,680 An invasion of Great Britain seemed to be in the offing." 2215 02:09:40,600 --> 02:09:42,680 Ernst von Weizsaecker. 2216 02:09:48,399 --> 02:09:50,740 - [Voiceover] "A stay of a few days in the English capital 2217 02:09:50,741 --> 02:09:52,100 was all that was needed 2218 02:09:52,101 --> 02:09:54,600 to recognize the difference between London and Paris. 2219 02:09:55,560 --> 02:09:58,800 Here, no one was considering capitulation." 2220 02:10:01,359 --> 02:10:04,720 Julius Deutsch, Austrian Socialist of Jewish descent, 2221 02:10:04,721 --> 02:10:06,680 in exile, memoirs. 2222 02:10:10,359 --> 02:10:11,640 - [Voiceover] "It was only after France 2223 02:10:11,641 --> 02:10:13,119 had been flattened out 2224 02:10:13,120 --> 02:10:16,198 that Britain, thanks to her island advantage, 2225 02:10:16,199 --> 02:10:18,560 developed out of the pangs of defeat 2226 02:10:18,561 --> 02:10:20,359 and the menace of annihilation 2227 02:10:21,359 --> 02:10:24,800 a national resolve equal to that of Germany." 2228 02:10:27,960 --> 02:10:29,159 Winston Churchill. 2229 02:10:31,960 --> 02:10:33,399 (crowd cheering) 2230 02:10:33,400 --> 02:10:37,960 - [Voiceover] Diary, Saturday, July the 20th 1940. 2231 02:10:39,239 --> 02:10:41,199 "Hitler spoke in the Reichstag. 2232 02:10:41,200 --> 02:10:43,600 Made an offer of peace to England." 2233 02:10:44,800 --> 02:10:46,560 Henrietta Schneider. 2234 02:10:49,239 --> 02:10:51,279 - [Voiceover] Memoirs in diary form, 2235 02:10:51,280 --> 02:10:54,640 November the 4th 1940, Reich Chancellery. 2236 02:10:55,800 --> 02:10:58,239 "An unpleasant meeting at headquarters 2237 02:10:58,240 --> 02:11:01,639 attended by Goering, Von Brauchitsch, Keitel. 2238 02:11:01,640 --> 02:11:04,140 Due to English and other press reports, 2239 02:11:04,141 --> 02:11:06,480 Fuhrer for the first time doubts the successes 2240 02:11:06,481 --> 02:11:08,920 of the Luftwaffe and the strike figures. 2241 02:11:09,640 --> 02:11:11,439 Fuhrer visibly depressed. 2242 02:11:12,680 --> 02:11:16,039 Have the impression that he doesn't know how to proceed." 2243 02:11:18,439 --> 02:11:19,880 Gerhard Engel. 2244 02:11:25,560 --> 02:11:28,079 - [Voiceover] The Fuhrer and the Supreme Commander 2245 02:11:28,080 --> 02:11:29,540 of the German Army. 2246 02:11:29,541 --> 02:11:31,199 The Fuhrer Headquarters. 2247 02:11:31,200 --> 02:11:34,318 Absolutely top secret, for officers only. 2248 02:11:34,319 --> 02:11:36,599 Nine copies, second copy. 2249 02:11:36,600 --> 02:11:40,198 Order number 21, Operation Barbarossa. 2250 02:11:40,199 --> 02:11:42,960 "Even before the end of the war against England 2251 02:11:42,961 --> 02:11:44,660 the German Army has to be prepared 2252 02:11:44,661 --> 02:11:47,580 to overthrow Soviet Russia in a quick campaign, 2253 02:11:47,581 --> 02:11:48,980 Operation Barbarossa. 2254 02:11:48,981 --> 02:11:51,319 The bulk of the Russian Army in Western Russia 2255 02:11:51,320 --> 02:11:53,799 should be destroyed in bold operations 2256 02:11:53,800 --> 02:11:55,560 via tank pincer movements 2257 02:11:55,561 --> 02:11:58,860 in order to prevent the withdrawal of strong combat units 2258 02:11:58,861 --> 02:12:01,720 into the expanses of the Russian interior." 2259 02:12:03,399 --> 02:12:04,680 Adolf Hitler. 2260 02:12:08,560 --> 02:12:10,560 - [Voiceover] Memoirs in diary form, 2261 02:12:10,561 --> 02:12:12,880 December the 18th 1940. 2262 02:12:15,119 --> 02:12:18,438 "The order for Barbarossa has been issued. 2263 02:12:18,439 --> 02:12:21,879 The Army Supreme Commander has ordered us to find out 2264 02:12:21,880 --> 02:12:24,559 whether the Fuhrer wants armed engagement 2265 02:12:24,560 --> 02:12:26,358 or is just bluffing. 2266 02:12:26,359 --> 02:12:28,359 In my opinion, Fuhrer himself 2267 02:12:28,360 --> 02:12:30,639 still doesn't know how to proceed. 2268 02:12:30,640 --> 02:12:32,460 He hopes the English will capitulate 2269 02:12:32,461 --> 02:12:35,359 and doesn't believe the USA will enter the war." 2270 02:12:37,159 --> 02:12:38,520 Gerhard Engel. 2271 02:12:40,399 --> 02:12:42,118 (vehicles rumbling) 2272 02:12:42,119 --> 02:12:46,079 - [Voiceover] Diary, Monday, June the 9th 1941. 2273 02:12:47,000 --> 02:12:49,358 "There's a big operation here. 2274 02:12:49,359 --> 02:12:52,278 The streets are full of military of every kind 2275 02:12:52,279 --> 02:12:54,039 on their way to the border." 2276 02:12:56,920 --> 02:12:59,600 Henrietta Schneider, East Prussia. 2277 02:13:02,479 --> 02:13:04,920 - [Voiceover] "When he decided on the eastern campaign 2278 02:13:04,921 --> 02:13:06,919 in the summer of 1941, 2279 02:13:06,920 --> 02:13:09,379 he told Eva Braun he had to travel to Berlin 2280 02:13:09,380 --> 02:13:10,640 for a few days." 2281 02:13:12,840 --> 02:13:13,920 Christa Schroeder. 2282 02:13:20,760 --> 02:13:22,238 (stirring music) 2283 02:13:22,239 --> 02:13:24,880 - [Voiceover] "When Adolf heard the music of Wagner, 2284 02:13:24,881 --> 02:13:26,480 he was transformed. 2285 02:13:26,481 --> 02:13:28,199 Then he lost his fierceness. 2286 02:13:28,200 --> 02:13:31,759 He became quiet, flexible, manageable. 2287 02:13:31,760 --> 02:13:34,519 The unease disappeared from his face. 2288 02:13:34,520 --> 02:13:37,920 What had moved him during the day vanished." 2289 02:13:40,319 --> 02:13:42,760 August Kubizek, childhood friend. 2290 02:13:45,359 --> 02:13:48,800 - [Voiceover] "Wagner's music became second nature to him." 2291 02:13:51,119 --> 02:13:52,640 Ernst Hanfstaengl, 2292 02:13:52,641 --> 02:13:56,319 until 1937, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Press Bureau. 2293 02:14:02,880 --> 02:14:05,840 - [Voiceover] "He loved the Wagner opera the most. 2294 02:14:05,841 --> 02:14:09,040 Other than that, symphonies by Beethoven and Bruckner 2295 02:14:09,041 --> 02:14:10,960 or songs by Richard Strauss. 2296 02:14:11,960 --> 02:14:13,760 Of the light entertainment pieces, 2297 02:14:13,761 --> 02:14:17,198 he appreciated 'The Bat' and 'The Merry Widow.' 2298 02:14:17,199 --> 02:14:19,639 Bormann proved his musical knowledge 2299 02:14:19,640 --> 02:14:21,600 just by changing the records." 2300 02:14:24,119 --> 02:14:25,079 Heinrich Hoffmann. 2301 02:14:25,080 --> 02:14:26,999 (jaunty music) 2302 02:14:27,000 --> 02:14:30,959 (singing in foreign language) 2303 02:14:30,960 --> 02:14:33,600 - [Voiceover] "It was almost always the same repertoire 2304 02:14:33,601 --> 02:14:35,079 that Hitler had them play. 2305 02:14:38,319 --> 02:14:40,680 The only popular song Hitler allowed 2306 02:14:40,681 --> 02:14:42,679 was the 'Donkey Serenade, ' 2307 02:14:42,680 --> 02:14:45,520 which often concluded the concert." 2308 02:14:50,840 --> 02:14:54,199 Gertraud Traudl Junge, Hitler's private secretary. 2309 02:14:57,600 --> 02:15:00,680 (triumphant music) 2310 02:15:09,079 --> 02:15:10,720 - [Voiceover] "You'll be hearing that a lot 2311 02:15:10,721 --> 02:15:12,239 in the near future. 2312 02:15:12,240 --> 02:15:15,679 It'll be the victory fanfare for our Russian campaign. 2313 02:15:15,680 --> 02:15:16,680 Very like it." 2314 02:15:18,600 --> 02:15:20,100 Adolf Hitler to Albert Speer, 2315 02:15:20,101 --> 02:15:22,039 after listening to the first pass 2316 02:15:22,040 --> 02:15:24,199 of "Les Prelude" by Frans Liszt. 2317 02:15:24,200 --> 02:15:27,760 The Russian Fanfare, June 21st 1941. 2318 02:15:31,279 --> 02:15:34,559 (birds chirping) 2319 02:15:34,560 --> 02:15:39,278 - [Voiceover] Diary, Saturday, June the 21st 1941. 2320 02:15:39,279 --> 02:15:41,960 "Wild rumors are coming from the border." 2321 02:15:43,720 --> 02:15:45,559 Henrietta Schneider. 2322 02:15:45,560 --> 02:15:47,478 (foreboding music) 2323 02:15:47,479 --> 02:15:49,960 - [Voiceover] War diary of the Army Group North, 2324 02:15:49,961 --> 02:15:52,800 June the 22nd 1941. 2325 02:15:53,640 --> 02:15:56,599 "Beginning of the invasion, 3:05 am. 2326 02:15:56,600 --> 02:15:59,840 The entire front of the army group crossed the border." 2327 02:16:02,800 --> 02:16:05,199 Robert Freiherr von Griessenbach, Major. 2328 02:16:08,920 --> 02:16:11,239 - [Voiceover] "Is he mad, this Hitler? 2329 02:16:12,560 --> 02:16:15,279 He could have allied himself with England's Chamberlain 2330 02:16:15,280 --> 02:16:17,398 against Communist Russia 2331 02:16:17,399 --> 02:16:18,680 or with Communist Russia 2332 02:16:18,681 --> 02:16:21,559 against the Anglo-Saxon capitalist world. 2333 02:16:21,560 --> 02:16:23,039 But he invaded both. 2334 02:16:24,359 --> 02:16:27,680 Yes, he is mad, thank God." 2335 02:16:29,199 --> 02:16:32,120 Klaus Mann, "A Life's Report." 2336 02:16:35,120 --> 02:16:38,798 (people chattering) 2337 02:16:38,799 --> 02:16:40,239 - [Voiceover] Christa Schroeder. 2338 02:16:40,799 --> 02:16:43,279 "It all began so promisingly. 2339 02:16:43,280 --> 02:16:46,040 In the first two days in the Wolfsschanze, 2340 02:16:46,041 --> 02:16:48,220 we experienced the boss standing in front 2341 02:16:48,221 --> 02:16:49,879 of a large map of Europe 2342 02:16:49,880 --> 02:16:52,039 and pointing to Moscow, saying. 2343 02:16:52,040 --> 02:16:54,440 - [Voiceover] "In a few weeks, we'll be in Moscow. 2344 02:16:54,441 --> 02:16:56,099 There's no doubt about that. 2345 02:16:56,100 --> 02:16:58,719 And then I'll raze Moscow to the ground. 2346 02:16:58,720 --> 02:17:00,639 I'll build a reservoir there. 2347 02:17:00,640 --> 02:17:03,559 The name Moscow has to be erased completely." 2348 02:17:16,440 --> 02:17:17,840 - [Voiceover] Wilhelm Keitel, 2349 02:17:17,841 --> 02:17:19,719 Chief of the Armed Forces High Command, 2350 02:17:19,720 --> 02:17:21,799 to Field Marshal Fedor von Bock 2351 02:17:21,800 --> 02:17:24,479 on July the 25th 1941. 2352 02:17:25,639 --> 02:17:27,440 "The speedy collapse of Russia 2353 02:17:27,441 --> 02:17:29,440 is vital for German interests 2354 02:17:29,441 --> 02:17:31,999 since Russia cannot be subjugated. 2355 02:17:32,000 --> 02:17:34,620 The Fuhrer was concerned about this situation 2356 02:17:34,621 --> 02:17:35,958 and asked worriedly." 2357 02:17:35,959 --> 02:17:37,680 - [Voiceover] "How much time do I have left 2358 02:17:37,681 --> 02:17:39,020 to finish off Russia, 2359 02:17:39,021 --> 02:17:41,200 and how much time do I still need?" 2360 02:17:43,000 --> 02:17:45,920 (crowd cheering) 2361 02:17:46,920 --> 02:17:51,119 - [Voiceover] Russia, Army Group South, letter, 1941. 2362 02:17:51,120 --> 02:17:52,478 "It is our war, 2363 02:17:52,479 --> 02:17:56,260 not as the enemy propaganda likes to call it, Hitler's war. 2364 02:17:56,261 --> 02:17:58,879 They don't know that Hitler is one of us, 2365 02:17:58,880 --> 02:18:00,398 a soldier like us. 2366 02:18:00,399 --> 02:18:03,919 We know that he would do everything in his power for us. 2367 02:18:03,920 --> 02:18:06,039 That gives us unlimited trust. 2368 02:18:06,040 --> 02:18:08,420 The Fuhrer leaves no comrade in the lurch, 2369 02:18:08,421 --> 02:18:09,799 and when he doesn't help, 2370 02:18:09,800 --> 02:18:12,559 it's because there was something more important." 2371 02:18:14,280 --> 02:18:17,239 Horst Rocholl, regimental doctor from Kassel. 2372 02:18:18,040 --> 02:18:20,119 (wind howling) 2373 02:18:20,120 --> 02:18:24,520 - [Voiceover] Diary, October the 10th 1941, 11:30 pm. 2374 02:18:25,959 --> 02:18:27,839 "It's snowing in Russia now, 2375 02:18:27,840 --> 02:18:30,398 something we can't deal with well." 2376 02:18:30,399 --> 02:18:32,599 (soldiers laughing) 2377 02:18:32,600 --> 02:18:35,280 Eduard Wagner, Quartermaster General. 2378 02:18:37,440 --> 02:18:38,638 (solemn music) 2379 02:18:38,639 --> 02:18:41,540 - [Voiceover] "There is a winter, you know, in Russia. 2380 02:18:41,541 --> 02:18:42,799 For a good many months, 2381 02:18:42,800 --> 02:18:45,839 the temperature is apt to fall very low. 2382 02:18:45,840 --> 02:18:49,439 There is snow, there is frost, and all that. 2383 02:18:49,440 --> 02:18:52,080 Hitler forgot about this Russian winter. 2384 02:18:52,081 --> 02:18:54,958 He must have been very loosely educated. 2385 02:18:54,959 --> 02:18:59,360 We all heard about it at school, but he forgot it." 2386 02:19:01,520 --> 02:19:03,079 Winston Churchill. 2387 02:19:04,200 --> 02:19:08,639 - [Voiceover] Diary, Thursday, December the 11th 1941. 2388 02:19:10,559 --> 02:19:12,960 "Around three o'clock we listened to the Fuhrer 2389 02:19:12,961 --> 02:19:14,280 from the Reichstag. 2390 02:19:14,840 --> 02:19:17,740 The war with America is also official now. 2391 02:19:17,741 --> 02:19:21,280 The Fuhrer will make sure everything turns out well." 2392 02:19:23,639 --> 02:19:25,280 Henrietta Schneider. 2393 02:19:28,520 --> 02:19:30,200 - [Voiceover] "When the German Army, 2394 02:19:30,201 --> 02:19:33,359 surprised by the terrible winter of 1941-42, 2395 02:19:33,360 --> 02:19:36,039 got stuck in the Russian ice and snow, 2396 02:19:36,040 --> 02:19:38,319 Hitler was frequently depressed. 2397 02:19:39,399 --> 02:19:42,519 But as before, he hoped for a quick victory." 2398 02:19:42,520 --> 02:19:44,540 - [Voiceover] "There is only a very thin veil 2399 02:19:44,541 --> 02:19:46,120 that we have to penetrate. 2400 02:19:46,760 --> 02:19:48,478 We have to be patient. 2401 02:19:48,479 --> 02:19:51,120 The Russian resistance will not hold." 2402 02:19:52,440 --> 02:19:53,399 (gun bangs) 2403 02:19:53,400 --> 02:19:55,040 - [Voiceover] Christa Schroeder. 2404 02:19:59,159 --> 02:20:02,000 - [Voiceover] "On December the 17th, I visited the generals 2405 02:20:02,001 --> 02:20:04,999 commanding the 14th and 47th Tank Corps, 2406 02:20:05,000 --> 02:20:07,180 as well as the Seventh Army Corps 2407 02:20:07,181 --> 02:20:10,079 to again learn about the condition of the troops. 2408 02:20:11,280 --> 02:20:12,740 The three generals reported 2409 02:20:12,741 --> 02:20:14,840 that the troops were beginning to have doubts 2410 02:20:14,841 --> 02:20:16,638 about the high command. 2411 02:20:16,639 --> 02:20:19,479 Black ice making all movement difficult. 2412 02:20:20,479 --> 02:20:23,679 The Russians are prepared and equipped for winter, 2413 02:20:23,680 --> 02:20:25,120 and we have nothing." 2414 02:20:27,600 --> 02:20:30,079 Heinz Guderian, Colonel General. 2415 02:20:33,159 --> 02:20:34,999 (wind howling) 2416 02:20:35,000 --> 02:20:37,280 - [Voiceover] Franz Halder, war diary, 2417 02:20:37,281 --> 02:20:40,639 December the 17th 1941. 2418 02:20:41,559 --> 02:20:44,239 "Midnight, summoned to the Fuhrer." 2419 02:20:45,440 --> 02:20:48,120 - [Voiceover] "Disengagement is out of the question. 2420 02:20:48,121 --> 02:20:51,599 The enemy has only made deep incursions in a few places. 2421 02:20:51,600 --> 02:20:54,260 Setting up a rear echelon is illusionary. 2422 02:20:54,261 --> 02:20:56,959 The front is suffering in only one respect. 2423 02:20:56,960 --> 02:20:58,780 The enemy has more soldiers. 2424 02:20:58,781 --> 02:21:00,180 He has no more artillery. 2425 02:21:00,181 --> 02:21:02,040 He is much worse off than we are." 2426 02:21:09,000 --> 02:21:11,799 - [Voiceover] Adolf Hitler, oral order to Army Group Center, 2427 02:21:11,800 --> 02:21:14,040 December the 16th 1941. 2428 02:21:15,239 --> 02:21:17,500 "Commanders, unit leaders, and officers, 2429 02:21:17,501 --> 02:21:20,040 I had to take personal steps to force troops 2430 02:21:20,041 --> 02:21:23,400 to engage in fanatical resistance to hold their position 2431 02:21:23,401 --> 02:21:25,360 without regard to enemy breakthroughs 2432 02:21:25,361 --> 02:21:27,120 on the frank or in the rear. 2433 02:21:27,121 --> 02:21:28,719 Only with this kind of warfare 2434 02:21:28,720 --> 02:21:30,360 can we gain the time necessary 2435 02:21:30,361 --> 02:21:33,140 to get reinforcements from the homeland and the west 2436 02:21:33,141 --> 02:21:34,760 that I have ordered." 2437 02:21:34,761 --> 02:21:36,280 (gunfire rattling) 2438 02:21:36,281 --> 02:21:40,079 - [Voiceover] Diary, January the 11th 1942. 2439 02:21:41,040 --> 02:21:44,159 "How meek our military communiques have become." 2440 02:21:46,159 --> 02:21:50,079 Friedrich Kellner, court employee, Laubach, Hesse. 2441 02:21:50,680 --> 02:21:53,920 (explosion banging) 2442 02:21:56,120 --> 02:21:57,520 - [Voiceover] "But the burden of work 2443 02:21:57,521 --> 02:21:58,679 and increasing concerns 2444 02:21:58,680 --> 02:22:00,820 from setbacks in the course of the war 2445 02:22:00,821 --> 02:22:02,440 eroded Hitler's health. 2446 02:22:03,680 --> 02:22:07,359 From the winter of 1941-1942 onwards, 2447 02:22:07,360 --> 02:22:09,878 Morell monitored him day and night. 2448 02:22:09,879 --> 02:22:13,080 In the end, Hitler began having mysterious injections 2449 02:22:13,081 --> 02:22:14,479 almost every day." 2450 02:22:16,840 --> 02:22:18,280 Christa Schroeder. 2451 02:22:21,799 --> 02:22:25,840 - [Voiceover] Diary, Berlin, March the 3rd 1942. 2452 02:22:27,959 --> 02:22:29,920 "The hallmarks of the situation. 2453 02:22:29,921 --> 02:22:32,920 Further erosion of the German forces in Russia. 2454 02:22:32,921 --> 02:22:34,679 Slow further deterioration 2455 02:22:34,680 --> 02:22:37,600 of the economic and food situations in Germany." 2456 02:22:39,520 --> 02:22:40,780 Ulrich von Hassell, 2457 02:22:40,781 --> 02:22:43,399 diplomat and member of the German Resistance. 2458 02:22:44,399 --> 02:22:46,239 - [Voiceover] From Rostov-on-Don. 2459 02:22:46,240 --> 02:22:49,200 "Several waves of retreat roll through our area 2460 02:22:49,201 --> 02:22:51,318 in this summer of 1942. 2461 02:22:51,319 --> 02:22:54,279 The oil tanks are opened. Wheat fields torched, 2462 02:22:54,280 --> 02:22:57,680 all so that they wouldn't fall into the hands of the enemy. 2463 02:23:01,200 --> 02:23:05,878 On August the 3rd 1942, German scouts surface on motorbikes. 2464 02:23:05,879 --> 02:23:10,238 Within three days, German troops moved into Privolnoye. 2465 02:23:10,239 --> 02:23:12,079 Soviet troops are scattered. 2466 02:23:14,719 --> 02:23:17,159 But beyond Nalchik, barrier units worked 2467 02:23:17,160 --> 02:23:21,199 to carry out Order Number 227 from Stalin. 2468 02:23:21,200 --> 02:23:23,079 'Not one step back.'" 2469 02:23:24,840 --> 02:23:27,159 Mikhail Gorbachev, schoolboy. 2470 02:23:33,040 --> 02:23:37,760 - [Voiceover] War diary, July the 30th 1942, Day 404. 2471 02:23:39,559 --> 02:23:42,878 "In the bow of the River Don, west of Stalingrad, 2472 02:23:42,879 --> 02:23:45,238 the Sixth Army of Army Group B 2473 02:23:45,239 --> 02:23:47,280 is engaged in a fierce battle, 2474 02:23:47,281 --> 02:23:50,280 and the situation is at present unclear." 2475 02:23:52,959 --> 02:23:54,399 Franz Halder. 2476 02:23:59,479 --> 02:24:02,000 - [Voiceover] "I wanted to come to the Volga, 2477 02:24:02,001 --> 02:24:05,200 to a specific place and a specific city." 2478 02:24:06,239 --> 02:24:08,360 Adolf Hitler, addressed to the traditional gathering 2479 02:24:08,361 --> 02:24:10,360 in the Munich Burgerbraukeller, 2480 02:24:10,361 --> 02:24:12,479 November the 9th 1942. 2481 02:24:15,600 --> 02:24:18,840 (people chattering) 2482 02:24:19,840 --> 02:24:21,479 - [Voiceover] "On September the 11th, 2483 02:24:21,480 --> 02:24:22,680 I was ordered to report 2484 02:24:22,681 --> 02:24:24,879 to the front line staff under Khrushchev. 2485 02:24:25,680 --> 02:24:28,638 They told me to take over the 62nd Army. 2486 02:24:28,639 --> 02:24:31,919 My orders were defend Stalingrad. 2487 02:24:31,920 --> 02:24:33,600 After I accepted the order, 2488 02:24:33,601 --> 02:24:36,719 Nikita Khrushchev asked me, 'How do you see this?' 2489 02:24:36,720 --> 02:24:39,460 I said, 'I understand the order very well. 2490 02:24:39,461 --> 02:24:40,959 I try to carry it out. 2491 02:24:40,960 --> 02:24:44,799 Either I defend Stalingrad or I die doing so.' 2492 02:24:45,600 --> 02:24:48,719 I got in the car and drove to Stalingrad." 2493 02:24:50,639 --> 02:24:53,439 Vasily Chuikov, Lieutenant General, 2494 02:24:53,440 --> 02:24:55,600 "The Stalingrad Protocols." 2495 02:24:57,440 --> 02:24:58,679 (men laughing) 2496 02:24:58,680 --> 02:25:01,120 - [Voiceover] "The high point of the war had been reached. 2497 02:25:01,121 --> 02:25:05,078 Something unimaginable overpowered the wildest dreams. 2498 02:25:05,079 --> 02:25:08,439 The North Cape, Pyrenees, Sahara, and Volga 2499 02:25:08,440 --> 02:25:11,000 formed the boundaries of a sphere of influence 2500 02:25:11,001 --> 02:25:12,239 created overnight. 2501 02:25:15,639 --> 02:25:17,440 For sure there were bigger empires, 2502 02:25:17,441 --> 02:25:20,040 but this one included Europe and its nations. 2503 02:25:20,041 --> 02:25:21,959 There was no reason for joy. 2504 02:25:22,639 --> 02:25:24,160 You knew what lay ahead for us 2505 02:25:24,161 --> 02:25:27,319 because the disproportion of forces was obvious." 2506 02:25:30,040 --> 02:25:33,680 Rudolf von Auvensladen, Army Captain, diary. 2507 02:25:36,399 --> 02:25:38,279 (gunfire rattling) 2508 02:25:38,280 --> 02:25:40,820 - [Voiceover] "We knew that Hitler wouldn't stop 2509 02:25:40,821 --> 02:25:43,420 and would keep throwing military forces at the front. 2510 02:25:43,421 --> 02:25:45,700 But he sensed that it was not a battle for life 2511 02:25:45,701 --> 02:25:48,840 being fought here, but rather a battle to the death." 2512 02:25:52,120 --> 02:25:53,478 Vasily Chuikov. 2513 02:25:53,479 --> 02:25:56,600 (gunfire rattling) 2514 02:25:58,680 --> 02:26:00,719 - [Voiceover] "I feel entitled to demand 2515 02:26:00,720 --> 02:26:03,879 that every German soldier should sacrifice his life." 2516 02:26:06,159 --> 02:26:07,520 Adolf Hitler to Heinz Guderian 2517 02:26:07,521 --> 02:26:10,959 on December the 20th 1940, 3:30 pm. 2518 02:26:16,959 --> 02:26:21,319 - [Voiceover] Diary, Sunday, November the 8th 1942. 2519 02:26:22,280 --> 02:26:25,440 "The Fuhrer spoke from the Munich Hofbraeukeller. 2520 02:26:26,879 --> 02:26:29,399 He laid into the war criminals again. 2521 02:26:30,399 --> 02:26:33,559 The Americans landed in Algiers during the night." 2522 02:26:34,719 --> 02:26:36,120 Henrietta Schneider. 2523 02:26:37,719 --> 02:26:39,399 - [Voiceover] Dr. Theo Morell, 2524 02:26:39,400 --> 02:26:42,039 Adolf Hitler's personal physician. 2525 02:26:42,040 --> 02:26:46,599 Diary, December the 15th 1942. 2526 02:26:46,600 --> 02:26:48,039 "Patient day. 2527 02:26:48,040 --> 02:26:51,399 Sleeping badly because of the military situation. 2528 02:26:52,280 --> 02:26:53,360 Profundol." 2529 02:26:55,879 --> 02:26:56,958 (wind howling) 2530 02:26:56,959 --> 02:26:58,360 - [Voiceover] "Up until the very end, 2531 02:26:58,120 --> 02:26:59,680 the soldiers believed Hitler's promise 2532 02:26:59,681 --> 02:27:02,120 that he would get them out of the encirclement. 2533 02:27:02,121 --> 02:27:04,280 I knew that this was a terrible lie." 2534 02:27:06,280 --> 02:27:09,679 Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven, Major, 2535 02:27:09,680 --> 02:27:11,959 flown out of the Stalingrad siege. 2536 02:27:13,520 --> 02:27:14,599 (gunfire rattling) 2537 02:27:14,600 --> 02:27:16,280 - [Voiceover] Interrogation protocol 2538 02:27:16,281 --> 02:27:18,520 of prisoner Hermann Strotmann, 2539 02:27:19,280 --> 02:27:21,479 Lieutenant Adjutant of the First Battalion 2540 02:27:21,480 --> 02:27:24,318 of the 79th Panzergrenadier Regiment, 2541 02:27:24,319 --> 02:27:28,199 born 1918 in Muenster, Catholic. 2542 02:27:28,200 --> 02:27:30,920 "Men reached the limits of their endurance, 2543 02:27:30,921 --> 02:27:34,000 and this limit was reached on February the 2nd. 2544 02:27:34,920 --> 02:27:36,919 We surrendered spontaneously. 2545 02:27:36,920 --> 02:27:38,740 Around six o'clock in the morning, 2546 02:27:38,741 --> 02:27:41,399 I was told that Russian tanks had arrived. 2547 02:27:45,399 --> 02:27:48,519 I began to cry, walked out of the shelter, 2548 02:27:48,520 --> 02:27:50,479 and laid down my weapon." 2549 02:27:56,319 --> 02:27:59,280 (menacing music) 2550 02:28:11,719 --> 02:28:13,120 - [Voiceover] "At what point is one allowed 2551 02:28:13,121 --> 02:28:14,639 to view the war as lost? 2552 02:28:15,360 --> 02:28:17,959 As I see it, very late." 2553 02:28:19,239 --> 02:28:21,639 Albert Speer, "The Kransberg Protocols." 2554 02:28:51,920 --> 02:28:53,440 - [Voiceover] "His mother went to Mass 2555 02:28:53,441 --> 02:28:55,560 with little Paula every Sunday. 2556 02:28:55,561 --> 02:28:57,559 I can't recall that Adolf accompanied 2557 02:28:57,560 --> 02:28:59,680 his mother to church once." 2558 02:29:01,520 --> 02:29:06,000 August Kubizek, childhood friend of Adolf Hitler in Linz. 2559 02:29:09,799 --> 02:29:12,600 - [Voiceover] "Hitler had no emotional connection 2560 02:29:12,601 --> 02:29:13,839 to the church. 2561 02:29:13,840 --> 02:29:16,639 He thought the Christian religion was an outdated, 2562 02:29:16,640 --> 02:29:20,120 hypocritical, people-ensnaring institution." 2563 02:29:21,520 --> 02:29:24,319 Christa Schroeder, Hitler's private secretary. 2564 02:29:26,239 --> 02:29:28,799 - [Voiceover] "If the people think I'm a religious man, 2565 02:29:28,800 --> 02:29:30,360 that cannot hurt." 2566 02:29:32,120 --> 02:29:35,360 Adolf Hitler to photographer Heinrich Hoffmann. 2567 02:29:37,079 --> 02:29:38,158 (crowd cheering) 2568 02:29:38,159 --> 02:29:39,840 - [Voiceover] "I can say with certainty 2569 02:29:39,841 --> 02:29:41,540 that even before my departure, 2570 02:29:41,541 --> 02:29:43,239 I learned about Hitler's intention 2571 02:29:43,240 --> 02:29:46,260 to liquidate patients with incurable diseases, 2572 02:29:46,261 --> 02:29:49,958 not only incurable mental patients, in the event of war. 2573 02:29:49,959 --> 02:29:52,000 His reasoning was that these would be 2574 02:29:52,001 --> 02:29:54,000 unnecessary mouths to feed." 2575 02:29:54,959 --> 02:29:57,279 Fritz Wiedemann, personal adjutant 2576 02:29:57,280 --> 02:29:59,638 of the NSDAP to Adolf Hitler 2577 02:29:59,639 --> 02:30:02,359 until January the 19th 1939. 2578 02:30:02,360 --> 02:30:04,359 (projector rattling) 2579 02:30:04,360 --> 02:30:06,719 - [Voiceover] Memoirs in diary form, 2580 02:30:06,720 --> 02:30:09,079 August the 8th 1939. 2581 02:30:10,239 --> 02:30:12,559 "Today we witnessed something cruel. 2582 02:30:12,560 --> 02:30:14,759 Bouhler and Bormann showed Hitler 2583 02:30:14,760 --> 02:30:17,799 the euthanasia film, 'Unworthy Life.' 2584 02:30:19,879 --> 02:30:22,120 It deals with the life and behavior 2585 02:30:22,121 --> 02:30:25,560 of incurable mental patients in a number of sanatoriums. 2586 02:30:25,561 --> 02:30:27,799 There was a long discussion afterwards. 2587 02:30:28,520 --> 02:30:31,398 The Fuhrer had a really harsh attitude. 2588 02:30:31,399 --> 02:30:33,080 If he had such a child, 2589 02:30:33,081 --> 02:30:35,560 he would request that it be put out of its misery, 2590 02:30:35,561 --> 02:30:38,239 not least for the sake of fellow humans." 2591 02:30:40,600 --> 02:30:43,319 Gerhard Engel, Army Adjutant to Hitler. 2592 02:30:46,399 --> 02:30:48,680 - [Narrator] For many of Adolf Hitler's crimes, 2593 02:30:48,681 --> 02:30:50,200 no documents exist 2594 02:30:50,201 --> 02:30:53,478 that verify his direct and immediate responsibility. 2595 02:30:53,479 --> 02:30:56,239 It is different with the centrally organized killing 2596 02:30:56,240 --> 02:31:00,200 of the mentally handicapped, referred to as euthanasia. 2597 02:31:01,159 --> 02:31:03,999 Some time in early October 1939, 2598 02:31:04,000 --> 02:31:06,679 Adolf Hitler signs a backdated order 2599 02:31:06,680 --> 02:31:10,398 for September the 1st, the day of the start of the war. 2600 02:31:10,399 --> 02:31:13,359 With his signature, he authorizes Philipp Bouhler, 2601 02:31:13,360 --> 02:31:15,420 the Chief of the Fuhrer's Chancellery, 2602 02:31:15,421 --> 02:31:18,760 and Hitler's young personal physician, Karl Brandt. 2603 02:31:20,079 --> 02:31:22,400 - [Voiceover] "Reichsleiter Bouhler and Dr. Brandt 2604 02:31:22,401 --> 02:31:24,400 are entrusted with the responsibility 2605 02:31:24,401 --> 02:31:26,719 of extending the authority of physicians 2606 02:31:26,720 --> 02:31:29,860 so that patients who, on the basis of human judgment, 2607 02:31:29,861 --> 02:31:31,520 are considered incurable 2608 02:31:31,521 --> 02:31:36,039 can be accorded mercy killing after a definitive diagnosis." 2609 02:31:36,040 --> 02:31:37,600 Adolf Hitler. 2610 02:31:41,559 --> 02:31:43,879 - [Voiceover] "One day, we were surprised by a report 2611 02:31:43,880 --> 02:31:46,979 that a euthanasia operation was underway in Swabia. 2612 02:31:46,980 --> 02:31:48,600 Family members received the ashes 2613 02:31:48,601 --> 02:31:51,000 with the official notice that the beloved deceased 2614 02:31:51,001 --> 02:31:54,120 had unfortunately died quite suddenly of pneumonia 2615 02:31:54,121 --> 02:31:56,120 or from an infectious disease. 2616 02:31:57,280 --> 02:31:59,620 Through faulty communication of such condolences 2617 02:31:59,621 --> 02:32:01,979 and sometimes double deliveries of urns, 2618 02:32:01,980 --> 02:32:05,360 unrest was created among the population and the clergy." 2619 02:32:08,000 --> 02:32:12,318 Reinhard Spitzy, Austrian member of the SS and NSDAP. 2620 02:32:12,319 --> 02:32:15,440 (people chattering) 2621 02:32:18,159 --> 02:32:19,399 - [Narrator] The Bishop of Muenster, 2622 02:32:19,400 --> 02:32:21,560 Clemens August Graf von Galen, 2623 02:32:21,561 --> 02:32:25,360 finds the courage to deliver a frank opinion in public. 2624 02:32:26,479 --> 02:32:27,979 (church bell ringing) 2625 02:32:27,980 --> 02:32:30,879 - [Voiceover] Sermon in St. Lambert's Church, Muenster, 2626 02:32:30,880 --> 02:32:33,000 August the 3rd 1941. 2627 02:32:34,000 --> 02:32:38,478 "So now we must expect that poor, defenseless, sick people 2628 02:32:38,479 --> 02:32:40,600 will be killed sooner or later. 2629 02:32:41,600 --> 02:32:44,679 Do you or do I only have the right to live 2630 02:32:44,680 --> 02:32:48,679 as long as we are recognized as productive by others? 2631 02:32:48,680 --> 02:32:50,060 If it is legitimate 2632 02:32:50,061 --> 02:32:52,280 to kill unproductive members of the community, 2633 02:32:52,281 --> 02:32:56,000 then woe betide our brave soldiers who return home from war 2634 02:32:56,001 --> 02:32:59,238 with serious battle wounds as invalids. 2635 02:32:59,239 --> 02:33:01,560 If the principle that man is entitled 2636 02:33:01,561 --> 02:33:03,879 to kill his unproductive fellow man 2637 02:33:03,880 --> 02:33:05,839 is established and applied, 2638 02:33:05,840 --> 02:33:07,558 then woe betide all of us 2639 02:33:07,559 --> 02:33:11,360 when we become aged and thus unproductive." 2640 02:33:13,479 --> 02:33:17,120 Clemens August Graf von Galen, Bishop of Muenster. 2641 02:33:21,719 --> 02:33:23,639 - [Narrator] Von Galen's brave protest 2642 02:33:23,640 --> 02:33:28,039 is based on concrete critical points and is successful. 2643 02:33:28,040 --> 02:33:30,479 The conflict between the Hitler regime, 2644 02:33:30,480 --> 02:33:33,520 the Bishop of Muenster, and other public critics 2645 02:33:33,521 --> 02:33:35,280 is settled only partially. 2646 02:33:36,200 --> 02:33:39,400 Hitler suspends the largest part of the euthanasia program 2647 02:33:39,401 --> 02:33:41,000 for more than a year 2648 02:33:41,001 --> 02:33:44,439 after more than 70,000 people had been killed. 2649 02:33:44,440 --> 02:33:46,240 In less conspicuous forms, 2650 02:33:46,241 --> 02:33:48,719 the euthanasia program was reintroduced 2651 02:33:48,720 --> 02:33:50,740 to sanatoriums and nursing homes 2652 02:33:50,741 --> 02:33:53,200 and practiced right up to the end of the war. 2653 02:33:58,760 --> 02:34:00,479 - [Voiceover] "The Fuhrer called me 2654 02:34:00,480 --> 02:34:03,679 into the Reich Chancellery at 4:00 pm today. 2655 02:34:03,680 --> 02:34:05,900 To start with, he spent a whole hour 2656 02:34:05,901 --> 02:34:07,879 describing the campaign in Poland. 2657 02:34:07,880 --> 02:34:11,158 'The Poles, only a thin Germanic layer. 2658 02:34:11,159 --> 02:34:13,999 Underneath that, dreadful stock. 2659 02:34:14,000 --> 02:34:17,599 The Jews, the worst that you could possibly imagine. 2660 02:34:17,600 --> 02:34:20,840 Only a master's heavy hand could rule here.'" 2661 02:34:23,360 --> 02:34:24,760 Alfred Rosenberg, 2662 02:34:24,761 --> 02:34:27,840 Director of the Foreign Policy Office of the NSDAP. 2663 02:34:31,239 --> 02:34:32,999 (traffic clamoring) 2664 02:34:33,000 --> 02:34:36,300 - [Voiceover] "Two days later, I went to the Warsaw Ghetto. 2665 02:34:36,301 --> 02:34:37,939 A brick wall about eight feet high 2666 02:34:37,940 --> 02:34:40,580 had been built around the entire desolate area 2667 02:34:40,581 --> 02:34:43,319 from which all the Aryans had been evacuated 2668 02:34:43,320 --> 02:34:46,799 and into which than 400,000 Jews had been forced. 2669 02:34:48,200 --> 02:34:50,080 The entire population of the ghetto 2670 02:34:50,081 --> 02:34:52,079 seemed to be living in the street. 2671 02:34:53,040 --> 02:34:55,639 There was hardly a square yard of empty space. 2672 02:34:55,640 --> 02:34:58,019 As we picked our way across the mud and rubble, 2673 02:34:58,020 --> 02:35:00,719 the shadows of what have once been men or women 2674 02:35:00,720 --> 02:35:03,780 flitted by us in pursuit of someone or something, 2675 02:35:03,781 --> 02:35:07,000 their eyes blazing with some insane hunger or greed. 2676 02:35:08,959 --> 02:35:10,960 Frequently, we passed by corpses 2677 02:35:10,961 --> 02:35:12,760 lying naked in the streets." 2678 02:35:16,000 --> 02:35:18,719 Jan Karski, courier of the Polish Underground. 2679 02:35:23,719 --> 02:35:26,600 - [Narrator] For a long time, researchers and prosecutors 2680 02:35:26,601 --> 02:35:29,600 searched for a definitive written order from Hitler 2681 02:35:29,601 --> 02:35:31,958 for the murder of European Jews. 2682 02:35:31,959 --> 02:35:33,260 Such an order from Hitler 2683 02:35:33,261 --> 02:35:36,100 on the Final Solution of the Jewish Question 2684 02:35:36,101 --> 02:35:37,520 obviously doesn't exist. 2685 02:35:40,239 --> 02:35:42,600 - [Voiceover] Service calendar, Heinrich Himmler, 2686 02:35:42,601 --> 02:35:44,359 Himmler's lecture notes. 2687 02:35:44,360 --> 02:35:47,798 "Fuhrer Headquarters, Fuhrer, Wolfsschanze, 2688 02:35:47,799 --> 02:35:51,199 July the 18th, 1941, 4:00 pm. 2689 02:35:51,200 --> 02:35:55,158 Jewish Question, exterminate as partisans. 2690 02:35:55,159 --> 02:35:57,040 Restructuring of the Waffen-SS." 2691 02:36:04,040 --> 02:36:06,360 - [Voiceover] "In any case, I'm totally convinced, 2692 02:36:06,361 --> 02:36:08,120 even without written proof, 2693 02:36:08,121 --> 02:36:09,799 that the extermination of the Jews 2694 02:36:09,800 --> 02:36:12,300 goes back to a specific order from Hitler 2695 02:36:12,301 --> 02:36:15,080 because it's unthinkable that Himmler and Goering 2696 02:36:15,081 --> 02:36:17,840 would have carried this out without his knowledge. 2697 02:36:18,760 --> 02:36:22,639 Nicolaus von Below, Luftwaffe Adjutant to Adolf Hitler. 2698 02:36:25,200 --> 02:36:26,880 - [Narrator] Immediately after the invasion 2699 02:36:26,881 --> 02:36:29,040 of the Soviet Union by the Wehrmacht, 2700 02:36:29,041 --> 02:36:32,478 the 3,000-man death squads of security police 2701 02:36:32,479 --> 02:36:34,440 and the Reich Security Service 2702 02:36:34,441 --> 02:36:36,620 begin their killing operations. 2703 02:36:36,621 --> 02:36:39,760 The political responsibility lies with Hermann Goering, 2704 02:36:39,761 --> 02:36:41,239 to whom Hitler has transferred 2705 02:36:41,240 --> 02:36:44,159 the coordination of Jewish policy. 2706 02:36:45,079 --> 02:36:46,919 (people chattering) 2707 02:36:46,920 --> 02:36:48,319 - [Voiceover] "If I am asked 2708 02:36:48,320 --> 02:36:50,320 whether I knew about the shooting of the Jews, 2709 02:36:50,321 --> 02:36:52,420 I have to say that I received an order 2710 02:36:52,421 --> 02:36:55,360 to attend the shooting of Jews as a spectator. 2711 02:36:57,120 --> 02:36:58,799 I remember that we had to be 2712 02:36:58,800 --> 02:37:01,040 at the shooting site at 8:00 pm." 2713 02:37:02,479 --> 02:37:04,399 A navy captain, Liepaja. 2714 02:37:05,159 --> 02:37:10,280 (singing in foreign language) (upbeat music) 2715 02:37:11,239 --> 02:37:13,120 - [Voiceover] "Around noon, an old man from Lower Saxony, 2716 02:37:13,121 --> 02:37:14,920 Colonel Scherr, visited me. 2717 02:37:16,079 --> 02:37:17,879 Among the things he talked about 2718 02:37:17,880 --> 02:37:21,180 that were especially horrible was the shooting of Jews. 2719 02:37:21,181 --> 02:37:22,920 He'd been told by another colonel, 2720 02:37:22,921 --> 02:37:24,600 Tippleskerch, I believe." 2721 02:37:27,639 --> 02:37:32,000 Ernst Junger, Captain, Paris, diary. 2722 02:37:33,280 --> 02:37:35,940 - [Voiceover] "I saw a long deep ditch. 2723 02:37:35,941 --> 02:37:40,398 SS men and Latvian police in plainclothes wearing armbandsú 2724 02:37:40,399 --> 02:37:42,120 were standing beside it. 2725 02:37:42,121 --> 02:37:44,460 The terrain was overgrown with bushes, 2726 02:37:44,461 --> 02:37:45,879 and the ground was sandy. 2727 02:37:47,639 --> 02:37:50,360 (gun banging) 2728 02:37:51,079 --> 02:37:54,359 We watched about 1 1/2 hours of the execution. 2729 02:37:54,360 --> 02:37:56,680 During this time, three to four trucks 2730 02:37:56,681 --> 02:37:59,400 were brought in from the city to the shooting site. 2731 02:37:59,401 --> 02:38:02,040 Then the victims were driven like cattle 2732 02:38:02,041 --> 02:38:04,318 from the truck to the ditch. 2733 02:38:04,319 --> 02:38:09,799 Each time, five had to march in single file into the ditch. 2734 02:38:10,719 --> 02:38:13,920 The shooting took place under the command of the SS. 2735 02:38:13,921 --> 02:38:16,599 The victims stood facing us. 2736 02:38:16,600 --> 02:38:18,380 I can remember exactly 2737 02:38:18,381 --> 02:38:21,680 that after the salvos, the victims collapsed." 2738 02:38:23,840 --> 02:38:25,920 A navy captain, Liepaja. 2739 02:38:32,840 --> 02:38:36,239 - [Voiceover] Letter to the SS and Latvian Police Chief. 2740 02:38:36,240 --> 02:38:38,540 Commander of the Riga Police Force. 2741 02:38:38,541 --> 02:38:41,040 January the 3rd 1942. 2742 02:38:42,639 --> 02:38:44,140 "The execution of the Jews 2743 02:38:44,141 --> 02:38:46,200 carried out in the timeframe of the report 2744 02:38:46,201 --> 02:38:48,980 is still the talk of the local population. 2745 02:38:48,981 --> 02:38:51,880 The fate of the Jews is deplored numerous times, 2746 02:38:51,881 --> 02:38:54,120 and at the moment, you hear few people 2747 02:38:54,121 --> 02:38:56,040 in favor of their elimination. 2748 02:39:00,879 --> 02:39:03,760 Among other things, there is a rumor circulating 2749 02:39:03,761 --> 02:39:05,680 that the execution was filmed." 2750 02:39:07,639 --> 02:39:10,280 SS and Police Chief, Liepaja. 2751 02:39:15,239 --> 02:39:17,399 - [Voiceover] Memoirs in diary form. 2752 02:39:18,280 --> 02:39:20,398 "A grim, gloomy mood. 2753 02:39:20,399 --> 02:39:23,080 Fuhrer had a long discussion with Himmler, 2754 02:39:23,081 --> 02:39:24,879 and afterwards there was the usual 2755 02:39:24,880 --> 02:39:26,879 corresponding atmosphere." 2756 02:39:29,159 --> 02:39:30,600 Gerhard Engel. 2757 02:39:40,760 --> 02:39:42,559 - [Voiceover] "Hitler never told me anything 2758 02:39:42,560 --> 02:39:44,280 about the treatment of the Jews. 2759 02:39:46,280 --> 02:39:49,078 In foreign policy, the subject only arose 2760 02:39:49,079 --> 02:39:50,840 when the Jews were to be deported 2761 02:39:50,841 --> 02:39:52,719 from some country or other." 2762 02:39:55,159 --> 02:39:57,878 Franz von Sonnleithner, NSDAP member, 2763 02:39:57,879 --> 02:40:01,679 after 1939, Legation Councilor in the Foreign Ministry. 2764 02:40:01,680 --> 02:40:04,879 (people chattering) 2765 02:40:08,799 --> 02:40:10,120 - [Voiceover] Adolf Hitler, 2766 02:40:10,121 --> 02:40:11,920 address to the traditional gathering 2767 02:40:11,921 --> 02:40:13,940 in the Munich Burgerbraukeller, 2768 02:40:13,941 --> 02:40:15,600 November the 8th 1942. 2769 02:40:16,520 --> 02:40:19,719 "You will recall the Reichstag session at which I declared 2770 02:40:19,720 --> 02:40:21,919 if Judaism imagines for a moment 2771 02:40:21,920 --> 02:40:24,580 that it can bring about an international world war 2772 02:40:24,581 --> 02:40:27,300 for the extermination of the European races, 2773 02:40:27,301 --> 02:40:28,740 the result will not be 2774 02:40:28,741 --> 02:40:30,939 the extermination of the European races, 2775 02:40:30,940 --> 02:40:33,920 but the extermination of the Jews in Europe. 2776 02:40:33,921 --> 02:40:36,120 I was always derided as a prophet. 2777 02:40:36,121 --> 02:40:39,120 Countless numbers of those who laughed at the time 2778 02:40:39,121 --> 02:40:41,000 are no longer laughing today. 2779 02:40:41,001 --> 02:40:43,079 Those who are still laughing now 2780 02:40:43,080 --> 02:40:45,879 will perhaps not be laughing much longer." 2781 02:40:49,159 --> 02:40:51,840 - [Voiceover] Danziger Vorposten daily newspaper, 2782 02:40:51,841 --> 02:40:53,840 May the 13th 1944. 2783 02:40:54,760 --> 02:40:57,720 "Jewry records major losses in other regions of Europe. 2784 02:40:57,721 --> 02:41:01,239 The core areas of Jewish settlement that we found in Poland, 2785 02:41:01,240 --> 02:41:03,599 like those in Warsaw and Lublin, 2786 02:41:03,600 --> 02:41:05,399 have today been neutralized. 2787 02:41:07,000 --> 02:41:10,000 The settlements of 1/2 million Jews in Hungary 2788 02:41:10,001 --> 02:41:13,180 are currently being dealt with in a similar fashion. 2789 02:41:13,181 --> 02:41:14,719 Thus, in these countries alone, 2790 02:41:14,720 --> 02:41:16,959 five million Jews have been eliminated. 2791 02:41:18,000 --> 02:41:19,640 In other European countries, 2792 02:41:19,641 --> 02:41:21,700 longstanding state measures against Jewry 2793 02:41:21,701 --> 02:41:23,200 are also increasing." 2794 02:41:25,959 --> 02:41:30,238 Wilhelm Loebsack, Provincial NSDAP Propaganda Director 2795 02:41:30,239 --> 02:41:32,119 in Gdansk, West Prussia. 2796 02:41:32,120 --> 02:41:35,040 (train rattling) 2797 02:41:41,639 --> 02:41:43,360 - [Voiceover] "During the military briefing 2798 02:41:43,361 --> 02:41:45,558 around autumn 1944, 2799 02:41:45,559 --> 02:41:47,380 the Reich Press Chief Dietrich 2800 02:41:47,381 --> 02:41:49,279 came up with an English report. 2801 02:41:49,280 --> 02:41:51,700 In this newspaper article, it was alleged 2802 02:41:51,701 --> 02:41:54,760 that the Russians had taken a German concentration camp 2803 02:41:54,761 --> 02:41:56,478 by the name of Majdanek. 2804 02:41:56,479 --> 02:41:58,359 Pictures showed racks 2805 02:41:58,360 --> 02:42:01,240 on which a large number of combs could be seen, 2806 02:42:01,241 --> 02:42:04,000 well-laid out, as foreigners expect to see 2807 02:42:04,001 --> 02:42:05,760 in a German institution. 2808 02:42:05,761 --> 02:42:09,318 The text said that people had been exterminated here. 2809 02:42:09,319 --> 02:42:12,280 Dietrich presented the press report to Hitler. 2810 02:42:12,281 --> 02:42:15,999 We stood there with baited breath to hear what he would say. 2811 02:42:16,000 --> 02:42:17,760 The answer was swift." 2812 02:42:17,761 --> 02:42:19,959 - [Voiceover] "Those are the hands of Belgian children 2813 02:42:19,960 --> 02:42:22,000 chopped off during the First World War. 2814 02:42:22,001 --> 02:42:24,279 It's nothing but enemy propaganda." 2815 02:42:24,280 --> 02:42:26,000 - [Voiceover] "I believe that I have quoted 2816 02:42:26,001 --> 02:42:28,040 Hitler's statement correctly. 2817 02:42:28,041 --> 02:42:30,719 In any case, we were all relieved." 2818 02:42:32,440 --> 02:42:34,020 Franz von Sonnleithner, 2819 02:42:34,021 --> 02:42:37,639 after 1939, Legation Councilor in the Foreign Ministry. 2820 02:42:39,719 --> 02:42:41,638 (soldiers chattering) 2821 02:42:41,639 --> 02:42:43,479 - [Voiceover] "On the third day of the war, 2822 02:42:43,480 --> 02:42:45,519 I was wounded near Grodno. 2823 02:42:45,520 --> 02:42:47,820 When I came to, there were many wounded 2824 02:42:47,821 --> 02:42:49,220 lying on the ground. 2825 02:42:49,221 --> 02:42:51,540 We were at the mercy of the German soldiers. 2826 02:42:51,541 --> 02:42:55,000 After a while, those who could move were driven onwards. 2827 02:42:55,001 --> 02:42:57,059 My comrades grabbed me under the arms 2828 02:42:57,060 --> 02:42:59,959 because those who fell down were immediately shot." 2829 02:43:03,120 --> 02:43:04,319 Dmitri Dmitrienko. 2830 02:43:15,760 --> 02:43:18,080 - [Narrator] Since February 1938, 2831 02:43:18,081 --> 02:43:21,540 Adolf Hitler has been the Supreme Commander of the military. 2832 02:43:21,541 --> 02:43:23,300 In this capacity, he's responsible 2833 02:43:23,301 --> 02:43:26,239 for the mass killings of Soviet prisoners of war. 2834 02:43:28,159 --> 02:43:32,199 Whereas one to 3% of Anglo-American prisoners die, 2835 02:43:32,200 --> 02:43:35,879 some 50% of Red Army prisoners perish. 2836 02:43:37,559 --> 02:43:41,999 Of the roughly 5.3 to 5.7 million Red Army soldiers 2837 02:43:42,000 --> 02:43:43,639 in German captivity, 2838 02:43:43,640 --> 02:43:46,638 2.5 to 3.3 million die. 2839 02:43:46,639 --> 02:43:48,239 Estimates vary. 2840 02:43:50,319 --> 02:43:53,700 - [Voiceover] "Only the gravediggers were given food. 2841 02:43:53,701 --> 02:43:57,478 The camp was set up in a dense forest, a pine forest. 2842 02:43:57,479 --> 02:43:59,600 We scratched the bark off with a nail 2843 02:43:59,601 --> 02:44:01,360 and fed ourselves that way. 2844 02:44:02,120 --> 02:44:05,200 After a while, the whole forest had been eaten." 2845 02:44:07,559 --> 02:44:09,239 Boris Sheremet. 2846 02:44:10,799 --> 02:44:14,040 - [Narrator] Army command is fully aware of the situation 2847 02:44:14,041 --> 02:44:17,399 and condones the starvation of Soviet prisoners. 2848 02:44:18,280 --> 02:44:20,199 In November 1941, 2849 02:44:20,200 --> 02:44:22,639 when the Chiefs of Staff of the East Armies 2850 02:44:22,640 --> 02:44:24,559 tell the Quartermaster General 2851 02:44:24,560 --> 02:44:27,760 that the armies need Soviet prisoners as laborers, 2852 02:44:27,761 --> 02:44:31,238 but that these are starving in camps, he states. 2853 02:44:31,239 --> 02:44:33,120 - [Voiceover] "Prisoners of war who do not work 2854 02:44:33,121 --> 02:44:34,440 have to starve. 2855 02:44:35,200 --> 02:44:37,879 Working prisoners of war can, in some cases, 2856 02:44:37,880 --> 02:44:39,639 be fed army provisions." 2857 02:44:41,319 --> 02:44:44,000 Eduard Wagner, Quartermaster General. 2858 02:44:45,319 --> 02:44:46,519 (rain splattering) 2859 02:44:46,520 --> 02:44:48,920 - [Voiceover] Letter to Wilhelm Keitel. 2860 02:44:48,921 --> 02:44:51,159 "The fate of the Soviet prisoners of war 2861 02:44:51,160 --> 02:44:53,718 is a tragedy of huge proportions. 2862 02:44:53,719 --> 02:44:56,040 The large majority of them have starved 2863 02:44:56,041 --> 02:44:58,360 or died from exposure to the weather." 2864 02:45:01,520 --> 02:45:02,900 Alfred Rosenberg, 2865 02:45:02,901 --> 02:45:05,639 Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories. 2866 02:45:06,719 --> 02:45:08,120 - [Voiceover] Wilhelm Keitel, 2867 02:45:08,121 --> 02:45:10,120 Chief of the Armed Forces High Command. 2868 02:45:10,121 --> 02:45:12,839 "Such doubts belong to soldierly concepts 2869 02:45:12,840 --> 02:45:14,639 of chivalrous warfare. 2870 02:45:14,640 --> 02:45:18,080 Here, we are dealing with the destruction of an ideology. 2871 02:45:18,081 --> 02:45:21,200 For this reason, I approve and support these measures." 2872 02:45:21,201 --> 02:45:24,479 (soldiers chattering) 2873 02:45:28,079 --> 02:45:29,600 - [Voiceover] "I keep hearing 2874 02:45:29,601 --> 02:45:32,300 that Hitler could not have known about everything. 2875 02:45:32,301 --> 02:45:33,660 This is sheer nonsense. 2876 02:45:33,661 --> 02:45:37,000 I know from personal observation and remarks by Hitler 2877 02:45:37,001 --> 02:45:38,920 that he knew everything." 2878 02:45:40,719 --> 02:45:43,319 Heinz Linge, valet to Adolf Hitler. 2879 02:46:10,200 --> 02:46:11,439 (dog barking) 2880 02:46:11,440 --> 02:46:14,440 - [Voiceover] "Up until 1940, Hitler looked younger 2881 02:46:14,441 --> 02:46:16,239 than he was in reality. 2882 02:46:16,240 --> 02:46:19,158 After that, however, he aged rather quickly. 2883 02:46:19,159 --> 02:46:22,439 Up to 1943, he looked his age outwardly. 2884 02:46:22,440 --> 02:46:26,399 Later, his rapid physical deterioration was obvious." 2885 02:46:28,920 --> 02:46:31,359 Professor Dr. Hanskarl von Hasselbach, 2886 02:46:31,360 --> 02:46:33,719 Deputy Attendant Doctor to Adolf Hitler. 2887 02:46:33,720 --> 02:46:36,319 (dog panting) 2888 02:46:37,079 --> 02:46:38,920 - [Voiceover] "The death of a human being 2889 02:46:38,921 --> 02:46:40,740 didn't bother him at all. 2890 02:46:40,741 --> 02:46:43,040 He saw people as the links in a long chain, 2891 02:46:43,041 --> 02:46:46,000 and he considered the first link to be himself. 2892 02:46:47,559 --> 02:46:50,279 Children were, in his eyes, only the potential 2893 02:46:50,280 --> 02:46:53,500 by which the greater or smaller living space of a people 2894 02:46:53,501 --> 02:46:54,600 was measured." 2895 02:46:58,760 --> 02:47:00,200 Christa Schroeder. 2896 02:47:03,040 --> 02:47:05,840 (upbeat music) 2897 02:47:07,399 --> 02:47:08,840 - [Voiceover] "The soldiers that I met 2898 02:47:08,680 --> 02:47:10,079 were not followers of Hitler 2899 02:47:10,080 --> 02:47:12,958 and only served the Fuhrer unwillingly, 2900 02:47:12,959 --> 02:47:14,639 but all approved of war 2901 02:47:14,640 --> 02:47:17,260 as an indispensable phenomenon of life. 2902 02:47:17,261 --> 02:47:20,740 The war is the ultimate exertion that you cannot dodge. 2903 02:47:20,741 --> 02:47:24,839 This picture was deeply ingrained in them." 2904 02:47:24,840 --> 02:47:28,040 Wilma Schtoem, journalist and writer. 2905 02:47:33,399 --> 02:47:38,040 - [Voiceover] Diary, Monday, July the 26th 1943. 2906 02:47:39,239 --> 02:47:41,238 "Mussolini has resigned. 2907 02:47:41,239 --> 02:47:43,078 He's said to be ill. 2908 02:47:43,079 --> 02:47:47,200 Last night, Hamburg, Essen, and Kiel were bombed again." 2909 02:47:49,760 --> 02:47:51,319 Henrietta Schneider. 2910 02:47:59,159 --> 02:48:00,319 - [Voiceover] "While I endeavored 2911 02:48:00,320 --> 02:48:01,880 to establish worthwhile targets 2912 02:48:01,881 --> 02:48:04,300 to Hitler and the general staff of the Air Force, 2913 02:48:04,301 --> 02:48:06,479 our enemies launched five big attacks 2914 02:48:06,480 --> 02:48:09,200 on only one major city, Hamburg. 2915 02:48:10,000 --> 02:48:11,399 Although this action contradicted 2916 02:48:11,400 --> 02:48:13,180 all tactical considerations, 2917 02:48:13,181 --> 02:48:15,319 it had catastrophic consequences." 2918 02:48:17,959 --> 02:48:19,000 Albert Speer. 2919 02:48:21,120 --> 02:48:22,839 (fire crackling) 2920 02:48:22,840 --> 02:48:26,078 - [Voiceover] Diary of fighter pilot Hans Ahrens, 2921 02:48:26,079 --> 02:48:27,558 born 1921, 2922 02:48:27,559 --> 02:48:31,359 killed in action February the 21st 1944. 2923 02:48:31,360 --> 02:48:34,318 "That first night of terror on July the 25th 2924 02:48:34,319 --> 02:48:36,580 will remain unforgettable for us 2925 02:48:36,581 --> 02:48:39,200 and the majority of all Hamburg residents. 2926 02:48:40,200 --> 02:48:43,158 Personally, I'm glad that I experienced it all. 2927 02:48:43,159 --> 02:48:46,919 As a soldier, it led to an ultimate resolute hatred 2928 02:48:46,920 --> 02:48:48,039 of our enemy." 2929 02:48:48,040 --> 02:48:50,959 (fire crackling) 2930 02:48:52,879 --> 02:48:54,660 - [Voiceover] Letter to Gayog Zimmerman, 2931 02:48:54,661 --> 02:48:56,920 soldier in Norway, from his mother. 2932 02:48:56,921 --> 02:49:00,120 Hamburg, July the 28th 1943. 2933 02:49:00,840 --> 02:49:03,158 "Dear Gayog, we are still alive, 2934 02:49:03,159 --> 02:49:06,078 but Hamburg de facto no longer exists. 2935 02:49:06,079 --> 02:49:07,780 No house left standing. 2936 02:49:07,781 --> 02:49:09,558 Just mountains of rubble. 2937 02:49:09,559 --> 02:49:11,280 Entire streets blocked. 2938 02:49:11,281 --> 02:49:13,000 Dead bodies not salvaged. 2939 02:49:13,001 --> 02:49:15,520 Impenetrable smoke and fumes and fires 2940 02:49:15,521 --> 02:49:17,200 still burning everywhere. 2941 02:49:17,201 --> 02:49:19,439 Disintegration is in progress. 2942 02:49:19,440 --> 02:49:21,520 No police anymore, nothing. 2943 02:49:22,520 --> 02:49:24,600 Hamburg is lost forever." 2944 02:49:26,479 --> 02:49:28,319 Magdalena Zimmerman. 2945 02:49:31,399 --> 02:49:33,220 - [Voiceover] "When I traveled to the Baden 2946 02:49:33,221 --> 02:49:36,300 from Babelsberg, I met an acquaintance on the train. 2947 02:49:36,301 --> 02:49:38,200 He'd experienced it all in Hamburg 2948 02:49:38,201 --> 02:49:40,140 as an anti-aircraft soldier. 2949 02:49:40,141 --> 02:49:42,060 It smelled so strongly of corpses 2950 02:49:42,061 --> 02:49:44,820 that you couldn't get the stench out of your nose. 2951 02:49:44,821 --> 02:49:46,820 Leaflets were dropped over Hamburg 2952 02:49:46,821 --> 02:49:50,000 with quotes from the war speeches of Hitler and Goering, 2953 02:49:50,600 --> 02:49:52,120 without any comment." 2954 02:49:54,200 --> 02:49:57,200 Erik Kessner, writer, war diary. 2955 02:50:00,120 --> 02:50:02,600 - [Voiceover] Hamburg, July the 30th 1943. 2956 02:50:04,239 --> 02:50:07,078 "My Hanele, words can't express 2957 02:50:07,079 --> 02:50:08,940 what we're going through here. 2958 02:50:08,941 --> 02:50:11,680 A government that cannot protect its women and children 2959 02:50:11,681 --> 02:50:13,319 is simply criminal. 2960 02:50:14,840 --> 02:50:17,440 My Hanele, if I could only hear one word 2961 02:50:17,441 --> 02:50:20,159 from you and Gayog, your mother." 2962 02:50:22,120 --> 02:50:23,879 Magdalena Zimmerman. 2963 02:50:27,319 --> 02:50:30,159 - [Voiceover] "When he traveled to Bavaria to the Berghof 2964 02:50:30,160 --> 02:50:31,959 or the Fuhrer Headquarters, 2965 02:50:31,960 --> 02:50:35,660 then he went by train and at night with blacked out windows 2966 02:50:35,661 --> 02:50:36,780 so that he wasn't faced 2967 02:50:36,781 --> 02:50:39,559 with the devastation from the bombing raids." 2968 02:50:41,200 --> 02:50:43,959 Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven, Captain. 2969 02:50:49,000 --> 02:50:50,600 - [Voiceover] "During the entire war, 2970 02:50:50,601 --> 02:50:53,680 Adolf Hitler never once visited a bombed city." 2971 02:50:55,200 --> 02:50:56,200 Albert Speer. 2972 02:50:58,719 --> 02:51:00,399 - [Voiceover] Dr. Theo Morell, 2973 02:51:00,400 --> 02:51:02,839 Adolf Hitler's personal physician. 2974 02:51:02,840 --> 02:51:08,120 Diary, September the 23rd 1943, 8:15 pm. 2975 02:51:09,159 --> 02:51:11,558 "Examination after dinner. 2976 02:51:11,559 --> 02:51:15,199 Strong flatulence, spasms from agitation. 2977 02:51:15,200 --> 02:51:18,199 Stomach shows increased fat formation. 2978 02:51:18,200 --> 02:51:19,680 Prescribed a diet." 2979 02:51:21,440 --> 02:51:23,320 - [Voiceover] "He admired Morell and his art 2980 02:51:23,321 --> 02:51:27,040 and was, in a sense, dependent on him and his medication." 2981 02:51:28,920 --> 02:51:29,959 Albert Speer. 2982 02:51:30,920 --> 02:51:32,439 (tense music) 2983 02:51:32,440 --> 02:51:35,440 - [Voiceover] New Year's Proclamation, 1944. 2984 02:51:36,479 --> 02:51:39,839 "The year 1944 will make hard and heavy demands 2985 02:51:39,840 --> 02:51:41,158 on all Germans. 2986 02:51:41,159 --> 02:51:43,120 The monstrous events of the war 2987 02:51:43,121 --> 02:51:45,380 will come closer to crisis this year. 2988 02:51:45,381 --> 02:51:48,319 We are fully confident that we will endure." 2989 02:51:50,120 --> 02:51:51,399 Adolf Hitler. 2990 02:51:55,479 --> 02:51:59,599 - [Voiceover] Diary, May the 27th 1944. 2991 02:51:59,600 --> 02:52:02,999 "An impression of an increasingly destroyed Berlin. 2992 02:52:03,000 --> 02:52:04,359 Devastating. 2993 02:52:04,360 --> 02:52:07,540 At the same time, Berliners are sitting in the sunshine 2994 02:52:07,541 --> 02:52:10,719 on chairs amid the rubble and debris on the esplanade 2995 02:52:10,720 --> 02:52:12,520 as if it were peacetime." 2996 02:52:14,760 --> 02:52:18,360 Ulrich von Hassell, diplomat and member of the resistance. 2997 02:52:20,200 --> 02:52:23,680 - [Voiceover] Diary, May the 9th 1944. 2998 02:52:24,920 --> 02:52:26,199 "Patient A. 2999 02:52:26,200 --> 02:52:28,119 Tension headache, left side. 3000 02:52:28,120 --> 02:52:30,399 Legs trembling due to agitation. 3001 02:52:31,040 --> 02:52:33,280 Invasion imminent but where?" 3002 02:52:35,120 --> 02:52:36,559 Dr. Theo Morell. 3003 02:52:38,760 --> 02:52:41,019 - [Voiceover] "The plutocratic world of the West 3004 02:52:41,020 --> 02:52:43,760 can undertake its threatened landing attempt 3005 02:52:44,479 --> 02:52:45,760 whenever it wants. 3006 02:52:45,761 --> 02:52:47,079 It will fail." 3007 02:52:47,799 --> 02:52:50,440 Adolf Hitler, order of the day to the Wehrmacht. 3008 02:52:52,040 --> 02:52:54,199 (ominous music) 3009 02:52:54,200 --> 02:52:55,760 - [Voiceover] "Hitler was told of the landing 3010 02:52:55,761 --> 02:52:57,979 on the morning of June the 6th. 3011 02:52:57,980 --> 02:53:00,100 He expressed relief when he received the first report 3012 02:53:00,101 --> 02:53:03,079 and said now it would be possible to beat the enemy." 3013 02:53:04,920 --> 02:53:08,040 Nicolaus von Below, Luftwaffe Adjutant to Adolf Hitler. 3014 02:53:08,041 --> 02:53:11,079 (gunfire rattling) 3015 02:53:12,040 --> 02:53:13,879 - [Voiceover] "The conviction of the Germans 3016 02:53:13,880 --> 02:53:16,760 that we would not attack in the weather then prevailing 3017 02:53:16,761 --> 02:53:20,520 was a definite factor in the degree of surprise we achieved. 3018 02:53:20,521 --> 02:53:24,839 In the Omaha Sector, an alert enemy division, the 352nd, 3019 02:53:24,840 --> 02:53:27,440 which prisoners stated had been in the area 3020 02:53:27,441 --> 02:53:29,718 on maneuvers and defense exercises, 3021 02:53:29,719 --> 02:53:32,240 accounted for some of the intensive fighting 3022 02:53:32,241 --> 02:53:33,520 in that locality." 3023 02:53:35,280 --> 02:53:38,359 Dwight D. Eisenhower, US General, 3024 02:53:38,360 --> 02:53:40,719 Supreme Allied Commander, Europe. 3025 02:53:44,920 --> 02:53:48,040 - [Voiceover] Heinz Linge, valet to Adolf Hitler. 3026 02:53:49,479 --> 02:53:51,180 "Among Hitler's habits, 3027 02:53:51,181 --> 02:53:54,040 which despite our efforts couldn't be remedied, 3028 02:53:54,041 --> 02:53:57,039 was that he kept asking what time it was, 3029 02:53:57,040 --> 02:53:59,079 above all, during the war." 3030 02:54:00,000 --> 02:54:01,959 - [Voiceover] "I principally only ever stop 3031 02:54:01,960 --> 02:54:03,559 at five past 12." 3032 02:54:04,920 --> 02:54:06,719 Adolf Hitler in November 1942. 3033 02:54:08,760 --> 02:54:11,039 - [Voiceover] "On July the 20th 1944, 3034 02:54:11,040 --> 02:54:12,520 I'd received the order to prepare 3035 02:54:12,521 --> 02:54:14,239 for the move of the operations unit 3036 02:54:14,240 --> 02:54:17,199 from Mauerwald to Zossen, south of Berlin. 3037 02:54:17,200 --> 02:54:19,840 It was a hot East Prussian summer's day. 3038 02:54:21,680 --> 02:54:24,620 Mauerwald was located just 20 kilometers away 3039 02:54:24,621 --> 02:54:26,479 from the Wolfsschanze 3040 02:54:26,480 --> 02:54:30,200 where Stauffenberg's bomb exploded around 12:45 pm." 3041 02:54:30,920 --> 02:54:33,440 Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven. 3042 02:54:38,280 --> 02:54:39,719 - [Voiceover] "I remember thunder 3043 02:54:39,720 --> 02:54:42,280 combined with a brightly flashing flame. 3044 02:54:42,281 --> 02:54:44,399 At the same time, thick smoke. 3045 02:54:45,200 --> 02:54:47,420 After a few seconds of complete silence, 3046 02:54:47,421 --> 02:54:48,879 I heard someone call. 3047 02:54:49,760 --> 02:54:52,439 It was probably Field Marshal Keitel." 3048 02:54:52,440 --> 02:54:54,639 - [Voiceover] "Where is the Fuhrer?" 3049 02:54:55,440 --> 02:54:56,880 - [Voiceover] Heinz Buccholz, 3050 02:54:56,881 --> 02:54:59,600 stenographer in the Wolfsschanze Headquarters. 3051 02:55:02,959 --> 02:55:06,380 - [Voiceover] "There were agitated calls for a doctor. 3052 02:55:06,381 --> 02:55:08,840 A bomb exploded, nothing happened to the boss, 3053 02:55:08,841 --> 02:55:11,120 but the hut was blown sky high." 3054 02:55:13,000 --> 02:55:14,440 Christa Schroeder. 3055 02:55:15,520 --> 02:55:16,840 - [Voiceover] Heinz Linge. 3056 02:55:18,559 --> 02:55:20,679 "When I arrived, I saw Hitler, 3057 02:55:20,680 --> 02:55:23,440 who looked at me inquiringly with big eyes 3058 02:55:23,441 --> 02:55:25,520 and stared at my troubled face. 3059 02:55:25,521 --> 02:55:27,798 With a calm smile he said." 3060 02:55:27,799 --> 02:55:30,680 - [Voiceover] "Linge, someone tried to kill me." 3061 02:55:31,840 --> 02:55:33,638 (crowd cheering) 3062 02:55:33,639 --> 02:55:38,200 - [Voiceover] Diary, Friday, July the 21st 1944. 3063 02:55:40,399 --> 02:55:43,239 "The radio broadcast details of the attack. 3064 02:55:43,240 --> 02:55:47,399 The bomb was planted by a Count Von Stauffenberg. 3065 02:55:48,639 --> 02:55:50,559 Around one o'clock, the Fuhrer spoke 3066 02:55:50,560 --> 02:55:52,718 to prove that he had survived. 3067 02:55:52,719 --> 02:55:56,119 What would have happened if the Fuhrer had died? 3068 02:55:56,120 --> 02:55:57,460 The war would be over, 3069 02:55:57,461 --> 02:55:59,920 and there would be revolution in Germany." 3070 02:56:02,760 --> 02:56:04,440 Henrietta Schneider. 3071 02:56:05,600 --> 02:56:06,959 - [Voiceover] "His confidence, 3072 02:56:06,960 --> 02:56:09,600 his faith in victory, and his assurance, 3073 02:56:09,601 --> 02:56:13,439 but also his power consciousness and delusions of grandeur 3074 02:56:13,440 --> 02:56:16,440 now exceeded all boundaries of reason." 3075 02:56:17,280 --> 02:56:20,680 Traudl Junge, Hitler's private secretary. 3076 02:56:22,319 --> 02:56:26,318 - [Voiceover] Personal war diary, October the 7th 1944. 3077 02:56:26,319 --> 02:56:27,799 "Morning briefing. 3078 02:56:28,559 --> 02:56:30,920 Beginning of the attack on East Prussia and Budapest. 3079 02:56:30,921 --> 02:56:32,639 Long discussion with Goering. 3080 02:56:32,640 --> 02:56:35,720 Station 12 heavy anti-aircraft batteries immediately 3081 02:56:35,721 --> 02:56:37,840 to protect the Fuhrer's headquarters. 3082 02:56:40,239 --> 02:56:42,279 Keitel for relocating to Berlin. 3083 02:56:42,280 --> 02:56:43,559 Hitler against it." 3084 02:56:44,520 --> 02:56:47,759 Werner Kreipe, General of the Aviators, 3085 02:56:47,760 --> 02:56:50,000 Chief of Staff, Luftwaffe. 3086 02:56:54,079 --> 02:56:57,158 - [Voiceover] "In the first days of November 1944, 3087 02:56:57,159 --> 02:56:58,520 we moved out of the Wolfsschanze 3088 02:56:58,521 --> 02:57:00,959 because the Russians were close by." 3089 02:57:02,799 --> 02:57:03,639 Traudl Junge. 3090 02:57:03,640 --> 02:57:05,878 (train rattling) 3091 02:57:05,879 --> 02:57:08,920 (cannons booming) 3092 02:57:11,159 --> 02:57:13,760 - [Voiceover] "Germany was under intense pressure. 3093 02:57:13,761 --> 02:57:17,478 At the end of 1944, weapons production fell sharply. 3094 02:57:17,479 --> 02:57:20,439 Trapped in the east, southeast, south, and west, 3095 02:57:20,440 --> 02:57:22,479 Germany was strategically encircled 3096 02:57:22,480 --> 02:57:24,220 and could not break free. 3097 02:57:24,221 --> 02:57:26,800 Nevertheless, Hitler took one ultimate measure 3098 02:57:26,801 --> 02:57:28,040 after the other. 3099 02:57:28,041 --> 02:57:30,160 The Nazis suppressed without mercy 3100 02:57:30,161 --> 02:57:32,680 the slightest opposition to the regime. 3101 02:57:34,719 --> 02:57:35,980 It was clear to us 3102 02:57:35,981 --> 02:57:38,680 that Germany was mobilizing its last forces, 3103 02:57:38,681 --> 02:57:40,439 but at the end of 1944, 3104 02:57:40,440 --> 02:57:42,440 Germany was still able to defend itself 3105 02:57:42,441 --> 02:57:44,440 and put up serious resistance. 3106 02:57:45,399 --> 02:57:49,679 Its military still consisted of around 17.5 million men, 3107 02:57:49,680 --> 02:57:53,158 of whom 5.3 million were fighting troops." 3108 02:57:53,159 --> 02:57:56,440 (explosions booming) 3109 02:57:58,840 --> 02:58:01,718 Georgy Zhukov, Commander in Chief, 3110 02:58:01,719 --> 02:58:03,600 First White Russian Front. 3111 02:58:08,479 --> 02:58:10,580 - [Voiceover] "At just 19 years old, 3112 02:58:10,581 --> 02:58:12,680 Walter was also killed in action. 3113 02:58:13,520 --> 02:58:15,439 I was sitting on the roof of our house 3114 02:58:15,440 --> 02:58:17,260 that had been damaged in another bombing 3115 02:58:17,261 --> 02:58:19,959 when I saw the postman bring the death notice. 3116 02:58:20,920 --> 02:58:24,319 My aunt called through the house, 'Walter has fallen.' 3117 02:58:25,520 --> 02:58:28,399 The death of my brother was a deep shock for me." 3118 02:58:31,399 --> 02:58:33,399 Helmut Kohl, schoolboy. 3119 02:58:39,079 --> 02:58:41,280 - [Voiceover] Speech to division commanders, 3120 02:58:41,281 --> 02:58:43,238 December the 12th 1944 3121 02:58:43,239 --> 02:58:46,759 in Adlerhorst near Ziegenberg, Hesse. 3122 02:58:46,760 --> 02:58:50,119 "If we suffer a few more really hard strikes, 3123 02:58:50,120 --> 02:58:53,040 then this artificially maintained common front 3124 02:58:53,041 --> 02:58:55,360 can suddenly collapse at any moment 3125 02:58:55,361 --> 02:58:57,479 in a huge clap of thunder." 3126 02:59:00,319 --> 02:59:01,719 Adolf Hitler. 3127 02:59:03,840 --> 02:59:05,559 - [Voiceover] "Hitler revealed the following 3128 02:59:05,560 --> 02:59:07,879 to a very limited circle of listeners. 3129 02:59:08,879 --> 02:59:11,240 Due to a noticeable weakness of any new forces 3130 02:59:11,241 --> 02:59:12,620 in the Eifel region, 3131 02:59:12,621 --> 02:59:15,360 he had decided to start the attack from there. 3132 02:59:15,361 --> 02:59:17,280 The target had to be Antwerp." 3133 02:59:19,840 --> 02:59:22,279 Siegfried Westphal, Major General, 3134 02:59:22,280 --> 02:59:25,239 Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief West. 3135 02:59:29,280 --> 02:59:31,919 (tense music) 3136 02:59:31,920 --> 02:59:34,679 - [Voiceover] "On December the 16th 1944, 3137 02:59:34,680 --> 02:59:36,840 General Bradley came to my headquarters 3138 02:59:36,841 --> 02:59:38,520 to discuss ways and means 3139 02:59:38,521 --> 02:59:42,300 of overcoming our acute shortages in infantry replacements. 3140 02:59:42,301 --> 02:59:45,519 Just as he entered my office, a staff officer came in 3141 02:59:45,520 --> 02:59:48,260 to report slight penetrations of our line. 3142 02:59:48,261 --> 02:59:49,879 It was through this same region 3143 02:59:49,880 --> 02:59:52,840 that the Germans launched their great attack of 1940." 3144 02:59:55,479 --> 02:59:56,959 Dwight D. Eisenhower. 3145 03:00:01,520 --> 03:00:03,600 - [Voiceover] "German tanks have been spotted 3146 03:00:03,601 --> 03:00:05,740 north of the city of Luxembourg. 3147 03:00:05,741 --> 03:00:07,279 Rundstedt has ordered the tanks 3148 03:00:07,280 --> 03:00:10,520 to advance through the Ardennes in nearly the same place 3149 03:00:10,521 --> 03:00:13,558 as the Germans penetrated in May 1940. 3150 03:00:13,559 --> 03:00:15,920 They're heading in the same direction again 3151 03:00:15,921 --> 03:00:17,980 to the channel coastline towards Antwerp 3152 03:00:17,981 --> 03:00:20,519 and ordered to stop the Allies using the port 3153 03:00:20,520 --> 03:00:23,040 through which their main supplies come." 3154 03:00:24,719 --> 03:00:28,639 Stefan Heym, Corporal of the US Army, writer. 3155 03:00:33,959 --> 03:00:36,239 - [Voiceover] "It was my opinion that it was necessary 3156 03:00:36,240 --> 03:00:39,180 to play Hitler's last card to maximum effect. 3157 03:00:39,181 --> 03:00:41,399 As a gawker, I tried to get as close as possible 3158 03:00:41,400 --> 03:00:42,599 to the front. 3159 03:00:42,600 --> 03:00:44,540 The troops pushing forward were in a good mood 3160 03:00:44,541 --> 03:00:48,120 because low-hanging clouds prevented any aerial activity. 3161 03:00:50,360 --> 03:00:53,360 I was worried that the weather would brighten up." 3162 03:00:56,159 --> 03:00:58,280 Albert Speer, memoirs. 3163 03:01:00,040 --> 03:01:01,359 (tanks rumbling) 3164 03:01:01,360 --> 03:01:02,680 - [Voiceover] "As long as the weather 3165 03:01:02,681 --> 03:01:04,440 kept our planes on the ground, 3166 03:01:04,441 --> 03:01:06,200 it would be an ally of the enemy 3167 03:01:06,201 --> 03:01:08,479 worth many additional days." 3168 03:01:10,559 --> 03:01:12,798 Dwight D. Eisenhower. 3169 03:01:12,799 --> 03:01:14,359 (ominous music) 3170 03:01:14,360 --> 03:01:16,920 - [Voiceover] "Our last major offensive in the West 3171 03:01:16,921 --> 03:01:18,398 with 300,000 men 3172 03:01:18,399 --> 03:01:21,300 that was so gloriously successful at the start 3173 03:01:21,301 --> 03:01:25,280 failed in the end thanks to 10 days of radiant sunshine. 3174 03:01:26,959 --> 03:01:29,680 The Anglo-Americans were thus able to deploy 3175 03:01:29,681 --> 03:01:32,479 their overwhelming air superiority." 3176 03:01:34,040 --> 03:01:38,520 Leon Degrelle, Commander of the Walloonian Waffen-SS. 3177 03:01:43,120 --> 03:01:44,840 - [Voiceover] "The Allies had expected 3178 03:01:44,841 --> 03:01:47,600 to reach the River Rhine by Christmas at the latest. 3179 03:01:48,760 --> 03:01:51,798 The Ardennes Offensive prevented that. 3180 03:01:51,799 --> 03:01:53,719 But how many men lost their lives 3181 03:01:53,720 --> 03:01:55,639 due to this senseless delay?" 3182 03:01:58,440 --> 03:02:00,839 Walter Rowland, industrialist, 3183 03:02:00,840 --> 03:02:02,319 Commissioner for Tank Production 3184 03:02:02,320 --> 03:02:05,040 in Ministry of Armaments and War Production. 3185 03:02:09,719 --> 03:02:11,239 - [Voiceover] Rudolf Jordan, 3186 03:02:11,240 --> 03:02:14,478 provincial NSDAP leader, Defense Commissioner, 3187 03:02:14,479 --> 03:02:17,318 December the 25th 1944. 3188 03:02:17,319 --> 03:02:20,079 "When we were sitting together one sunny morning, 3189 03:02:20,080 --> 03:02:22,399 tears appeared in my wife's eyes. 3190 03:02:24,280 --> 03:02:26,679 'Where will we be at Christmas next year?' 3191 03:02:26,680 --> 03:02:29,760 This was the question asked by the mother of our children, 3192 03:02:29,761 --> 03:02:32,238 the question of the family's fate. 3193 03:02:32,239 --> 03:02:33,680 This question would be asked 3194 03:02:33,681 --> 03:02:35,440 in the house of the provincial leader 3195 03:02:35,441 --> 03:02:37,638 and everywhere else in Germany. 3196 03:02:37,639 --> 03:02:39,540 I was frightened because I felt 3197 03:02:39,541 --> 03:02:42,079 that the answer was no longer convincing, 3198 03:02:42,080 --> 03:02:44,479 but I had to remain the same person, 3199 03:02:44,480 --> 03:02:48,520 Hitler's deputy, the spokesman of German hope until the end. 3200 03:02:50,319 --> 03:02:54,040 I know today that it was the belief in a miracle." 3201 03:02:57,879 --> 03:02:59,759 (people chattering) 3202 03:02:59,760 --> 03:03:01,319 - [Voiceover] "In the days after Christmas, 3203 03:03:01,320 --> 03:03:03,040 it was clear that the expected success 3204 03:03:03,041 --> 03:03:04,620 would not be achieved. 3205 03:03:04,621 --> 03:03:05,780 At the end of the year, 3206 03:03:05,781 --> 03:03:07,760 the offensive had to be seen as a failure." 3207 03:03:09,680 --> 03:03:10,920 Nicolaus von Below. 3208 03:03:13,520 --> 03:03:15,679 (gloomy music) 3209 03:03:15,680 --> 03:03:19,119 - [Voiceover] Adolf Hitler at the end of December 1944 3210 03:03:19,120 --> 03:03:21,799 to his adjutant Nicolaus von Below. 3211 03:03:23,079 --> 03:03:24,999 "I know the war is lost. 3212 03:03:25,000 --> 03:03:27,519 Their superiority is too great. 3213 03:03:27,520 --> 03:03:30,439 I hope you first put a bullet in my head now. 3214 03:03:30,440 --> 03:03:32,679 We will never capitulate, never. 3215 03:03:32,680 --> 03:03:35,958 We can perish, but we'll take the world with us." 3216 03:03:35,959 --> 03:03:38,920 (fire crackling) 3217 03:04:04,520 --> 03:04:06,839 (speaking in foreign language) 3218 03:04:06,840 --> 03:04:10,959 - [Voiceover] December the 31st 1944, Luxembourg. 3219 03:04:12,200 --> 03:04:15,439 "You sat there with a half empty glass in your hand 3220 03:04:15,440 --> 03:04:16,920 and listened to the hoarse voice 3221 03:04:16,921 --> 03:04:18,639 with the unmistakable accent. 3222 03:04:19,479 --> 03:04:22,600 Two or three times, the speaker almost lost his voice, 3223 03:04:22,601 --> 03:04:24,999 and he also got his words mixed up, 3224 03:04:25,000 --> 03:04:28,078 but that was always the case when he got excited. 3225 03:04:28,079 --> 03:04:30,799 It was significant that his throaty bellow 3226 03:04:30,800 --> 03:04:33,920 no longer wanted to work that New Year's Eve." 3227 03:04:36,079 --> 03:04:39,600 Stefan Heym, Corporal of the US Army, writer. 3228 03:04:41,000 --> 03:04:42,279 - [Voiceover] Adolf Hitler, 3229 03:04:42,280 --> 03:04:44,879 last radio address to the German people, 3230 03:04:44,880 --> 03:04:47,519 January the 30th 1945. 3231 03:04:47,520 --> 03:04:50,359 "Thus, I now appeal to the entire German people 3232 03:04:50,360 --> 03:04:51,799 to gird themselves 3233 03:04:51,800 --> 03:04:54,879 with a yet greater, stronger spirit of resistance 3234 03:04:54,880 --> 03:04:56,999 until we can again, as before, 3235 03:04:57,000 --> 03:05:00,380 put on the graves of the dead of this titanic struggle 3236 03:05:00,381 --> 03:05:02,600 a wreath inscribed with the words, 3237 03:05:02,601 --> 03:05:04,878 'And yet you were victorious.' 3238 03:05:04,879 --> 03:05:06,879 I therefore expect every German 3239 03:05:06,880 --> 03:05:09,080 to fulfill his duty to the utmost, 3240 03:05:09,081 --> 03:05:13,319 to make every sacrifice that will and must be required." 3241 03:05:14,760 --> 03:05:16,558 (pensive music) 3242 03:05:16,559 --> 03:05:19,040 - [Voiceover] February the 13th 1945. 3243 03:05:19,840 --> 03:05:22,519 "The model of Linz is finally finished. 3244 03:05:22,520 --> 03:05:23,780 The extensive model 3245 03:05:23,781 --> 03:05:25,840 of the development of the Danube riverbanks 3246 03:05:25,841 --> 03:05:28,940 was now set up in one of the large brightly-toned basements 3247 03:05:28,941 --> 03:05:30,280 of the new Chancellery. 3248 03:05:30,281 --> 03:05:32,920 When I led Adolf Hitler into this room, 3249 03:05:32,921 --> 03:05:35,359 he stood for a long time just looking 3250 03:05:35,360 --> 03:05:38,200 as though overwhelmed by the general impression. 3251 03:05:39,559 --> 03:05:40,960 I moved the spotlight 3252 03:05:40,961 --> 03:05:43,759 to the position of the sun's rays in the afternoon. 3253 03:05:43,760 --> 03:05:46,239 Now he was presented with the perspective 3254 03:05:46,240 --> 03:05:50,760 of how his city on the Danube would look in his retirement." 3255 03:05:52,639 --> 03:05:55,520 Hermann Giesler, general building inspector 3256 03:05:55,521 --> 03:05:58,280 for the redevelopment of the city of Linz. 3257 03:05:59,840 --> 03:06:01,500 - [Voiceover] "Not a day went by 3258 03:06:01,501 --> 03:06:04,159 when the government quarters were not attacked. 3259 03:06:05,079 --> 03:06:07,059 When a bomb exploded nearby, 3260 03:06:07,060 --> 03:06:10,599 the bunker lying in the groundwater swayed noticeably. 3261 03:06:10,600 --> 03:06:11,980 The light began to flicker, 3262 03:06:11,981 --> 03:06:14,799 so Hitler raised his voice as if in a dream." 3263 03:06:15,760 --> 03:06:17,159 - [Voiceover] "That was close. 3264 03:06:17,160 --> 03:06:19,279 Those bombs could have hit us." 3265 03:06:19,280 --> 03:06:21,180 - [Voiceover] "He was noticeably fearful 3266 03:06:21,181 --> 03:06:22,840 and didn't feel safe." 3267 03:06:24,840 --> 03:06:26,200 Christa Schroeder. 3268 03:06:29,920 --> 03:06:32,238 - [Narrator] In mid-March 1945, 3269 03:06:32,239 --> 03:06:34,959 Hitler transfers nearly all of his activities 3270 03:06:34,960 --> 03:06:37,319 to the bunker under the Chancellery. 3271 03:06:37,320 --> 03:06:39,879 Since then, he rarely sees daylight. 3272 03:06:43,079 --> 03:06:44,959 - [Voiceover] "Sometime in mid-March, 3273 03:06:44,960 --> 03:06:47,740 Eva Braun arrived at the Reich Chancellery. 3274 03:06:47,741 --> 03:06:50,860 Hitler tried his best to get her to go back to Munich, 3275 03:06:50,861 --> 03:06:54,220 but she made it clear that her place was at Hitler's side 3276 03:06:54,221 --> 03:06:57,079 and no one would be able to change her mind." 3277 03:06:58,799 --> 03:07:03,120 Rochus Misch, telephone operator in the Fuhrer's bunker. 3278 03:07:06,760 --> 03:07:09,799 - [Voiceover] "April the 20th 1945 was always referred to 3279 03:07:09,800 --> 03:07:12,559 as the date of the last photos and film segments 3280 03:07:12,560 --> 03:07:15,479 of Hitler and the delegation of the Hitler Youth. 3281 03:07:15,480 --> 03:07:16,840 This is not true. 3282 03:07:17,239 --> 03:07:19,380 They are, in fact, from a different reception 3283 03:07:19,381 --> 03:07:21,040 of a delegation by Hitler. 3284 03:07:21,799 --> 03:07:26,439 This took place on March the 20th 1945." 3285 03:07:26,440 --> 03:07:28,119 (boys laughing) 3286 03:07:28,120 --> 03:07:31,479 Artur Axmann, leader of the Hitler Youth. 3287 03:07:38,399 --> 03:07:40,719 - [Voiceover] "It was between 3:00 and 4:00 am 3288 03:07:40,720 --> 03:07:43,039 on April the 11th 1945. 3289 03:07:43,040 --> 03:07:44,719 Suddenly cries were heard. 3290 03:07:44,720 --> 03:07:46,300 They grew louder and louder. 3291 03:07:46,301 --> 03:07:48,600 We stumbled outside to discover the cause. 3292 03:07:48,601 --> 03:07:51,158 'Look, the gate!' somebody shouted. 3293 03:07:51,159 --> 03:07:53,320 The crooked swastika had disappeared. 3294 03:07:53,321 --> 03:07:55,680 Something white fluttered on the flagpole. 3295 03:07:55,681 --> 03:07:57,980 The delightfully victorious minute 3296 03:07:57,981 --> 03:08:00,200 for which our German comrades had waited 3297 03:08:00,201 --> 03:08:04,479 4,453 days and nights was finally there. 3298 03:08:05,479 --> 03:08:08,680 In the evening, an American infantry unit arrived." 3299 03:08:11,280 --> 03:08:15,799 Thomas Giefer, German Jew, prisoner in Buchenwald. 3300 03:08:21,280 --> 03:08:23,040 - [Voiceover] April the 12th 1945. 3301 03:08:23,799 --> 03:08:25,720 "It will not be pleasant listening. 3302 03:08:25,721 --> 03:08:27,920 I propose to tell you of Buchenwald. 3303 03:08:29,319 --> 03:08:31,398 We reached the main gate. 3304 03:08:31,399 --> 03:08:34,000 The prisoners crowded up behind the wire. 3305 03:08:34,719 --> 03:08:38,679 There surged around me an evil smelling stink. 3306 03:08:38,680 --> 03:08:41,120 Men and boys reached out to touch me. 3307 03:08:42,079 --> 03:08:44,559 They were in rags and the remnants of uniforms. 3308 03:08:45,399 --> 03:08:47,679 Death had already marked many of them, 3309 03:08:47,680 --> 03:08:50,159 but they were smiling with their eyes." 3310 03:08:52,680 --> 03:08:56,000 Edward Murrow, radio correspondent for CBS News. 3311 03:09:00,280 --> 03:09:01,879 - [Voiceover] "On April the 21st, 3312 03:09:01,880 --> 03:09:04,800 our troops reached the Berlin Autobahn Ring. 3313 03:09:04,801 --> 03:09:07,280 This success created favorable conditions 3314 03:09:07,281 --> 03:09:10,200 to totally enclose the fascist capital." 3315 03:09:13,159 --> 03:09:15,159 Vasily Chuikov, General. 3316 03:09:22,360 --> 03:09:25,559 - [Voiceover] "That day, I saw Hitler only briefly. 3317 03:09:25,560 --> 03:09:27,159 The boss could still not believe 3318 03:09:27,160 --> 03:09:29,159 that the Russians were at the gates." 3319 03:09:30,879 --> 03:09:32,120 Rochus Misch. 3320 03:09:36,360 --> 03:09:38,719 - [Voiceover] Szczecin, Mecklenburg. 3321 03:09:38,720 --> 03:09:41,679 "Around 11:50 pm, Hitler calls. 3322 03:09:41,680 --> 03:09:44,040 He gives a short lecture on the situation 3323 03:09:44,041 --> 03:09:45,878 and concludes with the words." 3324 03:09:45,879 --> 03:09:47,239 - [Voiceover] "You will see. 3325 03:09:47,240 --> 03:09:49,400 The Russians will suffer the biggest defeat, 3326 03:09:49,401 --> 03:09:51,719 the bloodiest defeat in their history 3327 03:09:51,720 --> 03:09:53,719 before the gates of Berlin." 3328 03:09:56,639 --> 03:09:57,939 - [Voiceover] Karl Koller, 3329 03:09:57,940 --> 03:10:00,399 Chief of the General Staff of the Luftwaffe. 3330 03:10:05,360 --> 03:10:07,919 - [Voiceover] April the 22nd 1945. 3331 03:10:07,920 --> 03:10:11,239 "This date marks the end of the Third Reich for me. 3332 03:10:13,479 --> 03:10:18,199 The German Wehrmacht capitulated on May the 8th 1945, 3333 03:10:18,200 --> 03:10:21,079 but on April the 22nd, a Sunday, 3334 03:10:21,920 --> 03:10:23,639 Hitler capitulated." 3335 03:10:25,879 --> 03:10:27,079 Rochus Misch. 3336 03:10:33,000 --> 03:10:34,600 - [Voiceover] "On April the 22nd, 3337 03:10:34,601 --> 03:10:36,239 we attended the status report 3338 03:10:36,240 --> 03:10:38,600 at the usual time in the afternoon. 3339 03:10:38,601 --> 03:10:42,078 I recognized immediately that clouds as heavy as lead 3340 03:10:42,079 --> 03:10:43,760 were hanging over the room." 3341 03:10:45,840 --> 03:10:47,039 Wilhelm Keitel, 3342 03:10:47,040 --> 03:10:49,920 Chief of the Armed Forces High Command, memoirs. 3343 03:10:51,360 --> 03:10:54,159 - [Voiceover] "I have already reached my decision. 3344 03:10:54,160 --> 03:10:56,078 I won't leave Berlin again. 3345 03:10:56,079 --> 03:10:58,399 I will defend the city till the end. 3346 03:10:59,239 --> 03:11:02,319 Either I lead the fighting around the capital of the Reich, 3347 03:11:02,320 --> 03:11:04,680 or I perish with my soldiers in Berlin 3348 03:11:04,681 --> 03:11:07,520 and die in the battle for the symbol of the Reich." 3349 03:11:09,200 --> 03:11:10,600 Adolf Hitler. 3350 03:11:12,120 --> 03:11:13,799 - [Voiceover] "During the status conference, 3351 03:11:13,800 --> 03:11:15,540 which had been loud and turbulent, 3352 03:11:15,541 --> 03:11:18,320 Hitler had finally uttered the magical sentence 3353 03:11:18,321 --> 03:11:20,620 and since then repeated it to everybody 3354 03:11:20,621 --> 03:11:23,360 who crept around the bunker disbelievingly." 3355 03:11:23,361 --> 03:11:25,479 - [Voiceover] "The war is lost." 3356 03:11:26,520 --> 03:11:29,398 - [Voiceover] Rochus Misch. 3357 03:11:29,399 --> 03:11:31,559 - [Voiceover] Gertraud Traudl Junge. 3358 03:11:31,560 --> 03:11:34,639 "In the small anteroom, Hitler stands motionless. 3359 03:11:34,640 --> 03:11:38,039 In a distant and commanding manner, he calls out." 3360 03:11:38,040 --> 03:11:40,140 - [Voiceover] "Get changed at once. 3361 03:11:40,141 --> 03:11:41,840 In one hour, an aircraft will come 3362 03:11:41,841 --> 03:11:43,680 and take you to the south. 3363 03:11:43,681 --> 03:11:46,958 Everything is lost, hopelessly lost." 3364 03:11:46,959 --> 03:11:50,199 - [Voiceover] "Eva Braun walks up to Hitler, 3365 03:11:50,200 --> 03:11:51,940 takes both of his hands, 3366 03:11:51,941 --> 03:11:54,599 and says, smilingly and consolingly, 3367 03:11:54,600 --> 03:11:56,958 as if talking to a sad child." 3368 03:11:56,959 --> 03:11:59,440 - [Voiceover] "But you know that I'm staying here with you. 3369 03:11:59,441 --> 03:12:01,120 I will not be sent away." 3370 03:12:01,121 --> 03:12:03,399 - [Voiceover] "Hitler's eyes begin to light up, 3371 03:12:03,400 --> 03:12:06,799 and he does something that no one has ever witnessed, 3372 03:12:06,800 --> 03:12:09,799 not even his most trusted friends and aides. 3373 03:12:11,280 --> 03:12:14,520 He kisses Eva Braun on the lips." 3374 03:12:15,399 --> 03:12:18,000 (dog barking) 3375 03:12:18,959 --> 03:12:20,199 (solemn music) 3376 03:12:20,200 --> 03:12:24,000 - [Voiceover] "The German Army dissolved before our eyes." 3377 03:12:26,000 --> 03:12:27,399 Winston Churchill. 3378 03:12:32,000 --> 03:12:33,900 - [Voiceover] "Gloom and doom began to spread 3379 03:12:33,901 --> 03:12:35,239 throughout the bunker." 3380 03:12:36,360 --> 03:12:37,600 Artur Axmann. 3381 03:12:40,559 --> 03:12:41,878 (explosion banging) 3382 03:12:41,879 --> 03:12:43,520 - [Voiceover] "The Fuhrer comes up to me, 3383 03:12:43,521 --> 03:12:45,478 shakes my hand, and asks." 3384 03:12:45,479 --> 03:12:48,460 - [Voiceover] "Have you rested a little, my child? 3385 03:12:48,461 --> 03:12:51,479 I'd like to dictate something, get the shorthand pad." 3386 03:12:52,879 --> 03:12:56,439 - [Voiceover] Gertraud Traudl Junge. 3387 03:12:56,440 --> 03:12:59,120 - [Voiceover] "My private will and testament. 3388 03:12:59,121 --> 03:13:02,620 As I did not consider that I could take the responsibility 3389 03:13:02,621 --> 03:13:05,680 of contracting a marriage during the years of fighting, 3390 03:13:05,681 --> 03:13:09,160 I have now decided before the closing of my earthly career 3391 03:13:09,161 --> 03:13:12,920 to take the girl who after many years of faithful friendship 3392 03:13:12,921 --> 03:13:16,600 entered the practically besieged city of her own free will 3393 03:13:16,601 --> 03:13:20,478 in order to share her destiny with me as my wife. 3394 03:13:20,479 --> 03:13:25,158 At her own desire, she goes as my wife with me into death. 3395 03:13:25,159 --> 03:13:26,760 What I possess belongs, 3396 03:13:26,761 --> 03:13:29,780 in as much as it has any value, to the party. 3397 03:13:29,781 --> 03:13:32,519 Should this no longer exist, to the state. 3398 03:13:32,520 --> 03:13:34,700 Should the state also be destroyed, 3399 03:13:34,701 --> 03:13:37,159 no further decision of mine is necessary." 3400 03:13:37,160 --> 03:13:42,159 Signed Berlin, April the 29th 1945, 4:00 am, 3401 03:13:43,000 --> 03:13:44,239 Adolf Hitler. 3402 03:13:45,680 --> 03:13:48,359 - [Voiceover] April the 30th 1945. 3403 03:13:48,360 --> 03:13:50,519 "I had close contact with Mohnke, 3404 03:13:50,520 --> 03:13:52,360 the Commander of the Citadel. 3405 03:13:53,399 --> 03:13:55,959 Mohnke was often with the troops on the front line. 3406 03:13:55,960 --> 03:13:59,039 (explosion banging) 3407 03:13:59,040 --> 03:14:02,439 On April the 29th, he reported to Hitler that to the north 3408 03:14:02,440 --> 03:14:04,740 the Russians were a short distance away 3409 03:14:04,741 --> 03:14:06,360 from Weidendammer Bridge, 3410 03:14:06,361 --> 03:14:08,020 to the east, in Lustgarten, 3411 03:14:08,021 --> 03:14:11,399 to the south near Potsdamer Platz and the Air Ministry, 3412 03:14:11,400 --> 03:14:13,420 and to the west in Tiergarten. 3413 03:14:13,421 --> 03:14:16,620 That was only a few 100 meters from the Chancellery. 3414 03:14:16,621 --> 03:14:17,780 When Hitler asked him." 3415 03:14:17,781 --> 03:14:20,000 - [Voiceover] "How long can you hold out?" 3416 03:14:20,001 --> 03:14:23,200 - [Voiceover] "He answered, '20 to 24 hours at the most.'" 3417 03:14:25,159 --> 03:14:26,600 Artur Axmann. 3418 03:14:32,360 --> 03:14:36,478 - [Voiceover] "On April the 30th 1945 around noon, 3419 03:14:36,479 --> 03:14:40,158 Bormann told me that Hitler's decision was now firm. 3420 03:14:40,159 --> 03:14:43,638 Then Hitler said to me that he would now shoot himself 3421 03:14:43,639 --> 03:14:47,238 and that Fraulein Braun would also take her life. 3422 03:14:47,239 --> 03:14:49,478 The bodies were to be buried. 3423 03:14:49,479 --> 03:14:52,920 He assigned me to make the necessary arrangements." 3424 03:14:54,639 --> 03:14:57,479 Otto Gunsche, SS Adjutant to Hitler. 3425 03:15:03,639 --> 03:15:05,920 - [Voiceover] "My political testament. 3426 03:15:06,559 --> 03:15:08,260 I die with a happy heart 3427 03:15:08,261 --> 03:15:11,019 in the face of the immeasurable deeds and achievements 3428 03:15:11,020 --> 03:15:13,900 of our soldiers at the front, our women at home, 3429 03:15:13,901 --> 03:15:16,120 the achievements of our farmers and workers, 3430 03:15:16,121 --> 03:15:18,558 and the efforts, unique in history, 3431 03:15:18,559 --> 03:15:20,718 of our youth who bear my name. 3432 03:15:20,719 --> 03:15:23,839 Above all, I oblige the leaders of the nation 3433 03:15:23,840 --> 03:15:25,360 and those under them 3434 03:15:25,361 --> 03:15:27,878 to scrupulously observe the race laws 3435 03:15:27,879 --> 03:15:29,840 and to offer merciless opposition 3436 03:15:29,841 --> 03:15:33,799 to the poisoner of all peoples, international Jewry." 3437 03:15:34,760 --> 03:15:36,079 Issued in Berlin 3438 03:15:36,080 --> 03:15:40,359 this 29th day of April 1945, four o'clock am, 3439 03:15:40,360 --> 03:15:41,799 Adolf Hitler. 3440 03:15:47,399 --> 03:15:49,479 - [Voiceover] "There cannot be the slightest doubt 3441 03:15:49,319 --> 03:15:50,879 that Adolf Hitler took his life 3442 03:15:50,880 --> 03:15:53,040 in the Fuhrerbunker of the Reich Chancellery 3443 03:15:53,041 --> 03:15:56,318 in Berlin on April the 30th 1945, 3444 03:15:56,319 --> 03:15:59,959 with his own hand, namely by a shot in the right temple." 3445 03:16:01,000 --> 03:16:04,199 Cause of death, District Court Two, Berchtesgaden, 3446 03:16:04,200 --> 03:16:05,799 December the 8th 1956. 3447 03:16:11,239 --> 03:16:12,639 - [Narrator] Valet Heinz Linge 3448 03:16:12,640 --> 03:16:16,119 reports the hour of his death as 3:50 pm. 3449 03:16:16,120 --> 03:16:17,640 He says he noted this time 3450 03:16:17,641 --> 03:16:21,319 from a grandfather clock in the anteroom to Hitler's office. 3451 03:16:21,320 --> 03:16:25,919 Adjutant Otto Gunsche cites his final hour as 3:30 pm. 3452 03:16:25,920 --> 03:16:28,158 He said he'd looked at his watch. 3453 03:16:28,159 --> 03:16:31,360 (people chattering) 3454 03:16:34,399 --> 03:16:37,159 (lively music) 3455 03:16:58,520 --> 03:17:00,540 - [Voiceover] "It was not disloyalty, 3456 03:17:00,541 --> 03:17:02,239 but rather his suicide 3457 03:17:02,240 --> 03:17:04,959 that put an end to Hitler's organization. 3458 03:17:04,960 --> 03:17:07,920 He and his organization were one and the same, 3459 03:17:07,921 --> 03:17:09,920 and thus it ended with him. 3460 03:17:10,799 --> 03:17:13,558 This man who rose out of nothing 3461 03:17:13,559 --> 03:17:15,600 had offered himself to Germany 3462 03:17:15,601 --> 03:17:18,639 at a time when it was longing for a new magnet. 3463 03:17:20,639 --> 03:17:22,599 He formulated a doctrine 3464 03:17:22,600 --> 03:17:26,079 based on a mixture of fascism and race theory. 3465 03:17:26,920 --> 03:17:28,640 The totalitarian system 3466 03:17:28,641 --> 03:17:31,079 allowed him to act without restraint. 3467 03:17:32,680 --> 03:17:34,840 The mechanization of the military 3468 03:17:34,841 --> 03:17:38,639 gave him the trump cards of lightning attacks and surprise. 3469 03:17:41,360 --> 03:17:43,919 All of this led to repression, 3470 03:17:43,920 --> 03:17:48,200 and that, in turn, led to these crimes." 3471 03:17:50,440 --> 03:17:52,599 Charles de Gaulle, memoirs. 3472 03:17:52,600 --> 03:17:55,479 (ominous music) 3473 03:18:11,559 --> 03:18:14,360 (somber music) 257235

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