Original subtitles

AMAZON

Directors: Timo-Johann Mayer, Benjamin Eicher

Amazon. One of the longest rivers On Earth with magnificent waterfalls.

Together with two sources, Maranjon and Ukyali

She shares almost completely in half Northern part of South America.

The river is located in about three hundred kilometers south of the equator.

Limited from the west of the Andes,

She crosses the tropical The jungle of the Amazon basin

and moves east up to the Atlantic.

Jungle Amazon are the habitat

Countless sets species of animals and plants.

Seven million square meters of the Amazon basin -

This is the largest endless landscape,

which creates the second largest A whole forest on the planet.

It is about five percent The entire land surface of the earth.

A third of all varieties live here animals and plants on our planet.

Mysterious, stunning, hot and wet green hell

And a truly universal treasure.

Fantastic, living, Impressive and colorful.

Symbiosis of various types animals and plants.

In the Amazon pool you can meet a variety of reptiles,

And also all types and species of birds.

For example, while a parrot Ara is visible from afar

Because of his colorful opera,

Other inhabitants like This wood snake

Perfectly adapted to their environment,

Remaining invisible to their enemies.

Boa Constantrator - one of the most large predators among reptiles.

He uses his own camouflage color,

To imperceptibly get to your prey.

Amazon length 6850 kilometers, this One of the longest rivers on the planet,

With the most delightful waterfalls.

She irrigates a total of

Five and a half million square kilometers,

of which almost four A million falls on Brazil.

Its huge size and waterfalls She owes ten thousand tributaries.

Seventeen of them themselves long Over 1600 kilometers.

They supply the Amazon

Almost a double amount water from both hemispheres,

And also during summer rain.

When the rainy season begins

and water masses flood The fifth of the Amazon basin,

The happy begins It's time for alligators.

In those places where usually Jaguars hunted prey,

Now swim back and forth in search Different kaymans.

For example, black And smooth -legged kaymans.

Usually kaimans act alone.

Only when the water level falls, and the environment of fish is reduced,

They hunt in large groups.

These are night animals, they feed on fish and other aquatic animals or animals,

which come close to water, for example, Capybara;

Watering birds and snakes.

These reptiles also feed on patients, old or weak animals,

Helping in this way The process of natural selection.

Tropical forest with an area of ​​over four Million square kilometers

became a home for hundreds thousands of plant species,

animals, mushrooms, microbes and bacteria.

In the more often forest or in the floodplain Rivers of the Amazon basin

There may be more species than on the whole continent.

In some places on one hectare

There are more species Trees than throughout Europe.

However, in this environment there are almost no Large mammals.

Obviously, we disturbed this coal turtle,

While she was resting in the sun.

Our path intersects A group of gear turtles.

These turtles 60-70 centimeters long

can be easily recognized by yellow Spots on the paws.

In its natural habitat

Tozhny turtles are available A wide range of food.

The main source of their nutrition is Grass, leaves, tropical fruits.

In addition, they can eat Snails, worms and insects.

They love heat and moisture.

Therefore, the tropical conditions of the jungle

are perfect For gear turtles.

Despite your slowness, They live in large territories.

White -tailed trogon in search of prey.

Usually these birds are sitting high On the branches in the zones of their habitat,

Waiting for insects to fly by.

In addition, they love to enjoy Berries and mature fruits.

White -tailed trogons are easy find out by yellow breast

and black and white tail plumage.

They are loners and are looking for partners Only during the period of mating.

These luxurious roosters - Goatsins or pheasants,

They are also known like "smelly birds",

Because they can exude The smell similar to cow litter.

Probably the reason for this is

Unique digestive Goatsinov tract.

It is voluminous, is a quarter of weight Birds, and is located in the lower esophagus.

They look like gum mammals.

Despite the large wings,

Goatsin is only capable of to short flights,

Since he has weak Flight muscles.

But since they feed on plants, then flight skills are useless to them.

However, in the tropical forest Many plants are poisonous

and require special forms of food consumption or digestive mechanisms,

and the Goatsins developed them to a certain extent.

Ara parrots also adapted

To the demanding environment tropical forest.

Ara eat exclusively vegetation.

They prefer diverse Fruits, berries and nuts.

Since they cannot miss Poisonous components of plants and fruits

Through the special digestive tract,

Ara constantly swallow clay.

This helps to receive minerals,

necessary for neutralization toxins.

Amazons are found in the pool Eight different types of Ara,

as well as many others varieties of parrots.

Ara differs in their own multi -colored heads.

They have powerful claws and a strong beak.

With their help, they are fine climb and clutch

They are especially practical when cracking hard shell of various palm fruits.

Ara usually live in pairs and educate young animals in the nests,

hidden in broken Palm trunks or in the voids.

The chicks hatch in the period From December to March,

Usually there are four eggs in the nest, But only one chick survives.

With a body length of 90 centimeters,

The green -winged ara is the most Big view of the parrot.

Green -winged ara They differ in red plumage

And with beak the color of the elephant bone.

Together with crows and woodpeckers parrots are the smartest birds.

They say that the South American Ara is a special talent for imitation of speech.

Amazon parrots are The largest family of parrots:

Now 31 are known.

However, 16 species are now in danger.

Amazon parrots with the length of the body from 25 to 45 centimeters,

Much less Ara.

The plumage consists of wide, rounded feathers,

Basically green.

Our journey

on the mysterious water world The Amazon basin continues.

Here we see how hunting in shallow water near the river bank

Big white heron.

She sees through the water

and inflicts lightning attacks with his beak like a dagger.

He actually pierces the prey,

which mainly consists of fish, amphibians,

and even waterfowl and small mammals.

Egret or white heron can Meet all over the world.

In South and Central America There are 20 varieties,

For example, a small South American kvakva or tricolor heron.

A large cluster of the Amazon parrots.

They gather in the so -called "Clay leaks."

These are places on steep banks of rivers, where clay layers are exposed.

Minerals in clay are needed for neutralization toxic plants,

which consume parrots.

Since huge water masses practically washing minerals from the soil,

Plants in the jungle protect then a small amount of them

which they manage to assimilate, Producing, for example, toxins.

Thus, for the most part, They protect their existence.

Amazon parrots - very sociable animals.

Most often they live in pairs, But they also like to unite

In unstructured Small groups or flocks.

Usually flocks of Amazon parrots fly in large numbers

to the power zones and often build Your nests are next to each other.

Let's watch a little for a sweet The activity of the Amazon parrots

And enjoy the liveliness of nature.

On our way through thick jungle

We are faced with yellow -fuel river turtle.

It is easy to identify by yellow Spots on the head.

She lives in fresh water

And although he eats mainly vegetation,

Snails, insects and fish also enter the diet of this turtles,

The size of which is only 45 centimeters.

In the rainy season when it floods Almost a fifth of the tropical forest,

Only the tops of trees stick out of the water.

But plants and animals Successfully adapted

To such sharp changes in the weather.

These cormorants are used flood period,

to eat fish for the future,

which is in abundance In the Amazon at this time.

We penetrate even deeper into green hell.

The tropical forest received its frightening the name because of the grueling heat,

high humidity and huge amounts Poisonous snakes, insects and parasites.

This anaconda should be attributed Respectfully, at least because of its size.

You can achieve boats four to six meters

And they act both in water and on land.

In water, they move much Faster than on land.

They kill their victims, biting them,

and then dragged into the water, To strangle there.

They swallow the prey whole.

Boa Contractor, as well as Anaconda, Refers to the family of boas.

Indians consider these Serpent by the messengers of the gods.

They hunt mainly at dusk and night

eat everything with what they can Cope, given the size.

They even attack small kaymans.

The adult boas practically There are no natural enemies.

However, large cats and kayman They love to hunt young snakes.

In addition to amazing variety of reptiles,

In the tropical forests, the Amazon is found Stunning abundance of peculiar birds,

with some of which We have already met.

These are Müllers Amazon.

This type of parrot belongs To the family of neotropic parrots.

They prefer thick Tropical forests on hills,

And the nests are driven in hollows.

Long-blossed shelter belongs to the family of humming,

He is attracted by the Reds Flowers, for example, this helikonia.

It promotes pollination of these plants,

transferring pollen to other plants,

When sits to drink A long beak of a cup.

Marble tiger heron also hides here.

She hunts the main thing way at dusk and at night

For fish, grasshoppers, Water beetles and snakes.

With a herons length of 70 centimeters, her A 10-centimeter beak is quite long.

Although they prefer Hunting alone

These rather sociable birds nest large colonies on the banks of rivers.

Bright color plumage speaks that this is another young tiger heron.

There is more plumage It resembles marble.

Tropical birds are often Hang their nests.

This is probably a way protection against predators,

which can climb a tree, Such as snakes and lizards.

The most amazing hanging nests

In the central and southern America is at the oropendols.

For example, a crested oropendola Stands eggs in one colony,

where can from wood can Suck hundreds of nests.

Each nest is made in the form Bottles of meter length

From plant fibers, which are woven into a tree.

This Kassic from the Skvortsov family It just expands its nest.

Nests are used For many years,

They are constantly expanding And updated.

They are curled from various material:

For example, palm fibers, Coconuts, roots and fibers of coconut.

After construction, which Females are mainly engaged,

They lay one or two eggs there.

Noticeable and durable nests attract other birds,

Therefore, other starlings prefer Capture other people's nests.

Clothing or sparrows of this type They are found only in a new light.

Depending on the type of starlings

fluctuate from 18 to 45 centimeters, Females are fewer males.

For a year in the tropical forests of the Amazon It may fall up to three meters of precipitation.

This is four times more, than in central Europe.

In addition to abundant tropical rains,

which can go for several weeks There is a scorching tropical sun.

That's why it flourishes so Life in the Amazon pool.

The development of views here is much Faster than in other parts of the world.

Problems of the tropical forest give rise to new varieties,

which develop in a special way.

Many of them have not yet been registered.

The so -called "ugly" Amazon troughs,

Due to the fact that their The waters are clouded by clay,

They are also called life -giving and whitewater rivers.

They bring from the Andes and other mountainous deposits, that is, deposits.

During numerous floods These deposits are postponed in the soil,

Setting up hundreds square kilometers along the banks of rivers.

Then, when the water retreats,

Coastal residents grow There are various plants here.

In addition, the rivers are full of fish.

One of the most important whitewater rivers in the Amazon basin

Solimons is

which merges with dark the waters of the Riu-Nagros River near Manaus

And flows into a full -flowing Amazon.

Riu-Nagros received its own The name is due to the color of the water,

which seems black

since it contains a large number Gumin and Fulvic acid.

Blackwater rivers do not carry deposits,

They are transparent and contain few nutrients.

When two rivers meet at Manau,

They are several kilometers flow in parallel

Due to the difference in density, temperature and speed,

So far, finally, they do not merge together.

This phenomenon is called "Meeting of water"

and is the most popular place To attract tourists.

Trees in the tropical forest are standing On the bare quartz of ancient soils

In contrast other forests on the planet,

who are on young, nutritious soil from the ice period,

Therefore, trees in tropical Forests are unstable on the basis.

In this case, the necessary nutritional substances supply fungal crops,

The so -called mycorizes.

Fantastic symbiosis of nature.

About 80 percent of biomass created in the sheet cover of trees,

That's why most flora and fauna of the tropical forest

Lives on the tops of trees.

Only some go down to the ground.

Leaves, branches and excrement animals falling to the ground,

immediately included in the nutritional cycle

Through the dense mass of wood roots on the surface.

When you first visit tropical Forest, at the sight of lush greenery,

which is provided abundant water supply,

A false impression may arise about the boundless growth potential,

But this is only visibility.

Compared to European forests,

A tropical forest is possible Call it icorous.

This soil for thousands of years I was influenced by a wet climate,

Therefore, a rocky breed under land in most areas

Decayed to the depths Fifty meters.

Minerals important for food plants and trees,

such as, for example, Calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen,

went deep underground

Therefore, the upper layers are incredible Poor with nutrients.

As a result, nutrients

Set only organic ones substance on the surface,

These are mainly plants And dead animals,

who quickly decompose With such a climate.

Dense mesh of roots interferes They leak into the ground.

Most of them absorb Epiphytic plants directly from the soil.

On the Amazon constantly alternate periods of drought and floods.

In the rainy season, when melted Snow and ice descend from And

Amazon basin regularly floods.

This means that huge spaces, which were recently dry,

turn into short Time to the underwater world.

This is a constant alternation and changing the habitat

for many months of flooding

means constant the formation of a new environment,

That is, new types plants and animals.

Some species cannot adapt to such extreme conditions

And they die out

and others adapt very quickly, Develop special qualities and survive.

Thus, an incredible A unique variety of species

In this corner of the planet,

which is still not registered completely and to this day.

Constant tests with which animals and plants collide,

You can illustrate On the example of anti-cutting ants.

These ants process almost the fifth part of the leaf mass of the tropical forest,

maintaining, thus, The cycle of minerals.

They shred mainly Poisonous leaves with their jaws,

transfer them to anthills and there Burn, leaving the pulp.

It serves as a spawning spawning for fungi.

Fungi grow nutritious, non -toxic rhizomes,

which serve as food ants and other animals.

The most famous natural product From the Amazon region is rubber,

natural rubber obtained from rubber tree - Givey Brazilian.

Local peoples of the Amazon basin

Already used natural rubber In the pre -Columbian era.

The most famous of them is

Mesoamerican game with dense The rubber ball of that time.

Because of waterproof qualities The rubber was also covered with fabrics.

But natural rubber melts in the heat And it becomes brittle in the cold.

Only after Charles Hudir

invented in 1839 the process of vulcanization,

There was an opportunity to turn Rubber in the now -known rubber.

After that in the pool The Amazon began a rubber boom.

In 1910, Brazil was worldwide the leader in the export of natural rubber,

But today she is the weakest manufacturer,

releasing only one hundred thousand tons per year

With general world production, more Seven and a half million tons.

Now the main manufacturer Thailand is considered

which provides approximately Half of world needs.

But a huge tropical forest - This is not only flora and fauna.

In complete harmony with tropical About a million people live by nature

Of the 150 different local tribes.

The Amazons are hidden in the jungle Another last tribes,

who still have not entered Contact with the outside world.

Other important groups of the population

are traditional residents of the coast of rivers,

The so -called "Ribearinos".

Some of them arrived here during rubber boom

And they are engaged in a corruption of rubber.

Other settlers moved here later,

Because for the development of the region

state resettlement programs,

And these lands were given for agriculture.

A tense relationship arose between peasants and cattle breeders,

who were engaged in full -scale Carriage of rubber trees

For their needs, on the one hand,

And rubber workers on the other side,

for which this forest was source of existence.

Of course one of the most beautiful tropical plants

Heliconia can be considered,

It is also called a parrot plant,

Because beautiful The flower looks like a beak.

Now in front of you Rostral gelikonia.

The flower grows directly from the center

bright red oval elongated bacter,

Hummingbirds are engaged in pollination, Big butterflies and even bats.

There are more Two hundred types of geliconia.

All these evergreen,

Similar to ginger Plants are one common feature:

Flowers grow from different sides of the stem in two rows.

This species, Wagner Heliconia

stalks of flowers grow straight and can reach a height of 21 centimeters.

Heliconia love tropical warm, a lot of light and moisture,

However, they do not like direct sunlight.

In the form of bromelia resembles pineapple,

which is not surprising, because pineapple The most famous type of bromelia.

These flowers can be like terrestrial That is, growing on the ground,

and epiphytic, that is, growing On other trees or plants.

Vines are clinging Plants grow from the ground.

Since they need light, they use neighboring trees or plants

Like a staircase to the sky And they climb them.

So they save precious energy.

By the way, from leaves And the bark of Lian mines Kurara.

Concentrated kurara - This is a potent poison,

Local peoples use it during hunting

And as an analgesic.

Plants in the jungle of the Amazon Very inventive:

When it comes to preservation a small number of minerals,

which comes from the ground,

They protect them from enemies,

who can steal them and use them In small quantities.

For example, this is a tree bristled with long spikes,

as if warning - hold on to me away, do not dare to touch!

And this is another epiphytic bromelia, which grows on another tree.

However, these are not parasites.

They do not eat sheltered by the plant,

Just use it as a support.

The advantage is that they are closer to the light,

which is often not enough At the lower level of the tropical forest.

Unique symbiosis plants and animals,

in a huge amount It is found in the Amazon pool,

is now threatened due to illegal deforestation,

clearing and arson.

Huge areas of forest are destroyed

In search of a small one the number of minerals,

like oil or gold,

other resources like rubber or tropical wood.

Armored land

cannot be used even as pasture due to inexorable soil.

As expected, changes in the world climate and global warming

also associated with cutting tropical forests,

And in recent years the pace Cutting off were reduced.

However, annual destruction more than two million hectares

delightful flora and fauna The Amazons are still excessive.

Huge efforts need to be made

To support this unique system,

which is vital for the existence of our world climate.

Directors: Timo-Johann Mayer, Benjamin Eicher

Operator: Marcus Shtots