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This is The Americas,
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an extraordinary journey across Earth's great supercontinent.
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The widest variety
of life on the planet.
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The untold story of our home.
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Tonight on The Americas...
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An adventure through the vast wilderness...
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of Alaska and Canada.
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Here, winter's beauty...
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disguises her dangers.
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But when snow and ice retreat,...
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the North reveals landscapes...
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teeming with life.
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All animals here must endure or escape...
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the extreme swing of the seasons...
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as the North changes before their eyes.
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At the top of the continent lies a frozen frontier,...
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larger than the rest of the United States.
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The night reveals just how few of us...
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live up here.
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From the East Coast to West,...
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three million square miles...
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of wilderness.
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A late November dawn in Canada's Hudson Bay.
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By now, this place should be frozen solid.
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But this year, it's still too warm.
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And for a polar bear,...
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that's a problem.
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He's a seal hunter.
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But those seals...
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are way out on the sea ice.
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And right now,...
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the ice still isn't thick enough to walk on.
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He's forced to wait until it really freezes up.
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A few dead leaves won't fix an empty stomach.
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In just ten years,...
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the bear population has fallen by over a third.
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Waiting for winter...
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is becoming a dangerous game.
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While polar bears occupy the shore...
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the forest belongs...
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to wolves.
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Winter is their prime hunting season...
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when the deep snow slows down their prey.
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A moose would feed this 17-strong pack.
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As a second moose is flushed out,...
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the pack splits.
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It's a costly mistake.
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Nine out of ten hunts fail.
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And with this blizzard rolling in...
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They've missed their chance.
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But that doesn't mean they'll go hungry.
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In this weather,...
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the exposed coastline will claim casualties.
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The pack must find them first.
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They're nervous.
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This is not wolf territory.
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A dead polar bear is an unexpected feast.
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They must feed quickly.
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This is no-man's-land.
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It's now that Canada's top predators...
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come face-to-face.
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As winter descends on the shoreline of Hudson Bay,...
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the rulers of the forest...
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confront a king of the ice.
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The wolves have strength in numbers.
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But at 800 pounds,...
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this bear has a massive weight advantage.
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And this time, that's what counts.
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As winters arrive later,...
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polar bears trapped on the shore...
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are growing more desperate.
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But the fortunes of all who live here...
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are about to change.
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For six months,...
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winter buries much of the Fr North.
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Now the wolves will get their kill.
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And Hudson Bay...
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is finally frozen solid.
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For polar bears,...
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the path to seal hunting grounds...
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is clear, at last.
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The North's extreme seasons are caused by the tilt of the Earth.
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For months, the Arctic is plunged...
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into darkness.
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But still, the sun makes its presence felt.
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A magical display.
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The aurora borealis.
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These are the traces of a solar storm...
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as radiation from the sun...
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reacts with gases in the Earth's atmosphere.
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Green for oxygen,...
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purple for nitrogen.
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In Canada's Yukon forest,...
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temperatures in early February...
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drop to minus 30.
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There's so little food in winter,...
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you're best to either leave...
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or hide away until spring.
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Unless...
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you're a snowshoe hare.
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Wide awake and perfectly at home...
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here in the frozen forest.
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They survive the winter on nothing more than twigs...
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and bark.
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But they're smart,...
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only picking plants that provide the most protein.
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He's about as tall as the snow is deep.
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But he's got something that makes living here...
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seem like a walk in the park.
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Enormous webbed feet.
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They're built-in snowshoes,...
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so he's always ready for a sprint start.
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And he needs to be.
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He's not alone in these woods.
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A Canada lynx.
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In winter, a lynx has one main source of prey.
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And he's... it.
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His ears rotate independently,...
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always listening out for the ominous crunch...
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of footsteps in the snow.
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Spotted.
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Lynx are agile hunters,...
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though not quite as light on their feet...
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which buys the hare precious seconds.
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But no hiding place will be safe for long.
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Deep in the Yukon,...
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a snowshoe hare freezes...
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not from cold, but from fear.
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Canada lynx don't give up on dinner easily.
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So escape must be timed to perfection.
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With the help of those snowshoes,...
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he can hit a top-speed of 30 miles per hour.
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A clean getaway.
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And that's unusual.
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Canada lynx rarely miss.
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This is one lucky bunny.
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When the breeding season arrives,...
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there will be more hares to take the heat.
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Until then,...
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he'll need to stay on his toes.
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By late winter in Alberta, 12,000 feet up,...
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the towering mountains of the Rockies...
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are coated in layer upon layer of snow.
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In places, more than 20 feet deep.
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A playground for millions of visitors every year.
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But be careful.
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The spring sunshine weakens the vast shelves of mountain snow...
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priming one of nature's most destructive events.
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Avalanche.
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A million tons of snow and ice...
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race downhill at speeds over 100 miles an hour.
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More than 2,000 avalanches are reported in the Rockies every year.
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Many more go unwitnessed.
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As the planet warms,...
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avalanches are becoming ever more...
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unpredictable.
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In the shadow of the Rockies,...
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even in late April,...
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snow still falls across these vast grasslands.
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But make no mistake.
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Spring has arrived.
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And so have a group of determined dancers.
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But will all this be enough to melt the heart...
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of an ice queen?
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Standing high over the plains of Alberta,...
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the Rockies channel warm winds down their eastern flanks,...
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winds known as "snow eaters".
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As they descend, they heat up,...
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raising the temperature of the plains below...
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by as much as 20 degrees.
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Out on the prairies, pretty much everyone...
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is an early riser.
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None more so than sharp-tailed grouse.
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They're here to catch the very first rays of sunshine,...
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but they can't resist any spotlight.
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- ♪ Gimme some lovin' ♪
- ♪ Gimme, gimme some lovin' ♪
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♪ Gimme some lovin'
Every day ♪
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The males gather every April for a mating dance-off.
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The females are the judges,...
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and the prize is...
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well, bet you can guess.
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As dawn breaks, it's show time.
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Stomping their feet 20 times per second...
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with a shake and a shimmy,...
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it's all about seduction.
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They look their best at this very moment.
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And they know it.
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She'll be looking for style.
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And stamina.
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Very nice.
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He's not bad either.
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The choice is bewildering.
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But without a clear winner,...
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fights break out on the dance floor.
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With all this testosterone flying around,...
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she's losing interest.
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They seem to want the fight more than the prize.
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The males need to up their game.
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By June,
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under a sun that no longer sets,...
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even the most stubborn snow melts away...
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to reveal lush grasslands.
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New life transforms the Frozen North.
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This is America's largest wildlife refuge,...
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30,000 square miles of Alaska.
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The Arctic Refuge.
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In summer, one animal dominates these plains.
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Caribou.
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You might know them as reindeer.
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They're nomads,...
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following the retreating snowmelt,...
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sometimes for a thousand miles.
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The longest land migration in the world.
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Every summer, for centuries,...
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caribou have been coming here to have their calves.
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This little male is only three weeks old.
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But he can already run faster than an Olympic sprinter.
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It's easy to lose track of whose mom is whose.
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Wanting to explore...
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can get you into trouble around here.
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Anyone who can't keep up with the herd...
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will be left behind.
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But their unique calls and scent...
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usually mean they can find each other.
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Come wintertime, he will be independent.
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But until then,...
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Mom is his whole world,...
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whether she likes it or not.
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As the herd eat their way through more than a thousand tons...
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of tundra grasses every day,...
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they move further west across the coastal plains.
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But hunger is driving them towards danger.
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The snow that blanketed the Frozen North...
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now descends from the mountains...
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as billions of gallons of meltwater,...
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channeled into raging torrents,...
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cutting across the caribou's path.
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These rivers are deeper and faster than ever before.
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And the feeding grounds lie on the other side.
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This crossing is more than a young calf is ready for.
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But survival depends on it.
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The current takes them by surprise,...
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sweeping him off his feet.
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This mother now has a tough choice to make.
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On the riverbanks of Alaska's Arctic Refuge,...
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this caribou mother scans the water...
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for any sign of her missing calf.
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The herd is moving on.
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Her instinct to follow them...
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is just too strong.
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Downriver,...
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the calf is still alive.
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He has a fighting spirit,...
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but he's exhausted.
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Mom's nowhere to be seen.
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As the herd slows down to feed,...
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all a lost calf can do is try to catch up.
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Female caribou rarely adopt lost or orphaned young.
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Mom recognizes a familiar bleating.
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Reunited.
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You have to grow up quickly in the Far North.
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These ancient routes will soon be ingrained in his memory.
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His destiny is to endlessly wander this vast...
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American tundra.
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As summer warms the North,...
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hundreds of these swollen rivers...
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carry soil and nutrients from the land...
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to the sea.
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And for some,...
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this becomes a time of plenty.
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In July, on Alaska's isolated Round Island,...
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a strange sound is carried on the wind.
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Just listen.
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This is the surprising song...
277
00:32:33,520 --> 00:32:35,760
of male walruses,...
278
00:32:37,760 --> 00:32:39,520
known as "chiming".
279
00:32:43,080 --> 00:32:46,160
It's made by pockets of air in their throats.
280
00:32:48,200 --> 00:32:52,680
Usually, they sing to impress females during the winter mating season.
281
00:32:55,920 --> 00:32:58,760
But there's no ladies in sight.
282
00:33:04,320 --> 00:33:08,120
Which probably suits the ladies just fine.
283
00:33:15,160 --> 00:33:17,519
On Alaska's warm summer evenings...
284
00:33:18,640 --> 00:33:23,120
Perhaps this is nothing more than their very own lullaby.
285
00:33:27,000 --> 00:33:32,880
For walruses, the short summers are all about downtime.
286
00:33:36,680 --> 00:33:39,559
But in the shallows of Alaska's mainland...
287
00:33:41,600 --> 00:33:44,240
there is no time to rest.
288
00:33:49,320 --> 00:33:52,840
Pink salmon gather at the starting line of a race...
289
00:33:52,840 --> 00:33:56,000
that will test them to their limits.
290
00:33:57,240 --> 00:34:00,440
Driven by an urge they cannot ignore,...
291
00:34:00,760 --> 00:34:04,520
salmon arrive at the entrance of the very same stream...
292
00:34:04,520 --> 00:34:06,560
in which they were born.
293
00:34:08,720 --> 00:34:10,480
Now, two years later,...
294
00:34:10,480 --> 00:34:12,800
it's their turn to breed.
295
00:34:14,040 --> 00:34:16,760
All 200 million of them.
296
00:34:19,240 --> 00:34:23,600
This female is carrying at least 2,000 eggs.
297
00:34:25,920 --> 00:34:29,720
Returning to the same spot in which she was born...
298
00:34:29,720 --> 00:34:33,360
will give her offspring the best chance of survival.
299
00:34:34,280 --> 00:34:35,600
But ahead of her...
300
00:34:36,840 --> 00:34:39,720
lies a killer assault course.
301
00:34:47,840 --> 00:34:49,720
She must succeed...
302
00:34:50,680 --> 00:34:52,120
or die trying.
303
00:34:55,120 --> 00:34:57,760
Prince William Sound, Alaska.
304
00:34:59,280 --> 00:35:01,120
As the tide races out,...
305
00:35:02,480 --> 00:35:04,360
countless pink salmon...
306
00:35:05,000 --> 00:35:06,200
are waiting.
307
00:35:09,480 --> 00:35:13,560
The scent of their spawning grounds grows stronger.
308
00:35:18,360 --> 00:35:21,680
Now it's a race to cross the shallows...
309
00:35:21,680 --> 00:35:24,680
before the tide cuts them off.
310
00:35:34,520 --> 00:35:38,160
One wrong turn and it's game over.
311
00:35:45,280 --> 00:35:46,600
For gulls,...
312
00:35:47,160 --> 00:35:49,799
the banquet has begun.
313
00:35:54,160 --> 00:35:56,560
They can be picky at this stage...
314
00:35:59,920 --> 00:36:03,119
only selecting the most tender flesh.
315
00:36:30,040 --> 00:36:33,440
This female has made a serious error...
316
00:36:35,160 --> 00:36:37,999
and is now dangerously exposed.
317
00:36:53,520 --> 00:36:57,600
Her determination seems to confuse her attacker.
318
00:37:07,680 --> 00:37:09,960
This is only the beginning.
319
00:37:11,600 --> 00:37:15,639
Every salmon is now on borrowed time.
320
00:37:21,480 --> 00:37:25,360
From here on out, they barely eat or rest,...
321
00:37:25,920 --> 00:37:27,920
as they forge upstream.
322
00:37:35,800 --> 00:37:39,440
This journey takes a grim toll,...
323
00:37:41,840 --> 00:37:46,000
as their bodies begin to shut down and decay,...
324
00:37:47,120 --> 00:37:49,200
some faster than others.
325
00:37:51,720 --> 00:37:55,880
Finally, they arrive at their spawning grounds,...
326
00:37:56,880 --> 00:37:59,040
but it's not over yet.
327
00:38:03,840 --> 00:38:07,680
This female needs to construct a shallow nest,...
328
00:38:08,200 --> 00:38:10,440
known as a "redd".
329
00:38:15,040 --> 00:38:17,320
She flicks away fine sediment...
330
00:38:17,760 --> 00:38:20,560
to prevent her eggs from being smothered.
331
00:38:31,520 --> 00:38:36,080
She will fiercely defend her nest from other females.
332
00:38:40,720 --> 00:38:45,680
By now, some males look like the swimming dead.
333
00:38:47,000 --> 00:38:49,160
They're "zombie" salmon,...
334
00:38:52,560 --> 00:38:56,039
desperate to mate before they die.
335
00:39:00,080 --> 00:39:01,360
Kind of gross.
336
00:39:15,000 --> 00:39:17,160
After all she's been through,...
337
00:39:17,840 --> 00:39:22,000
she's not going to settle for anything less than perfect.
338
00:39:32,480 --> 00:39:36,480
Males fertilize eggs in as many redds as possible,...
339
00:39:37,240 --> 00:39:40,600
but this will be her only chance.
340
00:39:44,840 --> 00:39:48,160
She will only release her eggs when she's ready.
341
00:39:50,720 --> 00:39:54,520
It's the moment that will seal her fate.
342
00:39:56,280 --> 00:40:00,600
Spawning and dying on the same stretch of river as her mother...
343
00:40:01,400 --> 00:40:04,800
is a female salmon's destiny.
344
00:40:10,440 --> 00:40:12,720
Though their journey ends here,...
345
00:40:13,080 --> 00:40:16,120
these salmon leave behind millions of eggs...
346
00:40:16,120 --> 00:40:19,640
that will become the next generation.
347
00:40:30,280 --> 00:40:31,480
Life,...
348
00:40:33,480 --> 00:40:36,000
dictated by the seasons.
349
00:40:42,920 --> 00:40:46,560
In just two months, winter returns.
350
00:40:56,520 --> 00:40:59,120
Some begin the long trek south.
351
00:41:03,160 --> 00:41:08,040
Others surrender to many months in the den.
352
00:41:15,800 --> 00:41:19,280
But there are those who are perfectly at home...
353
00:41:19,280 --> 00:41:21,800
in this snowbound world.
354
00:41:27,800 --> 00:41:29,040
A place...
355
00:41:30,160 --> 00:41:31,720
full of magic.
356
00:41:37,200 --> 00:41:40,760
One thing is certain here in the Frozen North...
357
00:41:44,960 --> 00:41:46,960
nothing stays the same...
358
00:41:48,480 --> 00:41:49,840
for long.
25876
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