All language subtitles for Space.Unraveling.the.Cosmos.2014.docu.1080p.bluray.x264

Space expansion.

The world has been trying for thousands of years
to understand its immensity.

I fixed the telescopes on him
I sent them spaceships.

And yet it is impossible to grow.

Travel with us
for an hour of eternity.

Let's see what "big" means
And "far", how far it is.

In the discovery of the Cosmos.

THE DISCOVERY OF THE COSMOS

5.9 billion kilometers
distan�� de P�m�nt.

4.5 billion kilometers.

As we travel beyond
from the orbit of Pluto,

we can ask ourselves the question:

If the distances in the system
our solariums are so big,

how vast can the universe be?

And if it still exists
something beyond him.

Jupiter. At a close distance
one billion kilometers from Earth.

A belt of asteroids.

At a distance of 278 million
kilometers from Earth.

Close to home,
we can see Mars.

Planted deep in our souls,
there is an unquenchable desire for exploration.

To go beyond the unknown

And to broaden our knowledge,
for all mankind.

In 1962, the president
John F. Kennedy,

it piqued our curiosity
for exploration

with the famous speech about the moon.

"Well, the space is there,
And we'll go up. "

"Both the moon and the planets are there,"

"And new hopes for knowledge
And peace, it's there. "

"And that's why, in the beginning, we ask
God's blessing "

"In the most dangerous."
Primei perjdioas� aventur� "

"to which the man engaged
ever. "

Seven years later,
In the summer of 1969,

Saturn V, the most powerful rocket
man-made,

Tall as a 36-storey building,

launched three people in the most
ambitious space adventure.

To the lighted star,
which allowed us to measure

the passing of time,
over thousands of years.

Month.

It took us almost three days,
let's get to our neighbor.

Meanwhile, millions of people
on Earth, they held their breath.

Every hour, he led humanity
further than ever.

A journey that takes thousands of years
of human dreams and aspirations.

Then in a moment
of inspiration,

that "huge leap for humanity",

changed forever
the meaning of what we can do.

In order to be able to understand thoroughly
space expansion,

Let's start with our neighbor.

With only two seats in which
the man set foot.

The moon is the only satellite
natural of the Earth.

And a very big one.

For almost a quarter of
diameter of the Earth,

it's the fifth month in size,
from the solar system.

It's so big and so close,
It still attracts the Earth.

It causes ocean tides
And it really stabilizes the Earth.

The moon is in the distance
of 384 thousand kilometers.

But in astronomical terms, it is
practically one on top of the other.

If the moon were a tennis ball,
put right here,

The earth would be the size of a
basketballs on the edge.

That means a distance
of seven meters.

Far away but still very close.

Without the gravity of the Moon,
The earth would bow

And it would swing chaotically
Around its axis

Instead of modest fluctuations.

If the Earth were to bow
too much,

the amount of light it would touch
surface would change,

It would cause some quantities to move
ice caps between the poles.

And in the rest of the planet.

It would have a profound effect
on climate balance.

Fortunately, the Moon keeps us safe
of chaos and climate fluctuation.

Caught in an ancient
in continuous orbital,

the gravitational forces of
Of the Earth, attract the Moon,

placing our planet in a circle,
like a ball tied with string

Instead of walking freely
through space.

It might be hard to imagine,

but the Moon revolves around the Earth
with a speed of 3540 km / h.

Faster than
the speed of a bullet.

The moon doesn't seem to move,
if we look at it from Earth.

From our sky, the Moon appears
Always as stationary.

In fact, all objects in orbit,
they seem to be stationary.

But what we see is not what it seems.

When we see pictures of the Station
International Space,

or more recently,
withdrawal of the space shuttle

orbit�nd lini�tit�
with a speed of 346 km / h

above the Earth's surface,

it's hard to perceive how fast
the spaceship is moving.

In reality, it works 20 times
faster than the speed of a bullet.

The astronauts on board
International Stations,

I can watch the sunrise,
every 90 minutes.

Suppose the ship flew a little
closer to the earth's surface.

What we would see at a speed of 2700 km / h
from here, from the earth?

You don't even know what came
And from what direction.

It will merge with the earth at
a speed of 8 km per second.

You won't even hear it until
it will not pass you by.

And until then,
will disappear beyond the horizon

Before you have a chance
turn your head.

Now we can appreciate it better
distances in outer space

And speed, which made it possible

to visit the nearest neighbor,
The moon, in just three days.

When we return,
we will visit the most important neighbor.

It is at a distance
of 149 million kilometers.

The sun.

This is the star
our solar system.

Without him, the Earth and the Moon would not be
than some cold, dark planets

floating aimlessly,
through outer space.

Long before the Renaissance,
mathematicians have stated

c� The sun is the center
our solar system.

The man knew the importance
the golden sphere in the sky.

They didn't need a planetarium,

a mechanical model
of our solar system,

he knows that the sun assures us
light and heat.

Even if there are hundreds of billions
of stars in our galaxy,

The sun is the most important.

At least for us.

A visit to the Sun is not
possible, of course.

It has no solid surface.

Just an incandescent mass of gas
called photosphere.

The closer you get
more than core,

the denser the gas will become.

At a distance of 160 thousand
kilometers of surface,

you have reached the radiative zone.

Where thermal radiation circulates
difficult, from the center.

If you go deeper,

you will even reach the source
All solar energy.

The core of the Sun.

There are 15 million here
of degrees celsius.

This is where it is created
all light and heat,

which we receive on Earth.

The sun has about
4.5 billion years.

After 5 billion years, it will consume
most of the fuel,

it will cool down and transform
In a red giant.

Mercury and Venus, in the millions
miles away,

will be swallowed up by the Sun,
In its expansion.

How big this can be
immense incandescent sphere!

From our solar system,
it's the biggest.

It is the planet Mercury.

Venus.

Mars.

Let's get to know Jupiter.

And the planet Saturn.

They are the largest planets.

As you can see,
does not compare in size.

The sun is so big
And strong!

Produces fields of
magnetic energy�.

This generates intense eruptions
And very spectacular.

High energy radiation.

They are called "solar flares".

And they are a few times
larger than the Earth.

If you travel on the other side
of the world, in a commercial plane,

You know it's going to be a flight
very long.

Flying non-stop
above our planet,

it will take us more than 45 hours.

That almost means
two days by plane.

With a circumference of 109 times
greater than the Earth,

a journey around the Sun,
it will take us about 200 days.

On hot summer days,

we will still be able to feel
the heat of the sun.

Even so, the source of heat

is at 150 million
miles away.

Fortunately, our planet is at
a suitable distance from solar flares.

Not too close,
but not too far.

In fact, if the sun stopped
suddenly light up,

it would take 8 minutes to observe
this on Earth.

The sun has an enormous mass.

It exerts a gravitational pull

what determines the planets
to orbit around it.

When we see models
to scale or illustrations

of orbiting planets
Around the sun,

it is impossible to perceive
the distance between them.

They are too big.

If we left the Sun,

I'd take a trip
to neighboring planets,

traveling at speed
rocket Apollo V,

it would take us 60 days to get to
the nearest planet, Mercury.

But let's sit down and do it
comfortable, it's just the beginning.

It will take us 112 days
let's get to Venus.

After five months of travel
through space, we would reach Earth.

Three months later,
we can see the planet Mars.

But we wouldn't get to Jupiter
until after two years

from the initial departure
from the Sun.

Then two more years will pass
to get to Saturn.

Four years later,
we would finally reach Uranus.

If you really want to see it
planet Neptune,

it will take us more than 13 years
space travel.

And, after a total of 18 years,
we will reach Pluto.

Almost 6.4 billion
miles away.

The solar system is huge.

It's just a grain of sand
of our galaxy.

Our familiar sun
And bright,

simply disappeared among
the billions of stars in the Milky Way.

How far
can travel in space,

the fastest spaceship
man-made?

We'll find out later.

After a long journey from the Sun,
to neighboring planets,

we have a better idea about
how far they are.

And everything I saw,
it doesn't tell us much

about the history of the three billion
years of the solar system.

But on the outskirts, in a group
called the "Kuiper Belt",

objects are almost unstable.

Here, you will find some planets
dwarfs, including Pluto,

as well as millions of required bodies
Frozen, spinning through space.

These are frozen
of some planets.

Dates from the time of formation
solar system,

by about 4.6 billion
years ago.

Here, these objects are kept
a constant trajectory�,

beyond the planets
our solar system.

But sometimes, gravitational perturbations
of Neptune or Uranus,

they will throw the so-called "dirty lumps",
Inside the solar system,

where they will become comets
with a short period.

Most likely, it will take a few years
until they dismember,

as they get closer
of the heat of the Sun.

The solar heat will evaporate the layers
external ice bodies,

releasing gas and dust.

The solar winds will gather these
particles in a long tail

oriented in opposition to the sun.

For exploring the solar system,
In 1977,

NASA has launched two space probes.

Voyager 1 �i Voyager 2.

They move at a speed
of 56 thousand kilometers per hour.

In 1980,
after almost a decade,

Voyager spacecraft,
it passed Saturn.

After that, the Kuiper Belt followed.

Voyager 1 was the first
man-made object

what he ventured
In interstellar space.

Their mission: to explore the limits
magnetic fields of the Sun.

Beyond the Kuiper Belt,
on the edge of the Solar Kingdom,

there is a gigantic structure
known as the "Oort Cloud"

which starts at 748 billion
kilometers, distance from the Sun.

This is the solar system
external Icy Shell.

It is the place of origin of comets
with long orbit.

One such comet, Hale-Boop,

he came out of the Oort Cloud, leaving behind
a trail of light, on its way to the Sun.

In 1997, Comet Hale-Boop,
it could be seen with the naked eye

when he returned,
close to Earth.

He was at a distance of fish
160 million kilometers.

The last time the comet was
so close to Earth,

it was 4,200 years ago.

Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire,
they were about to be born.

Comet Hale-Boop is heading
now back to the Oort Cloud.

�nghe��nd �nc� odat�.

And this time, I won't leave
a bright trail through space,

And he will not return
than after 2400 years.

How many remains of these
ice planets,

potential long-term comets,
floating in the Oort Cloud?

More than a trillion.

Think about it this way.

There are 7.17 million crystals
In a kilogram of sugar.

We would need close
140 tons of sugar

to get a trillion
of sugar crystals.

The number of comets in the Oort Cloud.

The Oort cloud is so massive,
So much so that it is believed to stretch

one-third of the distance
to the next Centauri.

It's the nearest star
by us, after the Sun.

But the nearest neighboring star,
it is 4.3 light-years away.

It's still a long way, though.

Voyager probe, she should
more than 1500 years

just to get there
at the beginning of the Oort Cloud.

To reach
at Proxima Centauri,

he would need more
Another 80,000 years.

It's twice the duration of the appearance
prehistoric man in the cave

�i p�n� civilization
from our days.

To travel from Earth,
to the next group of stars,

at a distance
4.3 light years,

we will have to go through more
of 40 trillion kilometers.

To make a trip like this,

we will need a ship
large enough space

to be able to carry generations
Whole space travelers.

A spaceship as big as an hour.

As history has taught us,
the idea of a heliocentric system,

where the planets rotate
Around the sun,

it was a dangerous concept,
During the Renaissance.

Only a few hundred years old
earlier, in 1592,

there was an Italian philosopher
who dared to assert

that the stars are celestial bodies
similar to the Sun.

The idea didn't fall too far
good to the Vatican.

After a long process,
Roman Inquisition,

he found Giordano Bruno
guilty of heresy.

Or because he believed
that the universe is infinite

and the stars are not far away
egale, fa�� de P�m�nt.

They are at different distances
to the Sun,

with their own planets that
they revolve around them.

Giordano Bruno a pl�tit
with life, for that.

In 1600, it was burned at the stake.

To accurately measure distances
huge numbers of stars and galaxies,

we will need
a larger measure.

A measure of distance based
on the speed of light.

The light moves at a speed
of about 300 thousand km / s.

If we send a light beam,
from the Earth to the Moon

at a distance
of 385 thousand kilometers,

the light would reach in 1.3 seconds.

Basically, in the blink of an eye.

From Earth to Mars, located at
223 million km away,

to the same light beam, and you have to
almost 13 minutes to get there.

Jupiter,
over 30 minutes.

To Saturn,
an hour and ten minutes.

To reach the world
of the planet Pluto,

even with the speed of light, it would last
almost five and a half hours.

Outside the solar system,
distances increase exponentially.

We need a unit
of larger size.

Light year.

It's the distance he travels
light in a year.

Remember Proxima Centauri,
our neighboring star?

It is 4.3 light-years away.

At over 40 trillion
miles.

But why do we look so close?

Every week, astronomers
discover new worlds, far away.

They are called exoplanets.

20 light years from Earth,
In the Balan Constellation,

there is a red star.

It's called Gliese 581.

Scientists believe that this planet,
like the Earth, it could orbit.

With a proper atmosphere,
it could sustain life.

What we should be able to do
travelers there?

Yes, we imagine
over 100 years,

we will be able to build a ship
interstellar� capable

to move by 10%
from the speed of light.

It would be fast.

But we still need it
a few hundred years

to get to the most
appropriate exoplanet.

The ship should be long
a few kilometers,

the size of the smallest city,
with complete self-support.

Capable of covering huge distances,
over generations.

You will need a capable ship
to support thousands of crew members.

Multiple generations of people.

For a journey of 200 years.

Like the workers who built
Medieval Cathedral,

but who did not live to be able to
see finished.

Children, children of your children,

they want to travel all their lives,
In this interstellar arc

And they still won't get to see
star Gliese 581.

They will go through
only half way.

And this is just a short trip,
on the great spaceship.

Our Sun's neighbors are expanding
beyond 4000 light-years.

It's just a corner
of our galaxy.

To pass by the neighbors,

people will board,
as in an epic vibration,

aboard this giant
space colonies.

Our noble explorers,
they will leave the earth forever

Knowing that inside the ship, they will have to
to take care of future generations.

Still ahead.
Towards a "distant" world.

Where humanity could again,
live and prosper on earth.

Spaceship generation,
go further.

Traveling long distances in space,
at extraordinary speeds.

"Forward," is the destination.

A new and strange world.

At which the passengers and crew,
I can only dream.

It may seem like an endless journey.

I only crossed a part
from the Milky Way.

So we can leave
our galaxy,

we will have to increase the power of the ship,
at an unimaginable speed

to be able to penetrate
ad�nc �n space.

I just started,

let's understand how big
may be the Milky Way galaxy.

Looking at the sky at night,
sometimes we can see it from Earth.

That island-shaped disk,

It got its name from that son
milky, spreading all over the sky.

Those bright spots
what do stars look like

they are actually swarms of stars.

Millions of swarms of stars.

This is just the center of the galaxy.

It's the brightest part
from the galaxy.

We can't see from Earth,
all the Milky Way

because we are inside.

The Milky Way is everywhere
Around us.

Who can accuse them
on our ancestors?

What they thought the Earth was
it is the center of the Universe.

Our sun rises
Every morning

He organizes every night

giving the night a splendid look
to heavenly paradise.

But this sun, when it is not there
in the blue sky,

as seen from Earth,
becomes in the mist of space,

only one in hundreds of billions
of stars in the Milky Way.

When we look at the stars
Remove,

We know they're in the trillions
two kilometers away.

But I'm at a distance, just face
from our point of view.

From another point of view,
far into space

The sun becomes the star
what is in the distance.

To get this image
with the huge Milky Way,

it must be in the millions
light years away.

Large number of stars,

swarms, constellations,
neighboring sisters,

our senses are overwhelmed
simply.

Where is the Sun and the solar system,
In this picture?

Don't even try.

The Milky Way is thick
for a thousand light years

And 100 thousand light years,
In diameter.

Where do we start to put
Is a number like this in perspective?

Let's start with the number itself.

100 thousand light years, is equal to about
965 quadrillion kilometers.

Still, what does that mean?

Let's look at things differently.

If you sit down and take a pencil
And a very long sheet of paper,

And you will have time to draw
600 quadrillion signs,

let's say it would be the 11 symbols
astrological aspects of the planets

from our solar system,
which you repeat endlessly,

that piece of paper,
could surround the Sun.

more than three thousand times.

Now, if in place
those symbols

Try to imagine
965 quadrillion kilometers,

that would be about as big
The Milky way.

However, that doesn't help us
too much, right?

At the center of our galaxy is
a compact group of old stars

known as
of "Sagittarius A".

It is the center of the most mysterious
energetic phenomena in the Universe.

The most threatening, violent
�i immens� gaur� neagr�.

Here, gravity is so strong,
So that no light can escape.

The black holes in the core
spiral galaxies,

like the Milky Way,
they cannot be seen.

But scientists could
to identify it,

following the behavior
nearby stars.

As they are attracted
of black hole.

Even before absorbing them,

creates a huge amount
of light radiation.

It has a density of four million
times greater than that of the Sun.

The black hole in Sagittarius A,

it is the place where the stars and swarms
massive stars, disappear without a trace.

And time and space, as they are
we know, it ceases to exist.

How big is the Milky Way,

it's shocking when you think about it
with our galaxy

it's just an ordinary spiral,
In a tiny corner of space.

Let's say our generation,
make a substantial change,

And now they can move
with the speed of light.

It still takes 2.5 million years,
to get to Andromeda,

the closest
neighbor of the galaxy.

Even at the speed of light, this
change will not matter too much.

If all goes well,
the descendants will arrive

through a wormhole,
Not an unusual Andromeda galaxy.

Hopefully they found it
a habitable planet.

They will have to prepare
s� p�r�seasc� nava

to find food sources,
to build shelters,

to recreate and form
a society.

It's the height of a million-dollar mission
for years on this planet.

Imagine your arrival
In this strange new world.

It's like the Earth, maybe with shapes
different from life.

Rotational motion can be
a completely different term.

On time,
these are about dreams.

But still, until recently,
there was a trip on the moon.

What the future holds for
our Earth species?

One day, will it be necessary
a journey to distant worlds?

A journey beyond
of what we can observe.

We know the space is huge.

But how much space is there,
Not the Universe?

Next, we'll explore
deeper into outer space.

We have a spaceship
which can get us there.

We will search for them without ceasing,
the place where time and space begin.

In 1923, a young astronomer,
as Edwin Hubble,

working at an observatory in
Mount Wilson, California.

A looking deep into space,
He noticed

what he thought was a formation
from the Andromeda Nebula.

The American astronomer did
a series of black and white photographs

with which, soon,
will make history.

He didn't realize it right away.

But Hubble did one of the most
important discoveries of the twentieth century.

Andromeda was not a swarm
of stars in the Milky Way.

Edwin Hubble, had discovered
another galaxy.

But how many galaxies are there
beyond the Milky Way?

In 1990, NASA launched
a powerful orbital telescope,

named after Edwin Hubble,

to examine the most distant
Stretches of space.

The size of a bus,

Hubble telescope orbits outside
distortion of the Earth's atmosphere.

For 20 years, Hubble surprised
And sent to earth,

the most amazing and detailed
images of the Cosmos.

From the Ring Nebula to the Constellation
Lira, from the north,

to the giant star clusters,
Surrounded by a bright gas.

All that's left of the explosions
giant stars,

to spiral galaxies.

From the gigantic "Pillars of Creation",

to the swarms opened by the stars,
near dwarf galaxies.

Carina Nebula.

Three light years, size.

Spiral galaxies.

13 million light-years away,
distan�� de P�m�nt.

The Hubble Telescope transmitted
Stunning images, one after another.

But a picture from the Hubble Telescope,
captured and assembled

after a period of four months,
In 2003,

is the most important�.

It's his revolutionary image
Edwin Hubble, since 1923,

of the Andromeda galaxy.

At first glance, they don't look anything else
than some stars in the night sky.

But at a close look,

we can observe more
of ten thousand objects.

There are no stars, or solar systems.

Not even swarms of stars.

Almost every one of these
small and bright globes,

they are galaxies.

Scientists have named these images
"Ultra Deep Field".

The most surprising thing
to this picture,

is that of the ten thousand galaxies
visible, on a single frame,

a number of 124 million is obtained
of galaxies, across the sky.

To get the picture, astronomers
from NASA, they positioned the telescope

to a small, dark area,
Apparently, no content.

Then they waited.

They had no idea what
they will find in that dark patch.

To get an idea of what
Hubble was directed,

imagine that you are
an astronaut floating in space.

Hold a pencil with your arm outstretched,
and immediately next to the eraser,

In that part of space,
there are ten thousand galaxies.

Progressively, in the captured image,
astronomers were able to discover

over five thousand galaxies.

Including the oldest.

Consider that they are images with the first ones
moments of the formation of the Universe.

The light of these galaxies,

he has traveled to us for more
13 billion years ago,

taking us back, very close
from the moment of the Big Bang.

How many galaxies are there,
In the known universe?

P�n� to Edwin Hubble, astronomy
they thought it was just one.

The Milky way.

But now, NASA estimates

that there are hundreds of billions of galaxies,
right there in outer space.

Does the universe have an end?

And if so, it still exists
something beyond him?

There is no theory.

"Scientists"
�nc� �ncearc� s� �n�eleag�

the vast complexity of a Universe
expanding.

The size of the space is bigger,
than we can imagine.

But we will continue to follow
the natural instinct to explore.

We are getting closer and closer.

In the discovery of the Cosmos.

Translation and adaptation
VENTER ADRIAN