Original subtitles

Space expansion.

The world has been trying for thousands of years to understand its immensity.

I fixed the telescopes on him I sent them spaceships.

And yet it is impossible to grow.

Travel with us for an hour of eternity.

Let's see what "big" means And "far", how far it is.

In the discovery of the Cosmos.

THE DISCOVERY OF THE COSMOS

5.9 billion kilometers distan�� de P�m�nt.

4.5 billion kilometers.

As we travel beyond from the orbit of Pluto,

we can ask ourselves the question:

If the distances in the system our solariums are so big,

how vast can the universe be?

And if it still exists something beyond him.

Jupiter. At a close distance one billion kilometers from Earth.

A belt of asteroids.

At a distance of 278 million kilometers from Earth.

Close to home, we can see Mars.

Planted deep in our souls, there is an unquenchable desire for exploration.

To go beyond the unknown

And to broaden our knowledge, for all mankind.

In 1962, the president John F. Kennedy,

it piqued our curiosity for exploration

with the famous speech about the moon.

"Well, the space is there, And we'll go up. "

"Both the moon and the planets are there,"

"And new hopes for knowledge And peace, it's there. "

"And that's why, in the beginning, we ask God's blessing "

"In the most dangerous." Primei perjdioas� aventur� "

"to which the man engaged ever. "

Seven years later, In the summer of 1969,

Saturn V, the most powerful rocket man-made,

Tall as a 36-storey building,

launched three people in the most ambitious space adventure.

To the lighted star, which allowed us to measure

the passing of time, over thousands of years.

Month.

It took us almost three days, let's get to our neighbor.

Meanwhile, millions of people on Earth, they held their breath.

Every hour, he led humanity further than ever.

A journey that takes thousands of years of human dreams and aspirations.

Then in a moment of inspiration,

that "huge leap for humanity",

changed forever the meaning of what we can do.

In order to be able to understand thoroughly space expansion,

Let's start with our neighbor.

With only two seats in which the man set foot.

The moon is the only satellite natural of the Earth.

And a very big one.

For almost a quarter of diameter of the Earth,

it's the fifth month in size, from the solar system.

It's so big and so close, It still attracts the Earth.

It causes ocean tides And it really stabilizes the Earth.

The moon is in the distance of 384 thousand kilometers.

But in astronomical terms, it is practically one on top of the other.

If the moon were a tennis ball, put right here,

The earth would be the size of a basketballs on the edge.

That means a distance of seven meters.

Far away but still very close.

Without the gravity of the Moon, The earth would bow

And it would swing chaotically Around its axis

Instead of modest fluctuations.

If the Earth were to bow too much,

the amount of light it would touch surface would change,

It would cause some quantities to move ice caps between the poles.

And in the rest of the planet.

It would have a profound effect on climate balance.

Fortunately, the Moon keeps us safe of chaos and climate fluctuation.

Caught in an ancient in continuous orbital,

the gravitational forces of Of the Earth, attract the Moon,

placing our planet in a circle, like a ball tied with string

Instead of walking freely through space.

It might be hard to imagine,

but the Moon revolves around the Earth with a speed of 3540 km / h.

Faster than the speed of a bullet.

The moon doesn't seem to move, if we look at it from Earth.

From our sky, the Moon appears Always as stationary.

In fact, all objects in orbit, they seem to be stationary.

But what we see is not what it seems.

When we see pictures of the Station International Space,

or more recently, withdrawal of the space shuttle

orbit�nd lini�tit� with a speed of 346 km / h

above the Earth's surface,

it's hard to perceive how fast the spaceship is moving.

In reality, it works 20 times faster than the speed of a bullet.

The astronauts on board International Stations,

I can watch the sunrise, every 90 minutes.

Suppose the ship flew a little closer to the earth's surface.

What we would see at a speed of 2700 km / h from here, from the earth?

You don't even know what came And from what direction.

It will merge with the earth at a speed of 8 km per second.

You won't even hear it until it will not pass you by.

And until then, will disappear beyond the horizon

Before you have a chance turn your head.

Now we can appreciate it better distances in outer space

And speed, which made it possible

to visit the nearest neighbor, The moon, in just three days.

When we return, we will visit the most important neighbor.

It is at a distance of 149 million kilometers.

The sun.

This is the star our solar system.

Without him, the Earth and the Moon would not be than some cold, dark planets

floating aimlessly, through outer space.

Long before the Renaissance, mathematicians have stated

c� The sun is the center our solar system.

The man knew the importance the golden sphere in the sky.

They didn't need a planetarium,

a mechanical model of our solar system,

he knows that the sun assures us light and heat.

Even if there are hundreds of billions of stars in our galaxy,

The sun is the most important.

At least for us.

A visit to the Sun is not possible, of course.

It has no solid surface.

Just an incandescent mass of gas called photosphere.

The closer you get more than core,

the denser the gas will become.

At a distance of 160 thousand kilometers of surface,

you have reached the radiative zone.

Where thermal radiation circulates difficult, from the center.

If you go deeper,

you will even reach the source All solar energy.

The core of the Sun.

There are 15 million here of degrees celsius.

This is where it is created all light and heat,

which we receive on Earth.

The sun has about 4.5 billion years.

After 5 billion years, it will consume most of the fuel,

it will cool down and transform In a red giant.

Mercury and Venus, in the millions miles away,

will be swallowed up by the Sun, In its expansion.

How big this can be immense incandescent sphere!

From our solar system, it's the biggest.

It is the planet Mercury.

Venus.

Mars.

Let's get to know Jupiter.

And the planet Saturn.

They are the largest planets.

As you can see, does not compare in size.

The sun is so big And strong!

Produces fields of magnetic energy�.

This generates intense eruptions And very spectacular.

High energy radiation.

They are called "solar flares".

And they are a few times larger than the Earth.

If you travel on the other side of the world, in a commercial plane,

You know it's going to be a flight very long.

Flying non-stop above our planet,

it will take us more than 45 hours.

That almost means two days by plane.

With a circumference of 109 times greater than the Earth,

a journey around the Sun, it will take us about 200 days.

On hot summer days,

we will still be able to feel the heat of the sun.

Even so, the source of heat

is at 150 million miles away.

Fortunately, our planet is at a suitable distance from solar flares.

Not too close, but not too far.

In fact, if the sun stopped suddenly light up,

it would take 8 minutes to observe this on Earth.

The sun has an enormous mass.

It exerts a gravitational pull

what determines the planets to orbit around it.

When we see models to scale or illustrations

of orbiting planets Around the sun,

it is impossible to perceive the distance between them.

They are too big.

If we left the Sun,

I'd take a trip to neighboring planets,

traveling at speed rocket Apollo V,

it would take us 60 days to get to the nearest planet, Mercury.

But let's sit down and do it comfortable, it's just the beginning.

It will take us 112 days let's get to Venus.

After five months of travel through space, we would reach Earth.

Three months later, we can see the planet Mars.

But we wouldn't get to Jupiter until after two years

from the initial departure from the Sun.

Then two more years will pass to get to Saturn.

Four years later, we would finally reach Uranus.

If you really want to see it planet Neptune,

it will take us more than 13 years space travel.

And, after a total of 18 years, we will reach Pluto.

Almost 6.4 billion miles away.

The solar system is huge.

It's just a grain of sand of our galaxy.

Our familiar sun And bright,

simply disappeared among the billions of stars in the Milky Way.

How far can travel in space,

the fastest spaceship man-made?

We'll find out later.

After a long journey from the Sun, to neighboring planets,

we have a better idea about how far they are.

And everything I saw, it doesn't tell us much

about the history of the three billion years of the solar system.

But on the outskirts, in a group called the "Kuiper Belt",

objects are almost unstable.

Here, you will find some planets dwarfs, including Pluto,

as well as millions of required bodies Frozen, spinning through space.

These are frozen of some planets.

Dates from the time of formation solar system,

by about 4.6 billion years ago.

Here, these objects are kept a constant trajectory�,

beyond the planets our solar system.

But sometimes, gravitational perturbations of Neptune or Uranus,

they will throw the so-called "dirty lumps", Inside the solar system,

where they will become comets with a short period.

Most likely, it will take a few years until they dismember,

as they get closer of the heat of the Sun.

The solar heat will evaporate the layers external ice bodies,

releasing gas and dust.

The solar winds will gather these particles in a long tail

oriented in opposition to the sun.

For exploring the solar system, In 1977,

NASA has launched two space probes.

Voyager 1 �i Voyager 2.

They move at a speed of 56 thousand kilometers per hour.

In 1980, after almost a decade,

Voyager spacecraft, it passed Saturn.

After that, the Kuiper Belt followed.

Voyager 1 was the first man-made object

what he ventured In interstellar space.

Their mission: to explore the limits magnetic fields of the Sun.

Beyond the Kuiper Belt, on the edge of the Solar Kingdom,

there is a gigantic structure known as the "Oort Cloud"

which starts at 748 billion kilometers, distance from the Sun.

This is the solar system external Icy Shell.

It is the place of origin of comets with long orbit.

One such comet, Hale-Boop,

he came out of the Oort Cloud, leaving behind a trail of light, on its way to the Sun.

In 1997, Comet Hale-Boop, it could be seen with the naked eye

when he returned, close to Earth.

He was at a distance of fish 160 million kilometers.

The last time the comet was so close to Earth,

it was 4,200 years ago.

Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire, they were about to be born.

Comet Hale-Boop is heading now back to the Oort Cloud.

�nghe��nd �nc� odat�.

And this time, I won't leave a bright trail through space,

And he will not return than after 2400 years.

How many remains of these ice planets,

potential long-term comets, floating in the Oort Cloud?

More than a trillion.

Think about it this way.

There are 7.17 million crystals In a kilogram of sugar.

We would need close 140 tons of sugar

to get a trillion of sugar crystals.

The number of comets in the Oort Cloud.

The Oort cloud is so massive, So much so that it is believed to stretch

one-third of the distance to the next Centauri.

It's the nearest star by us, after the Sun.

But the nearest neighboring star, it is 4.3 light-years away.

It's still a long way, though.

Voyager probe, she should more than 1500 years

just to get there at the beginning of the Oort Cloud.

To reach at Proxima Centauri,

he would need more Another 80,000 years.

It's twice the duration of the appearance prehistoric man in the cave

�i p�n� civilization from our days.

To travel from Earth, to the next group of stars,

at a distance 4.3 light years,

we will have to go through more of 40 trillion kilometers.

To make a trip like this,

we will need a ship large enough space

to be able to carry generations Whole space travelers.

A spaceship as big as an hour.

As history has taught us, the idea of ​​a heliocentric system,

where the planets rotate Around the sun,

it was a dangerous concept, During the Renaissance.

Only a few hundred years old earlier, in 1592,

there was an Italian philosopher who dared to assert

that the stars are celestial bodies similar to the Sun.

The idea didn't fall too far good to the Vatican.

After a long process, Roman Inquisition,

he found Giordano Bruno guilty of heresy.

Or because he believed that the universe is infinite

and the stars are not far away egale, fa�� de P�m�nt.

They are at different distances to the Sun,

with their own planets that they revolve around them.

Giordano Bruno a pl�tit with life, for that.

In 1600, it was burned at the stake.

To accurately measure distances huge numbers of stars and galaxies,

we will need a larger measure.

A measure of distance based on the speed of light.

The light moves at a speed of about 300 thousand km / s.

If we send a light beam, from the Earth to the Moon

at a distance of 385 thousand kilometers,

the light would reach in 1.3 seconds.

Basically, in the blink of an eye.

From Earth to Mars, located at 223 million km away,

to the same light beam, and you have to almost 13 minutes to get there.

Jupiter, over 30 minutes.

To Saturn, an hour and ten minutes.

To reach the world of the planet Pluto,

even with the speed of light, it would last almost five and a half hours.

Outside the solar system, distances increase exponentially.

We need a unit of larger size.

Light year.

It's the distance he travels light in a year.

Remember Proxima Centauri, our neighboring star?

It is 4.3 light-years away.

At over 40 trillion miles.

But why do we look so close?

Every week, astronomers discover new worlds, far away.

They are called exoplanets.

20 light years from Earth, In the Balan Constellation,

there is a red star.

It's called Gliese 581.

Scientists believe that this planet, like the Earth, it could orbit.

With a proper atmosphere, it could sustain life.

What we should be able to do travelers there?

Yes, we imagine over 100 years,

we will be able to build a ship interstellar� capable

to move by 10% from the speed of light.

It would be fast.

But we still need it a few hundred years

to get to the most appropriate exoplanet.

The ship should be long a few kilometers,

the size of the smallest city, with complete self-support.

Capable of covering huge distances, over generations.

You will need a capable ship to support thousands of crew members.

Multiple generations of people.

For a journey of 200 years.

Like the workers who built Medieval Cathedral,

but who did not live to be able to see finished.

Children, children of your children,

they want to travel all their lives, In this interstellar arc

And they still won't get to see star Gliese 581.

They will go through only half way.

And this is just a short trip, on the great spaceship.

Our Sun's neighbors are expanding beyond 4000 light-years.

It's just a corner of our galaxy.

To pass by the neighbors,

people will board, as in an epic vibration,

aboard this giant space colonies.

Our noble explorers, they will leave the earth forever

Knowing that inside the ship, they will have to to take care of future generations.

Still ahead. Towards a "distant" world.

Where humanity could again, live and prosper on earth.

Spaceship generation, go further.

Traveling long distances in space, at extraordinary speeds.

"Forward," is the destination.

A new and strange world.

At which the passengers and crew, I can only dream.

It may seem like an endless journey.

I only crossed a part from the Milky Way.

So we can leave our galaxy,

we will have to increase the power of the ship, at an unimaginable speed

to be able to penetrate ad�nc �n space.

I just started,

let's understand how big may be the Milky Way galaxy.

Looking at the sky at night, sometimes we can see it from Earth.

That island-shaped disk,

It got its name from that son milky, spreading all over the sky.

Those bright spots what do stars look like

they are actually swarms of stars.

Millions of swarms of stars.

This is just the center of the galaxy.

It's the brightest part from the galaxy.

We can't see from Earth, all the Milky Way

because we are inside.

The Milky Way is everywhere Around us.

Who can accuse them on our ancestors?

What they thought the Earth was it is the center of the Universe.

Our sun rises Every morning

He organizes every night

giving the night a splendid look to heavenly paradise.

But this sun, when it is not there in the blue sky,

as seen from Earth, becomes in the mist of space,

only one in hundreds of billions of stars in the Milky Way.

When we look at the stars Remove,

We know they're in the trillions two kilometers away.

But I'm at a distance, just face from our point of view.

From another point of view, far into space

The sun becomes the star what is in the distance.

To get this image with the huge Milky Way,

it must be in the millions light years away.

Large number of stars,

swarms, constellations, neighboring sisters,

our senses are overwhelmed simply.

Where is the Sun and the solar system, In this picture?

Don't even try.

The Milky Way is thick for a thousand light years

And 100 thousand light years, In diameter.

Where do we start to put Is a number like this in perspective?

Let's start with the number itself.

100 thousand light years, is equal to about 965 quadrillion kilometers.

Still, what does that mean?

Let's look at things differently.

If you sit down and take a pencil And a very long sheet of paper,

And you will have time to draw 600 quadrillion signs,

let's say it would be the 11 symbols astrological aspects of the planets

from our solar system, which you repeat endlessly,

that piece of paper, could surround the Sun.

more than three thousand times.

Now, if in place those symbols

Try to imagine 965 quadrillion kilometers,

that would be about as big The Milky way.

However, that doesn't help us too much, right?

At the center of our galaxy is a compact group of old stars

known as of "Sagittarius A".

It is the center of the most mysterious energetic phenomena in the Universe.

The most threatening, violent �i immens� gaur� neagr�.

Here, gravity is so strong, So that no light can escape.

The black holes in the core spiral galaxies,

like the Milky Way, they cannot be seen.

But scientists could to identify it,

following the behavior nearby stars.

As they are attracted of black hole.

Even before absorbing them,

creates a huge amount of light radiation.

It has a density of four million times greater than that of the Sun.

The black hole in Sagittarius A,

it is the place where the stars and swarms massive stars, disappear without a trace.

And time and space, as they are we know, it ceases to exist.

How big is the Milky Way,

it's shocking when you think about it with our galaxy

it's just an ordinary spiral, In a tiny corner of space.

Let's say our generation, make a substantial change,

And now they can move with the speed of light.

It still takes 2.5 million years, to get to Andromeda,

the closest neighbor of the galaxy.

Even at the speed of light, this change will not matter too much.

If all goes well, the descendants will arrive

through a wormhole, Not an unusual Andromeda galaxy.

Hopefully they found it a habitable planet.

They will have to prepare s� p�r�seasc� nava

to find food sources, to build shelters,

to recreate and form a society.

It's the height of a million-dollar mission for years on this planet.

Imagine your arrival In this strange new world.

It's like the Earth, maybe with shapes different from life.

Rotational motion can be a completely different term.

On time, these are about dreams.

But still, until recently, there was a trip on the moon.

What the future holds for our Earth species?

One day, will it be necessary a journey to distant worlds?

A journey beyond of what we can observe.

We know the space is huge.

But how much space is there, Not the Universe?

Next, we'll explore deeper into outer space.

We have a spaceship which can get us there.

We will search for them without ceasing, the place where time and space begin.

In 1923, a young astronomer, as Edwin Hubble,

working at an observatory in Mount Wilson, California.

A looking deep into space, He noticed

what he thought was a formation from the Andromeda Nebula.

The American astronomer did a series of black and white photographs

with which, soon, will make history.

He didn't realize it right away.

But Hubble did one of the most important discoveries of the twentieth century.

Andromeda was not a swarm of stars in the Milky Way.

Edwin Hubble, had discovered another galaxy.

But how many galaxies are there beyond the Milky Way?

In 1990, NASA launched a powerful orbital telescope,

named after Edwin Hubble,

to examine the most distant Stretches of space.

The size of a bus,

Hubble telescope orbits outside distortion of the Earth's atmosphere.

For 20 years, Hubble surprised And sent to earth,

the most amazing and detailed images of the Cosmos.

From the Ring Nebula to the Constellation Lira, from the north,

to the giant star clusters, Surrounded by a bright gas.

All that's left of the explosions giant stars,

to spiral galaxies.

From the gigantic "Pillars of Creation",

to the swarms opened by the stars, near dwarf galaxies.

Carina Nebula.

Three light years, size.

Spiral galaxies.

13 million light-years away, distan�� de P�m�nt.

The Hubble Telescope transmitted Stunning images, one after another.

But a picture from the Hubble Telescope, captured and assembled

after a period of four months, In 2003,

is the most important�.

It's his revolutionary image Edwin Hubble, since 1923,

of the Andromeda galaxy.

At first glance, they don't look anything else than some stars in the night sky.

But at a close look,

we can observe more of ten thousand objects.

There are no stars, or solar systems.

Not even swarms of stars.

Almost every one of these small and bright globes,

they are galaxies.

Scientists have named these images "Ultra Deep Field".

The most surprising thing to this picture,

is that of the ten thousand galaxies visible, on a single frame,

a number of 124 million is obtained of galaxies, across the sky.

To get the picture, astronomers from NASA, they positioned the telescope

to a small, dark area, Apparently, no content.

Then they waited.

They had no idea what they will find in that dark patch.

To get an idea of ​​what Hubble was directed,

imagine that you are an astronaut floating in space.

Hold a pencil with your arm outstretched, and immediately next to the eraser,

In that part of space, there are ten thousand galaxies.

Progressively, in the captured image, astronomers were able to discover

over five thousand galaxies.

Including the oldest.

Consider that they are images with the first ones moments of the formation of the Universe.

The light of these galaxies,

he has traveled to us for more 13 billion years ago,

taking us back, very close from the moment of the Big Bang.

How many galaxies are there, In the known universe?

P�n� to Edwin Hubble, astronomy they thought it was just one.

The Milky way.

But now, NASA estimates

that there are hundreds of billions of galaxies, right there in outer space.

Does the universe have an end?

And if so, it still exists something beyond him?

There is no theory.

"Scientists" �nc� �ncearc� s� �n�eleag�

the vast complexity of a Universe expanding.

The size of the space is bigger, than we can imagine.

But we will continue to follow the natural instinct to explore.

We are getting closer and closer.

In the discovery of the Cosmos.

Translation and adaptation VENTER ADRIAN