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(bright music)

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- Frank Lloyd Wright is the

greatest ever American architect.

Buildings like the Guggenheim Museum,

the Johnson Wax Building, and Fallingwater

are masterpieces that redefined what was possible

and became famous the world over.

But I think the true nature of

Frank Lloyd Wright's genius has become lost,

buried under tales of his tempestuous life

or made into the stuff of coffee table books.

I'm Jonathan Adams, an architect from Wales,

and my 30-year career has taken me all over the world.

Throughout it all, Frank Lloyd Wright

has been a constant touchstone.

Now, I'm going to travel across America to get to know

Frank Lloyd Wright's greatest buildings for myself.

I want to understand how they were conceived,

how they work and how they make us feel.

Most of all, I want to explore the underlying philosophy

that all these buildings share.

Frank Lloyd Wright called it organic architecture,

and today, 150 years after his birth,

I think, it puts him back at the heart

of modern architectural thinking.

(gentle music)

(birds chirping)

(people chatting)

In a career that spanned seven decades,

Frank Lloyd Wright built over 500 buildings,

and the one he's best known for is his final one,

the Guggenheim Museum in New York.

(soft solemn music)

The Guggenheim isn't just something

that's beautiful to look at.

All his life, Frank Lloyd Wright strove

to create buildings that expressed an idea

of how we should live and understand the world.

- I'd like to have a free architecture.

I'd like to have architecture that belonged

where you see it standing,

and was a grace to the landscape instead of a disgrace.

And the letters we receive from our clients

tell us how those buildings we built for them

have changed the character of their whole life

and their whole existence,

and it's different now than it was before.

(bright music)

- Wright's own life was turbulent,

involving financial ruin, adultery, and tragedy.

Through it all, he stuck to a personal creed

based on hard work, a love of nature,

and a fierce independence of thought.

They sound like thoroughly American ideals.

But, I think, to understand what really shaped

Wright's ideas, and the man himself,

you have to begin the story far away from America

and closer to where I come from.

(upbeat music)

(birds chirping)

Frank Lloyd Wright's Welsh roots are no secret.

He was proud of them and spoke of them all his life.

His mother, Anna Lloyd Jones, was born in 1838

near Llandysul in West Wales.

Her family was large and devout,

and at their chapel, they practised a radical

brand of Christianity known as Unitarianism.

All his life, Frank Lloyd Wright would draw inspiration

from this free-thinking, spiritual inheritance.

- Unitarianists see God in anything and in all things.

We often talk of the wonder,

the awesomeness, the magnificence of nature,

and of the world that we're all a part of.

We've always placed a huge emphasis

on the individual's freedoms to choose

and to pick and to decide for themselves

where their understanding of God and of human nature lie.

Unitarianism fit in with the people here,

the people who were everyday hardworking,

low-paid people, looking for that freedom

and for that spirit of liberalism.

- It might have been the search for religious freedom

that took Anna's family away from Wales.

(bright music)

In 1844, the Lloyd Jones clan,

parents, children, aunts, and uncles,

left home, bound for a new, freer life in the new world.

The family sailed to New York,

and then with pioneer spirit,

set off westward to find a new home.

What they were looking for was something familiar,

something like the land they knew and understood.

Finally, they came upon their new Wales,

wooded, gently sloping land near Spring Green, Wisconsin.

To Frank Lloyd Wright, this place would become a lifelong

spiritual touchstone, known simply as the valley.

- The valley that they chose to live in

became so identified with them and their purpose

and their way of living that some people called it

The Valley of the God Almighty Joneses.

They didn't really want to become Americans, you know.

They wanted to be Welsh on American soil.

- It was into this world that in 1867,

Frank Lloyd Wright was born.

It was here too that his values were shaped.

(birds chirping)

Throughout his childhood, Frank would spend

his summers here in the valley,

labouring on the farm, living a rural life

and hearing the Welsh language of his aunts and uncles.

For the rest of his days, he would look back

on those summers as a kind of paradise.

(soft piano music)

Frank's mother encouraged his early ambitions to build.

After studying engineering at a local college,

he left home to seek an architectural apprenticeship.

As luck would have it, the nearest city was one

of the most exciting places in the entire world

for an aspiring young architect: Chicago.

New styles of building were being created here,

including the skyscraper.

Before long, Wright's youthful energy and talent

landed him a job with the city's leading architect,

and it was in Chicago too that he found his first love.

Catherine Tobin, known as Kitty, was just 16 when they met.

Within two years, they were married

and had a child of their own on the way.

Frank Lloyd Wright was a young man in a hurry.

Borrowing money from his boss,

he bought a plot of land here

in the respectable suburb of Oak Park,

the place where it was said

the saloons ended and the steeples began,

and it was here that he first built a home for himself.

It might be difficult for anyone looking at this today

to see it as anything other than a slightly quirky,

gable-fronted suburban house.

It's only when you put it alongside

all of the other houses of the same period,

here or anywhere else in the Western world,

that you realise just how strange it is.

Take this massive symmetry.

It's highly classical but stylized.

You can see the faint outlines of the triangular pediment

of a Greek temple, with the two bays at the bottom

instead of columns supporting the weight.

It's classical discipline applied to a small cottage.

The upper part of the house conveys

a huge sense of weight and sanctity,

so you might expect the inside to be pokey and dark,

but what you actually find is the opposite.

The rooms all flow one into another.

It must've been a huge surprise to people back in the 1880s.

This is open plan,

before the idea of open plan really existed.

Perhaps this is where it began.

(dramatic music)

The free flow of Wright's design

reflects an idea of family life

learned in the Unitarian valley of his childhood,

honest, equal, and communal.

He even inscribed these values above the hearth,

clear for all to see.

In its open spaces and its open spirit,

Frank Lloyd Wright's Oak Park home

was his first step towards a new kind of architecture.

Over the next few years, Wright's career took off.

His house attracted the attention of curious neighbours

and commissions flowed in.

He would eventually design over 50 houses for local clients.

Many, like his own,

subtle experiments with traditional forms.

By now, Frank and Kitty had six children.

Wright was in his late 30s

and more than ready for his big break.

But when that came, it was a bolt from the blue.

Every Sunday, Frank Lloyd Wright and his young family

would walk a half mile to worship

at the local Unitarian church.

It wasn't the kind of building that he really approved of.

It was vaguely gothic with a pretentious spire.

And then one night in 1905, it was struck by lightning

and it burned to the ground. (dramatic music)

(fire crackling)

Never slow to see his chance,

Wright proposed a new building for the site.

It was unlike anything seen before in America.

Wright's plans for the new building

cast aside all traditional styles,

as he seized the chance to express

his own spiritual and architectural beliefs.

Gone would be ornament, arches, and the showy spire.

What emerged instead was Unity Temple,

the world's first truly modern building.

Few people even today would guess that this is a church.

The building doesn't even have an obvious way in.

The very material that Unity Temple is constructed from

seems unsuitable for a place of worship.

These walls, and every detail of the exterior,

are made from solid, unadorned, reinforced concrete.

Wright's justification was that it was cheap,

a utilitarian material used for

low-grade engineering structures.

The impoverished church committee was persuaded to go along.

But Wright's real reason for using concrete

was that it was a new and exciting technology

with unlimited potential.

It put Frank Lloyd Wright just where he wanted to be,

on his own at the frontier of architecture.

If the exterior of Unity Temple

expressed an idea of the divine,

it was in austere, geometric forms,

but the space that those forms created on the inside

was among Frank Lloyd Wright's most beautiful

and spiritually uplifting rooms.

(gentle music)

The sanctuary of Unity Temple is a perfect square.

Golden light streams in through coloured glass

in the coffered ceiling,

while ornament and structure combine to unite the whole.

- This building is unique.

It is hard to figure out

how to even get into the sanctuary,

and when you find it, it just opens up,

and it's a gem of a space.

I love the intimacy.

This capacity to worship

while in community with one another,

being able to see one another it's the most

important part of the building for most of us.

- Wright based the distinctive

interior layout of Unity Temple

closely on the Lloyd Jones family chapel back in Wales,

but his new building's overall radicalism

was still too much for some in its congregation.

It's said that they prayed for ivy

and were happy when ivy came.

(lively music)

All the while that Unity Temple was taking shape,

Frank Lloyd Wright was busy designing houses.

By now, he had his own architectural practise,

and his designs had become far more daring.

Pointed roofs had started to flatten out,

as windows widened.

Cellars and attics vanished

and houses spread out, low to the ground.

Wright was inspired by the vast open spaces

that stretched away, beyond Chicago.

The buildings even became known as prairie houses.

He brought this early vision to perfection

with the Robie House, a gorgeous steamship of a building

with windows like prows.

It sailed through an open green landscape,

a vessel of the Midwest prairie.

The Robie House looked as modern and powerful

as the Great Lakes steamers that docked in Chicago.

It was an impressive feat of engineering.

The huge projecting roof was Wright's most daring to date.

Inside too, Wright used this building to experiment,

creating a sense of drama around the simple act of entering.

(door creaking)

You come into the Robie House through the front door,

which is actually at the back,

and you find yourself in this low, dark lobby,

which pushes you towards this flight of stairs.

And as you climb the stairs,

you get glimpses of light at the top,

which lead you upwards and build a sense of anticipation.

But then you're forced to turn,

and you turn again,

and then there's another few steps which lead you up.

And one final turn,

and then you're released into this fantastic, wide room,

surrounded by windows and bathed with natural light.

(gentle music)

Wright liked to call conventional houses boxes,

and their rooms boxes within boxes.

In the unlimited free flow of the Robie House,

to use his own phrase, he destroys the box.

One final thing about the Robie House

that's true of almost all of Wright's houses,

if you commissioned one you didn't just get the building.

You got the furniture too, which Wright designed,

along with a list of dos and don'ts.

Curtain and blinds were out,

as were paintings on the wall and ornaments.

Wright had astonishing self-belief,

almost to the point of being overbearing.

He called interior decorators inferior desecrators,

and it wasn't unusual for former clients to arrive home

to find that Wright had made an unannounced visit

and rearranged all their furniture.

In the case of the Robie House, he even designed

a dress for Mrs. Robie to wear here.

(uptempo piano music)

Frank Lloyd Wright, now in his early 40s,

was riding high and creating a real stir,

but increasingly he was chafing against

conventional family life in a polite suburb.

- He himself started to see

that the world was a lot bigger than Oak Park,

and at a certain point he realised that he was interested

in looking much further forward.

How did he become someone to reckon with?

Well, one way to do that is to dress differently

and to go out more, and to have girlfriends, I suppose.

I think, that was the start of what one

might call almost antisocial behaviour.

- Wright's unconventional conduct crossed the line

when he began an affair with the wife of a client.

Mamah Cheney was a feminist, a free thinker,

the ideal partner for a radical man,

albeit a mother of two.

When their relationship was discovered,

Wright took decisive action.

Closing down his studio, he abandoned his family,

and together with Mamah, fled to Europe.

(dramatic music)

When the couple returned a year later,

it was to set up home together.

Wright knew they wouldn't be welcome in Oak Park,

so he began building a new house

on land owned by his mother.

It was in the one place that for him represented safety,

community, and integrity, the valley of his childhood.

He even gave his new house

a centuries old Welsh name, Taliesin.

Taliesin sits on the brow of a hill.

As Wright liked to point out,

its Welsh name actually means shining brow.

It's been compared to an Italian villa

or even to a mediaeval Welsh farmstead,

a fortified state built at a time

when he needed to feel secure.

But Taliesin is very much more besides.

More than any other building, it embodies Wright's ideal

of how architecture and nature should coexist.

I said that Taliesin sits on a hill.

Frank Lloyd Wright would've taken pleasure in correcting me.

He prepared to say that it was of the hill,

that it graces the hill, that the hill

and the house are improved by each other,

so that they become a unity.

- Taliesin, I learnt a lot from.

The way that he marries his buildings with the landscape

and the way they juxtaposition with each other

and the way the spaces flow through them,

it, sort of, comes out of the landscape.

It's constant and it's green hills

and trees and grass and stuff.

I remember being unbelievably impressed.

- Wright summed up the philosophy that lay behind Taliesin

in a simple phrase: organic architecture.

It's a memorable expression,

but just what is it that makes a building organic?

Well, here he used local materials,

stone, sand, and timber sourced from nearby.

And what's more, the same materials

are used inside and outside,

so that interior and exterior flow together.

Windows are low and linear,

so that when you're seated inside,

you have a continuous view through treetops,

as if you're elevated, floating among them.

(dramatic music)

But it's important to say that, for Wright,

organic architecture didn't just mean using local materials

and blending a building into a landscape.

What he meant was that the philosophy of the building,

what it says about how we should live,

would, when blended with the character of the site,

give rise naturally and organically to its unique form.

In this case, a building that belongs to its hill

and could never be built anywhere else.

Frank Lloyd Wright and Mamah Cheney

lived happily at Taliesin,

for all that local newspapers dubbed their house

a love bungalow.

Wright was defiant.

Around the building, he carved the Welsh symbol

that represented his Unitarian family motto:

truth against the world.

But the dream of this new world wasn't to last.

(ominous music)

Taliesin, like almost all large houses of its time,

was built to be run by servants,

but Wright's liberal principles

meant that here they lived on the main floor

with everybody else not in some pokey garret.

"Treat your servants as your friends," Wright had written.

In 1914, a new servant was taken on at Taliesin,

Julian Carlton, a butler and all-round help.

One day, in September when Frank Lloyd Wright was away,

the unimaginable happened at Taliesin.

While Mamah and her children were sitting down to lunch,

Julian Carlton ran amok.

(fire crackling) Using petrol,

he set fire to the house.

As its terrified residents fled,

he attacked them with a hatchet.

Seven people died here, including Mamah Cheney

and her two young children.

Taliesin was all but destroyed.

The seemingly senseless slaughter made national headlines.

Julian Carlton refused to speak about what he'd done.

He starved himself to death in jail two months later.

(sombre music)

Mamah Cheney was buried in the valley,

in sight of the ruins of Taliesin.

The years after the calamity were turbulent ones

for Frank Lloyd Wright.

He had gone from the happiest time of his life

to the time of deepest despair.

He threw himself into the rebuilding of Taliesin,

but much of the decade he spent working abroad.

When he returned to America,

it would not be to the Midwest,

scene of his previous triumphs and his greatest tragedy.

Instead, he turned to a new horizon

and an extraordinary new phase in his work.

(dramatic music)

Wright received five commissions

to build houses in Los Angeles.

The biggest and boldest of them

was designed for a wealthy LA couple, the Enisses.

If Taliesin is of the hill,

the Ennis House really is on the hill.

This is a fortress.

It's a mysterious interior place

that sits proud in its landscape.

Is it organic?

It's a building that perfectly suits its city,

the ambition and boldness of LA

and the bright sun that shines here all year round.

For Frank Lloyd Wright, now 57 years old,

The Ennis House was a creative rebirth.

The design was inspired by the

ancient forms of Mayan temples,

but to build it Wright devised

a brand new construction method.

(tools clanking)

The entire house was made out of patterned concrete blocks,

27,000 of them all manufactured on site.

As the building rose, steel rods

were threaded between them for support.

Wright liked to say he was weaving here,

rather than building.

I think, you can see what he meant.

You have the steel rods running along these joints,

interleaving the warp and weft,

and then the concrete blocks that form the finish.

He also said that he wanted to elevate

an unloved building material, the humble concrete block,

into something much more beautiful,

and he certainly succeeded.

(dramatic music)

Entering the Ennis' House

feels like stepping into an adventure.

The forbidding exterior really gives you

no idea what to expect.

Inside, the house is made from exactly

the same concrete blocks as outside,

but whereas the exterior is solid and massive,

these columns create a series

of intriguing, interlinked spaces.

Well, this really is.

It's an incredible space.

Being inside this rock-like structure

makes you feel as if you're in a complex of caves.

There's a really powerful sense of mystery.

No idea how far it extends or where you're being taken,

and, I think, that's what must've made it

such an exhilarating place to live.

There's a timelessness and a drama to the Ennis House,

and it's no surprise that it's proved a favourite

with Hollywood filmmakers.

It's been featured in horror films and thrillers,

and most famously, in the seminal 1980s

science fiction film, Blade Runner.

The sheer originality of Wright's creation

means it can fit easily into any world of the imagination.

It's remarkable, given how

instantly recognisable this building is.

The Ennis House was a triumph for Frank Lloyd Wright,

but as the 1920s drew to a close,

storm clouds were once again gathering.

(gentle music)

Wright had found a new love,

Olgivanna Milanoff was Montenegrin, a professional dancer,

and some 30 years his junior.

Their relationship became mired in scandal,

business suffered and worse was to follow.

(bells chiming)

The Wall Street Crash of 1929

decimated American architecture,

and for three years, Frank Lloyd Wright

had not a single commission.

Always a spendthrift, he was finally flat broke.

Now in his mid-60s, Wright was coming to be seen

as yesterday's man, a talent who had faded away.

Some simply assumed that he was dead.

Then, at Taliesin, something remarkable happened.

A plan was hatched that would define Wright's later life.

It was ingenious, but simple.

The legendary Frank Lloyd Wright

would offer apprenticeships.

The Taliesin Fellowship was born.

(soft piano music)

- The Fellowship did a lot of things for Wright.

It provided him with young men and women who wanted to learn

and who were very happy to work in the garden, in the farm.

They were building.

They were cooking and cleaning,

and most of them had the money to support Wright

in a way that he couldn't possibly otherwise have managed.

- Mr Wright said, "This is not a school

"and I'm not a teacher.

"You're here to help me with my work,

"and if you get something out of that, that's good."

You were really here to help him,

but, you know, when you're helping a master,

unless you're just totally immune to it,

your life gets changed.

It's as though there was a real magician, not a fake,

and that magician made things happen just by being there.

- But in the huge drafting room at Taliesin,

real architectural work was in short supply.

All Wright and his apprentices could do

was to draw and dream.

Then, at last, a commission came in.

The result would relaunch Frank Lloyd Wright's career

and take it to new heights.

In 1933, a wealthy Pittsburgh businessman, Edgar Kaufmann,

decided to rebuild his holiday cottage

deep in the Pennsylvania woodland.

As chance would have it,

his son was an apprentice at Taliesin.

Wright and Kaufmann met and the deal was done.

The story of the origins of Kaufmann's new house

has the quality of a legend.

Frank Lloyd Wright visited

and surveyed this very challenging site,

and he'd had detailed maps of it drawn up,

but, afterwards, months passed with no sign of progress.

(dramatic music)

Then, at Taliesin one day the phone rang.

Mr Kaufmann was in the area.

Could he call by and look at Frank's plans

for the new building?

Wright sat down in his drafting room

and, in just two hours, set down an astonishing vision.

What he had designed has been called

the greatest house of the 21st century, Fallingwater.

80 years on from its construction,

it still takes your breath away,

looking fantastically modern, and yet timeless.

This really is a phenomenal sight.

I've been looking at buildings for a very long time now,

and I've not seen anything quite as thrilling as this.

- Fallingwater that's the one quintessential building to me.

It's the way it's situated in its landscape,

the way it occupies a space which is much bigger

than its physical size.

In our minds it's a vast city of horizontals and verticals.

In that one building, he created modern architecture.

- Now, the fundamental call that Wright made

was also the most daring.

Edgar Kaufmann had expected that his new house

would be sited somewhere around here,

looking back at the waterfall.

Nobody anticipated that Wright would site the building

directly on top of the fall itself,

and yet that one inspired decision

led directly to this extraordinary floating,

almost dreamlike building that we see today.

The huge slab of rock from which the water drops

was echoed by Wright in Fallingwater's

extraordinary projecting terraces.

The effect is to harmonise the building with its setting,

something conspicuously manmade,

yet in sympathy with nature.

(gentle music)

Inside too, every detail of Fallingwater

responds to the natural world in which it is set.

The floor is polished stone,

and evokes the rippled surface of the river below,

just before it goes over the falls.

The long lines of windows lift you into the treetops,

while the vibrant chairs and rugs are like birds or flowers,

bright splashes of colour in the deep canopy.

There's a wonderful feeling of security here,

of being in a shelter in the wild.

There's even room at Fallingwater

for a staircase that leads nowhere,

just down to the water where you can stand and contemplate.

After barren years, Fallingwater

was Frank Lloyd Wright's most spectacular success,

and a vindication of his lifelong architectural philosophy.

No other building of Wright's more clearly expresses

his personal idea of organic design.

The waterfall on its own was undoubtedly beautiful,

but it's enhanced by this vision of a building

that seems to have grown out of the rocks and trees,

while still pushing technology to its limits.

Very few buildings anywhere from any time in history,

express an uplifting idea of humanity's place

in the world like this one does.

(lively music)

While Fallingwater was being built,

work was progressing rapidly

on a second breakthrough project.

The site could hardly have been more different,

a flat, industrial lot on the outskirts

of a dull Wisconsin town.

The commission didn't sound inspiring either,

an office building for a cleaning products company.

But, once again, Wright worked his magic.

When you look at it today, the Johnson Wax Building

is straight out of vintage science fiction.

Even on a grey day like this, it still fills me

with a sense of joyous possibilities.

It's when you step inside though,

that the genius of the building fully reveals itself.

(gentle music)

Wow, what an awe-inspiring room.

The great workroom of the SC Johnson Building

has been called the greatest room

in all American architecture,

and you can see why.

Wright's answer to the dreary surroundings

was simple enough, no windows.

Instead, he created an artificial,

interior world that is itself as inspiring

and uplifting as a wild landscape.

Delicate light enters through patterns of Pyrex tubes,

while huge otherworldly columns leap up to the skies.

(bright music)

The beauty of Wright's design was clear for all to see.

But back in the 1930s, the technical challenge

of turning vision into reality was making

some people distinctly nervous.

These extraordinary columns were like nothing

the local building control officers had ever seen,

and so, before construction could begin,

they insisted on testing one under a full load.

Wright, as confident a showman as he was an engineer,

was happy to oblige and to invite the press along.

Six tonnes of sandbags were loaded onto the column.

The officials were satisfied,

but Frank Lloyd Wright had a point to prove,

10 tonnes went on, then 20, and finally 60 tonnes.

Wright strode up to the column,

kicked it, hit it with his cane.

It was only when the wooden props holding the column

upright were removed that it finally crashed down.

There was so much weight on it that a sewer

20 feet underground fractured.

The strength and ingenuity of Wright's columns

allowed him to create a vast cathedral-like room.

It embodied his lifelong Unitarian belief

in the sanctity of nature and the sanctity of work.

- It's called the great workroom for a good reason.

It's a great place to work.

When you're working here,

it's like working a glade of trees,

with the sun streaming down through the

glass tubing in the ceiling

and creating these wonderful vistas

of a sense of outdoorness.

It's an incredible place to work.

- The twin triumphs of the Johnson Wax Building

and Fallingwater ushered in a new period of creativity

and success for Wright.

It's been said that American lives have no second act.

Well, here was one, perhaps bigger

and bolder than the first.

(birds chirping)

By now, Frank Lloyd Wright was 70 years old,

and life was good.

His home was still Taliesin,

now standing proud once more

in the Wisconsin valley of his childhood.

He was happily married to Olgivanna,

but there was one thing about life at Taliesin

that she could no longer bear,

the long, frozen winters, when temperatures plummeted

to minus 20 and snow settled for months on end.

(bright upbeat music)

And so, in 1937, a convoy set off from Taliesin

in the depth of December.

The cars were packed with provisions,

the tools of the trade,

and the entire Taliesin Fellowship.

From now on, winter would be spent at a new home in the sun.

The parched Arizona desert was the most extreme environment

that Frank Lloyd Wright had ever built in.

It would test his philosophy

of organic architecture to the limit,

and result in the kind of building never seen before.

Taliesin West is such a unique and beautiful place.

It was designed and constructed over seven years,

and it was loosely based on a diagram that connects

the various angles of the building to geological features

and to prominent hilltops on the horizon.

It's like a piece of freeform architectural jazz.

Taliesin West was constructed entirely

by members of the Fellowship.

Building supplies were hard to come by in the desert,

so Wright improvised, turning to the boulders

that littered the site.

I love this material.

Wright called it desert masonry,

and I bet that anyone who studied here during those years

could take me straight to their section of the wall,

and that they would recognise their own boulders,

almost as if they were personal friends.

The massive walls of Taliesin West

seemed to grow out of the desert floor itself,

but on top of them, Wright placed canvas.

It was so delicate it had to be replaced each year,

as if pioneers were making camp.

(gentle music)

Inside and outside were never more happily merged.

It was a kind of natural air conditioning,

a building that worked with its environment

and not against it.

It was actually green architecture

before that phrase even existed.

The open, airy world of Taliesin West created a relaxed,

communal way of living and working.

Today, it's home to the Frank Lloyd Wright

School of Architecture,

a place where students still work and live together.

The allure of Frank Lloyd Wright lives on.

- When you see the level of freedom

and experimentation they had,

that he was not concerned with a particular style

or keeping things as they are,

but actually into challenging

and questioning what architecture means,

and, I think, that's what we really can take away

from the experience of being in his legacy.

- The years passed, and Frank Lloyd Wright

approached the age of 90.

He was now the grand old man of American architecture,

lauded by his peers at home and abroad,

interviewed on television, a household name.

- [Interviewer] I understand that last week,

in all seriousness, you said,

"If I had another 15 years to work,

"I could rebuild this entire country.

"I could change the nation."

- I did say that, and it's true.

- He continued to work tirelessly,

designing a Unitarian church,

a skyscraper,

a synagogue

and, as ever, houses.

(bright upbeat music)

But, in the self-proclaimed capital

of American architecture,

he had failed to make any mark.

With his final masterpiece,

Frank Lloyd Wright would change all that.

- There is a wonderful picture of him,

six months before he died,

on top of the Guggenheim Museum,

and he's looking on top of the world.

I think, that's a very apt metaphor for him.

I think, Frank was having a lot of fun,

saying here it is, take it or leave it, you know.

(chuckling) I'm the boss here.

This is what I'm giving you.

- The evolution of the Guggenheim is fascinating,

and it's a great illustration of how Wright worked.

So much in his late career was there in embryo

in his early days, but his philosophy

and his imagination never changed course.

Here, he turned to an old, unbuilt design

that featured a ramp for cars to drive up.

First, he turned it upside down,

so that the building was wider at the top.

Then, he turned it inside out,

putting the ramp on the interior.

The result became one of the most

famous buildings in the world.

(lively music)

The Guggenheim Art Museum was Frank Lloyd Wright's

poke in the eye for New York City

and the people he called the glass box boys,

the modernist architects and critics

who had no time for his work.

Into their landscape of soaring vertical lines,

glass and right angles,

he smuggled a low, curvaceous newcomer,

and it stole the show.

Inside, the Guggenheim was the logical culmination

of Wright's lifelong desire to open up interiors

and create a free flow of space.

It's a building with just one room,

and one path to follow.

Some people prefer to start at the top.

Others, like me, would rather begin at the bottom.

But once you're on your way, Frank Lloyd Wright

is leading you every step you take.

In traditional museums, you're sometimes not sure

where you're going, whether you've missed a room,

or if there might be better art

hiding just around the corner.

Here, everything is open.

You can see where you're going,

how far you have to go,

and the artworks that await you.

You're drawn naturally up the path,

and, after looking closely at the painting in front of you,

you can turn away and relax to an open vista,

the movement of people,

and glimpses of artworks on the walls.

You're not just looking at art,

you're getting a lesson in the act of looking at art.

(gentle jazz music)

Back in the 1950s, however,

many people thought that Wright's design

for a circular art museum was little short of madness.

The sloping walls they said

would mean that paintings lean backwards.

The windows would allow in too much or too little light,

and as for Wright's choice of colour,

that was better not mentioned.

In the end, that un-Wright-ian thing,

a compromise was reached.

The colour was off white,

the paintings were on fixed brackets off the wall,

and daylight was mixed with fluorescent light.

- I'd say I like the building more,

because I don't really try and fight it any longer.

What we like to say to one another

is we're a circle in a world of squares.

It was a bloody expensive building,

but you see the unbelievable joy and astonishment,

particularly at first time visitors,

and that doesn't come through so often in today's world.

(bright music)

- Frank Lloyd Wright died in April 1959,

six months before the Guggenheim Museum opened.

His life had encompassed a huge swathe of history.

Born in the wake of the American Civil War,

the son of a pioneer,

he died a television personality in the space age.

He had changed architecture not just in America,

but around the world.

Frank Lloyd Wright was laid to rest in the one place

that meant most to him, the valley of his childhood,

among his ancestors.

(gentle dramatic music)