All language subtitles for The.Vietnam.War.2017.Part02.Riding.the.Tiger.HDTV.x264-SToRIES

JOHN MUSGRAVE: I was assigned a listening
post at Con Thien in the fall.

That was like getting a
death sentence at a trial.

Because that's just three
Marines out there with a radio.

And that's the scariest thing I did.

You're listening for the enemy.

They call you on the radio every hour,

"Delta, Lima, Papa, Three, Bravo,

"Delta, Lima, Papa, Three,
Bravo, this is Delta Three.

"lf your sit rep is alpha
sierra, key your handset twice.

"lf your situation report is all secure,

break squelch twice on the handset."

And if it's not, they keep
thinking you're asleep

so they keep asking you, "If
your sit rep is alpha sierra,"

And then it finally dawns on them

maybe there's somebody too
close for you to say anything.

So then they say, "If your sit
rep is negative alpha sierra,

key your handset once,"

And you damn near squeeze the
handle off the, you know,

and two on the radio
because they're so close

that you can hear them
whispering to one another.

And that's scary stuff.

That's real scary stuff.

And I'm scared of the dark, still.

I still got a night light.

When my kids were growing up,

that's the first time they really found out

that Daddy'd been in a war when they said,

"Well, why do we need to
outgrow our night lights?

Daddy's still got one."

JOHN KENNEDY: Let the word go
forth from this time and place,

to friend and foe alike,

that the torch has been
passed to a new generation

of Americans born in this
century, tempered by war,

disciplined by a hard and bitter peace,

proud of our...

JACK TODD: I still believed, very much,

in this concept of an heroic America,

America being a really special country,

the best country in the
world, the best democracy,

all the things that we
believe about it, which...

and I didn't really see
anything wrong with that.

I was sure that we were
right to be in Vietnam.

You know, because it started under Kennedy

and, to me, JFK was God.

Anything that he thought was
right, I thought was right.

NARRATOR: At 43, John Fitzgerald
Kennedy was the youngest man

ever elected president
of the United States.

He had promised bold new leadership,

and to his supporters his
inauguration seemed to signal

a new day.

To those new states whom we welcome

to the ranks of the free,

we pledge our word that one
form of colonial control

shall not have passed away

merely to be replaced by
a far more iron tyranny.

We shall not always expect to
find them supporting our view.

But we shall always hope to
find them strongly supporting

their own freedom and to
remember that, in the past,

those who foolishly sought power

by riding the back of the
tiger ended up inside.

NARRATOR: The new president
gathered around him

an extraordinary set of advisors
who shared his determination

to confront communism, including
Secretary of State Dean Rusk,

National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy,

his deputy Walt Rostow,

special military advisor
General Maxwell Taylor,

and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara,

who had given up his post

as president of the Ford Motor
Company to serve his country.

He was a pioneer in the
field of systems analysis.

Like the president who picked them,

all of Kennedy's men had
served during World War II.

Each had absorbed what they all believed

was its central lesson:

Ambitious dictatorships needed
to be halted in their tracks

before they constituted a serious danger

to the peace of the world.

Meanwhile, in South Vietnam,

the National Liberation Front...

labeled by its enemies the Viet Cong...

was determined to overthrow

the anticommunist and
increasingly autocratic

government of Ngo Dinh Diem.

In North Vietnam,
unbeknownst to Washington,

Ho Chi Minh, the father of
Vietnamese independence,

was now sharing power with
a more aggressive leader,

Le Duan, who was even more impatient

to reunify his country.

BAO NINH:

LESLIE GELB: None of us knew
anything about Vietnam.

Vietnam in those days was
a piece on a chessboard,

a strategic chessboard,

not a place with a culture and a history

that we would have an
impossible time changing,

even with the mighty force
of the United States.

NARRATOR: Over the next three years,
the United States would struggle

to understand the complicated
country it had come to save,

fail to appreciate the enemy's resolve,

and misread how the South
Vietnamese people really felt

about their government.

The new president would find himself caught

between the momentum of war
and the desire for peace,

between humility and hubris,

between idealism and expediency,
between the truth and a lie.

KENNEDY: And so, my fellow Americans,

ask not what your country can do for you,

ask what you can do for your country.

MUSGRAVE: I grew up in
Missouri, near Kansas City,

a little community called Fairmount.

I was born in 1948.

And there were lots of kids
being born in those days

from the guys who were
lucky enough to come home

from World War II.

My dad was a pilot in the Army Air Corps.

And all of dad's friends

were World War Il vets or Korean vets.

And all of my male teachers were veterans.

And even my pastor had been a chaplain.

Well, they were my heroes, and
l wanted to be like them.

NARRATOR: For all of John
Kennedy's soaring rhetoric,

for all the talent he gathered around him,

the first months of his
presidency did not go well.

He approved a CIA-sponsored
invasion of Cuba

at the Bay of Pigs that ended in disaster.

He felt he'd been bullied

by Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev

at a summit meeting in Vienna.

He was unable to keep the Soviets

from building the Berlin Wall.

And in Southeast Asia,
he refused to intervene

against a communist insurrection in Laos.

Critics accused him of being
immature, indecisive,

inadequate to the task of
combating what seemed to be

a mounting communist threat.

"There are just so many
concessions that we can make

in one year and survive politically,"

He confided to an aide
in the spring of 1961.

In South Vietnam, Kennedy
felt he had to act.

After the president received reports

that the Viet Cong might be in control

of more than half the densely
populated Mekong Delta,

he dispatched General Maxwell
Taylor and Walt Rostow

to Vietnam.

They urged him to commit
American ground troops.

Kennedy refused.

It would be like taking a
first drink, he said...

the effect would soon wear off
and there would be demands

for another and another and another.

Instead, in the midst of a cold war,

with its constant risk of
nuclear confrontation,

the president supported
a new "flexible" way

to confront and contain
communism: limited war.

This is another type of
warfare, new in its intensity,

ancient in its origin...

war by guerrillas, subversives,
insurgents, assassins;

War by ambush instead of by combat;

By infiltration instead of aggression.

NARRATOR: To fight his "limited wars,"

Kennedy hoped to use the
elite Green Berets,

special forces trained
in guerrilla warfare,

counterinsurgency.

They were meant to be dispatched
to hotspots around the world.

ROBERT RHEAULT: Khrushchev said,
"We're not going to destroy you

with nuclear weapons,

we're going to destroy you with
wars of national liberation."

Everybody talked about the fact

that communism was spreading
and it had to be stopped.

You went to Command and
General Staff College

and you were playing on
maps with nuclear weapons

and so forth.

And I escaped from that by
getting into Special Forces.

So that instead of planning
what we were going to do

if World War Ill broke out,
we were actually doing stuff.

And Vietnam was a place where
we were going to draw the line.

NARRATOR: Kennedy sent the Green Berets

to the Central Highlands of Vietnam

to organize mountain tribes
to fight the Viet Cong

and to undertake covert missions
to sabotage their supply bases

in Laos and Cambodia.

But Kennedy understood that
counterinsurgency alone

would never be enough,

so he doubled funding for
South Vietnam's army,

dispatched helicopters and APCs,
armored personnel carriers.

Kennedy also authorized the use of napalm

and the spraying of defoliants
to deny cover to the Viet Cong

and destroy the crops that fed them.

A whole array of chemicals was used,

including one named for
the color of the stripes

on the 55-gallon drums in which
it came... "Agent Orange."

And the president quietly
continued to increase

the number of American military advisors.

Within two years, the number
he had inherited would grow

to 11,300,

empowered not only to teach

the Army of the Republic
of Vietnam... the ARVN...

to fight a conventional war,

but to accompany them into battle,

a violation of the agreement
that had divided Vietnam

back in 1954.

The administration did its best
to hide from the American people

the scale of the buildup
that was taking place

on the other side of the world,

fearful that the public would not support

the more active role advisors
had begun to play in combat.

Mr. President, a Republican
National Committee publication

has said that you are...
have been less than candid

with the American people as
to how deeply we are involved

in Vietnam.

Could you throw any more light on that?

We have increased our
assistance to the government,

its logistics.

We have not sent combat troops there.

Though the training
missions that we have there

have been instructed if
they are fired upon to...

they are, would of course, fire
back, to protect themselves.

But we have not sent combat troops

in the generally understood
sense of the word.

So that I-l feel that we are
being as frank as the...

as we can be.

I think we... what I have said to you

is a description of our activity there.

NEIL SHEEHAN: I was a
child of the Cold War.

When I got off the plane in
Saigon on a humid evening

in April 1962,

I really believed in all the
ideology of the Cold War.

On...

That if we lost South Vietnam,

that the rest of Southeast Asia
would fall to the communists.

There was an international
communist conspiracy.

We believed fervently in this stuff.

NARRATOR: Neil Sheehan was
a 25-year-old reporter

for United Press International, UPI.

He had served three years in
the Army in Korea and Japan

before deciding to become a newspaperman.

Vietnam was his first full-time
overseas assignment,

and his only worry, he remembered,

was that he would get there
too late and miss out

on the big story.

Sheehan and other reporters
rode along as the ARVN mounted

a series of helicopter
assaults on enemy strongholds

in the Mekong Delta and elsewhere

and brought terror to the Viet Cong.

American pilots were at the controls.

SHEEHAN: It was a crusade
and it was thrilling.

And you'd climb aboard the helicopters

with the Vietnamese soldiers who
were being taken out to battle.

And they'd take off.

And they'd contour-fly, they'd
skim across the rice paddies

at about three or four
feet above the paddies,

and then pop up over the tree
lines that lined the fields.

It was thrilling.

I mean it was absolutely thrilling.

And you believed in what was happening.

I mean you had the sense
that we're fighting here

and some day we'll win, and
this country will be a better,

better country for our coming.

NARRATOR: The new M-113
armored personnel carriers

were capable of churning
across rivers and rice paddies

and right through the earthen dikes

that separated one field from the next.

The Viet Cong had nothing
with which to stop them.

JAMES SCANLON: We were just overwhelming
them with force, with firepower.

And the firefights would be
over in a pretty short time.

MAN ON RADIO: We have some
people running along the dikes.

Actually, the canal is perpendicular

to the one you're attacking now.

They have on black uniforms, and
l estimate approximately 3-0.

Do you have them in sight? Over.

SCANLON: That's what was
causing us to win, see.

And we were winning one after the other.

And we were not meeting a
heck of a lot of resistance.

NARRATOR: Captain James Scanlon had
been stationed in West Germany

and had seen for himself
the brutality with which

the communist East Germans
dealt with anyone

who dared try to escape to the West.

He was now in the Mekong Delta,

an advisor to the 7th Division of the ARVN,

and had begun to see evidence
of Viet Cong brutality as well.

SCANLON: Those of us who talked to
the people who fled East Germany,

we saw the need to stop
the growth of communism,

to stop the dominoes from being tumbled.

That was a worthy cause.

NARRATOR: As the ARVN and their
advisors pursued the Viet Cong,

the government of Ngo
Dinh Diem had launched

an ambitious program meant to
gain control of the countryside

by concentrating the rural population

into thousands of fortified settlements,

ringed with barbed wire and
moats and bamboo spikes

meant to keep out the Viet Cong.

They were called strategic
hamlets, part of the effort

to win the hearts and minds, and loyalty,

of the Vietnamese people.

The French had tried something
like it a decade before.

They had called it pacification.

ROBERT McNAMARA: President
Diem's strategic hamlet program

is making substantial progress.

About 1,600 of the some 14,000 hamlets

have been fortified to date.

NARRATOR: By the summer of 1962,

news from South Vietnam seemed so promising

that Defense Secretary
Robert McNamara made sure

the Pentagon was prepared
to implement a plan

for a gradual withdrawal
of American advisors

to be completed by 1965.

So far as most Americans knew,

the United States was achieving its goal:

A stable, independent, anticommunist state

in South Vietnam.

It was "a struggle this
country cannot shirk,"

TheNew York Tim es said,

and the United States
seemed to be winning it.

But that same summer, Ho Chi
Minh traveled to Beijing

in search of more help from the Chinese.

The American buildup in South
Vietnam had alarmed him

and the other leaders in Hanoi.

Ho told the Chinese that American attacks

on North Vietnam itself now
seemed only a matter of time.

The Chinese promised to equip
and arm tens of thousands

of Vietnamese soldiers.

Meanwhile, the Politburo
in Hanoi had directed

that every able-bodied North Vietnamese man

be required to serve in the armed forces.

["Honky Tonk Pt. 1" by
Bill Doggett playing]

NARRATOR: Inspired by
their president's call,

thousands of young Americans
would join the Peace Corps

and other organizations to
help project American ideals

and goodwill around the world.

RUFUS PHILLIPS: We were not only
there in Vietnam to stop communism,

but there had to be something positive.

We're trying to find out what
the Vietnamese people want

and to help them get it.

And that was very simple

but, if you think about
it, also very complex.

But it went to the heart, I thought,

of what we were trying to do.

NARRATOR: Pete Hunting, a
22-year-old from Oklahoma City,

would go to Vietnam right after
college to do what he could

to help poor villagers in the countryside.

WOODY GUTHRIE: ? I was
a soldier in the fight

? And I fought till we won

? My uniform's my dirty overhauls. ?

I finally finished up my
work in Phan Rang last week.

Had spent a month working on a windmill

I'd promised the people of one hamlet.

Cost a lot of money, too, which
l paid out of my own pocket.

GUTHRIE: ? Well, I'll give you my
sweat, I'll give you my blood. ?

In soaring spirits today

despite all the natural
disasters, political intrigues,

and subversive activities.

NARRATOR: Pete Hunting worked

for the International Voluntary Services,

a nonprofit organization
committed to improving

agriculture, education, and public health.

He was one of hundreds
of dedicated aid workers

in South Vietnam.

GUTHRIE: ? My hoe is my gun.

News on this side of the world

is that I'll almost definitely
be extending over here

for another two years,

providing the country stays
in one piece that long.

NARRATOR: Two years after he arrived,

Pete Hunting was driving
in the Mekong Delta

when he ran into a Viet Cong ambush.

He was shot five times in the head...

The first American civilian volunteer

to be killed in Vietnam.

[helicopter blades
beating, voices on radio]

People used to joke in Vietnam

about winning the hearts and minds.

And you hear that expression,
but that should not be a joke.

It's a serious, serious problem.

If you pull off a military operation,

and it may be successful
on the military basis,

but you destroy a village,

then you've created a
village of resistance.

NARRATOR: Few advisors
understood the unique challenges

of fighting an insurgency in Vietnam

better than Lieutenant
Colonel John Paul Vann.

A career soldier from Virginia,

he was the senior American advisor

to the 7th ARVN Division
in the Mekong Delta.

Small, wiry and abrasive,
John Paul Vann was convinced

he knew how to defeat the Viet Cong.

PHILIP BRADY: John Paul Vann was
simply the most remarkable soldier

I ever met.

Period.

The biggest challenge of
John Paul Vann's life

was somehow saving Vietnam, winning.

That, to him, was the ultimate challenge.

NARRATOR: When it became clear to Vann

that the tactics the Americans
had taught the ARVN

were beginning to make
more enemies than friends,

he sought out newspapermen
to spread the word.

NEIL SHEEHAN: He was able to
explain to us what was going on.

The important thing was not
to alienate the population.

That if you got sniper fire from a hamlet,

you sent in riflemen to
take out the sniper.

You didn't shell the place,
because you were going to kill

women and kids and destroy houses

and you were going to turn
the population against you.

NARRATOR: Most press coverage
of Vietnam was upbeat

in the tradition of previous wars.

But a handful of young reporters
including Neil Sheehan,

David Halberstam of theNew York Times,

and Malcolm Browne of the Associated Press,

who spent time in the field
with officers like Vann,

were beginning to see that from
the Vietnamese countryside,

things looked very different than they did

from the press offices
in Washington or Saigon.

SHEEHAN: So it was terribly important
that we not only win the war

but that we as reporters report the truth

that would help to win the war.

We were very fervent in
wanting to report the truth

because it was very important
to the welfare of our country

and to the welfare of the world.

NARRATOR: Sheehan and his colleagues
began asking tough questions

about what constituted progress,
what victory would look like,

and if the people in the countryside,

where 80% of South Vietnam's
population lived,

could ever trust the government in Saigon.

SHEEHAN: I remember going, during
one of Robert McNamara's visits,

out to one of these hamlets.

The Vietnamese general
who commanded the area

was telling McNamara what a
wonderful thing this was.

And the-the... some of
these farmers were down

digging a ditch around the...
around the hamlet.

And I looked at their faces
and they were really angry.

I mean it was very obvious to me

that if these people could,
they'd cut our throats.

NARRATOR: Farmers resented being
forced to abandon their homes

and move to strategic hamlets.

Corrupt officials siphoned off funds.

And villagers blamed the Diem regime

for failing to protect them
from guerrilla attacks.

As the people's anger grew, so
did the ranks of the Viet Cong.

SHEEHAN: It turned out that the
Viet Cong were recruiting men

right out of those strategic...
so-called strategic hamlets.

And then the whole program fell apart.

NGUYEN NGOC:

NARRATOR: Nguyen Ngoc's father was
a postal clerk south of Danang.

His brothers and sisters taught
in South Vietnamese schools.

But he joined the revolution,
and as a political officer,

wrote poems, songs, and
slogans to inspire the people

in the countryside to
support the Viet Cong.

DUONG VAN MAl: The Viet Cong cadre
would come in and talk to them

and their message is usually

which means "turn your grief into action.

"Do something about it.

"Join us.

"We'll fight together.

"We'll liberate the country from
this corrupt, unjust government.

"We'll throw out the foreigners.

"We'll reunify the country.

"And we'll bring in this great regime

"that will take care of you

and bring economic and social justice."

NARRATOR: The Viet Cong ran
rival local governments,

complete with their own tax
collectors and school teachers,

spies and propagandists,
and province chiefs.

To make matters worse,

ARVN troops and American
advisors now found themselves

confronted by a new threat:

Battalions of well-armed
Viet Cong soldiers,

as well as by local guerrillas.

SHEEHAN: We'd armed them.

You could hear the arming of the Viet Cong.

Back in early '62, they only had
one machine gun per battalion.

It was sporadic fire.

Then, as they captured more and
more of these American arms,

when you made contact, it fi...

it would build up into a
drumfire of automatic

and semi-automatic weapons.

RUFUS PHILLIPS: Secretary McNamara
decided that he would draw up

some kind of a chart to determine

whether we were winning or not.

And he was putting things in

like numbers of weapons recovered,

numbers of Viet Cong killed.

Very statistical.

And he asked Edward Lansdale,

who was then in the Pentagon
as head of Special Operations,

to come down and look at this.

And so Lansdale did and he said,
"There's something missing."

And McNamara said, "What?"

And Lansdale said, "The feelings
of the Vietnamese people."

You couldn't reduce this to a statistic.

NARRATOR: Robert McNamara had
vowed to make America's military

"cost-effective."

He demanded that everything be quantified.

In Saigon, General Paul D. Harkins,

head of the Military
Assistance Command, Vietnam,

known as MACV, dutifully complied.

He and his staff generated
mountains of daily, weekly,

monthly, and quarterly data

on more than a hundred separate indicators,

far more data than could
ever be adequately analyzed.

General Harkins had little
use for skeptical reporters

like Neil Sheehan.

Bad news was to be buried.

Harkins ignored the alarming
after action reports

John Paul Vann and other
officers were sending in

from the field.

DONALD GREGG: I was going to be
made head of the Vietnam desk

at CIA headquarters.

And the first person of
importance that I met

was General Harkins.

And he started out by saying,

"Mr. Gregg, I don't care what
you hear from anybody else,

"l can tell you without a doubt
we're going to be out of here

with a military victory in six months."

JAMES MOSSMAN: The country's
12 million peasants

can scarcely remember what peace was like.

They're caught between
the predatory guerrillas

and the almost equally demanding soldiery.

Their lives are lived in a state
of permanent uncertainty,

punctuated by bouts of violence

as government forces come to grips

with the black-clad communist rebel forces

called the Viet Cong.

HUY DUC:

NGUYEN NGOC:

CAO XUAN DAl:

On our side we were not as committed

and we were...

our leaders were corrupt and incompetent.

And so deep down we'll
always have this fear,

this suspicion that in the end
it'll be the communists who won.

TOM VALLELY: When John Kennedy assembled

what he thinks is the
best and the brightest,

20 years before that in a
cave in the northern part

of Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh also put together

his best and the brightest.

And these guys are at it for a while.

And when we show up, they were far along

to consolidating their victory
over this inevitable conflict

between Ho Chi Minh and John F.
Kennedy's vision.

The more you think about
the American strategy,

the more you know

that it was never going to
work out particularly well.

RHEAULT: I was at my top of
my game when I was in combat.

You don't have the luxury
to indulge your fear

because other people's lives depend upon

you keeping your head cold.

You know, when something goes wrong,

they call it emotional numbing.

It's not very good in civilian life,

but it's pretty useful in combat.

To be able to get absolutely very cold

about what needs to be
done and to stick with it.

To me it's, it's a little
bit distressing to realize

that I was at my best

doing something as terrible as war.

MOSSMAN: President Kennedy has
staked his reputation in Asia

on saving South Vietnam from communism.

As the army makes the
sweep towards the village

suspected of harboring Viet Cong,

it can't tell whether it
will meet resistance.

The troops round up all the
young men they can find,

since they can't tell who is
a communist just by looking.

Those who try to run for it are shot

on the assumption they
have something to hide.

NARRATOR: Each of South Vietnam's
44 provinces had its own chief.

Some were simply political appointees,

corrupt allies of President Diem.

Tran Ngoc Chau, province chief
of Kien Hoa, was different.

A privileged judge's son from
the old imperial city of Hue,

he and two of his brothers had
fought against the French

with the Viet Minh.

But he had refused to
join the Communist Party;

He admired their dedication,
but disliked the way

they punished those who
dared differ with them.

Instead, he left the Viet Minh,

became a major in the army
fighting against them,

and eventually so impressed Diem
with his insider's knowledge

of communist tactics that
he was promoted to colonel

and made chief of Kien Hoa,
a Viet Cong stronghold.

PHILLIPS: He was absolutely incorruptible.

And people came to really
understand that here's a guy

who's, even though it's
not an elected system,

who never... nevertheless
really represents us.

NARRATOR: "Give me a budget
that equals the cost

of one American helicopter,"
Chau liked to say,

"and I'll give you a pacified province.

"With that much money, I can
raise the standard of living

"of the rice farmers,

"and government officials
can be paid enough

so they won't think it necessary to steal."

Rather than hunt down the Viet Cong,

he sought to persuade them.

NARRATOR: Back home, Americans
were paying little attention

to what was happening in Vietnam.

They were watching The Beverly Hillbillies

andGunsm oke on TV,

were interested in whether
the Yankees would win

the World Series again

and in the recent death of Marilyn Monroe.

But some Americans had
been growing impatient

with the slow pace of social change.

BILL ZIMMERMAN: We were told in the '50s

that we lived in the best
country in the world.

In the middle of, you know,
trying to figure out

what it meant to be a citizen of the...

of this best country in the world,

suddenly the civil rights movement exploded

into our consciousness.

BEN E. KING: ? When the night has come...

ZIMMERMAN: We didn't
think we had any power.

We didn't think we could
be actors in history,

that we could affect things.

KING: ? No, I won't be afraid

? Oh, I won't...

ZIMMERMAN: And suddenly, you know,

these young black students in the South

were doing exactly that.

And it just blew the tops of our heads off.

KING: ? So darling,
darling, stand by me ?

? Oh, stand by me

? Oh, stand, stand by me

? Stand by me

? If the sky that we look upon... ?

NARRATOR: Other Americans were
concerned about the proliferation

of nuclear weapons in the world.

Perhaps it would be a good thing
to put Khrushchev and Kennedy

on an island and not let
either one of them off

until they came to an agreement.

KING: ? Stand by me

? And darling, darling, stand by me. ?

SHEEHAN: And if you were in a cafe
when Diem was giving a speech,

somebody would get up
and shut the radio off,

it would be coming in over the radio.

Somebody would get up and
they'd just shut the radio off.

I mean, he was not connected with...
to his own population.

PHAN QUANG TUE: Diem was simply the
opposite of what democracy was.

South Vietnam, in the
competition against the North,

that should been, should have
been a golden opportunity

to have that society open
with the free press,

free expression.

But there was not much choice

if the two system are structurally dictator

and oppressive systems...

one under the Communist
Party, one under a family.

NARRATOR: Diem's brother, Ngo
Dinh Nhu, had been the architect

of the strategic hamlet program,

ran a personal political party
that mirrored the techniques

and the ruthlessness of the communists,

and supervised a host of
internal security units

that spied on and seized
enemies of the regime.

Some reporters who probed too deeply

into what Diem and Nhu were doing

were ordered out of the country.

When an American journalist objected,

Nhu's sharp-tongued wife
told him Vietnam had no use

for "your crazy freedoms."

Meanwhile, out in the countryside,

John Paul Vann and other
advisors had begun to notice

that the corruption within
Diem's regime had filtered down

to the commanders in the field.

Troops, who had once been
willing to engage the enemy,

now seemed strangely reluctant.

God, I was told so many times,

Um...

very dangerous, you know, going out there.

NEIL SHEEHAN: John Vann would
go out with them at night.

And he noticed that
somebody would always cough

or make some other slight
noise when it turned out

that the Viet Cong were
heading into the ambush site.

They did not want to get in a fight.

NARRATOR: South Vietnamese
officers were chosen

less for their combat skill
than for their loyalty

to President Diem, and their men knew it.

RHEAULT: What we should've done is

either forced the Vietnamese...
I mean really forced them...

to clean up their act.

And if they wouldn't clean
up their act to say,

"We're out of here.

"Because we don't bet on losing horses.

"This is a losing horse.

You are not going to win this insurgency."

We, as Americans, should
have understood the desire

of the Vietnamese people
to have their own country.

I mean we did the same thing to the Brits.

NARRATOR: In October of 1962, the
United States and the Soviet Union

came closer than they would ever come again

to mutually assured destruction.

Good evening, my fellow citizens.

This government, as
promised, has maintained

the closest surveillance of
the Soviet military buildup

on the island of Cuba.

Within the past week,

unmistakable evidence has
established the fact

that a series of offensive missile sites

is now in preparation on
that imprisoned island.

NARRATOR: The Soviets had
secretly placed nuclear missiles

90 miles from the United States.

The Joint Chiefs of Staff urged
President Kennedy to bomb Cuba.

He resisted and instead
ordered a naval blockade

to stop Soviet ships from
resupplying the island.

For 13 excruciating days,
the world held its breath.

Finally, in exchange for a private pledge

to remove American missiles from Turkey,

Khrushchev agreed to remove
his missiles from Cuba.

Neither the United States
nor the Soviet Union

wanted so direct a
confrontation ever again.

From now on, limited wars,

like the growing conflict in Vietnam,

would assume still greater importance.

MUSGRAVE: I'd grown up in the
shadow of the mushroom cloud.

And I remember the... watching
President Kennedy speak

during the Cuban Missile Crisis

and wondering if I was
ever gonna kiss a girl.

And so this was just continuing that battle

against the Russians.

Only we were fighting, you
know, their, their proxies,

the Vietnamese there... but
it was monolithic communism.

It didn't matter to me where
it was, I was going to go

if my government said
we needed to be there.

We were probably the last
kids of any generation

that actually believed

our government would never lie to us.

SHEEHAN: We had been writing
stories about all the flaws

on the Saigon side... about
how they wouldn't fight,

about the corruption, they
wouldn't obey orders,

the disorganization.

And then all of a sudden the
Viet Cong, for the first time,

the "raggedy-ass little bastards"

As the Harkins's people
in Saigon called them,

stood and fought.

And suddenly all the
flaws on the Saigon side

were illuminated by this.

Like a star shell, it
illuminated the battlefield.

Everything came out.

NARRATOR: A few days after Christmas 1962,

the 7th ARVN Division got orders to capture

a Viet Cong radio transmitter

broadcasting from a spot some
40 miles southwest of Saigon

in a village called Tan Thoi.

The village was surrounded by rice paddies.

An irrigation dike linked it to
a neighboring hamlet... Ap Bac.

Intelligence suggested no
more than 120 guerrillas

were guarding the transmitter.

John Paul Vann helped
draw up what seemed to be

a foolproof plan of attack.

Supported by helicopters and
armored personnel carriers,

some 1,200 South Vietnamese
troops would attack the village

from three sides.

When the surviving Viet Cong
tried to flee through the gap

left open for them, as they
always had whenever outnumbered

and confronted by modern weapons,

artillery and airstrikes
would destroy them.

Vann would observe the
fighting from a spotter plane.

But the intelligence underlying
it all turned out to be wrong.

There were more than 340 Viet
Cong, not 120, in the area.

Communist spies had tipped them off

that they were soon to be attacked.

And this time they would
not flee without a fight.

Among them was Le Quan Cong,

who had been a guerrilla fighter
since 1951, when he was 12.

NARRATOR: At 6:35 in the
morning on January 2, 1963,

ten American helicopters
ferried an ARVN company

to a spot just north of Tan Thoi.

They met no resistance.

Meanwhile, two South Vietnamese
Civil Guard battalions

approached Ap Bac from the South on foot.

The Viet Cong commander let the
Civil Guards get within 100 feet

before giving the order to fire.

Several South Vietnamese
soldiers were killed.

Survivors hid behind a dike.

Ten more helicopters,

filled with troops and escorted
by five helicopter gunships,

roared in to help.

LE QUAN CONG:

NARRATOR: Viet Cong machine
guns hit 14 of the 15 aircraft.

Five would be destroyed, killing
and wounding American crewmen.

LE QUAN CONG:

NARRATOR: The enemy concentrated
their fire on the ARVN

struggling to get out of
the downed helicopters.

"lt was like shooting
ducks for the Viet Cong,"

An American crewman remembered.

Colonel Vann circled helplessly overhead.

He radioed the ARVN commander,

urging him to send an APC
unit to rescue the men.

SCANLON: I got the word from John Vann

that American helicopters were down.

They were right in front of
the Viet Cong positions.

We had Americans killed and wounded

and we had to get over there right away.

NARRATOR: Like Vann, Captain
Scanlon was only an advisor.

Captain Ly Tong Ba, his ARVN counterpart,

would have to give the order to advance.

Scanlon liked and admired him.

SCANLON: I turned to Ba and said,

"Hey, you know, you got to
get over there right away."

And Ba said to me, "I'm not going."

NARRATOR: Ba's superiors within the
ARVN, far from the battlefield,

had told him to stay put.

And John Vann, my boss, was, uh,
screaming at me over the...

over the radio to get them over there.

NARRATOR: It took Scanlon an hour
to convince Captain Ba to move.

Another two hours were lost

before the APCs could make
their way through the paddies

toward the trapped men.

The firing had died down.

SCANLON: Everything was quiet.

You could see the open
expanse of rice fields.

And my reaction was, hey, it was all over.

NARRATOR: The first two
APCs dropped their ramps.

Infantry squads stepped out,

prepared to spray the tree
line with automatic fire

as they advanced.

In the past, that had been enough

to make the Viet Cong scurry away.

This time was different.

Eight of the APCs came under attack.

Within minutes, six of their
gunners had been killed,

shot through the head.

SCANLON: And boy, we got raked.

So it was like a pool table.

We were on the green

and they were in the
pockets shooting at us.

NARRATOR: When Captain
Ba managed to convince

a few more APCs to advance,

guerrillas leapt from their foxholes

and hurled hand grenades at them.

None did any real damage,

but the drivers were so
demoralized that they halted,

turned around, and withdrew
behind the wrecked helicopters.

From his spotter plane,

Vann begged the ARVN to
make a simultaneous assault

on the enemy by all the
remaining ground forces.

ARVN commanders refused.

That night, the Viet Cong melted away,

carrying most of their dead
and wounded with them.

At least 80 South Vietnamese
soldiers had been killed.

So had three American advisors,
including Captain Ken Good,

a friend of Scanlon's.

SCANLON: We stacked the armored
personnel carriers with bodies,

stacked them up on top till they...

we couldn't stack anymore.

And, um, I wouldn't let the
Vietnamese touch the Americans.

So I carried Americans out.

And, um...

And I was... I was exhausted.

They told me about Ken Good getting killed.

And Ken and I had worked so
hard with our two battalions.

And to hear that... he got killed hurt.

NARRATOR: Reporters arrived from Saigon

before all of the ARVN
dead could be removed.

They were horrified at what
they saw and tried to find out

what had really happened.

John Paul Vann took Neil Sheehan
and David Halberstam aside

and told them.

The Battle of Ap Bac had been

"a miserable goddamn performance."

"The ARVN won't listen," he said.

"They make the same mistakes
over and over again

in the same way."

But back in Saigon,

General Harkins immediately
declared victory.

"The ARVN forces had an
objective," he said.

"We took that objective.

"The VC left and their
casualties were greater

"than those of the government forces.

What more do you want?"

When Halberstam and Sheehan reported

that Ap Bac had in fact been a defeat,

the U.S. Commander in the
Pacific denied it all

and urged the reporters
to "get on the team."

SHEEHAN: Ap Bac was terribly important.

They had shot down five helicopters,

which they previously
had been terrified of.

They'd stopped the armored
personnel carriers.

They demonstrated to their own people

that you could resist
the Americans and win.

LE QUAN CONG:

NARRATOR: In Hanoi, the
Battle of Ap Bac was seen

by Party First Secretary Le
Duan and his Politburo allies

as evidence of the inherent weakness

of the South Vietnamese regime.

Even when faced with American
advisors and weaponry,

the Viet Cong had learned how
to inflict heavy casualties

on Saigon's forces, and get away again.

In Saigon, President Diem
claimed the ARVN were winning,

not losing.

Ap Bac had only been a momentary setback.

And he resented Americans telling him

how to fight his battles
or run his country.

The president's sister-in-law,
Madame Nhu, went further.

She denounced the Americans
as "false brothers."

"We don't have a prayer
of staying in Vietnam,"

President Kennedy privately
told a friend that spring.

"These people hate us.

"But I can't give up a piece
of territory like that

to the communists and then get
the people to reelect me."

ED HERLIHY: Buddhist monks
and nuns are joined

by thousands of sympathizers

to protest the government's restrictions

on the practice of their
religion in South Vietnam.

SHEEHAN: Diem began by
alienating the rural population.

And that started the Viet Cong.

And now he was alienating
the urban population.

HERLIHY: Seventy percent of
the population is Buddhist

and the demonstrators
clashed with the police

during the week-long series
of incidents like this.

NARRATOR: In the months that
followed the Battle of Ap Bac,

South Vietnam plunged into civil
strife that had little to do

with the Viet Cong.

Religion and nationalism were at its heart.

A Catholic minority had for
years dominated the government

of an overwhelmingly Buddhist country.

That spring in the city of Hue,

Christian flags had been flown to celebrate

the 25th anniversary of the ordination

of Diem's older brother
as a Catholic bishop.

But when the Buddhists of
the city flew their flags

to celebrate the 2,527th
birthday of Lord Buddha,

police tore them down.

Protesters took to the streets.

The Catholic deputy province
chief sent security forces

to suppress the demonstration.

The soldiers opened fire.

Eight protesters died.

The youngest was 12; the oldest was 20.

The Diem regime blamed the Viet Cong.

Monks throughout the country
demanded an apology.

They also called for an
end to discrimination

by Catholic officials.

Many Buddhists had come
to see Diem's policies

as a direct threat to
their religious beliefs.

DUONG VAN MAl: My family was
against what Diem was doing.

My mother was convinced

that Diem was destroying
the Buddhist faith.

She would go to the pagodas and
listen to the monks' speeches.

And she was just extremely upset.

She was not alone.

There was a lot of people like her.

NARRATOR: American officials
urged Diem and his brother Nhu

to make meaningful concessions
to the Buddhists,

for the sake of maintaining unity

in the struggle against communism.

They refused.

On June 10, 1963, Malcolm
Browne of the Associated Press

received an anonymous tip:

Something important was going
to happen the next day

at a major intersection in Saigon.

He took his camera.

To protest the Diem regime's repression,

a 73-year-old monk named Quang
Duc set himself on fire.

As a large, hushed crowd
watched him burn to death,

another monk repeated over and over again

in English and Vietnamese,

"A Buddhist monk becomes a martyr.

A Buddhist monk becomes a martyr."

SHEEHAN: I remember they held the ashes

of the monk who burned himself to death

where it was kept in one
of the main pagodas.

And lines of people came to
pass by, and I saw these women,

not rich women, ordinary Vietnamese women,

take off the one piece of gold
they had on, their wedding ring,

and drop it in the bottle to
contribute to the struggle.

And I thought to myself,
"This regime is over.

It's the end."

NARRATOR: Soon other monks
would become martyrs.

Fresh outbursts by Madame
Nhu only made things worse.

Burning monks made her
clap her hands, she said.

If more monks wanted to burn themselves,

she would provide the matches.

The only thing they have done,

they have barbecued one of their monks,

whom they have intoxicated, whom
they have abused the confidence.

And even that barbecuing was done

not even with self-sufficient means

because they-they used imported gasoline.

DUONG VAN MAl: They
thought she was arrogant,

she was power hungry.

They suspected her and her
husband of being corrupt.

Nhu ran the secret police, which
arrested and tortured people.

People feared the Diem regime.

Perhaps more than they feared
it, they really hated it.

NARRATOR: Students,
including many Catholics,

rallied to the Buddhist cause.

So did some army officers.

People among the military
had to ask the question,

"Can we continue this kind
of situation like that

"when the whole country,
country was almost burning

with the kind of protest
from the Buddhists?"

You see?

ZIMMERMAN: I first became aware of
Vietnam because of a burning monk.

We had watched the civil
rights movement in the South

and it had set the standard for us

to stand up against injustice,
allow yourself to be beaten up,

allow yourself to be attacked by a dog

or hit by a police truncheon.

And we had enormous respect

for people who were willing to go that far.

And then one day in 1963,

we saw on television a
picture of a monk in Saigon.

This was an extraordinary act.

Why was a Buddhist monk burning himself

on the streets of Saigon?

NARRATOR: The protests continued.

Tensions between Washington
and Saigon steadily worsened.

The more the Kennedy
Administration demanded change,

the more Diem and his brother
Nhu seemed to resist.

The White House announced that
a new American ambassador,

former senator Henry Cabot
Lodge, was being sent to Saigon,

a man eminent enough, the president hoped,

to make Diem listen more
closely to American advice.

Diem professed to be unimpressed.

"They can send ten Lodges," he said,

"but I will not let myself
or my country be humiliated,

not if they train their
artillery on this palace."

He did promise the outgoing
ambassador, Frederick Nolting,

that he would take no
further repressive steps

against the Buddhists.

Then, a few minutes after
midnight on August 21, 1963,

with Nolting gone and Henry
Cabot Lodge's arrival

still one day away, Diem
cut the phone lines

of all the senior American
officials in Saigon

and sent hundreds of his Special Forces

storming into Buddhist
pagodas in Saigon, Hue,

and several other South Vietnamese cities.

Some 1,400 monks and nuns,

students and ordinary citizens
were rounded up and taken away.

Martial law was imposed, public
meetings were forbidden,

troops were authorized to shoot
anyone found on the streets

after 9:00.

PETER ROBERTS: Tanks
guard a pagoda in Saigon

during South Vietnam's
bafflingly complicated crisis

that has the government of
President Ngo Dinh Diem,

students, and Buddhists, and
the United States government

all trying to guess one
another's next move.

NARRATOR: When college students
protested in support of the monks,

Diem closed Vietnam's universities.

High school students then
poured into the streets.

He shut down all the high schools

and the grammar schools, too,

and arrested thousands of school children,

including the sons and
daughters of officials

in his own government.

PHAN QUANG TUE: I participated
in the demonstrations.

I strongly believed that that
government has to be overthrown

because it's a dictator government.

We couldn't stand it anymore

and this is an opportunity
to rise against it.

NARRATOR: Phan Quang Tue was
a law student that summer.

His father was a prominent
nationalist whom Diem had jailed

for calling for greater democracy.

PHAN QUANG TUE: I was and
I'm still a Catholic,

not a very good Catholic.

I don't practice religiously.

But I'm a Catholic.

I was rightly arrested

because I did participate in demonstration.

And I was interrogated

and briefly tortured, beaten a little bit.

HERLIHY: Henry Cabot Lodge
took over as U.S. ambassador

in the midst of the turmoil.

And he has reported to have demanded

that President Diem's brother Nhu be ousted

or U.S. aid to Vietnam will be cut.

NARRATOR: In the wake of the pagoda raids,

a small group of South Vietnamese generals

contacted the CIA in Saigon.

Diem's brother Nhu was
now largely in control

of the government, they said.

What would Washington's reaction
be if they mounted a coup?

President Kennedy and his senior advisors

happened to be out of town,
so Roger Hilsman, Jr.,

assistant secretary of state
for Far Eastern affairs

and a critic of the Diem regime,

took it upon himself to draft
a cable with new instructions

for Ambassador Lodge.

The U.S. government could no
longer tolerate a situation

in which power lay in Nhu's hands, it said.

Diem should be given a chance
to rid himself of his brother.

If he refused, Lodge was
to tell the generals,

"then we must face the
possibility that Diem himself

cannot be preserved."

The president was vacationing
at Hyannis Port, Massachusetts.

Undersecretary of State George
Ball read part of the cable

to him over the phone.

Since the early 1950s,

the United States government had encouraged

and even orchestrated other Cold
War coups in Iran, Guatemala,

the Congo, and elsewhere.

Kennedy decided to approve Hilsman's cable

in part because he thought his top advisors

had already endorsed it.

They had not.

And somehow, because of a cable
that came out from Washington,

Lodge decided that the only
solution was to get rid

of not just Ngo Dinh Nhu, the bad brother,

but also of Diem himself.

And that started us on this whole business

of promoting a coup.

And it was not a good idea.

I just had a feeling of impending disaster.

NARRATOR: On September 2, 1963,

Labor Day, Walter Cronkite of CBS News

interviewed President Kennedy.

The president used the
opportunity to deliver a message

to President Diem.

Mr. President, the only hot war
we've got running at the moment

is of course the one in Vietnam,

and we've got our difficulties
there, quite obviously.

I don't think that unless
a greater effort is made

by the government to win popular support

that the war can be won out there.

In the final analysis, it's their war.

Hasn't every indication from Saigon been

that President Diem has no intention

of changing his pattern?

If he doesn't change it,

of course, that's his decision.

He has been there ten years and, as I say,

he has carried this burden

when he has been counted out
on a number of occasions.

Our best judgment is

that he can't be successful in this basis.

But I don't agree with those
who say we should withdraw.

That would be a great mistake.

That'd be a great mistake.

I know people don't like
Americans to be engaged

in this kind of an effort.

47 Americans have been killed.

We're in a very

desperate struggle against
the communist system.

And I don't want Asia to pass
into the control of the Chinese.

Do you think that this
government still has time

to-to regain the support of the people?

I do.

With changes in policy and
perhaps in personnel,

I think it can.

If it doesn't make those changes,

I would think that the
chances of winning it

would not be very good.

NARRATOR: Despite the cable,
Kennedy and his advisors

were sharply divided about a coup.

Robert McNamara, Maxwell Taylor,
Vice President Lyndon Johnson,

and the head of the CIA
all cautioned against it,

because, while none of them
especially admired Diem,

they did not believe there
was any viable alternative.

GREGG: Fritz Nolting was called in.

And he said, "As difficult
as they are to deal with,

"there is nobody with the
guts and sangfroid in Vietnam

"of Diem and his brother Nhu.

"And if we let them go we will be saddled

by a descending cycle
of mediocre generals."

And he was absolutely correct.

NARRATOR: But several State
Department officials believed

that without fresh leadership,
South Vietnam could not survive.

The debate intensified.

"My God," the president said,

"my administration is coming apart."

In the end, Kennedy instructed Lodge

to tell the renegade generals

that while the United States does not wish

to stimulate a coup, it would
not thwart one either.

The generals laid their plans.

On November 1, 1963, troops
loyal to the plotters

seized key installations in Saigon

and demanded Diem and Nhu surrender.

REPORTER: The battle for the
city went on for 18 hours

and most of it was centered
on the presidential palace.

Just after 6:30 in the morning
Saturday, the shooting ceased.

NARRATOR: Diem and Nhu escaped,
took sanctuary in a church,

and agreed to surrender
to the rebels in exchange

for the promise of safe
passage out of the country.

They were picked up in an
armored personnel carrier...

And murdered soon after
they climbed inside.

Madame Nhu survived the coup.

She was on a goodwill tour
in the United States.

PHAN QUANG TUE: The system was
overthrown on November 1.

I was released November 4.

And it was the most exciting
moment in the life of Saigon.

The excitement, you could
feel it in the air.

DUONG VAN MAl: I was thinking
that, yeah, it's a good thing.

Diem was making it
impossible to win the war

because people were so against him

that the war would be lost
if he stayed in power.

My father was a bit worried

because he didn't know who
was going to replace Diem.

NARRATOR: Ambassador Lodge
reported to Washington

that "every Vietnamese has a
smile on his face today."

"The prospects are now for
a shorter war," he said,

"provided the generals stay together.

"Certainly officers and soldiers

who can pull off an operation
like this," he continued,

"should be able to do very
well on the battlefield

if their hearts are in it."

President Kennedy was not so sure.

He was appalled that Diem
and Nhu had been killed.

Three days later, he dictated
his own rueful account

of the coup and his
concerns for the future.

KENNEDY: Monday, November 4, 1963.

Over the weekend the coup
in Saigon took place.

It culminated three months of conversation,

which divided the government
here and in Saigon.

I feel that we must bear a good
deal of responsibility for it,

beginning with our cable of August

in which we suggested the coup.

I should not have given my consent to it

without a roundtable conference.

I was shocked by the death of Diem and Nhu.

The way he was killed made
it particularly abhorrent.

The question now is whether the
generals can stay together

and build a stable government or
whether public opinion in Saigon

will turn on this government
as repressive and undemocratic

in the not-too-distant future.

NARRATOR: Kennedy would not
live to see the answer

to the question he had asked.

He was murdered in Dallas 18 days later.

There were now 16,000 American
advisors in South Vietnam.

Their fate and the fate of
that embattled country rested

with another American president,
Lyndon Baines Johnson.

SHEEHAN: We thought we were
the exceptions to history,

we Americans.

History didn't apply to us.

We could never fight a bad war.

We could never represent the wrong cause.

We were Americans.

Well, in Vietnam it proved

that we were not an exception to history.

? This is a mean old world
to live in all by yourself ?

? This is a mean old world to live in ?

? All by yourself

? This is a mean world to be alone ?

? Without someone to call your own ?

? This is a mean old world
to try and live in ?

? All by yourself

? I wish I had someone, someone ?

? Who'd love me true

? I wish I had someone
who loved me true ?

? If I had someone who loved me true ?

? Then I know I wouldn't be so blue ?

? This is a mean old world
to try and live in ?

? All by yourself

? Lord, I find myself dreaming

? I found a love

? Sometimes I find myself dreaming ?

? I found a love

? Sometimes I dream I've
really found a love ?

? Someone who loved me
true as the stars above ?

? For this is a mean old
world to try and live in ?

? All by yourself.

Captioned by Media Access Group
at WGBH, access. wgbh. org

ANNOUNCER: LEARN MORE ABOUT THE FILM

AND FIND ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
AT PBS. ORG/VIETNAMWAR

AND JOIN THE CONVERSATION
USING HASHTAG VIETNAMWARPBS.

"THE VIETNAM WAR" IS AVAILABLE

ON BLU-RAY AND DVD.

THE COMPANION BOOK, SOUNDTRACK,

AND ORIGINAL SCORE FROM THE FILM

ARE ALSO AVAILABLE.

TO ORDER, VISIT SHOPPBS. ORG

OR CALL 1-800-PLAY-PBS.

EPISODES OF THIS SERIES ALSO

AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOAD

FROM iTUNES.

ANNOUNCER: BANK OF AMERICA PROUDLY SUPPORTS

KEN BURNS' AND LYNN NOVICK'S
FILM "THE VIETNAM WAR"

BECAUSE FOSTERING DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES

AND CIVIL DISCOURSE AROUND IMPORTANT ISSUES

FURTHERS PROGRESS, EQUALITY,

AND A MORE CONNECTED SOCIETY.

GO TO BANKOFAMERICA. COM/
BETTERCONNECTED TO LEARN MORE.

ANNOUNCER: MAJOR SUPPORT
FOR "THE VIETNAM WAR"

WAS PROVIDED BY MEMBERS OF
THE BETTER ANGELS SOCIETY,

INCLUDING JONATHAN AND JEANNIE LAVINE,

DIANE AND HAL BRIERLEY,

AMY AND DAVID ABRAMS,

JOHN AND CATHERINE DEBS,

THE FULLERTON FAMILY CHARITABLE FUND,

THE MONTRONE FAMILY,

LYNDA AND STEWART RESNICK,

THE PERRY AND DONNA
GOLKIN FAMILY FOUNDATION,

THE LYNCH FOUNDATION,

THE ROGER AND ROSEMARY ENRICO FOUNDATION,

AND BY THESE ADDITIONAL FUNDERS.

MAJOR FUNDING WAS ALSO PROVIDED

BY DAVID H. KOCH...

THE BLAVATNIK FAMILY FOUNDATION...

THE PARK FOUNDATION,

THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES,

THE PEW CHARITABLE TRUSTS,

THE JOHN S. AND JAMES L. KNIGHT FOUNDATION,

THE ANDREW W. MELLON FOUNDATION,

THE ARTHUR VINING DAVIS FOUNDATIONS,

THE FORD FOUNDATION JUSTFILMS,

BY THE CORPORATION

FOR PUBLIC BROADCASTING,

AND BY VIEWERS LIKE YOU.

THANK YOU.