1
00:00:15,200 --> 00:00:18,280
On the morning
of December 7th, 1941,

2
00:00:18,840 --> 00:00:22,760
the Antares was pulling a barge behind it.

3
00:00:25,560 --> 00:00:28,360
The signalman saw something very strange.

4
00:00:31,280 --> 00:00:35,720
It's following in the wake,
and it looks awful like

5
00:00:36,000 --> 00:00:39,640
the shape of a submarine conning tower,
only smaller.

6
00:00:40,760 --> 00:00:43,320
The Antares sent a message

7
00:00:43,440 --> 00:00:45,720
that this was some kind
of an enemy incursion.

8
00:00:49,000 --> 00:00:52,080
The USS Ward fired upon the mini sub
when they saw it.

9
00:00:56,000 --> 00:00:57,480
Gun number one barks…

10
00:00:58,760 --> 00:00:59,920
…gun number three barks…

11
00:01:01,200 --> 00:01:05,160
…and a shell hits it
right between the sail and the hull

12
00:01:05,720 --> 00:01:07,280
and the submarine dives.

13
00:01:08,360 --> 00:01:11,240
The crew of the USS Ward
didn't know it yet,

14
00:01:11,640 --> 00:01:16,480
but they have just fired the first
American shots of the Second World War.

15
00:01:25,960 --> 00:01:27,120
Pearl Harbor.

16
00:01:27,280 --> 00:01:32,440
The surprise Japanese attack
that killed nearly 2,400 people

17
00:01:32,600 --> 00:01:34,360
and changed the course of history.

18
00:01:36,240 --> 00:01:39,400
How could such a small,
island nation

19
00:01:39,480 --> 00:01:42,960
take an obviously suicidal step?

20
00:01:44,200 --> 00:01:48,760
Nobody was brave enough to say,
"Look, this is a crazy plan."

21
00:01:49,640 --> 00:01:52,480
It was Japan's version of the atomic bomb.

22
00:01:54,880 --> 00:01:57,400
It's one of those
crucial days in history

23
00:01:57,880 --> 00:02:01,160
like the attack
on the Twin Towers on September 11th.

24
00:02:01,400 --> 00:02:05,720
You know the world won't be the same
after as it had been before.

25
00:02:06,840 --> 00:02:10,440
In this series to mark
the 80th anniversary of the attack,

26
00:02:10,960 --> 00:02:14,040
we hear from some of the last
remaining survivors.

27
00:02:14,480 --> 00:02:16,760
Fire was burning
all around the deck

28
00:02:17,000 --> 00:02:18,720
and your skin would come off
in your hands.

29
00:02:21,720 --> 00:02:23,360
He tried to stand up,

30
00:02:24,080 --> 00:02:26,520
and when we walked over to him,
he was dead.

31
00:02:28,320 --> 00:02:33,200
Our chances
of returning from Pearl Harbor

32
00:02:33,400 --> 00:02:36,240
were almost zero in our view.

33
00:02:37,720 --> 00:02:40,640
We bring together
the foremost experts in the field

34
00:02:40,840 --> 00:02:43,600
to reveal the mistakes
and missed opportunities

35
00:02:43,840 --> 00:02:45,680
that could have averted the attack…

36
00:02:46,960 --> 00:02:50,480
Washington sent
all of its commanders a message

37
00:02:50,640 --> 00:02:54,320
that was unprecedented
in American naval history.

38
00:02:54,640 --> 00:02:56,080
That message simply said,

39
00:02:56,160 --> 00:02:59,200
"This dispatch is to be considered
a war warning."

40
00:03:01,720 --> 00:03:05,760
…and reveal
how events unfolded, minute by minute.

41
00:03:27,400 --> 00:03:29,520
An enormous naval armada

42
00:03:29,600 --> 00:03:34,960
is gathering in a remote location
at Hitokappu Bay in the Northern Pacific.

43
00:03:39,080 --> 00:03:43,440
The mission is so secret
that only a handful of the thousands

44
00:03:43,640 --> 00:03:47,160
of Japanese men assembling here
know their destination.

45
00:03:55,840 --> 00:03:59,880
{\an8}On board the Japanese ships,
there's just wild speculation

46
00:03:59,960 --> 00:04:01,800
{\an8}as to where they might be headed.

47
00:04:02,040 --> 00:04:04,240
This could be another training exercise.

48
00:04:05,400 --> 00:04:09,080
{\an8}Many of the men thought
maybe it's an attack on the Americans

49
00:04:09,160 --> 00:04:11,440
{\an8}in the Aleutians
because we're heading north,

50
00:04:11,640 --> 00:04:14,560
but they really had no idea
where they were going.

51
00:04:15,880 --> 00:04:18,200
On board,
one of the six aircraft carriers

52
00:04:18,520 --> 00:04:22,840
is 23-year-old torpedo bomber
Masamitsu Yoshioka.

53
00:04:24,720 --> 00:04:29,600
Now 103, he is one the last
remaining Japanese survivors

54
00:04:29,680 --> 00:04:31,480
of the Pearl Harbor attack.

55
00:04:31,800 --> 00:04:34,840
{\an8}We were normally told
where we were going

56
00:04:34,920 --> 00:04:37,720
{\an8}and for what objective.

57
00:04:37,920 --> 00:04:42,240
But on this particular mission,
we weren't told where we were headed.

58
00:04:43,642 --> 00:04:45,160
The fleet that's assembling

59
00:04:45,480 --> 00:04:47,400
aims to carry out one of the most complex

60
00:04:47,480 --> 00:04:51,600
and ambitious operations
in the history of naval warfare.

61
00:04:53,720 --> 00:04:56,160
They plan to sail
a fleet of aircraft carriers

62
00:04:56,440 --> 00:04:59,240
3,500 miles across an ocean

63
00:04:59,800 --> 00:05:02,360
and attack the home
of the US Pacific Fleet

64
00:05:02,440 --> 00:05:04,880
on the Hawaiian island of Oahu.

65
00:05:05,320 --> 00:05:08,480
{\an8}Not only were they planning
to attack the naval harbor

66
00:05:08,560 --> 00:05:11,400
{\an8}and to destroy the US Pacific fleet,
they were also going to attack

67
00:05:11,480 --> 00:05:13,440
{\an8}all the airfields on Oahu Island as well.

68
00:05:14,120 --> 00:05:17,160
It was very ambitious
but also very daring.

69
00:05:19,160 --> 00:05:22,000
The captain

70
00:05:22,440 --> 00:05:26,720
began reading out these instructions…

71
00:05:28,600 --> 00:05:31,560
"Faced with the arrogant tyrant America,

72
00:05:32,440 --> 00:05:34,200
from the 8th of December,
we will be at war."

73
00:05:34,360 --> 00:05:39,680
It felt as though
all the blood in my body had drained

74
00:05:40,280 --> 00:05:42,320
from my head down to the flight deck.

75
00:05:42,560 --> 00:05:47,040
I thought, "So now,
we finally have to go."

76
00:05:47,840 --> 00:05:51,080
"It will be a huge war."

77
00:05:52,520 --> 00:05:59,440
"I won't be coming back."

78
00:06:03,560 --> 00:06:05,320
The attack on Pearl Harbor

79
00:06:05,520 --> 00:06:07,520
will be the first in a wave of attacks

80
00:06:07,600 --> 00:06:11,840
across the Pacific
as Japan seeks to establish an empire.

81
00:06:12,560 --> 00:06:16,280
They have already invaded large parts
of Northeastern China

82
00:06:16,520 --> 00:06:19,600
and need oil to continue their expansion.

83
00:06:22,560 --> 00:06:26,400
{\an8}Japan is an island nation,
and many of their main product

84
00:06:26,480 --> 00:06:29,680
{\an8}and resources, especially oil,
had to be imported,

85
00:06:29,880 --> 00:06:32,840
and the United States was one
of the main people to provide that.

86
00:06:34,280 --> 00:06:37,920
When Japan invades
French Indochina in 1940,

87
00:06:38,360 --> 00:06:40,000
America has had enough.

88
00:06:40,760 --> 00:06:44,920
In August 1941,
it cuts off Japan's oil supply.

89
00:06:45,200 --> 00:06:47,880
{\an8}Military strategists started thinking,

90
00:06:48,040 --> 00:06:52,200
{\an8}"Oh, we really need to look
further than Indochina,

91
00:06:52,360 --> 00:06:54,400
because we really need oil."

92
00:06:56,560 --> 00:07:00,360
Diplomatic negotiations
between Washington and Tokyo,

93
00:07:00,720 --> 00:07:03,600
in theory, still carries on.

94
00:07:04,120 --> 00:07:06,560
The military junta that was leading Japan

95
00:07:06,640 --> 00:07:09,080
concluded that they were not going
to gain access

96
00:07:09,400 --> 00:07:12,200
to the reserves it needed by negotiations.

97
00:07:13,280 --> 00:07:15,200
The only way was by violence.

98
00:07:16,800 --> 00:07:19,720
To get oil,
Japan plans to invade

99
00:07:19,800 --> 00:07:23,640
the oil-rich Dutch East Indies.
But there’s a snag.

100
00:07:24,600 --> 00:07:26,840
{\an8}They knew the United States
would be the power

101
00:07:26,920 --> 00:07:30,560
{\an8}that would get in their way,
especially because the United States

102
00:07:30,720 --> 00:07:32,360
{\an8}occupied the Philippines.

103
00:07:33,640 --> 00:07:36,840
So, it was already set.
They were going to take the Philippines,

104
00:07:37,040 --> 00:07:38,760
{\an8}and in order to be able
to take the Philippines,

105
00:07:38,840 --> 00:07:41,520
{\an8}they had to first wipe the American
Pacific Fleet off the map.

106
00:07:51,600 --> 00:07:56,280
Sunrise in Pearl Harbor,
the home of America's Pacific Fleet.

107
00:07:58,040 --> 00:08:01,240
More than 90 ships are based here
in its natural harbor

108
00:08:01,800 --> 00:08:05,760
as well as 84,000 servicemen
on the island of Oahu.

109
00:08:07,080 --> 00:08:10,200
Honolulu was a great posting.

110
00:08:10,680 --> 00:08:14,880
If you were an American serviceman,
there was no better place to be posted

111
00:08:14,960 --> 00:08:17,320
than Honolulu right before the war.

112
00:08:20,720 --> 00:08:23,520
Lovely climate, nice people,

113
00:08:24,040 --> 00:08:26,120
there's bars and restaurants
and the beach,

114
00:08:26,280 --> 00:08:29,240
and you know,
lots to do if you are a serviceman.

115
00:08:30,680 --> 00:08:34,200
It's been just nine months
since Admiral Husband Kimmel

116
00:08:34,280 --> 00:08:40,080
took over as Commander in Chief
of the US Pacific Fleet in February 1941.

117
00:08:40,600 --> 00:08:44,160
{\an8}Admiral Husband Kimmel
was an efficient,

118
00:08:44,640 --> 00:08:47,000
{\an8}very well-organized admiral.

119
00:08:47,840 --> 00:08:52,400
He's the type of person to be more admired
than liked, perhaps,

120
00:08:52,680 --> 00:08:57,920
but he was also incredibly well respected
because he became the commander in chief

121
00:08:58,160 --> 00:09:02,160
of the US fleet
above many other senior admirals.

122
00:09:03,760 --> 00:09:09,960
Kimmel was really dedicated
to training and to exercises,

123
00:09:10,680 --> 00:09:15,280
activities that were going to be needed
to prepare the United States for war

124
00:09:15,480 --> 00:09:17,200
that everybody knew was coming.

125
00:09:20,120 --> 00:09:23,360
Lou Conter
is a 20-year-old quartermaster

126
00:09:23,640 --> 00:09:27,200
on the battleship USS Arizona
based at Pearl Harbor.

127
00:09:28,240 --> 00:09:32,720
{\an8}We'd been out there
for 20 months training.

128
00:09:32,840 --> 00:09:35,920
We were highly trained
for anything that could happen.

129
00:09:36,680 --> 00:09:40,600
Everything was training for war,
live ammunition and everything else,

130
00:09:40,680 --> 00:09:42,760
so it was all instilled in you.

131
00:09:43,520 --> 00:09:46,960
But it wasn't the readiness
of his men that would be tested first.

132
00:09:48,000 --> 00:09:50,840
It was Kimmel's own instincts
as a commander.

133
00:09:51,400 --> 00:09:55,720
On November 27th, he receives intelligence
warning of an attack

134
00:09:55,920 --> 00:09:57,560
somewhere in the Pacific.

135
00:09:58,120 --> 00:10:02,760
The war warning said,
"Japanese intentions are not known."

136
00:10:02,840 --> 00:10:06,960
"Their actions are going to be
unpredictable. Just be prepared."

137
00:10:09,440 --> 00:10:12,160
{\an8}

138
00:10:15,000 --> 00:10:16,520
{\an8}

139
00:10:17,640 --> 00:10:19,760
{\an8}Hitokappu Bay
in the Northern Pacific.

140
00:10:20,440 --> 00:10:24,680
The Japanese strike force, or Kidō Butai,
is now at full strength

141
00:10:24,840 --> 00:10:26,960
and sets off for Hawaii.

142
00:10:29,720 --> 00:10:32,200
As Kidō Butai
crossed the Pacific,

143
00:10:33,160 --> 00:10:35,760
the six carriers were in a box formation.

144
00:10:36,840 --> 00:10:41,120
Out on the flanks were the heavy cruisers
and the two battleships.

145
00:10:42,560 --> 00:10:47,760
{\an8}It must have been a grand sight to see
all these ships together at one time.

146
00:10:50,600 --> 00:10:53,240
Most navies
use their aircraft carriers

147
00:10:53,320 --> 00:10:58,640
{\an8}to go find the enemy out there at sea
and report back to where it was

148
00:10:58,800 --> 00:11:03,720
{\an8}so that the big ships with the guns
could find them and engage them.

149
00:11:03,960 --> 00:11:10,160
Using aircraft carriers in a massed force
was an unusual naval tactic.

150
00:11:10,760 --> 00:11:12,640
It was quite revolutionary.

151
00:11:13,520 --> 00:11:17,960
For the mission to succeed,
the strike force must remain undetected

152
00:11:18,320 --> 00:11:21,320
over its 3,500-mile journey.

153
00:11:21,720 --> 00:11:27,000
The strike force, when it left,
really entered its own isolated world.

154
00:11:28,200 --> 00:11:33,320
It didn't send out reconnaissance planes,
and they were very careful

155
00:11:33,400 --> 00:11:36,400
about dumping garbage
over the sides of their ship

156
00:11:36,560 --> 00:11:40,400
in case an American submarine
happened to be sailing by.

157
00:11:41,840 --> 00:11:45,560
All of the Japanese ships
are keeping position on each other

158
00:11:45,760 --> 00:11:47,480
strictly through visual means.

159
00:11:47,800 --> 00:11:52,920
{\an8}They're using flags and semaphores
to maintain position and to communicate.

160
00:11:53,000 --> 00:11:55,040
{\an8}There's no radio traffic whatsoever.

161
00:11:55,280 --> 00:11:57,120
{\an8}

162
00:11:58,640 --> 00:12:01,040
The Japanese plan
to attack Pearl Harbor

163
00:12:01,120 --> 00:12:03,680
has taken more than nine months to devise.

164
00:12:04,320 --> 00:12:07,600
Its architect is Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto.

165
00:12:08,200 --> 00:12:14,360
{\an8}Isoroku Yamamoto was a conflicting,
if not paradoxical, character.

166
00:12:14,560 --> 00:12:18,760
{\an8}There was this side of him
who was a very rational thinker.

167
00:12:19,480 --> 00:12:22,760
The other side of him
was a very big gambler.

168
00:12:23,720 --> 00:12:26,680
His plan was passed
in October 1941,

169
00:12:26,960 --> 00:12:30,080
but to some, it's a suicide mission.

170
00:12:30,360 --> 00:12:32,560
If we were to have a war with America,

171
00:12:32,680 --> 00:12:37,200
{\an8}they had more fighter planes,
more warships.

172
00:12:37,280 --> 00:12:42,520
So, we were resigned to the fact
we wouldn't be able to come back.

173
00:12:53,400 --> 00:12:56,320
{\an8}

174
00:12:56,840 --> 00:12:59,520
In Pearl Harbor,
Admiral Kimmel receives news

175
00:12:59,600 --> 00:13:04,560
about the possibility of a Japanese attack
and its expected location.

176
00:13:05,800 --> 00:13:09,680
Washington sent
all of its commanders in the Pacific,

177
00:13:10,120 --> 00:13:14,400
a message that was unprecedented
in American naval history.

178
00:13:14,960 --> 00:13:18,120
That message simply said
in its first line,

179
00:13:18,800 --> 00:13:21,800
"This dispatch is to be considered
a war warning."

180
00:13:22,360 --> 00:13:26,520
And it also said, "We think the attack
from the Japanese

181
00:13:26,600 --> 00:13:30,800
will occur in the Philippines
or in Borneo."

182
00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:35,520
It didn't say Hawaii, but it did
tell Kimmel, "You should prepare."

183
00:13:37,360 --> 00:13:39,200
{\an8}The American bases around the Pacific

184
00:13:39,280 --> 00:13:42,320
{\an8}are receiving lots of different pieces
of intelligence

185
00:13:42,520 --> 00:13:46,240
{\an8}which point to the imminence
of a Japanese attack.

186
00:13:47,160 --> 00:13:52,080
Kimmel is alerted, but the whole military
is not on a wartime footing.

187
00:13:52,160 --> 00:13:54,320
War hasn't been declared.

188
00:13:54,640 --> 00:13:56,600
They don't know where it's coming from.

189
00:13:58,120 --> 00:14:02,680
Meanwhile, the Japanese Fleet
is nearly halfway to Pearl Harbor,

190
00:14:03,200 --> 00:14:05,400
and conditions are challenging.

191
00:14:06,520 --> 00:14:11,520
The route that the Japanese
have selected to approach Hawaii

192
00:14:11,800 --> 00:14:15,640
is through the most desolate stretches
of the northern Pacific,

193
00:14:15,840 --> 00:14:18,880
which means that the weather
is absolutely wretched.

194
00:14:21,120 --> 00:14:23,720
There were men
who were washed off the deck.

195
00:14:23,800 --> 00:14:26,680
It was also very cold
and very uncomfortable.

196
00:14:26,960 --> 00:14:30,000
The Japanese wasted little fuel

197
00:14:30,520 --> 00:14:33,200
in trying to keep the interior
of the ships warm.

198
00:14:33,800 --> 00:14:36,600
And they were using cold seawater
to bathe in.

199
00:14:37,520 --> 00:14:42,040
So, it was a brutally cold crossing
in winter.

200
00:14:43,840 --> 00:14:46,480
When we set out from Hitokappu Bay,

201
00:14:47,160 --> 00:14:48,800
the weather was awful.

202
00:14:50,280 --> 00:14:57,240
We played Go or Shogi
and listened to the records.

203
00:14:57,400 --> 00:15:01,080
We just had fun.

204
00:15:02,000 --> 00:15:07,680
Nobody particularly talked
about life or death.

205
00:15:08,080 --> 00:15:11,280
{\an8}

206
00:15:20,680 --> 00:15:22,280
On board one of the carriers,

207
00:15:22,360 --> 00:15:25,440
its leader, Vice Admiral Chūichi Nagumo

208
00:15:25,520 --> 00:15:28,160
receives the order he's been waiting for.

209
00:15:29,280 --> 00:15:32,160
The order says
Climb Mount Niitaka,

210
00:15:32,360 --> 00:15:36,080
that means to him that negotiations
with the Americans

211
00:15:36,200 --> 00:15:40,840
have conclusively broken down,
that there is no hope of avoiding war.

212
00:15:42,200 --> 00:15:45,440
If there had been some
breakthrough in Washington,

213
00:15:45,600 --> 00:15:50,760
then the fleet on its route
would have been radioed and told,

214
00:15:51,440 --> 00:15:55,320
"Peace has broken out,"
but these negotiations were going nowhere,

215
00:15:55,800 --> 00:15:57,560
and both sides knew it.

216
00:15:58,800 --> 00:16:01,040
And at this point,
Nagumo's force

217
00:16:01,240 --> 00:16:04,960
is to carry out its mission
and destroy as much of the American navy

218
00:16:05,120 --> 00:16:07,160
in Pearl Harbor as he possibly can.

219
00:16:08,440 --> 00:16:12,560
And the Japanese have been busy
in preparation for the attack,

220
00:16:12,960 --> 00:16:16,280
but the challenges of a strike
on Pearl Harbor are many.

221
00:16:18,800 --> 00:16:24,280
Pearl Harbor is a remarkable
geologic feature cut into the south coast

222
00:16:24,360 --> 00:16:25,800
of the island of Oahu.

223
00:16:26,920 --> 00:16:30,720
And its principal or unusual trait
was how shallow it was.

224
00:16:31,680 --> 00:16:35,040
The depth of the water was about 45 feet,

225
00:16:35,560 --> 00:16:41,480
and that shallowness became an asset
in terms of being threatened

226
00:16:41,640 --> 00:16:44,120
by air-dropped torpedoes.

227
00:16:45,800 --> 00:16:49,480
Traditionally, torpedoes
dropped from a height would sink

228
00:16:50,040 --> 00:16:55,800
probably 40, 50, 60 feet into the sea
before beginning their trajectory.

229
00:16:55,960 --> 00:17:01,360
So, a harbor is not a good place
to attack ships in conventional thinking.

230
00:17:03,040 --> 00:17:06,240
The Japanese solution
to this problem was to put wooden fins

231
00:17:06,320 --> 00:17:09,080
onto their air-dropped torpedoes…

232
00:17:09,720 --> 00:17:11,680
that would act
as sort of a shock absorber,

233
00:17:11,760 --> 00:17:13,920
so when the torpedo hits
the surface of the water,

234
00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:18,080
these wooden fins absorb the shock,
shatter, blow off

235
00:17:18,680 --> 00:17:22,080
and thereby shallow up
the dive of the torpedo.

236
00:17:23,720 --> 00:17:27,280
They also severely limited
the speed of the aircraft,

237
00:17:27,560 --> 00:17:31,320
and they asked the pilots
to cant the nose of the aircraft

238
00:17:31,480 --> 00:17:33,600
up about five degrees

239
00:17:34,040 --> 00:17:38,720
to ensure that the torpedo
would fall flat into the water.

240
00:17:39,960 --> 00:17:44,240
That was what kept the torpedo
from diving too deeply

241
00:17:44,320 --> 00:17:46,400
and lodging into the mud of the harbor.

242
00:17:48,160 --> 00:17:50,800
And it wasn't just
technological innovation.

243
00:17:51,280 --> 00:17:54,160
The flying crews
are also specially selected.

244
00:17:55,440 --> 00:17:58,840
They were all crack pilots,
and that was necessarily so

245
00:17:58,920 --> 00:18:02,280
because the Japanese Naval Air Force
was very small,

246
00:18:02,360 --> 00:18:06,080
and the resources were limited,
especially after the embargo,

247
00:18:06,680 --> 00:18:11,880
so they had to choose a select few
who could really fly.

248
00:18:12,800 --> 00:18:18,560
The pilots started training
in the south of Japan in Kinko Bay,

249
00:18:18,840 --> 00:18:21,440
which was shaped just like Pearl Harbor.

250
00:18:21,600 --> 00:18:24,640
The pilots didn't know
for what they were training.

251
00:18:26,600 --> 00:18:28,800
Instruments were no good

252
00:18:29,280 --> 00:18:31,200
at telling distance or height,

253
00:18:32,520 --> 00:18:35,640
so I trained to measure them by sight.

254
00:18:38,480 --> 00:18:45,440
We were training to carry out
aerial torpedo attacks on shallow bays.

255
00:18:49,760 --> 00:18:51,040
Their prime targets

256
00:18:51,120 --> 00:18:53,320
are the US Pacific Fleet's
eight battleships

257
00:18:53,680 --> 00:18:55,720
moored on the pier Battleship Row.

258
00:18:57,880 --> 00:18:59,680
From the Japanese perspective,

259
00:18:59,960 --> 00:19:03,160
uh, battleships
are still the coin of the realm.

260
00:19:03,320 --> 00:19:06,760
That's how you measure naval power
in 1941.

261
00:19:06,840 --> 00:19:11,000
And so, if they can sink four or five
American battleships,

262
00:19:11,080 --> 00:19:13,760
that will put the battle line
out of commission,

263
00:19:14,240 --> 00:19:17,600
and that will constitute success
for the operation.

264
00:19:18,440 --> 00:19:19,800
Their secondary targets

265
00:19:19,880 --> 00:19:22,280
are the fleet's three enormous
aircraft carriers,

266
00:19:22,480 --> 00:19:24,880
which are usually moored on Carrier Row.

267
00:19:25,680 --> 00:19:30,640
Though air power was clearly
rising in, uh, importance,

268
00:19:31,280 --> 00:19:36,680
all navies of the world
were still centered on battleships

269
00:19:36,760 --> 00:19:40,040
as their single
most important naval weapon.

270
00:19:40,760 --> 00:19:46,000
Yamamoto hoped that by destroying
the American Pacific Fleet's battleships,

271
00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:52,600
it would be as much a psychological blow
as it would be an actual military blow.

272
00:20:02,840 --> 00:20:04,960
{\an8}At Pearl Harbor,
Admiral Kimmel meets

273
00:20:05,040 --> 00:20:07,240
his Intelligence chief, Edwin Layton.

274
00:20:07,720 --> 00:20:12,200
The news he hears, if acted on,
could be crucial in averting the attack.

275
00:20:13,960 --> 00:20:17,360
His intelligence chief said,
"I have to tell you, Admiral,

276
00:20:17,440 --> 00:20:22,600
that four of the Japanese
aircraft carriers aren't saying anything."

277
00:20:23,040 --> 00:20:25,040
"There's no radio traffic from them."

278
00:20:25,480 --> 00:20:28,480
"They aren't communicating
or receiving messages."

279
00:20:29,840 --> 00:20:32,200
Japanese ships
had gone missing before,

280
00:20:32,280 --> 00:20:35,160
so Kimmel and Layton
are not unduly concerned.

281
00:20:35,960 --> 00:20:37,880
But it’s a crucial misjudgment.

282
00:20:40,680 --> 00:20:44,160
He said, "Now, Admiral,
I think that means they are in port

283
00:20:44,720 --> 00:20:46,480
and therefore not talking."

284
00:20:47,720 --> 00:20:51,280
And Kimmel did agree
with his intelligence chief

285
00:20:51,360 --> 00:20:55,960
that the silence of those carriers
meant that they were in home waters,

286
00:20:56,040 --> 00:20:58,920
but those four carriers
were four of the six

287
00:20:59,320 --> 00:21:02,280
that were on their way to Hawaii.

288
00:21:04,760 --> 00:21:08,120
{\an8}

289
00:21:10,400 --> 00:21:12,360
Unbeknown to the Americans,

290
00:21:12,600 --> 00:21:17,520
the Japanese Fleet is also receiving
vital intelligence from inside Hawaii.

291
00:21:18,960 --> 00:21:23,440
The latest report says there is now
only one aircraft carrier in the harbor,

292
00:21:24,000 --> 00:21:26,960
but the message has taken
seven days to arrive.

293
00:21:28,680 --> 00:21:32,600
This was an age
before spy satellites and listening dishes

294
00:21:32,680 --> 00:21:33,960
of high sophistication.

295
00:21:34,280 --> 00:21:37,680
So, they might sail all the way
across the Pacific to Hawaii

296
00:21:37,760 --> 00:21:41,000
and find out that the bulk of the fleet
wasn't there.

297
00:21:42,760 --> 00:21:45,720
The Japanese have planted
a secret intelligence source,

298
00:21:46,160 --> 00:21:48,720
a spy called Takeo Yoshikawa.

299
00:21:50,560 --> 00:21:55,240
He's been hiding in plain sight
amongst Hawaii's large Japanese population

300
00:21:55,640 --> 00:21:57,160
for the past eight months.

301
00:21:58,080 --> 00:22:02,840
{\an8}He is one of the greatest spies
of World War Two,

302
00:22:03,120 --> 00:22:09,320
and his job was to study the operations
of the Pacific Fleet, its moorings,

303
00:22:10,080 --> 00:22:12,080
-its capabilities…

304
00:22:13,480 --> 00:22:18,360
…to fly over its airfields,
see what the strength of aircraft was.

305
00:22:19,920 --> 00:22:24,000
He is a trained naval officer
and so he knows what to look for.

306
00:22:24,320 --> 00:22:27,560
And he's also a very creative guy.

307
00:22:28,040 --> 00:22:30,760
I mean, he's willing to go
to some interesting lengths

308
00:22:30,840 --> 00:22:32,600
to gather this sort of intel.

309
00:22:34,280 --> 00:22:38,920
{\an8}Yoshikawa found a taxi driver
who would drive him all over the island

310
00:22:39,000 --> 00:22:42,320
{\an8}to see different points.
Uh, he went on boat rides.

311
00:22:42,920 --> 00:22:47,400
He would dive sometimes in the waters,
and he would use a thin reed

312
00:22:47,640 --> 00:22:50,600
to be able to breathe underwater.

313
00:22:51,640 --> 00:22:57,200
He has noted that there are no
anti-torpedo nets around the battleships.

314
00:22:58,080 --> 00:23:02,520
Yoshikawa also observes
that there are no barrage balloons.

315
00:23:03,560 --> 00:23:07,240
Barrage balloons would make
aerial attack more difficult.

316
00:23:08,680 --> 00:23:14,120
Yoshikawa does a pretty effective job
of laying out the basic rhythm

317
00:23:14,200 --> 00:23:17,480
of how the Pacific Fleet
is operating in this time.

318
00:23:18,360 --> 00:23:20,840
They're usually in port on the weekends,

319
00:23:21,120 --> 00:23:24,040
and that is the critical piece
of information

320
00:23:24,120 --> 00:23:28,600
that leads to Yamamoto's
decision to attack on a Sunday morning.

321
00:23:36,720 --> 00:23:38,000
In Washington,

322
00:23:38,080 --> 00:23:42,120
President Roosevelt is alerted
to a decoded internal Japanese

323
00:23:42,200 --> 00:23:45,280
diplomatic message
signaling their intention

324
00:23:45,360 --> 00:23:47,360
to pull out of peace talks.

325
00:23:49,680 --> 00:23:53,360
{\an8}There were instructions
in that message for Japanese embassies

326
00:23:53,440 --> 00:23:56,840
{\an8}to begin burning documents,
destroying their code books,

327
00:23:57,120 --> 00:23:58,920
{\an8}destroying their code machines.

328
00:23:59,040 --> 00:24:05,160
{\an8}That too suggests a sort of finality
to the negotiation process

329
00:24:05,240 --> 00:24:07,520
that has been ongoing all this fall.

330
00:24:09,880 --> 00:24:14,320
Roosevelt is very seriously
alarmed when he reads this message,

331
00:24:14,400 --> 00:24:17,840
and he turns to his naval aide
who gives it to him and says,

332
00:24:17,920 --> 00:24:19,320
"What do you think this means?"

333
00:24:19,680 --> 00:24:23,560
And he says, "Well, if there was
one in a thousand chance

334
00:24:24,280 --> 00:24:29,040
of keeping the peace yesterday,
today it's only one in a million."

335
00:24:43,240 --> 00:24:45,760
Saturday night
before Pearl Harbor

336
00:24:45,840 --> 00:24:49,840
{\an8}is a typical night out on the town
for a lot of these servicemen.

337
00:24:50,480 --> 00:24:54,840
They're out drinking, they're eating,
they're spending time with their friends.

338
00:24:56,800 --> 00:25:00,400
And there's a battle of the bands
that is also occurring.

339
00:25:05,440 --> 00:25:09,640
{\an8}It was a competition
among all the battleships there,

340
00:25:09,920 --> 00:25:13,200
{\an8}and I think we had gone through
about half of them,

341
00:25:14,120 --> 00:25:16,760
and our band was still in first place.

342
00:25:18,320 --> 00:25:23,040
We would play a lot of march music
or light classical music

343
00:25:23,120 --> 00:25:26,400
and maybe a little Latin music
here or there.

344
00:25:27,360 --> 00:25:29,320
We were the favorite band there.

345
00:25:29,520 --> 00:25:32,800
The last number we played
I think was named White Heat.

346
00:25:33,000 --> 00:25:34,880
It was fast and loud.

347
00:25:35,560 --> 00:25:38,280
The winner was judged by applause,

348
00:25:38,360 --> 00:25:42,280
so I think we had more crew there
all the time,

349
00:25:42,600 --> 00:25:45,440
so we were still in first place.

350
00:25:56,640 --> 00:26:00,760
The Japanese strike force
is now 400 miles from Hawaii.

351
00:26:01,600 --> 00:26:04,680
On the bridge of the Japanese
aircraft carrier Akagi,

352
00:26:05,000 --> 00:26:07,960
Vice Admiral Nagumo
receives a final message

353
00:26:08,040 --> 00:26:09,840
from the spy in Pearl Harbor.

354
00:26:11,440 --> 00:26:14,520
On the eve of this attack,
it doesn't look like there are going to be

355
00:26:14,760 --> 00:26:17,720
any American aircraft carriers
in the harbor.

356
00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:22,000
That's a real disappointment,
but at the same time,

357
00:26:22,360 --> 00:26:23,720
there's also an understanding

358
00:26:23,800 --> 00:26:25,960
that there are plenty
of battleship targets

359
00:26:26,120 --> 00:26:28,240
and other worthy targets there.

360
00:26:30,360 --> 00:26:32,760
The night before setting out,

361
00:26:33,640 --> 00:26:36,000
I was quite calm.

362
00:26:38,280 --> 00:26:44,920
{\an8}As far as dying went,
once you got on a plane and took off,

363
00:26:46,240 --> 00:26:48,080
you had to be prepared for such things,

364
00:26:48,400 --> 00:26:50,400
so I didn’t feel particularly
scared of dying

365
00:26:50,480 --> 00:26:52,200
just because we were going to Hawaii.

366
00:26:56,480 --> 00:27:00,400
Then,
just outside Pearl Harbor, US sailors spot

367
00:27:00,480 --> 00:27:04,480
an unusual submarine-like vessel
in the defensive area.

368
00:27:06,520 --> 00:27:07,800
{\an8}There was always that thought

369
00:27:07,880 --> 00:27:11,760
{\an8}that the wooden fin modifications
on the aerial torpedoes would not work.

370
00:27:12,040 --> 00:27:16,280
So, the Japanese had a backup plan
in the form of five miniature submarines.

371
00:27:20,000 --> 00:27:24,760
{\an8}Pearl Harbor is an experiment
of new military devices

372
00:27:25,080 --> 00:27:29,680
{\an8}that has been not used
in the Second World War until that time.

373
00:27:30,040 --> 00:27:33,080
One of the weapons developed
was a midget submarine.

374
00:27:33,360 --> 00:27:36,400
They would be carried
by mother submarines and launched.

375
00:27:37,640 --> 00:27:42,840
{\an8}They’re about 80 feet long,
six feet wide at the widest part

376
00:27:43,080 --> 00:27:46,240
and they're very, very cramped.

377
00:27:46,800 --> 00:27:49,160
There’s only two people inside of the sub.

378
00:27:49,280 --> 00:27:53,480
Very, very, hot conditions.
It's over 100 degrees Fahrenheit

379
00:27:53,560 --> 00:27:55,040
inside of the sub,

380
00:27:55,120 --> 00:28:02,080
and basically, the whole purpose of them
is to sneak into Pearl Harbor

381
00:28:02,440 --> 00:28:04,480
to have extra torpedo power.

382
00:28:15,520 --> 00:28:18,240
The final part of the message
from the Japanese government

383
00:28:18,320 --> 00:28:21,240
outlining their intention
to end peace talks

384
00:28:21,560 --> 00:28:25,040
is intercepted by naval intelligence
and sent to Washington.

385
00:28:28,520 --> 00:28:34,200
{\an8}It had wording to the effect
that, in light of the views

386
00:28:34,280 --> 00:28:37,960
of the Japanese government,
all negotiation should be terminated.

387
00:28:38,720 --> 00:28:41,360
{\an8}And it almost read
like a declaration of war.

388
00:28:41,840 --> 00:28:45,120
{\an8}But this was all part
of the Japanese plan.

389
00:28:45,520 --> 00:28:50,120
The reason the Japanese did this
was because they wanted, in later days,

390
00:28:50,200 --> 00:28:54,800
to be able to tell people
that we did warn the Americans.

391
00:28:55,360 --> 00:28:57,960
Significantly,
the message instructs

392
00:28:58,160 --> 00:29:02,320
{\an8}the Japanese ambassador to deliver it
at00 p.m. Washington time,

393
00:29:02,880 --> 00:29:05,800
{\an8}which is30 a.m. in Hawaii.

394
00:29:06,960 --> 00:29:09,080
That caused enough concern

395
00:29:09,160 --> 00:29:12,680
{\an8}that maybe something
was going to happen at one o'clock…

396
00:29:13,240 --> 00:29:16,400
{\an8}that Washington began to prepare messages

397
00:29:16,920 --> 00:29:22,360
for Hawaii and elsewhere to alert them
to the significance of that.

398
00:29:23,240 --> 00:29:26,160
Such vital warning messages
would normally be sent

399
00:29:26,280 --> 00:29:29,960
straight through military channels,
but there's a problem.

400
00:29:31,800 --> 00:29:34,520
The problem
was that radio circuits

401
00:29:34,760 --> 00:29:38,760
between Washington and Honolulu
were not good that morning,

402
00:29:39,160 --> 00:29:43,160
so they had to resort to sending them
by commercial means.

403
00:29:44,880 --> 00:29:48,480
The crucial message
is sent via Western Union instead.

404
00:29:49,400 --> 00:29:52,960
It won't arrive in Hawaii until33 a.m.,

405
00:29:53,400 --> 00:29:57,160
just 15 minutes before the Japanese attack
actually begins.

406
00:30:00,520 --> 00:30:03,160
It's not marked as being high priority,

407
00:30:03,240 --> 00:30:08,320
and so the staff there kinda, you know,
put it in the medium priority messages.

408
00:30:11,240 --> 00:30:14,120
Meanwhile,
on board the carrier Soryu,

409
00:30:14,400 --> 00:30:16,840
pilots and crews get ready for the attack.

410
00:30:19,280 --> 00:30:23,040
We felt that if we were shot down

411
00:30:23,680 --> 00:30:25,480
and parachuted out,

412
00:30:26,160 --> 00:30:31,240
it would be terrible because we'd end up
as prisoners of war.

413
00:30:31,760 --> 00:30:33,840
So, we decided not to wear
our parachute belts

414
00:30:34,000 --> 00:30:36,280
and flew to Hawaii
without parachute belts on.

415
00:30:36,360 --> 00:30:37,760
All of us, everyone.

416
00:30:42,000 --> 00:30:43,400
At00 a.m.,

417
00:30:43,560 --> 00:30:47,520
the strike force
is now 180 miles northeast of Hawaii,

418
00:30:48,560 --> 00:30:54,320
and the first wave of 183 planes
takes off from the Japanese carriers.

419
00:30:55,080 --> 00:30:59,600
It was dark when we started taking off,

420
00:31:00,240 --> 00:31:01,680
so I couldn't see well.

421
00:31:02,600 --> 00:31:05,880
Nine fighter planes took off before me.

422
00:31:06,480 --> 00:31:11,840
One of the planes didn't gain enough lift,
so it dropped into the sea.

423
00:31:14,440 --> 00:31:17,000
Their plan is to fly in two waves,

424
00:31:17,240 --> 00:31:18,640
one after the other,

425
00:31:18,880 --> 00:31:21,760
with the torpedo bombers
starting the attack on the harbor

426
00:31:22,440 --> 00:31:24,960
and the airfields
being hit straight after.

427
00:31:25,440 --> 00:31:28,360
The first wave
has 40 torpedo bombers,

428
00:31:28,440 --> 00:31:31,840
which would try to sink
the American battleships,

429
00:31:31,960 --> 00:31:35,640
and then there were 50 horizontal
high-level bombers

430
00:31:35,720 --> 00:31:38,760
to attack the inboard, uh, battleships.

431
00:31:40,160 --> 00:31:42,760
They are supported
by dive bombers and fighters

432
00:31:42,880 --> 00:31:45,640
and are led by Commander Mitsuo Fuchida.

433
00:31:53,600 --> 00:31:57,840
{\an8}

434
00:31:59,920 --> 00:32:03,240
{\an8}-

435
00:32:07,320 --> 00:32:08,840
Back at Pearl Harbor,

436
00:32:09,040 --> 00:32:12,320
the Americans once again
spot a submarine-like vessel.

437
00:32:15,600 --> 00:32:19,440
The USS Ward spots it,
and they fire at it.

438
00:32:19,640 --> 00:32:22,920
Their first shot misses,
but then their second shot hits,

439
00:32:23,440 --> 00:32:27,240
and they’re pretty certain
that they have sunk whatever this is.

440
00:32:27,880 --> 00:32:31,160
The crew of the USS Ward
didn't know it yet,

441
00:32:31,360 --> 00:32:34,880
but they have just fired
the first American shots

442
00:32:34,960 --> 00:32:36,400
of the Second World War.

443
00:32:37,840 --> 00:32:40,200
A message is sent
into Pearl Harbor,

444
00:32:40,280 --> 00:32:42,520
"We have fired
and depth charged a submarine

445
00:32:42,600 --> 00:32:44,560
operating within the defensive sea area."

446
00:32:46,560 --> 00:32:48,240
That message, unfortunately,

447
00:32:48,360 --> 00:32:52,120
began to only creep
up the chain of command.

448
00:32:54,200 --> 00:32:59,320
There have been so many instances
of reports of subs

449
00:32:59,400 --> 00:33:01,040
that turn out to be false

450
00:33:01,120 --> 00:33:04,320
that the report
really doesn't go anywhere.

451
00:33:06,960 --> 00:33:10,280
Meanwhile, at Opana Point
on the northern tip of Oahu,

452
00:33:10,880 --> 00:33:15,080
radar operators spot what appears
to be a large number of planes

453
00:33:15,160 --> 00:33:16,680
approaching rapidly.

454
00:33:18,440 --> 00:33:21,280
Privates Joseph Lockhart
and George Eliot

455
00:33:21,360 --> 00:33:26,000
of the aircraft warning service
noticed a large target

456
00:33:26,080 --> 00:33:28,400
which appeared on their oscilloscopes.

457
00:33:28,880 --> 00:33:32,520
It was larger than any other sighting
they had seen before.

458
00:33:32,800 --> 00:33:36,080
And they watched it for a few minutes,
and they said,

459
00:33:36,160 --> 00:33:38,160
"We really do need to report this."

460
00:33:40,400 --> 00:33:43,400
{\an8}

461
00:33:43,600 --> 00:33:45,400
{\an8}Thirteen minutes
after the sighting,

462
00:33:45,760 --> 00:33:48,720
{\an8}they call a switchboard operator,
who relays the message

463
00:33:48,800 --> 00:33:52,560
to the officer in charge,
First Lieutenant Kermit Tyler.

464
00:33:55,520 --> 00:33:59,120
Kermit Tyler remembered
what a friend had told him,

465
00:33:59,200 --> 00:34:03,840
that when flights of American B-17s
came in from the West Coast,

466
00:34:05,080 --> 00:34:10,800
KGM broadcast Hawaiian music
all night long as a navigation aid.

467
00:34:12,000 --> 00:34:16,560
And when Kermit heard this,
he recalled that he had been listening

468
00:34:16,680 --> 00:34:20,320
to Hawaiian music during the drive
and he concluded,

469
00:34:20,400 --> 00:34:23,360
well, this is probably these B17s.

470
00:34:23,680 --> 00:34:26,080
It was to be a tragic mistake.

471
00:34:27,640 --> 00:34:29,360
He knew nothing about radar,

472
00:34:29,640 --> 00:34:32,680
was only there because he had been told
to be there all night

473
00:34:32,840 --> 00:34:36,200
so that he could see
how radar identification worked.

474
00:34:37,080 --> 00:34:42,080
And he told the two guys at Opana Point.
"Eh, don't worry about it."

475
00:34:50,360 --> 00:34:52,400
The delayed message from Washington

476
00:34:52,480 --> 00:34:55,160
warning military bases to be on high alert

477
00:34:55,520 --> 00:34:59,320
finally arrives at the RCA
telegraph office in Honolulu.

478
00:35:01,600 --> 00:35:05,840
A messenger shows up
and puts it into his parcel,

479
00:35:05,920 --> 00:35:07,640
hops on his motorcycle.

480
00:35:07,920 --> 00:35:10,880
But given the traffic in Honolulu
at that time,

481
00:35:10,960 --> 00:35:15,160
it takes him an inordinately long time
to actually get through the traffic

482
00:35:15,360 --> 00:35:19,920
and out to Pearl Harbor
and so, the message does not arrive

483
00:35:20,280 --> 00:35:21,800
until it's too late.

484
00:35:22,240 --> 00:35:23,480
At the same time,

485
00:35:23,560 --> 00:35:25,920
Admiral Kimmel is getting ready
to play golf

486
00:35:26,200 --> 00:35:29,440
when news of the mini sub
skirmish arrives.

487
00:35:29,760 --> 00:35:34,240
When Kimmel gets word
that a submarine has been attacked

488
00:35:34,320 --> 00:35:38,800
at the entrance of the harbor,
it's obviously of great concern.

489
00:35:39,440 --> 00:35:42,840
He cancels the golf game
with General Short.

490
00:35:43,600 --> 00:35:48,240
He’s in the process of getting himself
ready to go back to his headquarters,

491
00:35:48,360 --> 00:35:52,120
uh, so that he can start getting
a better handle on the situation.

492
00:36:01,080 --> 00:36:05,960
Just off the coast of Oahu,
the first wave of Japanese planes arrives.

493
00:36:08,880 --> 00:36:12,360
When I descended lower,

494
00:36:12,680 --> 00:36:14,680
the clouds changed to only half as thick

495
00:36:15,320 --> 00:36:21,800
as before, so I could clearly see
what was beneath us.

496
00:36:23,000 --> 00:36:28,120
I saw a roundish-shaped white line
and knew straight away it was land.

497
00:36:30,560 --> 00:36:33,680
The residents of Hawaii said,
"Oh, my heavens,

498
00:36:33,760 --> 00:36:36,880
this is just another one
of these stupid drills."

499
00:36:36,960 --> 00:36:40,360
And for the longest time,
they did not pay any attention to it.

500
00:36:47,960 --> 00:36:51,280
Japanese planes
fill the skies above Oahu

501
00:36:51,480 --> 00:36:54,000
and await a crucial signal
from their leader,

502
00:36:54,120 --> 00:36:56,360
Mitsuo Fuchida, to attack.

503
00:36:59,000 --> 00:37:01,960
{\an8}If one flare went out,
surprise had been achieved.

504
00:37:02,640 --> 00:37:06,440
{\an8}If two flares are shot out,
surprise had not been achieved.

505
00:37:06,680 --> 00:37:09,640
So, that would alter the way
the attack would take place.

506
00:37:11,880 --> 00:37:14,520
But things don't go
as Fuchida plans.

507
00:37:15,880 --> 00:37:19,360
{\an8}They get there,
they find nobody's expecting them,

508
00:37:19,440 --> 00:37:21,640
{\an8}so the attack is a surprise.

509
00:37:23,040 --> 00:37:27,040
Mitsuo Fuchida fires his flare,
but he doesn't think

510
00:37:27,120 --> 00:37:30,040
one of his flight leaders
has noticed this,

511
00:37:30,360 --> 00:37:33,120
because he doesn't get
in the correct pattern.

512
00:37:34,840 --> 00:37:37,600
So, he decides he's going to fire
a second flare

513
00:37:37,680 --> 00:37:40,040
just to make sure everybody has seen it.

514
00:37:40,600 --> 00:37:44,000
But another one of his flight leaders,
when he sees that second flare,

515
00:37:44,120 --> 00:37:49,440
he thinks it has been a double flare
and he is supposed to attack immediately,

516
00:37:49,920 --> 00:37:55,080
so he ends up pulling out of formation
leading his planes in to attack.

517
00:37:55,480 --> 00:37:58,280
This misunderstanding means
that the island's airfields

518
00:37:58,400 --> 00:38:02,440
will now be hit first,
before the slower torpedo bombers arrive

519
00:38:02,520 --> 00:38:04,840
and hit the battleships in the harbor.

520
00:38:05,400 --> 00:38:08,760
{\an8}What should happen
is the torpedo planes attack first

521
00:38:08,880 --> 00:38:12,480
{\an8}because they're going to be
very vulnerable to anti-aircraft fire,

522
00:38:12,720 --> 00:38:16,040
and once the dive bombers attack,
there's going to be a lot of smoke

523
00:38:16,120 --> 00:38:20,040
and explosions,
which is gonna make the targeting run

524
00:38:20,120 --> 00:38:23,200
for the torpedo planes
more problematic as well.

525
00:38:36,920 --> 00:38:39,160
Wheeler Airfield in central Oahu

526
00:38:39,240 --> 00:38:42,480
is the first to be hit,
followed by Kaneohe Air Station

527
00:38:42,560 --> 00:38:44,240
in the east of the island.

528
00:38:47,600 --> 00:38:49,840
We were heading over
to get breakfast,

529
00:38:50,400 --> 00:38:55,880
{\an8}and as we walked out the barracks door,
a Japanese plane flew by,

530
00:38:56,320 --> 00:38:59,160
and since the army had been
having maneuvers,

531
00:38:59,360 --> 00:39:04,120
I said, "Oh, look,
the army is making this really look real."

532
00:39:04,520 --> 00:39:08,200
Uh-- "They've painted the plane
like a Japanese plane,

533
00:39:08,520 --> 00:39:11,280
and they're pretending
that they're attacking us."

534
00:39:13,600 --> 00:39:17,280
{\an8}I was assigned to the aircraft
on the water for that day.

535
00:39:17,600 --> 00:39:22,160
{\an8}We had planned the training,
and I was getting ready to do that.

536
00:39:23,000 --> 00:39:27,920
I heard aircraft flying and looked out,
and I saw a formation of planes.

537
00:39:32,120 --> 00:39:35,760
I don't know if I was hit
on the first run or the second,

538
00:39:35,840 --> 00:39:38,680
but I could see
where the bullets were hitting

539
00:39:39,720 --> 00:39:42,160
and little squirts of water
coming up through the bottom,

540
00:39:42,280 --> 00:39:45,600
and then a bullet obviously penetrated
the gas tanks,

541
00:39:45,800 --> 00:39:50,800
and the plane just went up in flames
very, very rapidly.

542
00:39:54,200 --> 00:39:56,240
They strafed our hangar.

543
00:39:56,800 --> 00:39:59,120
We ran towards the hangar.

544
00:39:59,560 --> 00:40:02,680
And when we got down there,
sure enough, they had strafed

545
00:40:03,040 --> 00:40:05,160
almost all of our planes.

546
00:40:07,080 --> 00:40:10,640
{\an8}The military had grouped them together
rather than separating them,

547
00:40:11,080 --> 00:40:15,040
because they feared sabotage
by the Japanese-American residents

548
00:40:15,160 --> 00:40:18,560
far more than they feared
attack by airplanes.

549
00:40:18,760 --> 00:40:21,960
So, the military handed the Japanese
on a platter

550
00:40:22,480 --> 00:40:24,720
airplanes they could easily destroy.

551
00:40:26,360 --> 00:40:28,320
We tried to move some of them.

552
00:40:28,440 --> 00:40:32,480
We got to pulling them apart,
'cause some of them were burning,

553
00:40:32,560 --> 00:40:35,320
so they wouldn't catch each other on fire.

554
00:40:36,640 --> 00:40:39,000
The results are tremendous
damage to the Americans.

555
00:40:39,200 --> 00:40:43,000
Burning hangars, destroyed aircraft,
lots and lots of smoke,

556
00:40:43,080 --> 00:40:44,520
certainly casualties.

557
00:40:46,840 --> 00:40:48,400
I got burned getting out.

558
00:40:48,520 --> 00:40:52,240
I had to swim through
the gasoline burning on the water.

559
00:40:52,760 --> 00:40:55,960
We had three or four planes on the water,

560
00:40:56,120 --> 00:40:58,880
and I think that I'm the only one
that got out alive.

561
00:41:03,400 --> 00:41:04,520
At this point,

562
00:41:04,600 --> 00:41:08,400
with the Japanese level bombers
and torpedo bombers

563
00:41:08,640 --> 00:41:12,480
and dive bombers all approaching
Pearl Harbor directly,

564
00:41:12,680 --> 00:41:17,360
and there's not a plane in the sky
from the American side, uh,

565
00:41:17,480 --> 00:41:22,840
it's pretty clear that there is no hope
for the Americans to avoid what is coming,

566
00:41:22,920 --> 00:41:26,520
which is going to be
an absolutely devastating attack.

567
00:41:35,040 --> 00:41:37,520
Japanese commander,
Mitsuo Fuchida,

568
00:41:37,600 --> 00:41:42,760
flying over Pearl Harbor,
sends the coded message, "Tora Tora Tora."

569
00:41:45,000 --> 00:41:49,360
{\an8}The message was "To."
It was a one-syllable, uh, message

570
00:41:49,480 --> 00:41:52,080
{\an8}that was to be repeated
at least six times.

571
00:41:52,160 --> 00:41:55,160
"To, To, To, To, To, To."

572
00:41:55,440 --> 00:41:59,280
He tells his radio operator
to tap out the message.

573
00:41:59,520 --> 00:42:05,040
It's at that point then that he starts
to begin their assault on the harbor.

574
00:42:07,560 --> 00:42:08,800
Next time…

575
00:42:08,880 --> 00:42:12,360
The Japanese unleash the full force
of their weapons

576
00:42:12,440 --> 00:42:14,920
on the Pacific Fleet in Pearl Harbor.

577
00:42:17,000 --> 00:42:20,160
The bomb went right down
through the center of the ship,

578
00:42:20,240 --> 00:42:22,880
and I was knocked off the deck.

579
00:42:23,640 --> 00:42:26,920
We lost 1,177 men in ten minutes.

580
00:42:27,440 --> 00:42:29,440
We're just lucky that we're alive.

581
00:42:30,440 --> 00:42:33,560
The gates of hell
had been opened up.

582
00:42:34,000 --> 00:42:36,960
The scene is absolutely cataclysmic.

583
00:42:45,360 --> 00:42:48,440
He was yelling at me
to get in one of those boats.

584
00:42:48,520 --> 00:42:51,000
I said, "I'm not leaving.
My brother's in there someplace."

585
00:42:51,080 --> 00:42:52,800
"I gotta find him. I gotta find him."

586
00:42:54,600 --> 00:42:56,720
{\an8}