1 00:00:04,931 --> 00:00:07,931 --Captions by VITAC-- www.vitac.com 2 00:00:07,931 --> 00:00:10,901 CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS 3 00:00:10,896 --> 00:00:18,786 ♪♪ 4 00:00:18,793 --> 00:00:26,693 ♪♪ 5 00:00:26,689 --> 00:00:34,549 ♪♪ 6 00:00:34,551 --> 00:00:42,451 ♪♪ 7 00:00:42,448 --> 00:00:50,408 ♪♪ 8 00:00:50,413 --> 00:00:58,283 ♪♪ 9 00:00:59,586 --> 00:01:04,716 ♪♪ 10 00:01:04,724 --> 00:01:06,454 YOU'RE HERE ABOUT HILLARY CLINTON. 11 00:01:06,448 --> 00:01:09,238 WE'RE HERE ABOUT TRUMP AND OUR MILITARY. LEAVE! 12 00:01:09,241 --> 00:01:11,661 Santos: WHAT ARE SOME OF THE KINDS OF THINGS THAT CAUSE US 13 00:01:11,655 --> 00:01:13,685 TO HATE ANOTHER GROUP? 14 00:01:13,689 --> 00:01:16,619 DON'T TRY TO COME IN HERE AND MAKE THIS A MUSLIM COUNTRY. 15 00:01:16,620 --> 00:01:18,000 IT AIN'T GONNA HAPPEN. 16 00:01:18,000 --> 00:01:20,240 WHAT ARE THE KINDS OF THINGS A SITUATION CAN PRESENT 17 00:01:20,241 --> 00:01:24,341 THAT WILL ALLOW US TO SEE SOME GROUP AS AN ENEMY? 18 00:01:24,344 --> 00:01:26,524 WE AS HUMANS GO AROUND JUST DIVIDING THE WORLD 19 00:01:26,517 --> 00:01:29,657 UP INTO US VERSUS THEM. 20 00:01:29,655 --> 00:01:32,515 WHEN WE CATEGORIZE PEOPLE ON THE BASIS OF THEIR RELIGION 21 00:01:32,517 --> 00:01:33,927 OR THEIR RACE 22 00:01:33,931 --> 00:01:36,311 OR THEIR POLITICAL PARTY, WE'RE NOT JUST SAYING, 23 00:01:36,310 --> 00:01:38,860 "OH, THIS PERSON IS LIKE ME OR THEY'RE NOT." 24 00:01:38,862 --> 00:01:42,072 WE BUILD A WHOLE SYMBOLIC AND IDEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE 25 00:01:42,068 --> 00:01:43,928 THAT GOES ALONG WITH THAT CATEGORIZATION. 26 00:01:43,931 --> 00:01:44,971 NICARAGUA LIBRE! 27 00:01:44,965 --> 00:01:47,275 WE WANT TO PROMOTE OUR TRIBE. 28 00:01:47,275 --> 00:01:52,065 THIS IS THE FIRST STEP TOWARD TAKING AMERICA BACK. 29 00:01:52,068 --> 00:01:54,758 [ CHEERS AND APPLAUSE ] 30 00:01:54,758 --> 00:01:57,238 Man: LAURIE SANTOS INTERVIEW, TAKE ONE, COLUMN MARK. 31 00:01:59,517 --> 00:02:00,617 HI, HOW ARE YOU? 32 00:02:02,862 --> 00:02:04,902 SO I THINK I'VE ALWAYS BEEN INTERESTED IN PEOPLE 33 00:02:04,896 --> 00:02:08,206 AND TRYING TO MAKE SENSE OF HOW PEOPLE BEHAVE AND WHAT THEY DO. 34 00:02:08,206 --> 00:02:09,336 I REMEMBER WHEN I LEARNED THAT THERE WAS 35 00:02:09,344 --> 00:02:10,834 THIS FIELD OF COGNITIVE SCIENCE 36 00:02:10,827 --> 00:02:13,447 WHERE YOU COULD TRY TO FIGURE OUT HOW THE MIND WORKED, 37 00:02:13,448 --> 00:02:15,238 AND IT WAS LIKE, THIS IS JUST THE BEST THING EVER 38 00:02:15,241 --> 00:02:20,101 BECAUSE IT'S COOL SCIENCE BUT IT'S ALSO REALLY USEFUL. 39 00:02:20,103 --> 00:02:22,283 I'M A PROFESSOR OF PSYCHOLOGY AT YALE, 40 00:02:22,275 --> 00:02:27,685 AND I'M REALLY INTERESTED IN THE ORIGINS OF TRIBALISM. 41 00:02:27,689 --> 00:02:29,479 HOW DID WE DEVELOP THE SORTS OF CAPACITIES 42 00:02:29,482 --> 00:02:33,552 THAT WE HAVE FOR OUR TRIBAL BEHAVIOR? 43 00:02:33,551 --> 00:02:36,551 I TAKE THIS APPROACH BY STUDYING NON-HUMAN ANIMALS. 44 00:02:36,551 --> 00:02:40,901 ♪♪ 45 00:02:40,896 --> 00:02:43,136 CAYO SANTIAGO IS A REALLY UNIQUE ISLAND 46 00:02:43,137 --> 00:02:45,717 BECAUSE IT'S HOME TO A WHOLE POPULATION 47 00:02:45,724 --> 00:02:47,974 OF FREE-RANGING RHESUS MONKEYS, 48 00:02:47,965 --> 00:02:49,995 AND THAT MEANS WE CAN GO DOWN TO THE ISLAND 49 00:02:50,000 --> 00:02:53,210 AND STUDY THE MONKEYS' NATURAL BEHAVIORS. 50 00:02:53,206 --> 00:02:54,966 THEY'RE BORN INTO A PARTICULAR GROUP, 51 00:02:54,965 --> 00:03:00,205 AND THE GROUPS DON'T REALLY SEEM TO LIKE EACH OTHER VERY MUCH. 52 00:03:00,206 --> 00:03:02,066 BEING IN A GROUP CONTROLS YOUR ACCESS 53 00:03:02,068 --> 00:03:04,338 TO A PARTICULAR FOOD OR A WATER SOURCE, 54 00:03:06,482 --> 00:03:09,342 BUT THE AMAZING THING ABOUT THE KIND OF IN-GROUP, 55 00:03:09,344 --> 00:03:11,974 OUT-GROUP BIASES THAT WE SEE IN THE MONKEYS 56 00:03:11,965 --> 00:03:13,655 IS THAT THEY DON'T DO THIS WITH LANGUAGE. 57 00:03:13,655 --> 00:03:16,995 THEY'RE NOT LABELING EACH OTHER AS A DEMOCRAT OR REPUBLICAN, 58 00:03:17,000 --> 00:03:20,170 BLACK OR WHITE, JEWS OR GENTILES. 59 00:03:20,172 --> 00:03:21,592 THEY'RE ABLE TO SET UP 60 00:03:21,586 --> 00:03:24,516 THESE REALLY BASIC KINDS OF "US VERSUS THEM" CATEGORIES 61 00:03:24,517 --> 00:03:27,757 IN THE ABSENCE OF ALL THIS RICH STUFF THAT WE USE IN HUMANS, 62 00:03:27,758 --> 00:03:30,278 AND THAT SHOWS US THAT THE SEEDS 63 00:03:30,275 --> 00:03:34,205 OF OUR GROUP-BASED THINKING ARE REALLY JUST DEEP. 64 00:03:34,206 --> 00:03:37,306 I THINK UNDERSTANDING TRIBALISM IS REALLY IMPORTANT, 65 00:03:37,310 --> 00:03:39,970 IN PART BECAUSE OF ITS IMPLICATIONS. 66 00:03:39,965 --> 00:03:43,025 THESE ARE THE THINGS ON WHICH NATION STATES ARE BUILT. 67 00:03:43,034 --> 00:03:44,314 THESE ARE THE DISTINCTIONS, 68 00:03:44,310 --> 00:03:47,140 THE CATEGORIES ON WHICH WARS ARE FOUGHT. 69 00:03:47,137 --> 00:03:49,447 IF WE DON'T UNDERSTAND THE VERY SIMPLE MECHANISMS 70 00:03:49,448 --> 00:03:51,898 FOR HOW WE BREAK PEOPLE UP INTO DIFFERENT GROUPS, 71 00:03:51,896 --> 00:03:53,656 WE'RE NEVER GOING TO BE ABLE TO SOLVE 72 00:03:53,655 --> 00:03:55,715 THESE MAJOR PROBLEMS THAT WE FACE, 73 00:03:55,724 --> 00:03:58,454 YOU KNOW, TODAY AND HAVE FACED OVER HUMAN HISTORY. 74 00:04:01,862 --> 00:04:04,242 BACK IN THE 1950s, SHERIF AND COLLEAGUES 75 00:04:04,241 --> 00:04:06,861 DID A QUITE FAMOUS EXPERIMENT. 76 00:04:08,862 --> 00:04:10,242 WHAT SHERIF DID 77 00:04:10,241 --> 00:04:12,341 WAS HE BROUGHT TOGETHER A GROUP OF 12-YEAR-OLD BOYS 78 00:04:12,344 --> 00:04:14,834 AND SET UP A SORT OF FAKE SUMMER CAMP 79 00:04:14,827 --> 00:04:17,997 IN A SPOT KNOWN AS ROBBERS CAVE DOWN IN OKLAHOMA. 80 00:04:24,448 --> 00:04:26,898 THE BOYS WERE BROUGHT TOGETHER 81 00:04:26,896 --> 00:04:29,336 AND INTRODUCED TO THEIR IN-GROUP. 82 00:04:38,000 --> 00:04:42,620 SHERIF WAS INTERESTED IN THE WAY IN WHICH OUR BEHAVIOR 83 00:04:42,620 --> 00:04:45,900 AS INDIVIDUALS IS STRUCTURED BY GROUP MEMBERSHIP. 84 00:04:54,689 --> 00:04:56,069 Santos: AND INSTANTLY, 85 00:04:56,068 --> 00:04:57,998 THEY STARTED FIGHTING WITH ONE ANOTHER, 86 00:04:58,000 --> 00:05:00,140 AND THEN AS THE COMPETITIONS PICKED UP, 87 00:05:00,137 --> 00:05:02,067 WE WENT FROM JUST KIND OF LIKING BAD THINGS 88 00:05:02,068 --> 00:05:03,928 HAPPENING TO THE OTHER GROUP 89 00:05:03,931 --> 00:05:07,031 TO THE BOYS ACTIVELY PARTICIPATING IN BAD THINGS 90 00:05:07,034 --> 00:05:10,104 HAPPENING TO THE OTHER GROUP. 91 00:05:10,103 --> 00:05:12,453 AFTER ONE FAMOUS TUG-OF-WAR, 92 00:05:12,448 --> 00:05:16,068 ONE OF THE GROUPS SET FIRE TO THE OTHER GROUP'S FLAG. 93 00:05:16,068 --> 00:05:19,098 THE BOYS STARTED RANSACKING EACH OTHER'S CAMPSITES, 94 00:05:19,103 --> 00:05:21,763 REALLY BAD STUFF THAT INVOLVED DAMAGE TO PROPERTY 95 00:05:21,758 --> 00:05:24,998 AND HARM TO THE OTHER BOYS. 96 00:05:25,000 --> 00:05:28,520 Haslam: THE STUDY TOLD THIS STORY OF THE WAY IN WHICH RELATIONS 97 00:05:28,517 --> 00:05:32,377 BETWEEN PEOPLE COULD BREAK DOWN. 98 00:05:32,379 --> 00:05:35,339 WHILE WE OFTEN THINK ABOUT BEHAVIOR AS JUST BEING DRIVEN 99 00:05:35,344 --> 00:05:37,554 BY OUR INDIVIDUALITY, 100 00:05:37,551 --> 00:05:39,791 THERE'S A WHOLE RAFT OF CONDITIONS 101 00:05:39,793 --> 00:05:42,623 THAT WE SEE AROUND US ALL THE TIME, 102 00:05:42,620 --> 00:05:45,340 WHETHER AT WORK OR AT HOME OR IN OUR COMMUNITIES 103 00:05:45,344 --> 00:05:49,004 WHERE IT'S NOT OUR PERSONAL ATTACHMENTS AND PSYCHOLOGIES 104 00:05:49,000 --> 00:05:52,450 THAT DRIVE OUR BEHAVIOR, IT'S ABOUT THE GROUPS, 105 00:05:52,448 --> 00:05:56,898 THE COLLECTIVES, THE TRIBES THAT WE BELONG TO. 106 00:05:56,896 --> 00:05:59,166 Santos: IT ALSO TELLS US HOW QUICKLY 107 00:05:59,172 --> 00:06:01,932 THIS KIND OF INNER GROUP HATRED CAN KICK IN. 108 00:06:01,931 --> 00:06:05,901 AS SOON AS THERE'S COMPETITION FOR SOMETHING IN THE WORLD. 109 00:06:05,896 --> 00:06:07,756 [ CHEERS AND APPLAUSE ] 110 00:06:07,758 --> 00:06:11,788 ♪♪ 111 00:06:11,793 --> 00:06:15,693 Announcer: UP THE MIDDLE, MISSED TACKLE AND ANOTHER FIVE POINTS. 112 00:06:15,689 --> 00:06:18,209 Santos: SO SPORTS FANS IN GENERAL TEND TO DEVELOP 113 00:06:18,206 --> 00:06:21,306 THESE REALLY DEEP TRIBAL LOYALTIES, 114 00:06:21,310 --> 00:06:23,830 AND THEY TEND TO BE BASED ON A FEW DIFFERENT FACTORS. 115 00:06:23,827 --> 00:06:26,307 ONE IS THAT OFTEN THESE SPORTS TEAMS 116 00:06:26,310 --> 00:06:29,030 MAP ON TO A PARTICULAR REGIONAL IDENTITY, 117 00:06:29,034 --> 00:06:31,034 SO THE RED SOX ARE FROM BOSTON. 118 00:06:31,034 --> 00:06:34,624 THE YANKEES ARE FROM NEW YORK. 119 00:06:34,620 --> 00:06:37,860 WE TEND TO USE TRIBAL AFFILIATION SYMBOLS, 120 00:06:37,862 --> 00:06:40,282 BASICALLY ALL THESE KINDS OF PROCESSES 121 00:06:40,275 --> 00:06:43,165 THAT TEAMS USE TO BUMP UP TRIBALISM. 122 00:06:43,172 --> 00:06:45,522 [ CHEERING ] 123 00:06:47,793 --> 00:06:52,623 SPORT REALLY TRANSLATES AS THE EVOLUTION OF WARFARE. 124 00:06:52,620 --> 00:06:55,030 WE HAVE A TERRITORY. 125 00:06:55,034 --> 00:06:59,034 WE HAVE VERY CLEAR WINS, WHICH ARE TROPHIES. 126 00:06:59,034 --> 00:07:03,864 BY WATCHING THE GAME, YOU ARE WATCHING THIS BLOODY COMBAT, 127 00:07:03,862 --> 00:07:07,002 AND YOU'RE ENGAGED WITH THE REST OF YOUR SUPPORTERS 128 00:07:07,000 --> 00:07:09,760 AS IF YOU'VE JUST ENCOUNTERED A WAR TOGETHER, 129 00:07:09,758 --> 00:07:11,098 LET'S GO! [ BLEEP ] 130 00:07:11,103 --> 00:07:13,833 SO YOU LEAVE THAT WAR SCENE IN THIS STATE 131 00:07:13,827 --> 00:07:17,067 OF HEIGHTENED EMOTION AND TESTOSTERONE, 132 00:07:17,068 --> 00:07:20,208 AND ALL OF THAT TRANSLATES AS VIOLENT ACTION. 133 00:07:20,206 --> 00:07:22,206 [ WOMAN SCREAMING ] 134 00:07:22,206 --> 00:07:27,166 [ INDISTINCT SHOUTING ] 135 00:07:27,172 --> 00:07:30,032 AND ALSO A DEEP, DEEP BONDING. 136 00:07:30,034 --> 00:07:33,034 [ CHEERING ] 137 00:07:33,034 --> 00:07:37,284 Santos: SO, SOCCER FANS TEND TO BE THE MOST TRIBAL, 138 00:07:37,275 --> 00:07:41,165 BUT NOT JUST ABOUT THE SOCCER PLAYERS THAT THEY CARE ABOUT, 139 00:07:41,172 --> 00:07:42,932 BUT ALSO THE OTHER FANS. 140 00:07:42,931 --> 00:07:45,071 THAT'S INTERESTING BECAUSE IT SUGGESTS 141 00:07:45,068 --> 00:07:47,278 THAT IT'S NOT JUST ABOUT A COMPETITION. 142 00:07:56,586 --> 00:07:58,966 Newson: SOCCER FANS, OR FOOTBALL FANS, 143 00:07:58,965 --> 00:08:01,615 AS WE CALL THEM IN THE U.K., ARE PASSIONATE, 144 00:08:01,620 --> 00:08:04,450 THEY ENGAGE IN THESE EXTREME BEHAVIORS, 145 00:08:04,448 --> 00:08:08,308 AND WE SEE THEM ALL OVER THE WORLD. 146 00:08:08,310 --> 00:08:12,480 IT'S THIS SENSE OF BELONGING, COMMITMENT, PROTECTION, 147 00:08:12,482 --> 00:08:14,282 DEFENSE, FAMILY, 148 00:08:14,275 --> 00:08:19,065 AND I THINK IT RELATES TO AN EVOLVED, UNSWAYING DESIRE 149 00:08:19,068 --> 00:08:21,928 TO BE PART OF SOMETHING MORE THAN YOURSELF. 150 00:08:21,931 --> 00:08:23,451 FOOTBALL ANSWERS THAT. 151 00:08:23,448 --> 00:08:28,028 ♪♪ 152 00:08:28,034 --> 00:08:29,834 Announcer: WITH THE SEASON APPROACHING ITS CLIMAX, 153 00:08:29,827 --> 00:08:32,967 ONE OF THE PREMIER LEAGUE'S TOP RIVALRIES TOOK CENTER STAGE 154 00:08:32,965 --> 00:08:35,615 WITH TOTTENHAM HOTSPUR FACING ARSENAL. 155 00:08:35,620 --> 00:08:38,100 Chrisostomou: TOTTENHAM, MY TEAM, MY FAMILY. 156 00:08:38,103 --> 00:08:40,413 BOTH MY GRANDFATHERS WERE SEASON TICKET HOLDERS. 157 00:08:40,413 --> 00:08:42,343 IT'S THE AREA I GREW UP IN. 158 00:08:42,344 --> 00:08:45,074 IT WAS THE NATURAL THING FOR ME TO SUPPORT THEM. 159 00:08:45,068 --> 00:08:47,208 Announcer: VAN DER VAART, 3-3! 160 00:08:47,206 --> 00:08:49,066 WHAT A DERBY! 161 00:08:49,068 --> 00:08:51,968 IF I GET CUT, I DON'T BLEED RED. I BLEED BLUE AND WHITE. 162 00:08:51,965 --> 00:08:53,895 Reporter: FOR AS LONG AS MOST FANS CAN REMEMBER, 163 00:08:53,896 --> 00:08:56,276 TOTTENHAM HAVE LIVED IN THE SHADOW 164 00:08:56,275 --> 00:08:59,095 OF THEIR NORTH LONDON NEIGHBORS, ARSENAL. 165 00:08:59,103 --> 00:09:01,283 Patel: I BECAME AN ARSENAL FAN WHEN I WAS ABOUT 8, 166 00:09:01,275 --> 00:09:04,065 AND IT'S BEEN A LOVE AFFAIR EVER SINCE. 167 00:09:04,068 --> 00:09:06,238 THERE IS A BOND THAT DOESN'T REALLY EXIST 168 00:09:06,241 --> 00:09:07,931 IN OTHER PARTS OF LIFE. 169 00:09:07,931 --> 00:09:11,791 YOU LOSE YOUR IDENTITY AS AN INDIVIDUAL, AND YOU BECOME ONE. 170 00:09:11,793 --> 00:09:13,623 [ CROWD CHANTING ] 171 00:09:13,620 --> 00:09:16,000 BEING THERE IN THAT STADIUM AND WATCHING YOUR TEAM LIFT A TROPHY 172 00:09:16,000 --> 00:09:18,830 IS JUST AS GOOD AS WATCHING MY CHILDREN BEING BORN. 173 00:09:21,827 --> 00:09:23,137 IT'S BEEN A LONG RIVALRY NOW. 174 00:09:23,137 --> 00:09:24,337 I MEAN, IT'S BEEN, I MEAN, 175 00:09:24,344 --> 00:09:26,144 OBVIOUSLY A LONG, LONG TIME BEFORE I WAS ALIVE, 176 00:09:26,137 --> 00:09:28,547 BUT, YOU KNOW, THE HATE CARRIES ON. 177 00:09:32,827 --> 00:09:35,517 GOOD WORK, PROFESSOR. 178 00:09:35,517 --> 00:09:38,097 I GOT BEATEN UP BY SPURS FANS WHEN I WAS 17, 179 00:09:38,103 --> 00:09:40,213 18 AT MARKET ROAD. 180 00:09:40,206 --> 00:09:43,096 THERE WAS A BIG ONE IN FRONT, AND THEN HE'S LIKE, 181 00:09:43,103 --> 00:09:45,383 "DO YOU WANT TO GET YOUR [BLEEP] HEAD KICKED IN?" 182 00:09:45,379 --> 00:09:48,069 AND I SAY, "THAT'S NOT A VERY INTELLIGENT QUESTION, IS IT?" 183 00:09:48,068 --> 00:09:50,828 AT WHICH POINT SOMEONE OVER HERE -- PTHUP! 184 00:09:50,827 --> 00:09:53,207 [ LAUGHTER ] 185 00:09:53,206 --> 00:09:54,786 Patel: A CONDITION OF BEING PART OF ONE GROUP 186 00:09:54,793 --> 00:09:56,143 IS THAT YOU DON'T LIKE ANOTHER GROUP, 187 00:09:56,137 --> 00:09:58,067 AND THAT'S HOW IT IS WITH TOTTENHAM AND ARSENAL. 188 00:09:58,068 --> 00:09:59,308 THERE IS NO RHYME OR REASON. 189 00:09:59,310 --> 00:10:01,620 IT'S KIND OF, YOU KNOW, JUST BLIND HATRED. 190 00:10:01,620 --> 00:10:05,450 TODAY SPURS FANS WILL SAY THAT WE ARE THE ENEMY TODAY. 191 00:10:05,448 --> 00:10:07,658 -YEAH. -NOT OUR TEAM. WE ARE. 192 00:10:07,655 --> 00:10:12,785 [ INDISTINCT CONVERSATIONS ] 193 00:10:12,793 --> 00:10:14,903 -WHAT TIME IS IT? -TEN PAST. 194 00:10:14,896 --> 00:10:16,276 TEN PAST. WE'LL BE THERE IN 10 MINUTES. 195 00:10:16,275 --> 00:10:17,445 THAT'S 40 MINUTES BEFORE KICKOFF. 196 00:10:17,448 --> 00:10:19,138 DON'T WORRY. 197 00:10:19,137 --> 00:10:21,167 Patel: THERE IS A HISTORY OF VIOLENCE. 198 00:10:21,172 --> 00:10:23,692 YOU KNOW, EVERYONE IS EXCITED, NERVOUS, 199 00:10:23,689 --> 00:10:26,169 AND OBVIOUSLY SOME OF IT IS ALCOHOL-FUELED. 200 00:10:26,172 --> 00:10:28,172 DON'T WE HAVE TO --NO. THEY DON'T KNOW. 201 00:10:28,172 --> 00:10:29,972 NONE OF THESE STORES ARE OPEN ON A SPURS DAY. 202 00:10:29,965 --> 00:10:31,685 THEY DON'T WANT TO GET SMASHED UP, DO THEY? 203 00:10:31,689 --> 00:10:37,549 [ INDISTINCT SHOUTING ] 204 00:10:37,551 --> 00:10:39,241 Patel: SO YOU PUT ALL THOSE THINGS TOGETHER, 205 00:10:39,241 --> 00:10:41,001 IT JUST TAKES ONE THING TO LIGHT THE TOUCH PAPER, 206 00:10:41,000 --> 00:10:43,280 SO TO SPEAK, AND IT ALL BLOWS UP VERY QUICKLY. 207 00:10:43,275 --> 00:10:45,165 MOVE BACK! 208 00:10:46,172 --> 00:10:51,282 ♪♪ 209 00:10:51,275 --> 00:10:53,275 [ TELEVISION PLAYING INDISTINCTLY ] 210 00:10:56,517 --> 00:10:58,827 COME ON, TOTTENHAM! 211 00:10:58,827 --> 00:11:01,617 Chrisostomou: YOU COULDN'T PAY ME TO GO TO ARSENAL'S STADIUM. 212 00:11:01,620 --> 00:11:03,240 WHAT IF WE LOSE? WHAT IF WE WIN? 213 00:11:03,241 --> 00:11:04,691 I'M GOING TO SAY SOMETHING TO SOMEONE, 214 00:11:04,689 --> 00:11:06,789 AND I'M GOING TO GET MYSELF INTO [BLEEP]. 215 00:11:06,793 --> 00:11:08,343 OH, [BLEEP] OFF, HE DIVED, 216 00:11:08,344 --> 00:11:10,524 YOU [BLEEP] CHEATING [BLEEP]. 217 00:11:10,517 --> 00:11:13,237 I KNOW PEOPLE WHO GO TO CHURCH ON A SUNDAY. 218 00:11:13,241 --> 00:11:15,971 THAT DON'T MEAN ANYTHING TO ME. MY RELIGION IS SPURS. 219 00:11:15,965 --> 00:11:18,585 I MEET MY FRIENDS BEFORE THE GAME. 220 00:11:18,586 --> 00:11:20,066 WE TALK ABOUT TOTTENHAM. 221 00:11:20,068 --> 00:11:21,828 IT'S LIKE PRAYING FOR US. 222 00:11:21,827 --> 00:11:25,787 [ INDISTINCT SHOUTING ] 223 00:11:25,793 --> 00:11:28,453 HOW DO I FEEL ABOUT ARSENAL? 224 00:11:28,448 --> 00:11:29,718 HATRED. 225 00:11:29,724 --> 00:11:31,974 YEAH! 226 00:11:31,965 --> 00:11:33,995 [BLEEP] ME. 227 00:11:34,000 --> 00:11:36,170 [ SINGING INDISTINCTLY ] 228 00:11:36,172 --> 00:11:37,832 Chrisostomou: THESE PEOPLE, THEY'RE VERMIN. 229 00:11:37,827 --> 00:11:39,307 THEY'RE VERMIN, MAN. 230 00:11:39,310 --> 00:11:41,760 [ SINGING CONTINUES ] 231 00:11:41,758 --> 00:11:43,858 IT GOES WAY FURTHER THAN FOOTBALL. 232 00:11:43,862 --> 00:11:46,382 YOU COULD GO TO WAR WITH IT. 233 00:11:46,379 --> 00:11:50,969 I'VE BEEN NICE UP UNTIL NOW, BUT THINGS COULD [BLEEP] CHANGE. 234 00:11:50,965 --> 00:11:55,065 THERE HAS BEEN WARS, AND I'VE SEEN IT. 235 00:11:55,068 --> 00:11:56,278 Reporter: WELL, THE MATCH IS NOW OVER, 236 00:11:56,275 --> 00:11:58,545 BUT THERE WAS ALSO TROUBLE INSIDE THE STADIUM 237 00:11:58,551 --> 00:12:01,171 WITH STEWARDS HAVING TO INTERVENE AS RIVAL FANS 238 00:12:01,172 --> 00:12:02,552 PROVOKED EACH OTHER. 239 00:12:02,551 --> 00:12:04,661 PLAY WAS STOPPED ON SEVERAL OCCASIONS 240 00:12:04,655 --> 00:12:07,515 AFTER FANS INVADED THE PITCH. 241 00:12:07,517 --> 00:12:12,687 ♪♪ 242 00:12:12,689 --> 00:12:14,619 Newson: THE PARTICULAR TYPE OF IN-GROUP, 243 00:12:14,620 --> 00:12:17,170 OUT-GROUP PSYCHOLOGY I'VE BEEN RESEARCHING 244 00:12:17,172 --> 00:12:19,282 IS CALLED IDENTITY FUSION, 245 00:12:19,275 --> 00:12:22,445 AND THAT'S THE REALLY EXTREME TYPE OF BONDING 246 00:12:22,448 --> 00:12:25,548 WHERE YOUR PERSONAL IDENTITY IS COMPLETELY FUSED 247 00:12:25,551 --> 00:12:27,551 WITH YOUR GROUP'S IDENTITY. 248 00:12:27,551 --> 00:12:32,241 THEIR BEHAVIOR SERVES TO PROTECT AND DEFEND THE GROUP, 249 00:12:32,241 --> 00:12:35,211 AND WE FIND, FOR FOOTBALL FANS, THIS IS AS POWERFUL 250 00:12:35,206 --> 00:12:37,826 AS FOR PEOPLE WHO'VE BEEN ON THE FRONT LINE TOGETHER. 251 00:12:40,758 --> 00:12:43,238 THEY'D DIE FOR EACH OTHER. 252 00:12:43,241 --> 00:12:46,621 WE THINK THAT THAT RELATES TO THE KIN PSYCHOLOGY 253 00:12:46,620 --> 00:12:49,590 THAT WAS SO ESSENTIAL TO KEEPING US ALIVE 254 00:12:49,586 --> 00:12:50,926 WHEN WE LIVED IN TIGHT-KNIT, 255 00:12:50,931 --> 00:12:54,311 SMALL COMMUNITIES IN OUR ANCESTRAL PAST. 256 00:12:54,310 --> 00:12:58,210 WE NEEDED COMMUNITIES WE COULD UTTERLY RELY ON, 257 00:13:00,793 --> 00:13:02,313 SO WHEN WE GET A FOOTBALL MATCH, 258 00:13:02,310 --> 00:13:05,590 WHICH IS REALLY AWFUL AND FRIGHTENING, 259 00:13:05,586 --> 00:13:08,236 ACTUALLY WHAT YOU FIND IS PEOPLE COME TOGETHER 260 00:13:08,241 --> 00:13:11,691 BECAUSE IT TRIGGERS ALL THIS ANCIENT PSYCHOLOGY 261 00:13:11,689 --> 00:13:13,449 THAT THIS IS A GROUP WHO IS MEANINGFUL, 262 00:13:13,448 --> 00:13:15,858 WHO ARE GOING TO LOOK AFTER ME, 263 00:13:15,862 --> 00:13:19,282 AND IF THEY FEEL THAT ANOTHER FAN IS THREATENED, 264 00:13:19,275 --> 00:13:21,165 IT FEELS LIKE A PERSONAL ATTACK. 265 00:13:23,862 --> 00:13:25,482 THERE HAVE BEEN DEATHS. 266 00:13:29,172 --> 00:13:30,722 THEY'RE NOT VIOLENT IN THE NAME OF SPORT 267 00:13:30,724 --> 00:13:37,004 BUT IN THE NAME OF THEIR LOVE FOR THEIR FELLOW FANS. 268 00:13:39,344 --> 00:13:40,904 IF THERE'S ONE THING MOST AMERICANS CAN AGREE ON, 269 00:13:40,896 --> 00:13:43,756 IT'S THAT OUR POLITICS -- OUR POLITICS ARE PRETTY HOSTILE. 270 00:13:45,482 --> 00:13:50,412 WE ARE AS DIVIDED AS I HAVE SEEN IN MY LIFETIME AND YOURS. 271 00:13:50,413 --> 00:13:53,723 THE FAR LEFT IS ANGRY, AND THEY ARE COMING AFTER JOBS. 272 00:13:53,724 --> 00:13:55,144 THEY ARE COMING AFTER FREEDOM. 273 00:13:55,137 --> 00:13:58,167 YOU CANNOT BE CIVIL WITH A POLITICAL PARTY 274 00:13:58,172 --> 00:14:01,662 THAT WANTS TO DESTROY WHAT YOU CARE ABOUT. 275 00:14:01,655 --> 00:14:04,545 MANY ON THE LEFT ARE TOTALLY, COMPLETELY, 276 00:14:04,551 --> 00:14:08,451 UTTERLY PSYCHOTIC AND UNHINGED. 277 00:14:08,448 --> 00:14:10,548 Santos: POLITICAL PARTISANSHIP 278 00:14:10,551 --> 00:14:13,281 IS GETTING MORE AND MORE TRIBAL EVERY DAY. 279 00:14:13,275 --> 00:14:15,585 THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE "US AND THEM" IN OUR COUNTRY 280 00:14:15,586 --> 00:14:17,136 IS GETTING BIGGER, 281 00:14:17,137 --> 00:14:20,277 AND IT'S DEVELOPING MORE OF THE UGLIER SIDES OF TRIBALISM. 282 00:14:20,275 --> 00:14:22,405 [BLEEP] [BLEEP] 283 00:14:22,413 --> 00:14:27,833 WHY HAS JUST A SIMPLE POLITICAL DISCUSSION GOTTEN SO HEATED? 284 00:14:27,827 --> 00:14:29,377 I THINK WHEN WE LOOK AT POLITICS, 285 00:14:29,379 --> 00:14:32,409 WE SEE A TRIBALISM THAT BUILDS ON WHAT WE SAW WITH SPORTS 286 00:14:32,413 --> 00:14:36,003 BECAUSE IT INVOLVES ALL OF THE SAME PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS 287 00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:38,480 WITH A FEW OTHER ADDITIONS. 288 00:14:38,482 --> 00:14:40,692 NOW OUR AFFILIATIONS ARE, AT LEAST IN THEORY, 289 00:14:40,689 --> 00:14:42,549 BASED ON OUR BELIEFS. 290 00:14:42,551 --> 00:14:46,311 THE REPUBLICAN PARTY COMPORTS WITH MY VALUE. 291 00:14:46,310 --> 00:14:48,100 IN ADDITION, YOU SOMETIMES GET 292 00:14:48,103 --> 00:14:50,033 MORAL AFFILIATIONS THAT COME WITH IT... 293 00:14:50,034 --> 00:14:52,934 THERE'S NO QUESTION THAT OBAMA WANTS TO KILL BABIES. 294 00:14:52,931 --> 00:14:55,211 Santos: ...AND THAT MEANS THE TRIBES THAT WE GET IN POLITICS 295 00:14:55,206 --> 00:14:57,966 CAN FEEL EVEN MORE POWERFUL THAN THE TRIBES WE SAW 296 00:14:57,965 --> 00:14:59,785 WITH SPORTS TEAM AFFILIATION. 297 00:15:04,724 --> 00:15:07,904 Reporter: WE ARE ONE WEEK AWAY FROM THE CRITICAL MIDTERM ELECTIONS 298 00:15:07,896 --> 00:15:10,616 WITH THE FUTURE OF CONGRESS AT STAKE. 299 00:15:10,620 --> 00:15:12,450 Reporter THIS IS A VERY BIG RACE, 300 00:15:12,448 --> 00:15:14,998 NOT ONLY HERE FOR FLORIDA BUT NATIONALLY. 301 00:15:15,000 --> 00:15:16,970 -VOTE THEM... -OUT! 302 00:15:16,965 --> 00:15:18,755 -VOTE THEM... -OUT! 303 00:15:18,758 --> 00:15:20,928 -VOTE THEM... -OUT! 304 00:15:20,931 --> 00:15:23,341 [ CHEERING ] 305 00:15:23,344 --> 00:15:27,034 WE'RE LOOKING FORWARD TO SEEING YOU AT THE POLLS. 306 00:15:27,034 --> 00:15:31,524 I WOULD CONSIDER MYSELF TO BE A PROGRESSIVE DEMOCRAT. 307 00:15:31,517 --> 00:15:34,517 ARE Y'ALL GETTING READY TO VOTE? 308 00:15:34,517 --> 00:15:36,827 REPUBLICANS ARE WORKING VERY HARD 309 00:15:36,827 --> 00:15:39,067 TO DELIVER A MESSAGE OF IGNORANCE, 310 00:15:39,068 --> 00:15:43,208 LIES, FEAR, AND HATE. 311 00:15:43,206 --> 00:15:46,336 PEOPLE THAT I'VE KNOWN FOR YEARS, HAVE DONE BUSINESS WITH, 312 00:15:46,344 --> 00:15:48,624 BEFORE THIS ALL STARTED, 313 00:15:48,620 --> 00:15:52,790 WE HAD OPEN AND PRETTY COOL RELATIONSHIPS. 314 00:15:52,793 --> 00:15:56,763 WHEN THEY SEE ME NOW, THEY WALK BY ME. 315 00:15:56,758 --> 00:15:59,338 THEY PRETEND WE DON'T EXIST. 316 00:15:59,344 --> 00:16:04,174 I SEE THE RIGHT WING STANDING FOR ABSOLUTE CONTROL, 317 00:16:04,172 --> 00:16:06,452 ANNIHILATION OF ANYONE 318 00:16:06,448 --> 00:16:12,378 THAT DOES NOT LOOK, TALK, FEEL LIKE THEM. 319 00:16:12,379 --> 00:16:15,999 THIS PARTY I'M LOOKING AT NOW IS NOT THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 320 00:16:16,000 --> 00:16:19,030 THIS IS MUCH CLOSER TO WHAT I CONSIDER THE NAZI PARTY. 321 00:16:22,586 --> 00:16:26,716 ♪♪ 322 00:16:26,724 --> 00:16:29,664 ALL RIGHT, SO WE'RE GOING TO HIT -- 323 00:16:29,655 --> 00:16:31,655 WE'LL GO OVER TO BRISTOL FIRST. 324 00:16:31,655 --> 00:16:33,205 Gaitens: I SERVE AS THE STATE COMMITTEEMAN 325 00:16:33,206 --> 00:16:34,756 FOR HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY. 326 00:16:34,758 --> 00:16:38,618 I'M A CONSERVATIVE, LIBERTARIAN REPUBLICAN. 327 00:16:38,620 --> 00:16:43,340 WE'RE TARGETING REPUBLICANS WHO ARE NOT VOTERS 328 00:16:43,344 --> 00:16:45,524 DURING GUBERNATORIAL ELECTION YEARS, MIDTERMS, 329 00:16:45,517 --> 00:16:50,377 SO WE'RE TRYING TO GET A LITTLE LARGER TURNOUT FROM THAT AREA. 330 00:16:50,379 --> 00:16:52,519 THE REASON THIS RACE IS SO IMPORTANT 331 00:16:52,517 --> 00:16:53,897 AND WHAT I'M EXPLAINING TO PEOPLE 332 00:16:53,896 --> 00:16:55,716 IS, DO YOU WANT THE PRESIDENT IMPEACHED? 333 00:16:55,724 --> 00:16:58,834 BECAUSE THAT'S WHAT DEMOCRATS WANT. 334 00:16:58,827 --> 00:17:00,927 -HI, HOW ARE YOU, SIR? -GOOD. 335 00:17:00,931 --> 00:17:03,381 JOHN, I'M NOT SURE IF YOU'VE LOOKED AT THE BALLOT. 336 00:17:03,379 --> 00:17:04,379 NO, I HAVEN'T. 337 00:17:04,379 --> 00:17:05,829 THE DEMOCRATS HAVE, FOR A LONG TIME, 338 00:17:05,827 --> 00:17:09,897 TRIED TO MAKE POLITICS AN ART OF POLITICAL ASSASSINATION. 339 00:17:09,896 --> 00:17:11,826 THEY CALL US RACISTS. THEY CALL US -- 340 00:17:11,827 --> 00:17:13,447 THEY CALL US EVERYTHING UNDER THE BOOK. 341 00:17:13,448 --> 00:17:16,338 THAT'S ONE OF THE REASONS WE HAVE SUCH AFFINITY 342 00:17:16,344 --> 00:17:18,934 FOR PRESIDENT TRUMP IS BECAUSE HE STANDS UP FOR US. 343 00:17:18,931 --> 00:17:21,691 WHEN A BULLY PUNCHES YOU, YOU'VE GOT TO PUNCH BACK. 344 00:17:25,896 --> 00:17:28,476 THE DEMOCRATS GET THEIR NEWS FROM THE MAINSTREAM MEDIA -- 345 00:17:28,482 --> 00:17:31,622 NBC, ABC, CBS, MSNBC, CNN. 346 00:17:31,620 --> 00:17:34,660 MSNBC IS PRETTY MUCH THE SOCIALIST CHANNEL. 347 00:17:34,655 --> 00:17:36,855 AND WE KNOW THIS, THAT 93% OF THE STORIES 348 00:17:36,862 --> 00:17:38,762 ARE NEGATIVE AGAINST THE PRESIDENT. 349 00:17:38,758 --> 00:17:40,718 THAT'S EXTREME BIAS. 350 00:17:40,724 --> 00:17:44,904 THEY HAVE BEEN THE CHAMPIONS OF DIVISION IN THIS COUNTRY. 351 00:17:44,896 --> 00:17:47,616 WE HAPPEN TO BE TWO WHITE MEN, AND SO WE'VE GOT TARGETS 352 00:17:47,620 --> 00:17:49,930 ON OUR BACK, IF YOU LISTEN TO THEIR NETWORKS. 353 00:17:49,931 --> 00:17:53,001 THE BIGGEST TERROR THREAT IN THIS COUNTRY 354 00:17:53,000 --> 00:17:57,620 IS WHITE MEN, MOST OF THEM RADICALIZED TO THE RIGHT. 355 00:17:57,620 --> 00:18:00,660 LET'S NOT RELY ON THESE PEOPLE TO DO OUR THINKING FOR US. 356 00:18:00,655 --> 00:18:03,515 IT CAUSES DIVISION AND DISTRUST, AND THAT'S THE PROBLEM. 357 00:18:06,379 --> 00:18:09,719 REPUBLICANS, THEY JUST MIMIC TRUMP'S WORDS, 358 00:18:09,724 --> 00:18:12,144 THAT, YOU KNOW, WE'RE EVIL. 359 00:18:12,137 --> 00:18:14,447 THEY HATE US, IS HOW I FEEL. 360 00:18:14,448 --> 00:18:19,448 THEY DON'T CARE TO LISTEN TO US ABOUT WHAT THE ISSUES ARE. 361 00:18:19,448 --> 00:18:22,138 THERE'S NO WAY WE'RE GOING TO GET TOGETHER 362 00:18:22,137 --> 00:18:27,337 AND HAVE A REAL DISCUSSION USING FACTS 363 00:18:27,344 --> 00:18:29,344 THAT'S GOING TO MAKE A DIFFERENCE. 364 00:18:31,896 --> 00:18:34,136 ENVIRONMENTAL IS MORE LIKE... 365 00:18:34,137 --> 00:18:36,097 Woman: CIVIC ENGAGEMENT A LITTLE BIT. 366 00:18:36,103 --> 00:18:38,343 TONIGHT I'D LIKE FOR THEM TO KNOW 367 00:18:38,344 --> 00:18:40,244 THAT IT'S IMPORTANT, VITAL. 368 00:18:40,241 --> 00:18:43,411 Price: YOU CAN'T TRUST THE REPUBLICANS ANYMORE. 369 00:18:43,413 --> 00:18:45,723 THEY'RE JUST GOING TO CONTINUE TO ERODE 370 00:18:45,724 --> 00:18:47,694 OUR CONSTITUTIONAL NORMS 371 00:18:47,689 --> 00:18:51,829 AND DECENCY OF DEMOCRATIC EXCHANGE, 372 00:18:51,827 --> 00:18:55,547 BECOMING MORE AND MORE TRUMP-LIKE. 373 00:18:55,551 --> 00:18:59,591 Lewis: HOW CAN WE REACH ACROSS THE AISLE RIGHT NOW. 374 00:18:59,586 --> 00:19:01,446 WE'RE AT BATTLE FOR OUR COUNTRY. 375 00:19:05,379 --> 00:19:09,409 GO ALONG AND PUT THEM IN THE POT. 376 00:19:09,413 --> 00:19:13,693 Man: WELCOME TO OUR SHRIMP BOIL MEET AND GREET. 377 00:19:13,689 --> 00:19:15,659 I COULD NOT IMAGINE A JOB 378 00:19:15,655 --> 00:19:20,585 I'D WANT LESS THAN TO BE A CANDIDATE FOR ELECTED OFFICE 379 00:19:20,586 --> 00:19:23,896 IN TODAY'S POLITICAL CLIMATE. 380 00:19:23,896 --> 00:19:28,656 IN 24 DAYS, I WILL CAST MY VOTE AGAINST THE MOB. 381 00:19:28,655 --> 00:19:30,475 I HOPE YOU WILL ALSO. 382 00:19:30,482 --> 00:19:33,342 [ CHEERS AND APPLAUSE ] 383 00:19:36,137 --> 00:19:38,897 THE DEMOCRATS ARE OUT TO DESTROY. 384 00:19:38,896 --> 00:19:42,856 THE DEMOCRATS ARE DRIVEN BY HATE. 385 00:19:42,862 --> 00:19:45,142 WHEN CONSERVATIVES ARGUE WITH A LIBERAL, 386 00:19:45,137 --> 00:19:48,337 WE THINK THEY'RE WRONG OR THEY'RE FOOLISH. 387 00:19:48,344 --> 00:19:52,904 THEY THINK WE'RE EVIL, AND THAT'S THE GREAT DIVIDE, 388 00:19:52,896 --> 00:19:54,336 I THINK. 389 00:19:54,344 --> 00:19:55,934 Woman: BUILD THAT WALL! 390 00:19:55,931 --> 00:19:57,411 Crowd: [ Chanting ] BUILD THAT WALL! 391 00:19:57,413 --> 00:20:00,343 BUILD THAT WALL! BUILD THAT WALL! 392 00:20:00,344 --> 00:20:01,974 BUILD THAT WALL! 393 00:20:01,965 --> 00:20:06,065 ♪♪ 394 00:20:06,068 --> 00:20:08,028 Van Bavel: THE SOCIAL CAPITAL OF OUR NATION 395 00:20:08,034 --> 00:20:11,414 HAS BEEN ERODED FROM POLARIZATION. 396 00:20:11,413 --> 00:20:14,243 RESEARCH RECENTLY FOUND THAT PEOPLE DON'T WANT TO EVEN SPEND 397 00:20:14,241 --> 00:20:16,691 AS MUCH TIME AT THANKSGIVING WITH THEIR FAMILIES 398 00:20:16,689 --> 00:20:20,449 IF THERE'S GOING TO BE POLITICAL CONFLICT. 399 00:20:20,448 --> 00:20:22,788 PEOPLE ARE NOW LESS WILLING TO DATE SOMEBODY 400 00:20:22,793 --> 00:20:24,693 FROM ANOTHER POLITICAL PARTY 401 00:20:24,689 --> 00:20:26,899 THAN THEY ARE TO DATE SOMEBODY FROM A DIFFERENT RACE, 402 00:20:26,896 --> 00:20:28,756 AND IF YOU THINK ABOUT THE HISTORY OF THIS COUNTRY 403 00:20:28,758 --> 00:20:31,788 AND HOW MUCH AVERSION THERE WAS TO INTERRACIAL MARRIAGE, 404 00:20:31,793 --> 00:20:35,693 YOU'VE SEEN A SEA CHANGE IN HOW PEOPLE ARE CARVING UP THE WORLD 405 00:20:35,689 --> 00:20:37,859 AND WHAT DEFINES US AND THEM, 406 00:20:37,862 --> 00:20:39,722 AND THAT IS ACTUALLY GOING TO CREATE 407 00:20:39,724 --> 00:20:42,004 EVEN MORE DIVISION OVER TIME. 408 00:20:47,862 --> 00:20:50,382 WE'VE SEEN HOW OUR TRIBAL PSYCHOLOGY PLAYS OUT 409 00:20:50,379 --> 00:20:53,239 IN THESE PARTISAN POLITICS, 410 00:20:53,241 --> 00:20:57,621 BUT WHAT MAKES US END UP IN ONE POLITICAL TRIBE OR ANOTHER? 411 00:20:57,620 --> 00:20:59,210 WHERE DOES THAT COME FROM? 412 00:21:02,379 --> 00:21:05,409 SO THERE'S RESEARCH SHOWING THAT ABOUT 50% 413 00:21:05,413 --> 00:21:08,723 OF YOUR POLITICAL BELIEFS ARE DETERMINED BY GENETICS, 414 00:21:08,724 --> 00:21:11,284 AND SO IF YOU SHARE CERTAIN POLITICAL BELIEFS 415 00:21:11,275 --> 00:21:13,025 IN COMMON WITH YOUR PARENTS, 416 00:21:13,034 --> 00:21:15,624 IT'S NOT BECAUSE YOUR PARENTS RAISED YOU A CERTAIN WAY. 417 00:21:15,620 --> 00:21:18,760 IT'S BECAUSE YOU SHARE THEIR BIOLOGY. 418 00:21:18,758 --> 00:21:20,718 WHAT HAPPENS IS THAT NUDGES YOU TOWARD HAVING 419 00:21:20,724 --> 00:21:23,074 A CERTAIN TYPE OF PERSONALITY. 420 00:21:23,068 --> 00:21:24,478 BY VERY DEFINITION, 421 00:21:24,482 --> 00:21:27,452 CONSERVATIVES WANT TO PRESERVE THE PAST 422 00:21:27,448 --> 00:21:30,858 WHEREAS LIBERALS WANT TO SHAKE THAT UP AND CHANGE IT, 423 00:21:30,862 --> 00:21:33,072 SO THERE ARE LEGITIMATE DIFFERENCES 424 00:21:33,068 --> 00:21:37,168 IN HOW THEY WANT TO SEE SOCIETY, 425 00:21:37,172 --> 00:21:42,382 BUT THEN YOU START TO ADD IN ENVIRONMENT, CULTURAL VALUES, 426 00:21:42,379 --> 00:21:45,619 MORALITY, INFORMATION YOU'RE GETTING IN THE MEDIA 427 00:21:45,620 --> 00:21:46,900 AND FROM POLITICAL LEADERS. 428 00:21:46,896 --> 00:21:48,686 IF YOU GET IN THE RIGHT FRIEND GROUP, 429 00:21:48,689 --> 00:21:50,789 YOU CAN GET NUDGED AWAY FROM THIS. 430 00:21:50,793 --> 00:21:53,903 IT'S NOT DESTINY, PER SE, BUT IT TURNS OUT TO ACCOUNT 431 00:21:53,896 --> 00:21:57,136 FOR A HUGE AMOUNT OF YOUR POLITICAL PREFERENCES 432 00:21:57,137 --> 00:21:59,097 AS YOU GET OLDER AND GROW INTO ADULTHOOD, 433 00:21:59,103 --> 00:22:00,553 BUT THERE'S A DARK SIDE TO IT, 434 00:22:00,551 --> 00:22:02,621 AND THE DARK SIDE IS THAT OUR IDENTITIES 435 00:22:02,620 --> 00:22:07,450 CAN MAKE US POLARIZED AND TRIBAL AND GUIDE US INTO CONFLICT. 436 00:22:07,448 --> 00:22:09,658 DON'T TOUCH HIM!I SAID DON'T TOUCH ME, [BLEEP]! 437 00:22:09,655 --> 00:22:10,965 YOU BETTER BE CAREFUL, MAN! 438 00:22:10,965 --> 00:22:13,275 EVERY TIME WE FIND OURSELF AS A MEMBER OF A TRIBE, 439 00:22:13,275 --> 00:22:16,715 WE'RE GOING TO SEE THE WORLD THROUGH A TRIBAL LENS. 440 00:22:16,724 --> 00:22:18,454 IT'S KIND OF LIKE ROSE-COLORED GLASSES, 441 00:22:18,448 --> 00:22:20,338 BUT IT'S KIND OF TRIBE-COLORED GLASSES, YOU KNOW? 442 00:22:20,344 --> 00:22:23,624 ONLY THE GOOD STUFF FROM MY TRIBE GETS THROUGH. 443 00:22:23,620 --> 00:22:26,000 IT MEANS THERE ARE NO OBJECTIVE FACTS. 444 00:22:26,000 --> 00:22:28,070 EVEN WHEN WE HAVE A FACT ON THE GROUND, 445 00:22:28,068 --> 00:22:30,928 WE'RE NOT GOING TO SEE IT THE SAME WAY, 446 00:22:30,931 --> 00:22:33,101 AND ONE OF THE MOST FAMOUS RECENT EXAMPLES OF THIS 447 00:22:33,103 --> 00:22:36,003 CAME AFTER THE TRUMP ELECTION WHEN THERE WAS A BIG DEBATE 448 00:22:36,000 --> 00:22:39,480 ABOUT A PICTURE OF HOW MANY INDIVIDUALS 449 00:22:39,482 --> 00:22:43,172 WERE AT THE TRUMP INAUGURATION OR THE OBAMA INAUGURATION. 450 00:22:43,172 --> 00:22:44,622 THIS WAS THE LARGEST AUDIENCE 451 00:22:44,620 --> 00:22:47,240 TO EVER WITNESS AN INAUGURATION, PERIOD. 452 00:22:47,241 --> 00:22:48,721 THE PRESIDENT'S TEAM, 453 00:22:48,724 --> 00:22:50,934 ON SOMETHING VERY SIMPLE AND STRAIGHTFORWARD, 454 00:22:50,931 --> 00:22:54,031 WANTS TO EMBRACE A FANTASY RATHER THAN A REALITY. 455 00:22:54,034 --> 00:22:57,384 Van Bavel: IF WE HIGHLY IDENTIFY WITH A GROUP, 456 00:22:57,379 --> 00:23:01,619 WE COGNITIVELY DEFEND THEM BY IGNORING INCONVENIENT FACTS 457 00:23:01,620 --> 00:23:03,310 THAT MAKE THE GROUP LOOK BAD. 458 00:23:03,310 --> 00:23:05,520 WE DIRECT OUR ATTENTION TO SOURCES OF INFORMATION 459 00:23:05,517 --> 00:23:09,207 THAT TELL US OUR GROUPS ARE POSITIVE. 460 00:23:09,206 --> 00:23:12,476 NOW, THIS IS A PROBLEM BECAUSE OUR PREJUDICES AND HATE 461 00:23:12,482 --> 00:23:14,342 FOR ONE ANOTHER AND FOR DIFFERENT GROUPS 462 00:23:14,344 --> 00:23:17,454 ACTUALLY MAKES US SUSCEPTIBLE TO FAKE NEWS, 463 00:23:17,448 --> 00:23:21,518 TO PROPAGANDA, AND TO CONFLICT. 464 00:23:21,517 --> 00:23:24,477 ONE CHANGE THAT IS ALMOST PERFECTLY 465 00:23:24,482 --> 00:23:26,032 COINCIDENTAL WITH THIS TREND 466 00:23:26,034 --> 00:23:28,724 ABOUT INCREASING POLARIZATION IS, OF COURSE, TECHNOLOGY. 467 00:23:28,724 --> 00:23:31,104 SO THE INTERNET, THE BLOGOSPHERE, 468 00:23:31,103 --> 00:23:34,723 24/7 NEWS CHANNELS HAS NOW MADE IT EASY 469 00:23:34,724 --> 00:23:38,794 FOR PARTISANS TO TUNE IN TO PEOPLE THAT THEY AGREE WITH. 470 00:23:38,793 --> 00:23:42,143 THE ALT RADICAL LEFT PROPAGANDA MEDIA HAS CREATED 471 00:23:42,137 --> 00:23:45,447 WHAT I CALL AN INFORMATIONAL CRISIS IN THIS COUNTRY, 472 00:23:45,448 --> 00:23:47,338 AND THEY CAN NO LONGER BE TRUSTED. 473 00:23:47,344 --> 00:23:49,414 THIS IS ONE OF THOSE DAYS WHERE WHAT HAPPENED TODAY IN POLITICS 474 00:23:49,413 --> 00:23:51,313 MEANS SOMETHING TOTALLY DIFFERENT 475 00:23:51,310 --> 00:23:54,210 TO THE PORTION OF AMERICANS WHO WATCH FOX NEWS 476 00:23:54,206 --> 00:23:55,546 THAN IT DOES TO EVERYBODY ELSE IN THE COUNTRY. 477 00:23:55,551 --> 00:23:58,001 THEY'RE OFFERING MORE VITRIOLIC COMMENTARY, 478 00:23:58,000 --> 00:24:01,860 AND THEY'RE OFFERING, YOU KNOW, REALLY HARSH COVERAGE. 479 00:24:01,862 --> 00:24:05,382 PEOPLE ARE MISINFORMED ABOUT THE OTHER SIDE, 480 00:24:05,379 --> 00:24:08,279 AND AT SOME POINT IT HAS TO ADD TO THE ANIMOSITY 481 00:24:08,275 --> 00:24:12,205 AND THE HOSTILITY BEING EXPRESSED BY ORDINARY CITIZENS. 482 00:24:12,206 --> 00:24:14,896 NEWS MEDIA IS USING ASPECTS OF OUR PSYCHOLOGY, 483 00:24:14,896 --> 00:24:18,786 YOU KNOW, THE FACT THAT WE ARE SO TRIBAL, TO MAKE MONEY. 484 00:24:18,793 --> 00:24:20,663 WE NATURALLY GRAVITATE TO INFORMATION 485 00:24:20,655 --> 00:24:23,475 THAT CONFIRMS WHAT OUR GROUP ALREADY BELIEVES, 486 00:24:23,482 --> 00:24:27,382 SO THE MEDIA CAN PROFIT BY FEEDING US WHAT WE WANT TO SEE. 487 00:24:27,379 --> 00:24:29,409 THERE IS AN INCENTIVE STRUCTURE OUT THERE 488 00:24:29,413 --> 00:24:31,413 TO KEEP US SO POLARIZED. 489 00:24:31,413 --> 00:24:34,483 [ INDISTINCT SHOUTING ] 490 00:24:34,482 --> 00:24:36,342 Iyengar: PARTISANSHIP IN THE UNITED STATES 491 00:24:36,344 --> 00:24:38,694 HAS INTENSIFIED OVER THE PAST 30 YEARS. 492 00:24:38,689 --> 00:24:40,139 PEOPLE HAVE GOT TO KNOW 493 00:24:40,137 --> 00:24:42,377 WHETHER OR NOT THEIR PRESIDENT IS A CROOK. 494 00:24:42,379 --> 00:24:45,589 WELL, I AM NOT A CROOK. 495 00:24:45,586 --> 00:24:48,136 Iyengar: LET'S DO A HISTORICAL COMPARISON. 496 00:24:48,137 --> 00:24:52,657 IN 1974, RICHARD NIXON HAD TO RESIGN BECAUSE OF WATERGATE. 497 00:24:52,655 --> 00:24:54,855 "THE WASHINGTON POST" BROKE THAT STORY, 498 00:24:54,862 --> 00:24:56,792 AND DEMOCRATS AND REPUBLICANS 499 00:24:56,793 --> 00:24:59,793 ACCEPTED THAT THERE HAD BEEN SOME WRONGDOING. 500 00:24:59,793 --> 00:25:02,313 AND THAT'S WHAT REALLY GOT NIXON TO RESIGN, 501 00:25:02,310 --> 00:25:05,480 BECAUSE HE'D REALIZED THERE WAS A CONSENSUS OVER THE FACTS. 502 00:25:05,482 --> 00:25:09,212 I SHALL RESIGN THE PRESIDENCY EFFECTIVE AT NOON TOMORROW. 503 00:25:09,206 --> 00:25:11,306 VICE-PRESIDENT FORD WILL BE SWORN IN 504 00:25:11,310 --> 00:25:13,660 AS PRESIDENT AT THAT HOUR IN THIS OFFICE. 505 00:25:13,655 --> 00:25:17,445 TODAY, PEOPLE ARE GOING TO DENY FACTS 506 00:25:17,448 --> 00:25:19,828 THAT THREATEN THEIR OWN POLITICAL SIDE, THEIR OWN TEAM. 507 00:25:19,827 --> 00:25:21,657 YOU'RE SAYING IT'S A FALSEHOOD, 508 00:25:21,655 --> 00:25:24,405 AND THEY'RE GIVING SEAN SPICER, OUR PRESS SECRETARY, 509 00:25:24,413 --> 00:25:27,033 GAVE ALTERNATIVE FACTS TO THAT. 510 00:25:27,034 --> 00:25:29,414 LOOK, ALTERNATIVE FACTS ARE NOT FACTS. 511 00:25:29,413 --> 00:25:32,033 ONE OF THE VERY FIRST THINGS THAT ANY FASCIST SHOULD DO 512 00:25:32,034 --> 00:25:33,664 IS CUT YOU OFF FROM REALITY, 513 00:25:33,655 --> 00:25:36,615 IS TO GET YOU TO DISTRUST SOURCES OF INFORMATION 514 00:25:36,620 --> 00:25:39,140 THAT ARE TRUE, AND THEN THEY CAN CONTROL YOU. 515 00:25:39,137 --> 00:25:41,687 FAKE NEWS. FAKE NEWS. 516 00:25:41,689 --> 00:25:44,999 HOW FAKE -- HOW FAKE ARE THEY? 517 00:25:45,000 --> 00:25:47,210 Van Bavel: AND ONCE A LEADER HAS REDEFINED REALITY 518 00:25:47,206 --> 00:25:50,826 SO THAT FACTS NO LONGER MATTER, THEY CAN ENCOURAGE THEIR TRIBE 519 00:25:50,827 --> 00:25:54,137 TO SEE CHALLENGES TO THEIR BELIEF SYSTEM AS A THREAT. 520 00:25:54,137 --> 00:25:56,927 WHAT WE FACE THEN IS NOT SIMPLY POLARIZATION 521 00:25:56,931 --> 00:26:00,761 BUT A SITUATION WHERE ONE GROUP IS MORE LIKELY TO ENDANGER 522 00:26:00,758 --> 00:26:04,788 OUR DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS OR WORSE. 523 00:26:04,793 --> 00:26:07,693 THIS IS WHAT WE'RE SEEING IN AMERICA TODAY. 524 00:26:07,689 --> 00:26:10,479 Santos: WHEN WE ONLY AFFILIATE WITH THE IN-GROUP 525 00:26:10,482 --> 00:26:12,342 AND HAVE NO CONTACT WITH THE OUT-GROUP, 526 00:26:12,344 --> 00:26:15,244 WHEN THE OUT-GROUP BECOMES THIS SORT OF FICTITIOUS ENEMY 527 00:26:15,241 --> 00:26:17,241 THAT ONLY DOES HORRIBLE THINGS, 528 00:26:17,241 --> 00:26:19,691 I THINK ONE WORRY ABOUT THE CURRENT MEDIA THAT WE HAVE, 529 00:26:19,689 --> 00:26:21,619 PARTICULARLY SOCIAL MEDIA AND SO ON, 530 00:26:21,620 --> 00:26:23,760 IS THAT WE CAN WIND UP IN THESE ECHO CHAMBERS 531 00:26:23,758 --> 00:26:26,968 WHERE WE'RE ONLY TALKING TO OTHER MEMBERS OF OUR IN-GROUP. 532 00:26:31,724 --> 00:26:33,724 Fisher: WE'RE STARTING TO SEE REALLY GOOD RESEARCH 533 00:26:33,724 --> 00:26:36,004 SHOWING THAT FACEBOOK AND SOCIAL MEDIA 534 00:26:36,000 --> 00:26:39,000 MAKES YOU SEEK COMFORT AND SECURITY 535 00:26:39,000 --> 00:26:41,590 IN YOUR PARTISAN IDENTITY, 536 00:26:41,586 --> 00:26:43,786 WHICH MEANS THAT YOU'RE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO THE IDEA 537 00:26:43,793 --> 00:26:48,343 THAT THE OTHER PARTY'S FOLLOWERS ARE NOT JUST BAD PEOPLE 538 00:26:48,344 --> 00:26:50,344 BUT A THREAT TO YOU PERSONALLY 539 00:26:50,344 --> 00:26:52,524 AND THAT THAT WILL JUSTIFY EXTREME ACTION 540 00:26:52,517 --> 00:26:55,657 TO KEEP THEM OUT OF POWER. 541 00:26:55,655 --> 00:26:58,655 ON FACEBOOK, THERE'S NO REGULATORS 542 00:26:58,655 --> 00:27:01,335 MAKING SURE THAT EVERYONE HAS ACCURATE INFORMATION. 543 00:27:04,310 --> 00:27:06,030 WE THINK OF FACEBOOK AS JUST, 544 00:27:06,034 --> 00:27:08,694 "OH, IT'S WHATEVER OUR FRIENDS ARE SHARING," 545 00:27:08,689 --> 00:27:11,239 WHICH YOU NATURALLY TRUST, BUT IT IS NOT. 546 00:27:11,241 --> 00:27:13,591 THE MORE THAT YOU ARE SPENDING TIME ON THEIR SITE, 547 00:27:13,586 --> 00:27:17,026 THE MORE THEY CAN PUT ADS IN FRONT OF YOU. 548 00:27:17,034 --> 00:27:19,974 THE ALGORITHM DELIVERS WHATEVER CONTENT TO YOU 549 00:27:19,965 --> 00:27:22,995 THEY BELIEVE WILL DRAW THE MOST ENGAGEMENT. 550 00:27:23,000 --> 00:27:26,520 ANY CONTENT THAT TOUCHES ON NEGATIVE PRIMAL EMOTIONS 551 00:27:26,517 --> 00:27:28,407 LIKE ANGER OR FEAR 552 00:27:28,413 --> 00:27:33,413 OR ANYTHING THAT TOUCHES ON A SENSE OF TRIBALISM. 553 00:27:33,413 --> 00:27:35,383 WE KNOW THAT WHEN PEOPLE ARE ISOLATED 554 00:27:35,379 --> 00:27:36,619 INTO A LIKE-MINDED GROUP 555 00:27:36,620 --> 00:27:39,450 THAT THEIR OPINIONS TEND TO GET MORE EXTREME, 556 00:27:39,448 --> 00:27:42,998 AND THEY TEND TO BE MORE FEARFUL OF AND HOSTILE TOWARDS PEOPLE 557 00:27:43,000 --> 00:27:45,410 WHO ARE NOT IN THAT GROUP, 558 00:27:45,413 --> 00:27:48,383 THE FACEBOOK ALGORITHM IS NOT EVIL IN AND OF ITSELF. 559 00:27:48,379 --> 00:27:50,449 IT'S A PRETTY SIMPLE IDEA, RIGHT? 560 00:27:50,448 --> 00:27:53,208 SERVE PEOPLE THE CONTENT THAT THEY WANT TO SEE. 561 00:27:53,206 --> 00:27:57,616 BUT THE THING IS THAT WE HAVE THESE BASE TENDENCIES AND URGES 562 00:27:57,620 --> 00:28:00,210 THAT MODERN SOCIETY IS DESIGNED 563 00:28:00,206 --> 00:28:03,476 TO HELP US CONTAIN AND MANAGE AND WORK AROUND. 564 00:28:03,482 --> 00:28:05,482 AND THIS FACEBOOK ALGORITHM 565 00:28:05,482 --> 00:28:09,832 IS PERFECTLY DESIGNED TO JUST BYPASS ALL OF THOSE INSTITUTIONS 566 00:28:09,827 --> 00:28:11,517 THAT ARE SUPPOSED TO MANAGE THAT 567 00:28:11,517 --> 00:28:16,027 AND JUST BRING ALL OF THOSE URGES OUT. 568 00:28:16,034 --> 00:28:17,794 AND WHAT WE ARE NOW BEGINNING TO UNDERSTAND 569 00:28:17,793 --> 00:28:19,453 IS THAT IT DOESN'T JUST LEAD TO PEOPLE 570 00:28:19,448 --> 00:28:22,718 SAYING NASTY THINGS ON FACEBOOK, BUT IT ACTUALLY MAKES PEOPLE 571 00:28:22,724 --> 00:28:26,694 SIGNIFICANTLY MORE PRONE TO REAL-WORLD VIOLENCE. 572 00:28:29,827 --> 00:28:32,447 THERE IS A STUDY THAT TRACKED 573 00:28:32,448 --> 00:28:35,588 EVERY SINGLE ANTI-REFUGEE ATTACK IN GERMANY... 574 00:28:35,586 --> 00:28:38,306 [ CROWD CHANTING IN GERMAN ] 575 00:28:38,310 --> 00:28:42,620 AND WHAT THEY FOUND IS THAT TOWNS WHERE PEOPLE USED FACEBOOK 576 00:28:42,620 --> 00:28:45,030 SIGNIFICANTLY MORE THAN AVERAGE 577 00:28:45,034 --> 00:28:48,974 HAD 50% MORE ATTACKS ON REFUGEES. 578 00:28:48,965 --> 00:28:54,025 ♪♪ 579 00:28:54,034 --> 00:28:59,174 ♪♪ 580 00:28:59,172 --> 00:29:01,862 Reporter: IN CENTRAL MYANMAR, MUSLIMS ARE BEING SET UPON 581 00:29:01,862 --> 00:29:05,662 BY RAGING MOBS OF NORMALLY PEACE-LOVING BUDDHISTS. 582 00:29:05,655 --> 00:29:09,965 Fisher: AND IN MYANMAR, WHERE EVERYBODY USES FACEBOOK AS THEIR PRIMARY 583 00:29:09,965 --> 00:29:12,965 MEANS FOR GATHERING NEWS, 584 00:29:12,965 --> 00:29:17,755 FACEBOOK PLAYED A ROLE IN A MODERN ACT OF GENOCIDE. 585 00:29:17,758 --> 00:29:23,448 IN EARLY 2016, A FAR-RIGHT BUDDHIST EXTREMIST IN MYANMAR 586 00:29:23,448 --> 00:29:26,758 NAMED WIRA THU POSTED A FAKE VIDEO 587 00:29:26,758 --> 00:29:30,718 ABOUT A STAGED RAPE OF A BUDDHIST WOMAN 588 00:29:30,724 --> 00:29:32,104 BY A BUNCH OF MUSLIM MEN 589 00:29:32,103 --> 00:29:35,143 TO CONVEY TO THE BUDDHIST MAJORITY 590 00:29:35,137 --> 00:29:37,237 THAT THEY THOUGHT THEY WERE UNDER THIS TERRIFYING THREAT 591 00:29:37,241 --> 00:29:39,481 FROM MUSLIMS. 592 00:29:39,482 --> 00:29:42,212 I MEAN, I THINK IT HAD MAYBE HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF VIEWS 593 00:29:42,206 --> 00:29:44,756 BY THE TIME IT WAS TAKEN DOWN, 594 00:29:44,758 --> 00:29:48,518 AND PEOPLE HAVE STARTED TO REALLY BELIEVE IT. 595 00:29:48,517 --> 00:29:52,927 BUDDHISTS WENT OUT AND RIOTED ALMOST IMMEDIATELY, 596 00:29:52,931 --> 00:29:54,521 AND THAT REALLY HELPS TO PAVE THE WAY 597 00:29:54,517 --> 00:29:58,337 FOR THE GENOCIDE OF ROHINGYA, WHO ARE A MUSLIM MINORITY 598 00:29:58,344 --> 00:30:01,664 IN THE WESTERN PART OF THE COUNTRY, IN 2017 AND 2018. 599 00:30:01,655 --> 00:30:03,715 [ SPEAKING NATIVE LANGUAGE ] 600 00:30:08,310 --> 00:30:17,310 ♪♪ 601 00:30:17,310 --> 00:30:26,340 ♪♪ 602 00:30:26,344 --> 00:30:35,344 ♪♪ 603 00:30:35,344 --> 00:30:44,344 ♪♪ 604 00:30:44,344 --> 00:30:53,384 ♪♪ 605 00:30:53,379 --> 00:31:02,379 ♪♪ 606 00:31:02,379 --> 00:31:04,659 THIS WAS SUPPOSED TO BE A LIBERATING PLATFORM, 607 00:31:04,655 --> 00:31:06,545 AND IT UNLEASHED WHAT IS LITERALLY 608 00:31:06,551 --> 00:31:09,141 THE VERY WORST HUMAN TENDENCY. 609 00:31:11,793 --> 00:31:15,793 GROUP IDENTITY IS REALLY POWERFUL IN ALL MEDIUMS, 610 00:31:15,793 --> 00:31:17,973 AND THERE IS NOTHING THAT WILL ACTIVATE 611 00:31:17,965 --> 00:31:24,095 THAT LIKE HAVING OUTSIDERS TO BE FEARFUL OF AND ANGRY TOWARDS. 612 00:31:24,103 --> 00:31:26,283 IT'S REALLY ONE OF THE MOST POWERFUL FEELINGS 613 00:31:26,275 --> 00:31:27,895 THAT WE CAN HAVE. 614 00:31:31,379 --> 00:31:32,519 Woman: YOU'VE GOT UPPER. 615 00:31:32,517 --> 00:31:34,167 Man: ALL RIGHT, SO WE'RE GOING TO GO ON... 616 00:31:34,172 --> 00:31:36,142 Santos: OKAY. 617 00:31:36,137 --> 00:31:38,097 YOU CAN LOOK BACK TO ALL OF THE WARS, 618 00:31:38,103 --> 00:31:40,243 ALL OF THE CONFLICTS WE'VE SEEN OVER HUMAN HISTORY, 619 00:31:40,241 --> 00:31:42,381 LIKE, OVER THE LONG HUMAN HISTORY, 620 00:31:42,379 --> 00:31:46,139 AND IN EACH CASE, WHAT WE FIND IS GROUP IDENTITY IS AT WORK, 621 00:31:46,137 --> 00:31:48,687 AND IT'S ALLOWING NORMALLY EMPATHIC HUMANS 622 00:31:48,689 --> 00:31:50,169 TO DO SOME HORRIBLE STUFF 623 00:31:50,172 --> 00:31:54,522 TO OTHER MEMBERS OF OUR OWN SPECIES. 624 00:31:54,517 --> 00:31:56,027 Bruneau: THE CONFLICTS BETWEEN, SAY, 625 00:31:56,034 --> 00:31:58,624 BUDDHISTS AND ROHINGYA IN MYANMAR, 626 00:31:58,620 --> 00:32:01,830 BETWEEN CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS IN IRELAND, 627 00:32:01,827 --> 00:32:04,167 ISRAELIS AND PALESTINIANS, 628 00:32:04,172 --> 00:32:07,212 EACH HAVE THEIR OWN UNIQUE AND COMPLICATED HISTORY, 629 00:32:07,206 --> 00:32:10,066 BUT IN EACH CASE, THERE'S A CLEAR ASYMMETRY OF POWER 630 00:32:10,068 --> 00:32:11,718 BETWEEN THE TWO SIDES. 631 00:32:11,724 --> 00:32:13,764 THERE ARE ALSO A LOT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES 632 00:32:13,758 --> 00:32:16,238 THAT ARE VERY COMMON ACROSS CONFLICTS. 633 00:32:19,000 --> 00:32:22,760 WE TEND TO THINK THAT OUR ACTIONS AGAINST THE OTHER SIDE 634 00:32:22,758 --> 00:32:25,238 ARE MOTIVATED BY LOVE FOR OUR PEOPLE, 635 00:32:25,241 --> 00:32:27,831 WHEREAS THEIR ACTIONS AGAINST US ARE MOTIVATED 636 00:32:27,827 --> 00:32:30,097 BY HATE TOWARDS US. RIGHT? 637 00:32:30,103 --> 00:32:33,313 AND SO IF YOU'RE VIEWING THE WORLD IN THIS WAY, 638 00:32:33,310 --> 00:32:36,240 THEN YOU CAN EASILY SEE HOW YOU WOULD ESSENTIALIZE THEM 639 00:32:36,241 --> 00:32:39,621 AS, LIKE, INHERENTLY VIOLENT AND VILE 640 00:32:39,620 --> 00:32:43,280 AND ESSENTIALIZE YOUR OWN GROUP AS INHERENTLY VIRTUOUS, 641 00:32:43,275 --> 00:32:46,405 AND THIS CAN LEAD TO ALL SORTS OF OTHER BIASES. 642 00:32:46,413 --> 00:32:49,173 WE DON'T SEE THE INJUSTICE TO THE OTHER SIDE. 643 00:32:49,172 --> 00:32:51,792 WE SEE THE INJUSTICE TO OUR SIDE, 644 00:32:51,793 --> 00:32:54,623 SO ONE GROUP CAN CLEARLY HAVE MORE POWER, 645 00:32:54,620 --> 00:32:58,340 BUT THEY CAN STILL FEEL LIKE THEY'RE BEING VICTIMIZED. 646 00:32:58,344 --> 00:33:01,624 Announcer: IN MAY OF 1948, A NEW JEWISH STATE, ISRAEL, 647 00:33:01,620 --> 00:33:04,100 WAS BORN IN A BATH OF BLOOD. 648 00:33:04,103 --> 00:33:07,243 Bruneau: WHEN ISRAEL WAS CREATED JUST TWO YEARS AFTER THE HOLOCAUST, 649 00:33:07,241 --> 00:33:10,551 MANY ARAB PALESTINIANS FLED OR WERE EXPELLED FROM THE LAND 650 00:33:10,551 --> 00:33:13,721 WHERE THEIR FAMILIES HAD LIVED FOR GENERATIONS, 651 00:33:13,724 --> 00:33:18,074 SETTING IN MOTION A CONFLICT OVER LAND AND NATIONAL RIGHTS 652 00:33:18,068 --> 00:33:21,238 THAT REMAINS UNRESOLVED TO THIS DAY. 653 00:33:21,241 --> 00:33:26,831 THE ISRAELI/PALESTINIAN CONFLICT IS DEEPLY TRAGIC AND DIFFICULT. 654 00:33:26,827 --> 00:33:29,097 THERE'S A CLEAR ASYMMETRY. 655 00:33:29,103 --> 00:33:31,693 ISRAEL HAS ONE OF THE MOST POWERFUL MILITARIES 656 00:33:31,689 --> 00:33:33,069 IN THE WORLD. 657 00:33:33,068 --> 00:33:35,308 PALESTINIANS HAVE NOTHING. 658 00:33:35,310 --> 00:33:38,760 THEIR LIVES ARE COMPLETELY CONTROLLED. 659 00:33:38,758 --> 00:33:41,898 YOU KNOW, IT'S A CAULDRON OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES 660 00:33:41,896 --> 00:33:45,686 THAT DRIVE CONFLICT ALL IN THIS ONE TINY LITTLE SPOT OF LAND, 661 00:33:45,689 --> 00:33:47,719 AND SO WE'RE NOT GOING TO MAKE A JUDGMENT 662 00:33:47,724 --> 00:33:49,664 ABOUT WHAT NARRATIVE IS RIGHT. 663 00:33:49,655 --> 00:33:51,995 WE'RE JUST GOING TO TELL YOU WHAT THE NARRATIVES ARE 664 00:33:52,000 --> 00:33:54,140 AND WHAT PSYCHOLOGIES THEY DRIVE. 665 00:33:54,137 --> 00:33:57,207 PALESTINIANS SAY ALL THESE WESTERN POWERS 666 00:33:57,206 --> 00:34:00,066 DECIDED, WITHOUT OUR CONSENT AT ALL, 667 00:34:00,068 --> 00:34:02,338 THAT THEY WERE GOING TO ALLOW THIS GROUP 668 00:34:02,344 --> 00:34:05,214 TO BASICALLY COLONIZE OUR LAND AND TAKE IT, 669 00:34:05,206 --> 00:34:07,966 AND WHEN WE RESISTED, THEY KILLED US 670 00:34:07,965 --> 00:34:09,925 AND TOOK EVEN MORE OF OUR LAND. 671 00:34:13,517 --> 00:34:16,517 BUT ON THE OTHER HAND, ISRAELI PSYCHOLOGY IS DRIVEN 672 00:34:16,517 --> 00:34:22,477 BY THE PREVIOUS ASSAULTS ON JUDAISM GOING BACK IN HISTORY. 673 00:34:22,482 --> 00:34:24,522 FROM AN ISRAELI PERSPECTIVE, 674 00:34:24,517 --> 00:34:27,067 THEY'RE A TINY, LITTLE COUNTRY SURROUNDED BY COUNTRIES 675 00:34:27,068 --> 00:34:28,788 THAT HAVE ATTACKED THEM IN THE PAST... 676 00:34:28,793 --> 00:34:31,793 Reporter: HAMAS, A GROUP SWORN TO DESTROY ISRAEL 677 00:34:31,793 --> 00:34:33,553 AND LISTED BY THE UNITED STATES 678 00:34:33,551 --> 00:34:36,691 AS A TERRORIST GROUP, WON A LANDSLIDE VICTORY. 679 00:34:36,689 --> 00:34:39,069 ...AND THEY FEEL LIKE THEY HAVE THE RHETORIC 680 00:34:39,068 --> 00:34:40,968 COMING FROM PALESTINIANS 681 00:34:40,965 --> 00:34:43,545 THAT THEY'RE GOING TO BE DRIVEN INTO THE SEA. 682 00:34:43,551 --> 00:34:47,031 Reporter: THE ISLAMIST MILITANT GROUP REFUSES TO RECOGNIZE 683 00:34:47,034 --> 00:34:48,694 ISRAEL'S RIGHT TO EXIST. 684 00:34:48,689 --> 00:34:52,309 Reporter ISRAEL HAS TO CONFRONT THE THREAT OF ISLAMIC TERROR 685 00:34:52,310 --> 00:34:54,410 ON A DAILY BASIS. 686 00:34:54,413 --> 00:34:57,413 AND WHAT YOU HAVE THEN IS WHAT WE CALL IN THE FIELD 687 00:34:57,413 --> 00:34:59,033 COMPETITIVE VICTIMHOOD -- 688 00:34:59,034 --> 00:35:01,594 THAT BOTH SIDES FEEL LIKE THEY'RE THE VICTIM. 689 00:35:01,586 --> 00:35:04,336 BOTH SIDES FEEL LIKE THEY ARE THE UNDERDOG. 690 00:35:04,344 --> 00:35:06,664 AND IT'S ESPECIALLY TRUE IN GAZA, 691 00:35:06,655 --> 00:35:08,615 WHERE A HEAVILY FORTIFIED BORDER FENCE 692 00:35:08,620 --> 00:35:11,410 SEPARATES A POPULATION OF TWO MILLION PALESTINIANS 693 00:35:11,413 --> 00:35:13,903 FROM THEIR ISRAELI NEIGHBORS ON THE OTHER SIDE. 694 00:35:13,896 --> 00:35:19,476 ♪♪ 695 00:35:19,482 --> 00:35:25,102 ♪♪ 696 00:35:25,103 --> 00:35:28,973 WE'RE IN NETIV HAASARA, AN AGRICULTURAL VILLAGE, 697 00:35:28,965 --> 00:35:33,065 THE CLOSEST VILLAGE, IN FACT, TO THE GAZA STRIP. 698 00:35:33,068 --> 00:35:36,588 WE FIRST SETTLED HERE IN 1982. 699 00:35:36,586 --> 00:35:39,096 FOR THE PAST OVER 12 YEARS, 700 00:35:39,103 --> 00:35:43,283 I'VE BEEN LIVING UNDER THIS CONSTANT THREAT. 701 00:35:43,275 --> 00:35:47,275 ON THE FAR LEFT, THE HOUSES YOU SEE ON THE HORIZON, 702 00:35:47,275 --> 00:35:49,515 THAT'S GAZA CITY, 703 00:35:49,517 --> 00:35:53,757 AND THIS IS ONE OF THE WALLS THAT SEPARATES US FROM GAZA. 704 00:35:56,482 --> 00:36:01,002 MISSILES AND ROCKETS AND MORTAR SHELLS, 705 00:36:01,000 --> 00:36:05,620 RETALIATION AFTER RETALIATION OF WAR AFTER WAR, 706 00:36:05,620 --> 00:36:08,690 EACH ONE WORSE THAN THE OTHER. 707 00:36:08,689 --> 00:36:13,169 RIGHT BEHIND THAT, THOSE ARE MILITARY HAMAS HEADQUARTERS, 708 00:36:13,172 --> 00:36:16,792 AND WE HEAR THE HAMAS TRAINING THERE DAY AND NIGHT. 709 00:36:16,793 --> 00:36:18,073 WE OFTEN GET A MESSAGE, 710 00:36:18,068 --> 00:36:19,788 A TEXT MESSAGE ON OUR PHONES SAYING, 711 00:36:19,793 --> 00:36:22,343 "DON'T WORRY. THEY'RE ONLY TRAINING." 712 00:36:22,344 --> 00:36:23,974 THAT'S WHEN I BEGIN TO WORRY. 713 00:36:26,241 --> 00:36:31,451 MY DAUGHTER'S BEST FRIEND WAS KILLED BY A MISSILE, 714 00:36:31,448 --> 00:36:35,308 RUNNING TO THE SHELTER AND NOT MANAGING TO GET THERE IN TIME. 715 00:36:37,310 --> 00:36:42,100 THE PAIN OF THAT ONE GIRL WHO WAS KILLED IS WITH US TODAY, 716 00:36:42,103 --> 00:36:44,723 IS WITH MY DAUGHTER YEAR AFTER YEAR. 717 00:36:47,000 --> 00:36:52,070 THIS IS A SAFE ROOM THAT WE HAVE 15 SECONDS TO RUN INTO 718 00:36:52,068 --> 00:36:53,688 WHEN THERE'S AN ALERT. 719 00:36:56,551 --> 00:36:58,861 CHILDREN HERE IN ISRAEL GROW UP 720 00:36:58,862 --> 00:37:02,932 NOT SEEING CHILDREN ON THE OTHER SIDE. 721 00:37:02,931 --> 00:37:08,661 WE HAVE NO IDEA WHAT THOSE PEOPLE LOOK LIKE, HOW THEY FEEL. 722 00:37:08,655 --> 00:37:11,335 WE DON'T WANT TO KNOW. 723 00:37:11,344 --> 00:37:15,034 WE DON'T SEE ONE ANOTHER AS PEOPLE. 724 00:37:15,034 --> 00:37:22,144 ♪♪ 725 00:37:22,137 --> 00:37:29,277 ♪♪ 726 00:37:29,275 --> 00:37:36,375 ♪♪ 727 00:38:54,413 --> 00:38:55,763 Bartiromo: IN JUST A FEW HOURS, 728 00:38:55,758 --> 00:38:58,588 THE U.S. WILL OPEN ITS EMBASSY IN JERUSALEM. 729 00:38:58,586 --> 00:39:01,826 Kushner: WE HAVE SHOWN THAT THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 730 00:39:01,827 --> 00:39:04,447 WILL DO WHAT'S RIGHT, AND SO WE HAVE. 731 00:39:04,448 --> 00:39:09,548 Reporter: JERUSALEM IS AT THE HEART OF THE ISRAELI/PALESTINIAN CONFLICT. 732 00:39:09,551 --> 00:39:12,141 Reporter AND THE DECLARED CAPITAL 733 00:39:12,137 --> 00:39:15,167 FOR BOTH ISRAELIS AND PALESTINIANS. 734 00:39:15,172 --> 00:39:17,832 Reporter JERUSALEM AS ISRAEL'S CAPITAL 735 00:39:17,827 --> 00:39:20,337 HAS INFURIATED THE PALESTINIANS. 736 00:39:20,344 --> 00:39:22,454 Reporter MILITARY SAYS IT IS BRACING 737 00:39:22,448 --> 00:39:26,688 FOR UP TO 100,000 PROTESTERS RIGHT ALONG THE GAZA BORDER. 738 00:39:45,448 --> 00:39:47,688 [ INDISTINCT SHOUTING ] 739 00:39:47,689 --> 00:39:55,589 ♪♪ 740 00:39:55,586 --> 00:40:03,546 ♪♪ 741 00:40:14,655 --> 00:40:21,095 ♪♪ 742 00:40:21,103 --> 00:40:22,863 Santos: ON THE DAY OF THE U.S. EMBASSY MOVE, 743 00:40:22,862 --> 00:40:24,662 THE CASUALTIES SUFFERED ON EACH SIDE 744 00:40:24,655 --> 00:40:26,545 WERE HUGELY DISPROPORTIONATE. 745 00:40:26,551 --> 00:40:28,861 HOW DID THE ISRAELI MILITARY FEEL JUSTIFIED 746 00:40:28,862 --> 00:40:30,972 IN RESPONDING WITH SO MUCH FORCE? 747 00:40:33,103 --> 00:40:35,663 I THINK THIS SITUATION CAN GIVE US A LENS 748 00:40:35,655 --> 00:40:37,785 INTO TRIBALISM OVER TIME 749 00:40:37,793 --> 00:40:40,283 AND HOW THE END RESULT CAN LOOK SO IRRATIONAL. 750 00:40:43,413 --> 00:40:47,793 Bruneau: THE VICTIMHOOD IS DRIVEN BY WHEN THE NARRATIVE STARTS. 751 00:40:47,793 --> 00:40:50,903 IF YOU START THE STORY WITH THIS DISPROPORTIONATE 752 00:40:50,896 --> 00:40:53,306 KILLING OF GAZANS WHO ARE PROTESTING, 753 00:40:53,310 --> 00:40:55,900 YOU'VE ESTABLISHED THAT'S WHERE WE START THE CLOCK, 754 00:40:55,896 --> 00:40:57,476 AND THAT'S WHERE WE MAKE THE JUDGMENT, 755 00:40:57,482 --> 00:40:59,452 WHEREAS, YOU KNOW, ISRAELIS WOULD SAY, 756 00:40:59,448 --> 00:41:02,068 "WELL, WHY DON'T YOU START THE CLOCK AT THE HOLOCAUST, 757 00:41:02,068 --> 00:41:05,408 AND LET'S GO FORWARD FROM THERE AND SEE WHAT YOU SAY THEN?" 758 00:41:05,413 --> 00:41:10,793 THERE'S A CLEAR MENTALITY THAT "WE ARE AT ONE OF THE ONLY TIMES 759 00:41:10,793 --> 00:41:12,663 WHERE WE HAVE THE POWER TO PROTECT OURSELVES. 760 00:41:12,655 --> 00:41:14,585 WE HAVE NOT DONE IT IN THE PAST, 761 00:41:14,586 --> 00:41:16,756 AND SO WE'RE NOT GOING TO MAKE THAT MISTAKE AGAIN." 762 00:41:16,758 --> 00:41:20,928 THE PSYCHOLOGY OF VICTIMHOOD AND FEAR AND THREAT IS SO STRONG 763 00:41:20,931 --> 00:41:22,381 THAT YOU CAN IGNORE 764 00:41:22,379 --> 00:41:26,069 SOMETHING YOUR GROUP DID THAT IS SO OBVIOUSLY AWFUL, 765 00:41:26,068 --> 00:41:28,968 AND THAT'S TRUE OF EVERY CONFLICT. 766 00:41:28,965 --> 00:41:30,715 PSYCHOLOGY IS ALL ABOUT PERCEPTION. 767 00:41:30,724 --> 00:41:33,104 IT HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH REALITY, 768 00:41:33,103 --> 00:41:36,313 AND SO YOU CAN HAVE PEOPLE WHO HAVE A LOT OF POWER 769 00:41:36,310 --> 00:41:40,480 WITH A PSYCHOLOGICAL PROFILE OF THE VICTIM. 770 00:41:40,482 --> 00:41:43,002 YOU JUST APPLY A LITTLE CONFIRMATION BIAS, 771 00:41:43,000 --> 00:41:44,830 WHICH MEANS THAT YOU JUST PAY ATTENTION 772 00:41:44,827 --> 00:41:46,657 TO THE EVIDENCE THAT SUPPORTS YOUR SIDE, 773 00:41:46,655 --> 00:41:49,615 AND YOU IGNORE THE EVIDENCE THAT SUPPORTS THE OTHER. 774 00:41:49,620 --> 00:41:52,760 YOU ADD THE MEDIA IN AND ADD IN POLITICIANS 775 00:41:52,758 --> 00:41:56,858 WHO USE ALL OF THE KIND OF TRADITIONAL LEVERS OF CONFLICT 776 00:41:56,862 --> 00:41:59,622 LIKE FEAR OF THE OTHER AND DRIVE UP TRIBALISM, 777 00:41:59,620 --> 00:42:01,900 AND YOU'VE GOT A LOT WORKING THERE. 778 00:42:05,413 --> 00:42:07,723 Santos: WE FIGHT THINGS OUT OVER HISTORY. 779 00:42:07,724 --> 00:42:10,414 AFTER MANY YEARS AND, YOU KNOW, MANY DECADES, 780 00:42:10,413 --> 00:42:13,663 MAYBE EVEN MANY MILLENNIA OF THIS KIND OF STRIFE, 781 00:42:13,655 --> 00:42:15,965 AND WHEN YOU GET THERE, YOU'RE THINKING ABOUT TWO GROUPS 782 00:42:15,965 --> 00:42:19,685 IN THE CONTEXT OF STRUCTURAL INEQUITIES. 783 00:42:19,689 --> 00:42:21,999 I THINK WE SEE THAT ON THE GAZA STRIP. 784 00:42:22,000 --> 00:42:23,790 I THINK WE SEE THAT IN THE CONTEXT 785 00:42:23,793 --> 00:42:25,863 OF RACIAL POLITICS IN THE UNITED STATES. 786 00:42:25,862 --> 00:42:27,242 YOU KNOW, THIS ISN'T JUST TWO TRIBES 787 00:42:27,241 --> 00:42:29,861 WHO ARE FIGHTING ON EVEN TURF. 788 00:42:29,862 --> 00:42:31,342 I THINK THAT MAKES A PROBLEM 789 00:42:31,344 --> 00:42:34,594 THAT WE'RE HAVING A HARD TIME SOLVING EVEN MORE DIFFICULT. 790 00:42:39,068 --> 00:42:41,898 Santos: ONCE WE'VE DIVIDED THE WORLD INTO US AND THEM, 791 00:42:41,896 --> 00:42:45,546 ARE WE STUCK WITH THOSE CATEGORIES? 792 00:42:45,551 --> 00:42:50,341 CAN WE EVER REDEFINE OUR TRIBAL DIVISIONS? 793 00:42:50,344 --> 00:42:53,214 IF WE LOOK BACK TO THE ROBBERS CAVE EXPERIMENT, 794 00:42:53,206 --> 00:42:54,926 SHERIF AND COLLEAGUES HAD GOTTEN THE BOYS 795 00:42:54,931 --> 00:42:58,411 TO ADOPT GROUP IDENTITIES AND ENGAGE IN TRIBAL CONFLICT. 796 00:43:02,517 --> 00:43:06,097 Haslam: IN THE CONTEXT OF THAT INTERGROUP RIVALRY, 797 00:43:06,103 --> 00:43:08,973 WHAT YOU SAW WAS ESCALATING INTERGROUP TENSION 798 00:43:08,965 --> 00:43:11,205 AND ESCALATING INTERGROUP HATRED. 799 00:43:11,206 --> 00:43:13,206 BOYS WHO, AT THE START OF THE STUDY, 800 00:43:13,206 --> 00:43:16,476 HAD BEEN DECENT, CIVILIZED YOUNGSTERS, 801 00:43:16,482 --> 00:43:20,102 HAD NOW TURNED INTO VICIOUS MONSTERS. 802 00:43:22,793 --> 00:43:25,663 SHERIF WAS KIND OF INTERESTED IN, COULD WE SEE 803 00:43:25,655 --> 00:43:28,895 IF WE COULD TURN THESE WARRING GROUPS 804 00:43:28,896 --> 00:43:31,896 INTO UNIFIED GROUPS THAT WOULD, IF YOU LIKE, 805 00:43:31,896 --> 00:43:33,996 BE AT PEACE WITH EACH OTHER. 806 00:43:34,000 --> 00:43:36,830 AND THE WAY HE SET ABOUT DOING THAT 807 00:43:36,827 --> 00:43:40,407 WAS TO CREATE WHAT HE CALLED SUPERORDINATE GOALS 808 00:43:40,413 --> 00:43:43,523 WHERE NO GROUP COULD ACHIEVE ITS GOALS 809 00:43:43,517 --> 00:43:46,337 WITHOUT COLLABORATING WITH THE OTHER ONE. 810 00:43:46,344 --> 00:43:49,214 THEY WOULD PUT ROCKS INSIDE ONE OF THE WATER MAINS 811 00:43:49,206 --> 00:43:51,586 WHERE THE BOYS GOT WATER FOR THEIR CANTEENS, 812 00:43:51,586 --> 00:43:54,716 AND THE BOYS HAD TO FIGURE OUT A WAY TO TAKE THE ROCKS OUT. 813 00:43:54,724 --> 00:43:56,484 THEY HAD TO WORK TOGETHER, 814 00:43:56,482 --> 00:43:58,862 AND IN THE END, THEY ENDED UP WORKING TOGETHER SO WELL 815 00:43:58,862 --> 00:44:00,862 THAT THE BOYS KIND OF FORMED A BIG LINE 816 00:44:00,862 --> 00:44:05,072 TO KIND OF CARRY THE ROCKS OUT TOGETHER. 817 00:44:05,068 --> 00:44:08,758 Haslam: THE EMERGENCE OF THOSE INTERDEPENDENT GOALS, 818 00:44:08,758 --> 00:44:10,858 THEN, ACTUALLY, THE FORMER HOSTILITY 819 00:44:10,862 --> 00:44:12,282 AND RIVALRY WAS OVERCOME, 820 00:44:12,275 --> 00:44:15,855 AND THE BOYS, AS IT WERE, BECAME FRIENDS AGAIN. 821 00:44:15,862 --> 00:44:19,522 Santos: THIS EXPERIMENT SHOWED US BOTH HOW QUICKLY TRIBAL AFFILIATIONS 822 00:44:19,517 --> 00:44:20,997 CAN COME ON LINE, 823 00:44:21,000 --> 00:44:24,900 BUT ALSO HOW THE RIGHT CONTEXT CAN ALLOW US TO OVERCOME THEM. 824 00:44:24,896 --> 00:44:26,656 Announcer: IT'S A FUNNY WAR, ALL RIGHT, 825 00:44:26,655 --> 00:44:28,855 WHEN MEN WHO WERE YOUR ENEMIES A FEW MONTHS BEFORE 826 00:44:28,862 --> 00:44:31,142 END UP MARCHING AT YOUR SIDE. 827 00:44:31,137 --> 00:44:32,617 Santos: ANOTHER GREAT EXAMPLE OF A THING 828 00:44:32,620 --> 00:44:35,240 THAT CAN BRING VERY DISTANT GROUPS TOGETHER 829 00:44:35,241 --> 00:44:36,661 IS A COMMON THREAT. 830 00:44:36,655 --> 00:44:39,925 I MEAN, WE SEE THIS JUST EVEN IN THE CONTEXT OF HISTORY. 831 00:44:39,931 --> 00:44:42,311 LOOK TO OUR WORLD WARS, WHERE THERE WERE THESE NATION STATES 832 00:44:42,310 --> 00:44:44,280 WHO PREVIOUSLY WEREN'T GETTING ALONG. 833 00:44:44,275 --> 00:44:45,925 YOU HAVE A COMMON THREAT, ALL OF A SUDDEN, 834 00:44:45,931 --> 00:44:49,341 EVERYONE IS WORKING TOGETHER. 835 00:44:49,344 --> 00:44:52,344 EVEN THOUGH OUR CATEGORIZATION OF PEOPLE AS US OR THEM 836 00:44:52,344 --> 00:44:53,624 SEEMS TO BE SOMETHING 837 00:44:53,620 --> 00:44:55,760 THAT'S JUST A FUNDAMENTAL PART OF THE HUMAN MIND, 838 00:44:55,758 --> 00:44:57,028 WE HAVE A LOT OF CONTROL 839 00:44:57,034 --> 00:44:59,794 OVER WHAT THE DIFFERENT CATEGORIES ARE, 840 00:44:59,793 --> 00:45:01,483 AND, IN FACT, THESE CATEGORIES 841 00:45:01,482 --> 00:45:03,552 TEND TO BE REALLY, REALLY FLEXIBLE. 842 00:45:03,551 --> 00:45:06,031 [ INDISTINCT SHOUTING ] 843 00:45:08,896 --> 00:45:10,406 A CURRENT EXAMPLE 844 00:45:10,413 --> 00:45:12,413 IS THE DEMOCRATIC FOOTBALL LADS ALLIANCE. 845 00:45:15,896 --> 00:45:20,026 ♪♪ 846 00:45:20,034 --> 00:45:23,664 BRITISH SOCCER FANS ARE FAMOUS FOR THEIR DEEP RIVALRIES 847 00:45:23,655 --> 00:45:25,275 THAT HAVE OFTEN TURNED VIOLENT, 848 00:45:28,965 --> 00:45:33,825 YET IN 2017, AFTER A SERIES OF TERRORIST ATTACKS IN THE U.K., 849 00:45:33,827 --> 00:45:37,167 FANS OF RIVAL TEAMS CAME TOGETHER. 850 00:45:37,172 --> 00:45:39,902 THEY THOUGHT, AT THAT POINT, "HEY, WE HAVE A COMMON ENEMY." 851 00:45:39,896 --> 00:45:44,756 WE DON'T WANT TO BE TAKEN OVER BY ISLAMIC EXTREMISM. 852 00:45:44,758 --> 00:45:47,378 WE'VE HAD ENOUGH.[ CHEERS AND APPLAUSE ] 853 00:45:47,379 --> 00:45:50,479 THIS IS OUR COUNTRY, AND WE'VE HAD ENOUGH. 854 00:45:52,620 --> 00:45:55,690 THE RIVALRIES GO BACK TO WHEN FOOTBALL BEGAN IN THIS COUNTRY, 855 00:45:55,689 --> 00:45:57,969 BUT THE TRAGEDIES THAT HAVE HAPPENED 856 00:45:57,965 --> 00:46:02,095 HAVE IGNITED SOMETHING IN US AS LOYAL FOOTBALL LADS 857 00:46:02,103 --> 00:46:03,763 WHO DON'T CHANGE TEAMS 858 00:46:03,758 --> 00:46:07,408 AND COME TOGETHER UNDER ONE COMMON PURPOSE 859 00:46:07,413 --> 00:46:08,763 AND ONE COMMON GOAL. 860 00:46:08,758 --> 00:46:10,408 TENS OF THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE 861 00:46:10,413 --> 00:46:12,723 HAVE ATTENDED THEIR LAST TWO DEMONSTRATIONS, 862 00:46:12,724 --> 00:46:14,484 BUT DESPITE THEIR MESSAGE OF UNITY, 863 00:46:14,482 --> 00:46:17,412 SOME PEOPLE ACCUSE THEM OF HARBORING RACIST MESSAGES. 864 00:46:20,448 --> 00:46:23,998 -NAZI SCUM! -OFF OUR STREETS! 865 00:46:24,000 --> 00:46:25,790 Santos: WHAT WE SEE IN THIS CASE IS TRIBES 866 00:46:25,793 --> 00:46:27,413 THAT WERE PREVIOUSLY SEPARATE 867 00:46:27,413 --> 00:46:30,453 WHO HAVE COME TOGETHER FOR A COMMON GOAL, 868 00:46:30,448 --> 00:46:33,968 BUT SOMETIMES THE COMMON GOAL CAN BE JUST AS RACIST AND UGLY 869 00:46:33,965 --> 00:46:37,275 AS THE TRIBAL BOUNDARIES WE SAW BEFOREHAND. 870 00:46:37,275 --> 00:46:40,475 ENGLAND UNTIL WE DIE! 871 00:46:43,793 --> 00:46:45,793 OUR TRIBAL PSYCHOLOGY CAN BE INFLUENCED 872 00:46:45,793 --> 00:46:48,863 BY MANY DIFFERENT FACTORS THAT CAN MAKE US SEE 873 00:46:48,862 --> 00:46:53,832 OTHER PEOPLE AS OUR ALLIES OR AS OUR ENEMIES. 874 00:46:53,827 --> 00:46:55,237 THE GOOD PIECE OF NEWS 875 00:46:55,241 --> 00:46:57,411 IS THAT BECAUSE WE HAVE CATEGORIES THAT ARE FLEXIBLE, 876 00:46:57,413 --> 00:46:59,243 THAT WE CAN MOVE AROUND ON THE FLY, 877 00:46:59,241 --> 00:47:01,861 THERE IS ROOM TO DO BETTER. 878 00:47:01,862 --> 00:47:05,172 THERE IS ROOM TO OVERCOME HATRED AND TRIBALISM 879 00:47:05,172 --> 00:47:08,242 EVEN IN SOME OF THE WORST CONTEXTS. 880 00:47:08,241 --> 00:47:10,311 THE SAD THING, THOUGH, IS THAT OUR GROUP PSYCHOLOGY 881 00:47:10,310 --> 00:47:13,760 IS REALLY BUILT TO LOOK FOR THREATS, 882 00:47:13,758 --> 00:47:16,408 BUT THOSE THREATS DON'T HAVE TO BE REAL. 883 00:47:16,413 --> 00:47:18,723 SOMETIMES THEY'RE JUST COMPLETELY MADE UP. 884 00:47:18,724 --> 00:47:20,724 SOMETIMES THEY'RE PART OF PROPAGANDA, 885 00:47:20,724 --> 00:47:23,284 BUT NEVERTHELESS, JUST THIS PERCEPTION OF A THREAT, 886 00:47:23,275 --> 00:47:24,615 EVEN IF IT'S FAKE, 887 00:47:24,620 --> 00:47:28,070 CAN REALLY CAUSE OUR TRIBAL BOUNDARIES TO CHANGE -- 888 00:47:28,068 --> 00:47:30,478 SOMETIMES IN WAYS THAT ARE GOOD, 889 00:47:30,482 --> 00:47:32,552 SOMETIMES IN WAYS THAT ARE PRETTY NASTY. 890 00:47:36,758 --> 00:47:39,828 Cobb: LIKE-MINDED PEOPLE ARE NOW JUST A COUPLE OF CLICKS 891 00:47:39,827 --> 00:47:41,587 AWAY FROM EACH OTHER. 892 00:47:41,586 --> 00:47:43,376 Meeink: AND THE SKINHEADS, THEY WOULD ALWAYS SAY, 893 00:47:43,379 --> 00:47:45,169 "FRANK, GOD NEEDS MORE SOLDIERS. 894 00:47:45,172 --> 00:47:48,932 HE NEEDS MORE ANGELS TO RUIN SODOM AND GOMORRAH." 895 00:47:48,931 --> 00:47:53,101 Lifton: IF THERE'S ANYTHING ONE DERIVES FROM A STUDY OF MASS KILLING, 896 00:47:53,103 --> 00:47:57,343 IT'S THAT PEOPLE ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR ACTIONS. 897 00:47:57,344 --> 00:48:01,314 Sellers: THE HATE, THE MASSIVE VIOLENCE,