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WWW.MY-SUBS.CO

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<i>( theme music playing )</i>

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( rumbles )

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( flames crackle )

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( cheers )

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- <i>( jazz music plays )</i>
- newsreel: <i>Pushing through germany,</i>

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<i>The United States</i>
<i>and soviet armies</i>

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<i>Met at the river ill.</i>
<i>Americans and russians joined hands</i>

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<i>Joined hands in</i>
<i>celebration of victory.</i>

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<i>Successful partners in war,</i>

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<i>The hope flamed among all men</i>
<i>that the United States</i>

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<i>And the soviet union,</i>
<i>with their allies,</i>

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<i>Would form</i>
<i>a successful partnership</i>

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<i>Against any future</i>
<i>threat of aggression.</i>

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<i>The news of final surrender,</i>
<i>the news that peace had at last been won,</i>

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<i>Penetrated to every</i>
<i>corner of the globe.</i>

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<i>Peace, the hope of mankind,</i>
<i>had arrived.</i>

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<i>Men rejoiced, cheered</i>
<i>the end of world war ii.</i>

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<i>( "in the mood" playing )</i>

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Stone:
<i>There was a brief</i>
<i>moment in time</i>

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<i>When the United States,</i>
<i>alone among the victors,</i>

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<i>Was on top of the world.</i>

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<i>Its death toll was 405,000,</i>

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<i>Compared to the soviet union's</i>
<i>27 million.</i>

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<i>The economy was booming.</i>
<i>Exports more than doubled</i>
<i>pre-war levels.</i>

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<i>Industrial production</i>
<i>had grown 15% annually.</i>

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<i>The U.S. Held two-thirds</i>
<i>of the world's gold reserves</i>

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<i>And three-fourths</i>
<i>of its invested capital.</i>

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<i>It was producing</i>
<i>an incredible 50%</i>

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<i>Of the world's</i>
<i>goods and services.</i>

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<i>In 1945 at bretton woods,</i>
<i>new hampshire,</i>

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<i>The U.S. Established</i>
<i>the two new</i>

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<i>Major economic institutions</i>
<i>of capitalism--</i>

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<i>The world bank</i>
<i>and the international</i>
<i>monetary fund--</i>

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<i>Each budgeted at approximately</i>
<i>seven to eight billion dollars.</i>

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<i>President harry truman,</i>

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<i>Who had made his name</i>
<i>investigating excess spending</i>
<i>in the senate,</i>

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<i>Was overseeing</i>
<i>a gigantic demobilization.</i>

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<i>And yet there was a lingering</i>
<i>unease in a new society</i>

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<i>Where the home front</i>
<i>had prospered</i>

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<i>While the servicemen</i>
<i>were away.</i>

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I can see that you had
a splendid war record, derry.

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Just average,
mr. Thorpe.

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But you'll understand that
since this business
changed hands,

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We're under no legal
obligation to give you
your old job back.

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I wasn't thinking
of getting my old job
back, mr. Thorpe.

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- I'm looking for a better one.
- What are your qualifications?

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- Your experience?
- Two years behind
a soda fountain

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And three years behind
a norden bombsight.

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Yes.
While in the army,

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Did you have
any experience
in procurement?

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- No.
- Purchasing
of supplies, materials?

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No, I didn't
do any of that.
I just dropped bombs.

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- Did you do any
personnel work?
- No.

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But as an officer,
you surely had to act
in an executive capacity.

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You had to command men.
Were you responsible
for their morale?

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No, I was only responsible
for getting the bombs
on the target.

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- I didn't command anybody.
- I see.

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I'm sure that work
required great skill.

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But unfortunately
we've no opportunities
for that

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- With midway drugs.
- Yeah.

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Stone:
<i>World war ii</i>
<i>left as many</i>

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<i>As 70 million people dead</i>
<i>in europe and asia--</i>

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<i>Two-thirds of them</i>
<i>civilians.</i>

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<i>Hiroshima was</i>
<i>an ominous forewarning.</i>

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<i>The depression was</i>
<i>perhaps over,</i>

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<i>But america's business</i>
<i>and social planners</i>

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<i>Feared a relapse</i>

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<i>And fretted over</i>
<i>the consequences</i>
<i>of worldwide poverty,</i>

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<i>With populations uprooted,</i>
<i>homeless and unemployed.</i>

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<i>Would revolution</i>
<i>sweep the globe?</i>

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<i>What would happen</i>
<i>to american trade</i>
<i>and investment?</i>

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<i>In France</i>
<i>the communist party,</i>

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<i>Which had half</i>
<i>a million members</i>
<i>and fought bravely</i>

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<i>In the resistance</i>
<i>to the nazis,</i>

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<i>Won 26% of the vote</i>
<i>in 1945.</i>

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<i>In Italy</i>
<i>1.7 million people</i>

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<i>Joined the party.</i>

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<i>Even in britain</i>
<i>the people, exhausted and</i>
<i>broke from two world wars,</i>

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<i>Were uncharacteristically</i>
<i>turning to the state</i>

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<i>To make their lives</i>
<i>tolerable.</i>

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<i>And fortune, which had</i>
<i>made winston churchill</i>

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<i>One of the most respected</i>
<i>statesmen of his era,</i>

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<i>Now cast him aside</i>

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<i>With a reversal</i>
<i>befitting greek tragedy.</i>

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<i>( trumpets playing )</i>

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Newsreel:
<i>Winston churchill,</i>
<i>touring the ruins of berlin</i>

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<i>As the curtain rings down</i>
<i>on his career as prime minister</i>

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<i>Of great britain.</i>

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<i>Beneath flags of the big three,</i>
<i>the 70-year-old leader</i>

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<i>Stands at last</i>
<i>in the heart of berlin</i>

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<i>As he vowed he would</i>
<i>five years ago.</i>

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<i>Admiral king</i>
<i>and general marshall come up</i>
<i>to greet the old warrior.</i>

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<i>Next to general marshall</i>
<i>can be seen balding, mustached</i>
<i>clement attlee,</i>

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<i>New labour prime minister.</i>

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Stone:
<i>Attlee embodied</i>
<i>the new socialist european,</i>

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<i>Promising to build a free</i>
<i>health-care system for all</i>

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<i>And advocating</i>
<i>the complete nationalization</i>

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<i>Of many of britain's</i>
<i>oldest industries--</i>

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<i>A man preoccupied</i>
<i>not with empire</i>

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<i>But with a massive</i>
<i>social welfare state.</i>

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<i>By contrast,</i>
<i>churchill was offering empire.</i>

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<i>He had said in late 1942,</i>

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<i>At a time when England's</i>
<i>very existence was</i>
<i>threatened...</i>

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Churchill's voice:
<i>I have not become the king's</i>
<i>first minister</i>

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<i>To preside over the liquidation</i>
<i>of the british empire.</i>

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Stone:
<i>But dismemberment is exactly</i>
<i>what he would live to see.</i>

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<i>Atlee would administer</i>
<i>the independence of india,</i>

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<i>Pakistan, burma,</i>
<i>sri lanka,</i>

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<i>Jordan and palestine.</i>

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<i>Attlee understood that there</i>
<i>was a new american world order.</i>

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<i>The U.S. Extended almost</i>
<i>a $4 billion loan to britain,</i>

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<i>Not to be repaid</i>
<i>for 50 years,</i>

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<i>And was now leasing</i>
<i>military bases on english soil.</i>

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<i>Britain in essence</i>
<i>was to become</i>

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<i>A new client-state</i>
<i>of the U.S.</i>

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<i>Franklin roosevelt--</i>
<i>who had always disliked</i>

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<i>The concept</i>
<i>of king and empire</i>

118
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<i>And reflected much</i>
<i>of the american disapproval</i>

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<i>Of its repressive policies</i>
<i>in india,</i>

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<i>Greece</i>
<i>and throughout the world--</i>

121
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<i>Had successfully steered</i>
<i>a middle course</i>

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<i>Between great britain</i>
<i>and the soviet union.</i>

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<i>The prospect of a large</i>
<i>american credit to help</i>
<i>the soviets</i>

124
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<i>Rebuild had been encouraged</i>
<i>and discussed openly</i>
<i>during the war.</i>

125
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<i>But harry truman showed</i>
<i>none of roosevelt's dexterity,</i>

126
00:07:06,592 --> 00:07:10,178
<i>As he tacked, at a time</i>
<i>of maximum U.S. Strength,</i>

127
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<i>Increasingly towards</i>
<i>the british camp.</i>

128
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<i>When the soviet union</i>
<i>did not receive anything close</i>

129
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<i>To the aid package</i>
<i>given the british,</i>

130
00:07:18,821 --> 00:07:21,223
<i>They were</i>
<i>greatly disappointed.</i>

131
00:07:21,257 --> 00:07:23,692
<i>They already sensed</i>
<i>the wartime alliance</i>

132
00:07:23,726 --> 00:07:26,962
<i>Would be the first casualty</i>
<i>of the postwar era.</i>

133
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<i>In mid-September 1945</i>

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<i>At a foreign ministers</i>
<i>meeting in london,</i>

135
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<i>Secretary of state</i>
<i>jimmy byrnes</i>

136
00:07:34,737 --> 00:07:38,006
<i>Berated soviet policies</i>
<i>in eastern europe.</i>

137
00:07:38,024 --> 00:07:40,408
<i>Foreign minister molotov</i>
<i>pointed to</i>

138
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<i>Exclusionary U.S. Policies</i>
<i>in Italy,</i>

139
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<i>Greece and japan,</i>

140
00:07:45,214 --> 00:07:47,582
<i>And, tired</i>
<i>of byrnes's belligerence,</i>

141
00:07:47,616 --> 00:07:50,702
<i>Asked if he was hiding</i>
<i>an atomic bomb in his pocket.</i>

142
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<i>Byrnes actually replied...</i>

143
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Byrnes' voice:
<i>You don't know southerners.</i>

144
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<i>We carry our artillery</i>
<i>in our pocket.</i>

145
00:07:56,843 --> 00:07:58,827
<i>If you don't cut out</i>
<i>all this stalling,</i>

146
00:07:58,861 --> 00:08:01,813
<i>I'm going to pull</i>
<i>an atomic bomb out of my pocket</i>
<i>and let you have it.</i>

147
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Stone:
<i>In December, secretary</i>
<i>of commerce henry wallace</i>

148
00:08:07,036 --> 00:08:11,206
<i>Pressed truman to take control</i>
<i>of america's atomic weapons</i>

149
00:08:11,240 --> 00:08:14,543
<i>Away from soviet-hater</i>
<i>leslie groves,</i>

150
00:08:14,577 --> 00:08:17,679
<i>Who still had</i>
<i>unilateral control over them.</i>

151
00:08:17,713 --> 00:08:20,081
<i>Groves had advocated</i>

152
00:08:20,115 --> 00:08:22,467
<i>A preemptive attack</i>
<i>against...</i>

153
00:08:27,340 --> 00:08:30,709
<i>The soviet union,</i>
<i>with the largest army</i>
<i>in the world</i>

154
00:08:30,760 --> 00:08:34,863
<i>And having</i>
<i>played the leading role</i>
<i>in the anti-fascist movement,</i>

155
00:08:34,897 --> 00:08:37,465
<i>Was now</i>
<i>a frightening prospect</i>

156
00:08:37,500 --> 00:08:39,417
<i>For some U.S. Officials.</i>

157
00:08:39,452 --> 00:08:42,854
<i>In early 1946</i>

158
00:08:42,905 --> 00:08:46,391
<i>A gallup poll found that</i>
<i>26% of americans</i>

159
00:08:46,425 --> 00:08:49,794
<i>Thought the soviets</i>
<i>sought world domination.</i>

160
00:08:49,829 --> 00:08:53,415
<i>13% thought</i>
<i>the british did.</i>

161
00:08:53,449 --> 00:08:57,202
<i>The soviets, though aware</i>
<i>of the rightward shift</i>

162
00:08:57,236 --> 00:08:59,237
<i>In the truman</i>
<i>administration,</i>

163
00:08:59,272 --> 00:09:02,173
<i>Were hoping still to maintain</i>
<i>the wartime alliance</i>

164
00:09:02,208 --> 00:09:04,709
<i>And actually went out</i>
<i>of their way to restrain</i>

165
00:09:04,744 --> 00:09:07,612
<i>Their frustrated</i>
<i>communist allies in china,</i>

166
00:09:07,647 --> 00:09:10,916
<i>Italy, France and greece.</i>

167
00:09:10,950 --> 00:09:13,385
<i>Stalin, whose major</i>
<i>foreign policy goal</i>

168
00:09:13,419 --> 00:09:16,655
<i>Was to make certain</i>
<i>germany or japan never again</i>

169
00:09:16,689 --> 00:09:18,990
<i>Posed a threat</i>
<i>to his country,</i>

170
00:09:19,025 --> 00:09:21,259
<i>Had enormous problems</i>
<i>at home.</i>

171
00:09:21,294 --> 00:09:24,362
<i>His nation was in the grip</i>
<i>of a crushing poverty,</i>

172
00:09:24,397 --> 00:09:28,066
<i>Engaged still in extensive</i>
<i>ongoing partisan warfare</i>

173
00:09:28,117 --> 00:09:31,620
<i>In its western sectors,</i>
<i>particularly ukraine,</i>

174
00:09:31,654 --> 00:09:34,789
<i>Which was soon to be</i>
<i>wracked with famine.</i>

175
00:09:34,824 --> 00:09:36,858
<i>The soviets were</i>
<i>isolated at the u.N.</i>

176
00:09:36,892 --> 00:09:39,861
<i>And the U.S. Had</i>
<i>a monopoly on the bomb.</i>

177
00:09:39,895 --> 00:09:42,297
<i>Yet the U.S. Was</i>
<i>building an image</i>

178
00:09:42,331 --> 00:09:46,217
<i>Of the soviet union as being</i>
<i>out to conquer the world.</i>

179
00:09:48,020 --> 00:09:51,423
<i>In germany the two systems</i>
<i>were already at odds.</i>

180
00:09:51,474 --> 00:09:54,376
<i>Roosevelt's policy</i>
<i>of pastoralizing germany</i>

181
00:09:54,410 --> 00:09:58,780
<i>Was reversed</i>
<i>to one revitalizing</i>
<i>the german economy</i>

182
00:09:58,798 --> 00:10:02,584
<i>As a key to an overall</i>
<i>european recovery.</i>

183
00:10:02,618 --> 00:10:05,236
<i>This was not in itself</i>
<i>a bad decision,</i>

184
00:10:05,271 --> 00:10:08,373
<i>Given what happened</i>
<i>to west germany in later years,</i>

185
00:10:08,407 --> 00:10:11,293
<i>But at the time</i>
<i>it was highly insensitive</i>

186
00:10:11,327 --> 00:10:13,728
<i>To the concerns</i>
<i>of a country that had been</i>

187
00:10:13,746 --> 00:10:17,065
<i>Twice cornered</i>
<i>in ruthless wars</i>
<i>with germany.</i>

188
00:10:17,099 --> 00:10:20,601
<i>There was in fact a profound</i>
<i>conflict of interest,</i>

189
00:10:20,620 --> 00:10:24,472
<i>And the stark images</i>
<i>of the soviets stripping</i>
<i>the eastern zone</i>

190
00:10:24,507 --> 00:10:28,960
<i>Of everything</i>
<i>to ship back to its own</i>
<i>impoverished land was,</i>

191
00:10:28,995 --> 00:10:33,331
<i>To most americans,</i>
<i>perceived not incorrectly</i>
<i>as looting.</i>

192
00:10:33,366 --> 00:10:36,217
<i>As far back</i>
<i>as the 19th century,</i>

193
00:10:36,252 --> 00:10:40,605
<i>The pre-communist russian</i>
<i>empire had been in conflict</i>
<i>with the british empire,</i>

194
00:10:40,640 --> 00:10:44,542
<i>Both seeking influence</i>
<i>in turkey and iran.</i>

195
00:10:44,577 --> 00:10:46,478
<i>Russia had repeatedly</i>
<i>sought access</i>

196
00:10:46,512 --> 00:10:49,514
<i>To the warm-water ports</i>
<i>of the mediterranean.</i>

197
00:10:49,548 --> 00:10:51,349
<i>( fanfare )</i>

198
00:10:53,152 --> 00:10:56,087
<i>In the 1917</i>
<i>russian revolution,</i>

199
00:10:56,122 --> 00:10:58,223
<i>Churchill, as lord</i>
<i>of the admiralty,</i>

200
00:10:58,257 --> 00:11:00,825
<i>Had been a fierce foe</i>
<i>of communism,</i>

201
00:11:00,860 --> 00:11:03,862
<i>Which he proclaimed "ought</i>
<i>to be strangled in its cradle."</i>

202
00:11:06,666 --> 00:11:08,783
<i>He'd wanted to draw</i>
<i>the United States</i>

203
00:11:08,801 --> 00:11:12,620
<i>Into a military engagement</i>
<i>with the new communist regime.</i>

204
00:11:14,874 --> 00:11:18,460
<i>And in the fierce</i>
<i>counter-revolution against it</i>

205
00:11:18,494 --> 00:11:21,529
<i>40,000 british</i>
<i>and 15,000 american troops</i>

206
00:11:21,564 --> 00:11:23,264
<i>Actually participated,</i>

207
00:11:23,299 --> 00:11:26,368
<i>Poisoning relations</i>
<i>from the start.</i>

208
00:11:29,655 --> 00:11:32,073
<i>It had been roosevelt</i>
<i>who finally recognized</i>

209
00:11:32,107 --> 00:11:34,993
<i>The soviet union in 1933.</i>

210
00:11:36,946 --> 00:11:40,715
<i>Churchill,</i>
<i>out of office and favor,</i>

211
00:11:40,750 --> 00:11:43,385
<i>Was now itching</i>
<i>for a confrontation.</i>

212
00:11:43,419 --> 00:11:45,587
<i>It would happen,</i>
<i>not unsurprisingly,</i>

213
00:11:45,621 --> 00:11:47,088
<i>In the middle east.</i>

214
00:11:47,123 --> 00:11:50,759
<i>Great britain controlled 72%</i>
<i>of middle eastern oil,</i>

215
00:11:50,793 --> 00:11:54,229
<i>The U.S. Had 10%</i>
<i>and wanted a bigger share.</i>

216
00:11:54,263 --> 00:11:57,282
<i>The soviet union</i>
<i>wanted a piece too.</i>

217
00:11:57,316 --> 00:11:59,584
<i>Having stationed troops</i>
<i>during the war</i>

218
00:11:59,618 --> 00:12:02,153
<i>Across its border</i>
<i>in northern iran</i>

219
00:12:02,188 --> 00:12:05,156
<i>To keep oil supplies</i>
<i>out of nazi hands,</i>

220
00:12:05,191 --> 00:12:07,142
<i>The soviets now</i>
<i>came into conflict</i>

221
00:12:07,176 --> 00:12:08,977
<i>With britain</i>
<i>in the south.</i>

222
00:12:09,011 --> 00:12:11,329
<i>Churchill additionally</i>
<i>felt threatened</i>

223
00:12:11,363 --> 00:12:13,631
<i>By soviet probes in turkey,</i>

224
00:12:13,666 --> 00:12:17,102
<i>Threatening britain's sphere</i>
<i>of interest in the middle east.</i>

225
00:12:17,136 --> 00:12:21,506
<i>The exposure of a soviet</i>
<i>espionage ring in canada</i>

226
00:12:21,540 --> 00:12:26,010
<i>In early February added</i>
<i>credibility to his warnings.</i>

227
00:12:26,045 --> 00:12:29,030
<i>And a speech by stalin</i>
<i>in which he proclaimed</i>

228
00:12:29,064 --> 00:12:31,399
<i>A new postwar</i>
<i>five-year plan</i>

229
00:12:31,434 --> 00:12:33,818
<i>To rebuild</i>
<i>the soviet union</i>

230
00:12:33,853 --> 00:12:36,204
<i>Was misunderstood</i>
<i>as incendiary</i>

231
00:12:36,238 --> 00:12:38,973
<i>And predicting</i>
<i>the inevitability of a war</i>

232
00:12:39,008 --> 00:12:41,976
<i>Between the two systems--</i>
<i>which it had not.</i>

233
00:12:42,010 --> 00:12:46,364
<i>It was in this context</i>
<i>in early March 1946</i>

234
00:12:46,398 --> 00:12:48,833
<i>That winston churchill</i>
<i>would remind the world</i>

235
00:12:48,868 --> 00:12:51,436
<i>That he was still a power</i>
<i>to be reckoned with.</i>

236
00:12:51,470 --> 00:12:54,239
<i>He traveled</i>
<i>to truman's home state--</i>

237
00:12:54,273 --> 00:12:56,141
<i>Fulton, missouri--</i>

238
00:12:56,175 --> 00:13:00,011
<i>To make one of the most</i>
<i>devastating speeches</i>
<i>of the cold war,</i>

239
00:13:00,045 --> 00:13:02,113
<i>Words that would</i>
<i>condemn forever</i>

240
00:13:02,148 --> 00:13:04,949
<i>In the minds of many</i>
<i>the soviet union.</i>

241
00:13:04,984 --> 00:13:07,118
( cheering )

242
00:13:09,054 --> 00:13:12,891
Truman:
<i>Mr. Churchill-- he's one</i>
<i>of the great men of the age.</i>

243
00:13:12,925 --> 00:13:15,260
<i>He's a great englishman,</i>

244
00:13:15,294 --> 00:13:17,695
But he's half-american.

245
00:13:17,730 --> 00:13:20,165
( laughter, applause )

246
00:13:20,199 --> 00:13:22,200
( churchill speaking )

247
00:13:51,914 --> 00:13:53,681
<i>( applause )</i>

248
00:13:53,716 --> 00:13:56,317
Stone:
<i>This was a quantum leap</i>
<i>in belligerence</i>

249
00:13:56,352 --> 00:13:58,319
<i>Towards the soviet union.</i>

250
00:13:58,354 --> 00:14:00,822
<i>"the new york times"</i>
<i>applauded the speech,</i>

251
00:14:00,856 --> 00:14:05,193
<i>Saying it was spoken</i>
<i>"with the force of the prophet</i>
<i>proved right before."</i>

252
00:14:05,227 --> 00:14:08,263
<i>Visibly upset,</i>
<i>stalin accused churchill</i>

253
00:14:08,297 --> 00:14:11,165
<i>Of being in bed</i>
<i>with the "war mongers"</i>

254
00:14:11,200 --> 00:14:13,434
<i>Who followed</i>
<i>the "racial theory"</i>

255
00:14:13,469 --> 00:14:17,438
<i>That only english speakers</i>
<i>could "decide the fate</i>
<i>of the whole world."</i>

256
00:14:18,707 --> 00:14:21,142
<i>The "chicago tribune,"</i>
<i>although agreeing</i>

257
00:14:21,176 --> 00:14:23,511
<i>With his assessment</i>
<i>of eastern europe,</i>

258
00:14:23,546 --> 00:14:25,613
<i>Sharply questioned</i>
<i>churchill's...</i>

259
00:14:37,493 --> 00:14:40,028
<i>Florida's senator</i>
<i>claude pepper observed</i>

260
00:14:40,062 --> 00:14:42,463
<i>That churchill was,</i>
<i>"as much opposed to russia</i>

261
00:14:42,498 --> 00:14:45,433
<i>As to a labor government</i>
<i>in his own country.</i>

262
00:14:45,467 --> 00:14:48,970
<i>It is shocking to see</i>
<i>mr. Churchill align himself</i>

263
00:14:49,004 --> 00:14:52,273
<i>With the old chamberlain tories</i>
<i>who strengthened the nazis</i>

264
00:14:52,308 --> 00:14:54,642
<i>As part of their</i>
<i>anti-soviet crusade."</i>

265
00:14:56,662 --> 00:15:00,164
<i>The following month,</i>
<i>on the first anniversary</i>
<i>of roosevelt's death,</i>

266
00:15:00,199 --> 00:15:02,533
<i>Wallace offered</i>
<i>a different vision.</i>

267
00:15:02,568 --> 00:15:05,670
Wallace's voice:
<i>The only way to defeat</i>
<i>communism in the world</i>

268
00:15:05,704 --> 00:15:09,691
<i>Is to do a better</i>
<i>and smoother job of production</i>
<i>and distribution.</i>

269
00:15:09,725 --> 00:15:13,528
<i>Let's make it a clean race,</i>
<i>a determined race,</i>

270
00:15:13,562 --> 00:15:17,298
<i>But above all a peaceful race</i>
<i>in the service of humanity.</i>

271
00:15:17,333 --> 00:15:21,269
<i>The source of all</i>
<i>our mistakes is fear.</i>

272
00:15:21,303 --> 00:15:24,022
<i>Russia fears</i>
<i>anglo-saxon encirclement.</i>

273
00:15:24,056 --> 00:15:26,824
<i>We fear communist penetration.</i>

274
00:15:26,859 --> 00:15:29,193
<i>Out of fear,</i>
<i>great nations have been acting</i>

275
00:15:29,228 --> 00:15:33,181
<i>Like cornered beasts,</i>
<i>thinking only of survival.</i>

276
00:15:33,215 --> 00:15:37,151
<i>The common people of the world</i>
<i>will not tolerate imperialism,</i>

277
00:15:37,169 --> 00:15:41,322
<i>Even under</i>
<i>enlightened anglo-saxon</i>
<i>atomic-bomb auspices.</i>

278
00:15:41,357 --> 00:15:44,092
<i>The destiny of</i>
<i>the english-speaking people</i>

279
00:15:44,126 --> 00:15:47,362
<i>Is to serve the world,</i>
<i>not dominate it.</i>

280
00:15:48,547 --> 00:15:50,632
Stone:
<i>Following churchill's speech,</i>

281
00:15:50,666 --> 00:15:53,334
<i>Conditions</i>
<i>deteriorated rapidly.</i>

282
00:15:53,368 --> 00:15:55,737
<i>When soviet troops stayed</i>
<i>in northern iran</i>

283
00:15:55,771 --> 00:15:57,689
<i>Beyond their March deadline,</i>

284
00:15:57,723 --> 00:16:00,174
<i>Truman threatened war.</i>
<i>He wrote...</i>

285
00:16:00,192 --> 00:16:03,577
Truman's voice:
<i>If the russians were</i>
<i>to control iran's oil,</i>

286
00:16:03,595 --> 00:16:07,215
<i>Either directly or indirectly,</i>
<i>it would be a serious loss</i>

287
00:16:07,249 --> 00:16:09,283
<i>For the economy</i>
<i>of the western world.</i>

288
00:16:09,301 --> 00:16:12,870
Stone:
<i>Truman later privately claimed</i>
<i>to a hard-line senator</i>

289
00:16:12,905 --> 00:16:16,174
<i>That he gave the soviets</i>
<i>a nuclear warning,</i>

290
00:16:16,208 --> 00:16:20,945
<i>Telling their ambassador,</i>
<i>if soviet troops are not</i>
<i>out in 48 hours,</i>

291
00:16:20,980 --> 00:16:23,264
<i>"we're going</i>
<i>to drop it on you."</i>

292
00:16:23,298 --> 00:16:25,583
<i>They were out,</i>
<i>he claimed, in 24.</i>

293
00:16:26,719 --> 00:16:28,703
<i>The soviets did withdraw,</i>

294
00:16:28,737 --> 00:16:32,874
<i>But probably for reasons</i>
<i>other than atomic blackmail.</i>

295
00:16:32,908 --> 00:16:34,876
<i>Less than</i>
<i>two months later,</i>

296
00:16:34,910 --> 00:16:38,496
<i>The U.S. Cut off</i>
<i>desperately-needed</i>
<i>reparation payments</i>

297
00:16:38,547 --> 00:16:41,132
<i>From west germany</i>
<i>to the soviet union.</i>

298
00:16:41,166 --> 00:16:44,569
<i>And in July of '46,</i>
<i>sending another</i>

299
00:16:44,603 --> 00:16:46,504
<i>Chilling message about</i>
<i>its intentions,</i>

300
00:16:46,538 --> 00:16:50,508
<i>The U.S. Decided to proceed</i>
<i>with an atomic bomb test</i>

301
00:16:50,542 --> 00:16:52,744
<i>In the marshall islands.</i>

302
00:16:55,080 --> 00:16:57,448
<i>( applause )</i>

303
00:16:57,483 --> 00:17:00,918
<i>In September '46</i>
<i>in front of 20,000 people</i>

304
00:17:00,953 --> 00:17:03,855
<i>At new york's</i>
<i>madison square garden,</i>

305
00:17:03,889 --> 00:17:06,140
<i>Henry wallace tried</i>
<i>to put a stop</i>

306
00:17:06,174 --> 00:17:07,975
<i>To the growing madness.</i>

307
00:17:09,144 --> 00:17:12,080
Wallace's voice:
<i>The tougher we get,</i>

308
00:17:12,114 --> 00:17:14,348
<i>The tougher</i>
<i>the russians will get.</i>

309
00:17:14,383 --> 00:17:16,384
<i>We can get cooperation</i>

310
00:17:16,418 --> 00:17:19,554
<i>Once russia understands</i>
<i>that our primary objective</i>

311
00:17:19,588 --> 00:17:22,590
<i>Is neither saving</i>
<i>the british empire,</i>

312
00:17:22,624 --> 00:17:25,109
<i>Nor purchasing oil</i>
<i>in the near east</i>

313
00:17:25,144 --> 00:17:27,562
<i>With the lives</i>
<i>of american soldiers.</i>

314
00:17:27,596 --> 00:17:30,081
<i>Under friendly,</i>
<i>peaceful competition</i>

315
00:17:30,115 --> 00:17:32,316
<i>The russian world</i>
<i>and the american world</i>

316
00:17:32,351 --> 00:17:34,986
<i>Will gradually become</i>
<i>more alike.</i>

317
00:17:35,020 --> 00:17:37,688
<i>The russians will be forced</i>
<i>to grant more and more</i>

318
00:17:37,723 --> 00:17:41,726
<i>Of the personal freedoms</i>
<i>and we shall become more</i>
<i>and more absorbed</i>

319
00:17:41,760 --> 00:17:44,846
<i>With the problems</i>
<i>of social-economic justice.</i>

320
00:17:44,880 --> 00:17:46,864
Stone:
<i>The speech became world news,</i>

321
00:17:46,915 --> 00:17:50,351
<i>Deeply embarrassing</i>
<i>to secretary of state</i>
<i>jimmy byrnes</i>

322
00:17:50,369 --> 00:17:54,238
<i>Who told truman either</i>
<i>he or wallace had to go.</i>

323
00:17:54,289 --> 00:17:58,443
<i>Support for wallace</i>
<i>poured in throughout</i>
<i>the ensuing controversy</i>

324
00:17:58,477 --> 00:18:02,029
<i>From such as eleanor roosevelt</i>
<i>and albert einstein,</i>

325
00:18:02,064 --> 00:18:05,149
<i>But not from the truman</i>
<i>administration.</i>

326
00:18:05,184 --> 00:18:09,387
<i>James forrestal</i>
<i>regarded wallace as</i>
<i>at best a security risk,</i>

327
00:18:09,421 --> 00:18:12,924
<i>And secretly had</i>
<i>his naval intelligence unit</i>

328
00:18:12,958 --> 00:18:15,126
<i>Monitoring the secretary</i>
<i>of commerce,</i>

329
00:18:15,160 --> 00:18:19,480
<i>And shared information</i>
<i>with the f.B.I.'s</i>
<i>j. Edgar hoover</i>

330
00:18:19,515 --> 00:18:23,985
<i>Who harbored deep suspicions</i>
<i>about wallace's loyalties.</i>

331
00:18:24,019 --> 00:18:27,555
<i>Wallace in turn</i>
<i>considered hoover</i>
<i>an "american himmler."</i>

332
00:18:28,757 --> 00:18:30,808
<i>Truman later denied</i>
<i>he had read</i>

333
00:18:30,843 --> 00:18:33,544
<i>And approved</i>
<i>the entire speech in advance,</i>

334
00:18:33,579 --> 00:18:36,347
<i>Which he had.</i>
<i>He wrote in his diary...</i>

335
00:18:36,381 --> 00:18:39,750
Truman's voice:
<i>Wallace is a pacifist 100%.</i>

336
00:18:39,785 --> 00:18:42,653
<i>He wants us to disband</i>
<i>our armed forces,</i>

337
00:18:42,704 --> 00:18:45,439
<i>Give russia</i>
<i>our atomic secrets,</i>

338
00:18:45,457 --> 00:18:48,526
<i>And trust</i>
<i>a bunch of adventurers</i>
<i>in the kremlin politburo.</i>

339
00:18:48,577 --> 00:18:51,863
<i>I do not understand</i>
<i>a "dreamer" like that.</i>

340
00:18:51,914 --> 00:18:54,048
Stone:
<i>Truman fired wallace.</i>

341
00:18:54,082 --> 00:18:56,551
<i>And with his departure,</i>
<i>the best chance</i>

342
00:18:56,585 --> 00:18:59,386
<i>To avert a nuclear</i>
<i>arms race was gone.</i>

343
00:19:01,740 --> 00:19:04,826
<i>1947 would be</i>
<i>the turning point,</i>

344
00:19:04,860 --> 00:19:07,294
<i>As the U.S. Plunged</i>
<i>headlong</i>

345
00:19:07,312 --> 00:19:10,047
<i>Into the cold war</i>
<i>at home and abroad.</i>

346
00:19:10,082 --> 00:19:12,900
<i>Behind the ongoing</i>
<i>liberation movements</i>

347
00:19:12,935 --> 00:19:15,169
<i>In places</i>
<i>such as british malaya,</i>

348
00:19:15,204 --> 00:19:18,256
<i>French indochina</i>
<i>and dutch indonesia,</i>

349
00:19:18,290 --> 00:19:22,043
<i>U.S. Leadership painted</i>
<i>a dire picture of stalin</i>

350
00:19:22,077 --> 00:19:24,529
<i>Spreading world revolution,</i>

351
00:19:24,563 --> 00:19:27,865
<i>Ruling out negotiations</i>
<i>and ignoring any grays</i>

352
00:19:27,900 --> 00:19:29,901
<i>In its black-and-white</i>
<i>conclusions.</i>

353
00:19:32,638 --> 00:19:34,839
<i>In greece,</i>
<i>the british army</i>

354
00:19:34,873 --> 00:19:38,793
<i>Toppled the popular leftist</i>
<i>national liberation front</i>

355
00:19:38,827 --> 00:19:42,480
<i>And restored the monarchy</i>
<i>and right-wing dictatorship,</i>

356
00:19:42,514 --> 00:19:45,199
<i>Sparking</i>
<i>a communist-led uprising.</i>

357
00:19:46,451 --> 00:19:50,321
<i>Following the severe winter</i>
<i>of 1946-7,</i>

358
00:19:50,355 --> 00:19:53,958
<i>The financially-strapped</i>
<i>british could not</i>
<i>control the revolt</i>

359
00:19:53,992 --> 00:19:56,494
<i>And asked the United States</i>
<i>to take the lead</i>

360
00:19:56,545 --> 00:19:59,080
<i>In defeating</i>
<i>the greek insurgents</i>

361
00:19:59,114 --> 00:20:01,966
<i>And modernizing</i>
<i>the turkish army.</i>

362
00:20:02,000 --> 00:20:04,735
<i>One state department official</i>
<i>later summed it up:</i>

363
00:20:04,770 --> 00:20:06,821
<i>Great britain had</i>
<i>within the hour</i>

364
00:20:06,855 --> 00:20:10,658
<i>Handed the job</i>
<i>of world leadership</i>
<i>to the United States.</i>

365
00:20:12,044 --> 00:20:14,328
<i>A war-weary public</i>
<i>had no appetite</i>

366
00:20:14,363 --> 00:20:16,597
<i>For costly initiatives.</i>

367
00:20:16,632 --> 00:20:19,717
<i>But truman, addressing</i>
<i>both houses of congress,</i>

368
00:20:19,751 --> 00:20:22,553
<i>Appealed for $400 million,</i>

369
00:20:22,588 --> 00:20:25,089
<i>Laying out a new vision</i>

370
00:20:25,123 --> 00:20:27,758
<i>For america as</i>
<i>the world's policeman.</i>

371
00:20:28,794 --> 00:20:30,778
( truman speaking )

372
00:21:02,628 --> 00:21:05,296
Stone:
<i>Truman in not</i>
<i>distinguishing vital threats</i>

373
00:21:05,330 --> 00:21:08,366
<i>From peripheral ones</i>
<i>and by linking the fate</i>

374
00:21:08,400 --> 00:21:11,836
<i>Of people all over the world</i>
<i>to the security of</i>
<i>the United States</i>

375
00:21:11,870 --> 00:21:14,705
<i>Was making a momentous</i>
<i>statement.</i>

376
00:21:14,740 --> 00:21:17,908
<i>These words could in fact</i>
<i>be transposed to korea,</i>

377
00:21:17,943 --> 00:21:21,162
<i>To vietnam, to iraq</i>
<i>and afghanistan.</i>

378
00:21:21,196 --> 00:21:23,681
<i>After a heated debate,</i>

379
00:21:23,715 --> 00:21:25,883
<i>Congress fell into line.</i>

380
00:21:25,917 --> 00:21:29,086
<i>Moscow was stunned</i>
<i>by this war-like language,</i>

381
00:21:29,121 --> 00:21:33,758
<i>Accusing the U.S.</i>
<i>Of imperialist expansion</i>
<i>under the guise of charity</i>

382
00:21:33,792 --> 00:21:37,962
<i>And trying to extend</i>
<i>the monroe doctrine</i>
<i>to the old world.</i>

383
00:21:39,931 --> 00:21:42,033
<i>From outside</i>
<i>the government</i>

384
00:21:42,067 --> 00:21:43,818
<i>Henry wallace led</i>
<i>the opposition,</i>

385
00:21:43,852 --> 00:21:47,254
<i>Decrying the utter nonsense</i>
<i>of describing...</i>

386
00:21:50,726 --> 00:21:54,645
<i>...And accusing truman</i>
<i>of betraying roosevelt's</i>
<i>vision for world peace.</i>

387
00:21:54,680 --> 00:21:57,965
Wallace's voice:
<i>President truman cannot</i>
<i>prevent change in the world</i>

388
00:21:58,000 --> 00:22:00,568
<i>Any more than he can prevent</i>
<i>the tide from coming in</i>

389
00:22:00,602 --> 00:22:02,870
<i>Or the sun from setting.</i>

390
00:22:02,904 --> 00:22:06,107
<i>But once america stands</i>
<i>for opposition to change,</i>

391
00:22:06,141 --> 00:22:07,742
<i>We are lost.</i>

392
00:22:07,776 --> 00:22:11,412
<i>America will become the most</i>
<i>hated nation in the world.</i>

393
00:22:11,446 --> 00:22:13,447
Stone:
<i>Anticipating that the soviets</i>

394
00:22:13,481 --> 00:22:16,067
<i>Would reply in kind,</i>
<i>he warned...</i>

395
00:22:16,101 --> 00:22:19,353
Wallace's voice:
<i>Truman's policy will</i>
<i>spread communism</i>

396
00:22:19,388 --> 00:22:21,522
<i>In europe and asia.</i>

397
00:22:21,556 --> 00:22:24,075
Stone:
<i>Two months later</i>
<i>the soviets sponsored</i>

398
00:22:24,109 --> 00:22:25,993
<i>A communist coup</i>
<i>overthrowing</i>

399
00:22:26,027 --> 00:22:28,796
<i>The democratically-elected</i>
<i>government of hungary.</i>

400
00:22:28,830 --> 00:22:30,981
<i>"the new york times" wrote</i>

401
00:22:31,033 --> 00:22:33,818
<i>"the coup in hungary</i>
<i>is russia's answer</i>

402
00:22:33,869 --> 00:22:36,921
<i>To our action</i>
<i>in greece and turkey."</i>

403
00:22:36,955 --> 00:22:39,940
<i>And it clearly contributed</i>
<i>to the soviet decision</i>

404
00:22:39,958 --> 00:22:44,195
<i>To impose a new, stricter order</i>
<i>across eastern europe.</i>

405
00:22:46,264 --> 00:22:48,366
<i>The greek civil war</i>
<i>grew bloody,</i>

406
00:22:48,400 --> 00:22:51,419
<i>And U.S. Personnel</i>
<i>identified as "advisors"</i>

407
00:22:51,453 --> 00:22:54,455
<i>Arrived in the war zone</i>
<i>in June of '47.</i>

408
00:22:54,489 --> 00:22:57,875
<i>The United States amply armed</i>
<i>the right-wing monarchy</i>

409
00:22:57,909 --> 00:23:02,880
<i>And tolerated</i>
<i>their client's mass political</i>
<i>arrests and executions.</i>

410
00:23:02,914 --> 00:23:06,133
<i>It was an especially</i>
<i>savage conflict,</i>

411
00:23:06,167 --> 00:23:08,686
<i>With tactics--</i>
<i>some old, some new--</i>

412
00:23:08,720 --> 00:23:11,956
<i>That previewed those</i>
<i>later used in vietnam,</i>

413
00:23:11,990 --> 00:23:14,942
<i>Such as mass deportations</i>
<i>to camps,</i>

414
00:23:14,976 --> 00:23:18,262
<i>Mass imprisonment of wives</i>
<i>and children of subversives,</i>

415
00:23:18,296 --> 00:23:21,749
<i>Executions,</i>
<i>the destruction of unions,</i>

416
00:23:21,783 --> 00:23:24,485
<i>Torture</i>
<i>and napalming villages.</i>

417
00:23:28,757 --> 00:23:31,959
<i>Greece was kept in the hands</i>
<i>of wealthy businessmen,</i>

418
00:23:31,993 --> 00:23:34,462
<i>Many of them</i>
<i>nazi collaborators,</i>

419
00:23:34,496 --> 00:23:36,781
<i>And the victims were</i>
<i>primarily workers</i>

420
00:23:36,815 --> 00:23:38,966
<i>And peasants who'd</i>
<i>resisted the nazis.</i>

421
00:23:40,969 --> 00:23:44,705
<i>The soviet union temporarily</i>
<i>assisted the left-wing forces,</i>

422
00:23:44,739 --> 00:23:46,674
<i>But in February of '48</i>

423
00:23:46,708 --> 00:23:49,877
<i>Stalin ordered</i>
<i>yugoslavia's josip tito,</i>

424
00:23:49,911 --> 00:23:53,581
<i>As well as neighboring</i>
<i>albania and bulgaria,</i>

425
00:23:53,615 --> 00:23:56,117
<i>To stop supporting</i>
<i>the guerilla movement.</i>

426
00:23:56,151 --> 00:23:58,319
<i>( stalin speaking )</i>

427
00:24:14,802 --> 00:24:17,972
Stone:
<i>The tough tito, who'd fought</i>
<i>his own grueling war</i>

428
00:24:18,006 --> 00:24:22,042
<i>Against the nazis</i>
<i>and had no fear of</i>
<i>stalin's assassins,</i>

429
00:24:22,077 --> 00:24:24,444
<i>Refused, and stalin</i>
<i>excommunicated him</i>

430
00:24:24,463 --> 00:24:27,598
<i>From the international</i>
<i>communist movement,</i>

431
00:24:27,632 --> 00:24:31,035
<i>Antagonizing hard-line allies</i>
<i>like mao in china.</i>

432
00:24:31,069 --> 00:24:33,370
<i>The state department</i>
<i>reported</i>

433
00:24:33,405 --> 00:24:36,040
<i>"for the first time</i>
<i>in history we may now have</i>

434
00:24:36,074 --> 00:24:38,359
<i>Within the international</i>
<i>community</i>

435
00:24:38,393 --> 00:24:42,129
<i>A communist state</i>
<i>independent of moscow."</i>

436
00:24:42,163 --> 00:24:45,683
<i>But despite providing</i>
<i>covert support for tito,</i>

437
00:24:45,717 --> 00:24:50,354
<i>The United States never</i>
<i>adjusted its rhetoric</i>
<i>to reflect that.</i>

438
00:24:50,388 --> 00:24:53,724
<i>In the public's mind,</i>
<i>the soviet union remained</i>

439
00:24:53,758 --> 00:24:56,393
<i>At the center</i>
<i>of a communist conspiracy</i>

440
00:24:56,428 --> 00:24:58,295
<i>To dominate the world.</i>

441
00:24:58,330 --> 00:25:02,700
<i>In 1956,</i>
<i>out of office a second time</i>
<i>and in retirement,</i>

442
00:25:02,734 --> 00:25:07,104
<i>The old lion churchill</i>
<i>confirmed in an interview...</i>

443
00:25:07,138 --> 00:25:09,907
Churchill's voice:
<i>Stalin never broke</i>
<i>his word to me.</i>

444
00:25:09,941 --> 00:25:13,177
<i>We agreed on the balkans.</i>
<i>I said he could have</i>

445
00:25:13,211 --> 00:25:15,079
<i>Romania and bulgaria</i>

446
00:25:15,113 --> 00:25:17,414
<i>And he said</i>
<i>we could have greece.</i>

447
00:25:17,449 --> 00:25:20,818
<i>He signed a slip of paper</i>
<i>and he never broke his word.</i>

448
00:25:20,852 --> 00:25:23,454
<i>We saved greece that way.</i>

449
00:25:23,488 --> 00:25:26,373
Stone:
<i>Stalin's lack of support</i>
<i>for the greek uprising</i>

450
00:25:26,391 --> 00:25:27,758
<i>Doomed the rebels,</i>

451
00:25:27,809 --> 00:25:30,110
<i>And the war ended</i>
<i>with victory in 1949</i>

452
00:25:30,144 --> 00:25:32,079
<i>For the national</i>
<i>government.</i>

453
00:25:32,113 --> 00:25:34,448
<i>Though U.S. Officials</i>
<i>cheered the victory,</i>

454
00:25:34,482 --> 00:25:37,301
<i>The greek people</i>
<i>weren't so sure--</i>

455
00:25:37,335 --> 00:25:39,587
<i>More than 100,000 died</i>

456
00:25:39,621 --> 00:25:42,489
<i>And 800,000</i>
<i>became refugees.</i>

457
00:25:42,524 --> 00:25:45,926
<i>Successive greek governments</i>
<i>would use the state apparatus--</i>

458
00:25:45,961 --> 00:25:48,896
<i>The police,</i>
<i>military, decrees</i>

459
00:25:48,930 --> 00:25:51,465
<i>And an intelligence agency--</i>

460
00:25:51,499 --> 00:25:54,368
<i>To systematically</i>
<i>rule the country.</i>

461
00:25:56,955 --> 00:26:00,073
<i>Domestically, pressured by</i>
<i>the republican right,</i>

462
00:26:00,091 --> 00:26:02,776
<i>Truman found it necessary</i>
<i>to appease</i>

463
00:26:02,811 --> 00:26:06,413
<i>The public's growing unease</i>
<i>with communism,</i>

464
00:26:06,448 --> 00:26:10,267
<i>Thus he mandated loyalty checks</i>
<i>on all government employees</i>

465
00:26:10,318 --> 00:26:12,636
<i>To root out "subversives."</i>

466
00:26:12,671 --> 00:26:15,155
<i>Having the wrong views</i>
<i>on religion,</i>

467
00:26:15,189 --> 00:26:19,994
<i>Sexual behavior,</i>
<i>foreign policy or race</i>
<i>could make one suspect.</i>

468
00:26:20,028 --> 00:26:22,746
<i>Through 1952 loyalty boards</i>

469
00:26:22,781 --> 00:26:26,016
<i>Reviewed more than</i>
<i>22,000 cases</i>

470
00:26:26,051 --> 00:26:31,005
<i>And more than 4,000 employees</i>
<i>were fired or resigned.</i>

471
00:26:31,039 --> 00:26:33,257
Newsreel:
<i>The growing menace</i>
<i>of communism</i>

472
00:26:33,291 --> 00:26:35,009
<i>Arouses the house</i>
<i>of representatives'</i>

473
00:26:35,043 --> 00:26:36,644
<i>Un-american activities</i>
<i>committee.</i>

474
00:26:36,678 --> 00:26:39,213
Stone:
<i>In October 1947</i>

475
00:26:39,247 --> 00:26:42,182
<i>The house un-american</i>
<i>activities committee</i>

476
00:26:42,217 --> 00:26:44,618
<i>Held highly-publicized</i>
<i>public hearings</i>

477
00:26:44,653 --> 00:26:46,954
<i>On communist influence</i>
<i>in hollywood.</i>

478
00:26:46,988 --> 00:26:48,889
<i>It was an easy target.</i>

479
00:26:48,923 --> 00:26:51,091
Have you ever been a member
of the communist party?

480
00:26:51,126 --> 00:26:53,811
I have told you that
I will offer my beliefs,

481
00:26:53,845 --> 00:26:56,513
- My affiliations
and everything else...
- <i>Excuse the witness!</i>

482
00:26:56,548 --> 00:26:58,482
...To the american public
and they will know
where I stand,

483
00:26:58,533 --> 00:27:00,868
- As they do
from what I have written.
- <i>Stand away from the stand!</i>

484
00:27:00,902 --> 00:27:04,271
- I have written for
americanism for many years...
- <i>Stand away from the stand!</i>

485
00:27:04,289 --> 00:27:06,940
...And I will continue to fight
for the bill of rights, which
you are trying to destroy.

486
00:27:06,958 --> 00:27:08,542
<i>Officer, take this man</i>
<i>away from the stand.</i>

487
00:27:08,576 --> 00:27:10,494
Stone:
<i>Hollywood studio executives</i>

488
00:27:10,545 --> 00:27:12,830
<i>Shamefully denounced</i>
<i>those accused</i>

489
00:27:12,864 --> 00:27:17,418
<i>And pledged not to hire anyone</i>
<i>with suspect affiliations.</i>

490
00:27:17,452 --> 00:27:20,020
<i>Although a great number</i>
<i>of hollywood stars</i>

491
00:27:20,038 --> 00:27:22,323
<i>Publically criticized</i>
<i>the witch-hunts,</i>

492
00:27:22,357 --> 00:27:25,142
<i>The "blacklist" gave way</i>
<i>to the "graylist"</i>

493
00:27:25,176 --> 00:27:27,978
<i>And hundreds more</i>
<i>were denied work.</i>

494
00:27:28,013 --> 00:27:30,564
<i>Among the friendly witnesses</i>
<i>who testified</i>

495
00:27:30,598 --> 00:27:33,734
<i>Were screen actors guild</i>
<i>president ronald reagan,</i>

496
00:27:33,768 --> 00:27:36,353
<i>Actors robert taylor</i>
<i>and gary cooper</i>

497
00:27:36,388 --> 00:27:38,772
<i>And studio executive</i>
<i>walt disney.</i>

498
00:27:38,790 --> 00:27:41,175
I-- I don't believe
it's a political party.

499
00:27:41,209 --> 00:27:42,960
I believe it's
an un-american thing

500
00:27:42,994 --> 00:27:46,980
<i>And the thing that I resent</i>
<i>the most is that they</i>

501
00:27:46,998 --> 00:27:49,783
<i>Are able to get into these</i>
<i>unions and take them over.</i>

502
00:27:51,136 --> 00:27:53,887
Stone:
<i>From 1948 through '54,</i>

503
00:27:53,922 --> 00:27:57,958
<i>More than 40</i>
<i>strongly anti-communist</i>
<i>motion pictures were made,</i>

504
00:27:57,992 --> 00:28:01,261
<i>Not including terrifying</i>
<i>science-fiction parables</i>

505
00:28:01,296 --> 00:28:04,565
<i>Like h.G. Wells'</i>
<i>"the war of the worlds,"</i>

506
00:28:04,599 --> 00:28:07,084
<i>Which implied</i>
<i>the threat of communism.</i>

507
00:28:07,118 --> 00:28:10,137
Announcer:
<i>This could be the beginning</i>
<i>of the end for the human race.</i>

508
00:28:10,171 --> 00:28:12,806
<i>For what men first</i>
<i>thought were meteors</i>

509
00:28:12,841 --> 00:28:16,577
<i>Are in reality the flaming</i>
<i>vanguard from the red planet.</i>

510
00:28:16,611 --> 00:28:19,045
- ( screams )
- <i>( siren wails )</i>

511
00:28:22,500 --> 00:28:25,552
Stone:
<i>The f.B.I. Under</i>
<i>publicity-conscious</i>

512
00:28:25,587 --> 00:28:27,221
<i>J. Edgar hoover,</i>

513
00:28:27,255 --> 00:28:29,723
<i>Whose single greatest</i>
<i>obsession in life</i>

514
00:28:29,758 --> 00:28:30,891
<i>Was communism,</i>

515
00:28:30,925 --> 00:28:33,210
<i>Conducted most</i>
<i>of the investigations</i>

516
00:28:33,261 --> 00:28:35,879
<i>Into its existence</i>
<i>in america.</i>

517
00:28:38,433 --> 00:28:42,019
<i>Those accused could not know</i>
<i>the basis of the accusations.</i>

518
00:28:42,053 --> 00:28:44,805
<i>In his paranoia,</i>
<i>hoover distrusted</i>

519
00:28:44,839 --> 00:28:48,242
<i>Even the white house,</i>
<i>the pentagon and justice</i>
<i>department,</i>

520
00:28:48,276 --> 00:28:51,111
<i>And hid what he did--</i>
<i>both inside and outside</i>
<i>the law--</i>

521
00:28:51,129 --> 00:28:55,265
<i>Drawing up plans</i>
<i>for mass detentions</i>
<i>of communists</i>

522
00:28:55,300 --> 00:28:58,435
<i>In the event</i>
<i>of an anticipated</i>
<i>soviet attack.</i>

523
00:29:01,556 --> 00:29:04,458
<i>In July of '47</i>
<i>truman pushed through</i>

524
00:29:04,492 --> 00:29:08,846
<i>The national security act,</i>
<i>which created a vast</i>
<i>new bureaucracy</i>

525
00:29:08,880 --> 00:29:13,033
<i>Headed by the anti-soviet</i>
<i>hardliner james forrestal</i>

526
00:29:13,067 --> 00:29:16,420
<i>As this country's first</i>
<i>secretary of defense.</i>

527
00:29:16,471 --> 00:29:20,073
<i>The act also</i>
<i>created the central</i>
<i>intelligence agency,</i>

528
00:29:20,108 --> 00:29:22,309
<i>Which was given</i>
<i>four functions--</i>

529
00:29:22,327 --> 00:29:24,294
<i>Three of them dealing</i>
<i>with the collection,</i>

530
00:29:24,329 --> 00:29:27,297
<i>Analysis and dissemination</i>
<i>of intelligence.</i>

531
00:29:27,332 --> 00:29:31,835
<i>It was the fourth</i>
<i>function that would prove</i>
<i>the most dangerous--</i>

532
00:29:31,870 --> 00:29:34,371
<i>A vaguely-worded passage</i>

533
00:29:34,405 --> 00:29:37,341
<i>That allowed the c.I.A.</i>
<i>To perform...</i>

534
00:29:44,048 --> 00:29:46,700
<i>...As the president saw fit.</i>

535
00:29:46,734 --> 00:29:49,603
<i>The c.I.A. Would use</i>
<i>that vague wording</i>

536
00:29:49,621 --> 00:29:53,423
<i>To conduct hundreds of covert</i>
<i>operations around the world,</i>

537
00:29:53,475 --> 00:29:57,544
<i>Including more than 80</i>
<i>during truman's second term.</i>

538
00:29:57,579 --> 00:30:02,082
<i>Its earliest success</i>
<i>was to subvert Italy's</i>
<i>1948 election</i>

539
00:30:02,116 --> 00:30:05,419
<i>To ensure victory</i>
<i>over the communist party.</i>

540
00:30:05,453 --> 00:30:07,888
<i>Democracy was</i>
<i>apparently a virtue</i>

541
00:30:07,922 --> 00:30:10,190
<i>When it served</i>
<i>U.S. Interests.</i>

542
00:30:11,693 --> 00:30:13,694
<i>Sometimes referred to as</i>

543
00:30:13,728 --> 00:30:15,963
<i>"capitalism's</i>
<i>invisible army,"</i>

544
00:30:15,997 --> 00:30:20,067
<i>The c.I.A. Was truly</i>
<i>the beginning of</i>
<i>a new america,</i>

545
00:30:20,101 --> 00:30:23,637
<i>Built upon a secret state</i>
<i>that would grow exponentially</i>

546
00:30:23,671 --> 00:30:26,456
<i>Over the following</i>
<i>decades.</i>

547
00:30:26,491 --> 00:30:31,295
<i>Despite his public face,</i>
<i>truman had feared</i>
<i>from the start</i>

548
00:30:31,329 --> 00:30:34,298
<i>That the c.I.A. Could</i>
<i>turn into a "gestapo"</i>

549
00:30:34,332 --> 00:30:36,616
<i>Or "military dictatorship."</i>

550
00:30:36,634 --> 00:30:41,505
<i>In 1963,</i>
<i>shortly after john kennedy</i>
<i>had been assassinated,</i>

551
00:30:41,539 --> 00:30:44,474
<i>Truman, surprisingly</i>
<i>but explicitly,</i>

552
00:30:44,509 --> 00:30:47,728
<i>Called for the c.I.A.</i>
<i>To end operations</i>

553
00:30:47,762 --> 00:30:50,848
<i>And simply</i>
<i>gather intelligence.</i>

554
00:30:50,882 --> 00:30:54,117
<i>His op-ed appeared</i>
<i>in the "washington post,"</i>

555
00:30:54,152 --> 00:30:57,020
<i>But strangely generated</i>
<i>little discussion</i>

556
00:30:57,055 --> 00:31:01,124
<i>In other media outlets</i>
<i>and disappeared from</i>
<i>public attention.</i>

557
00:31:04,145 --> 00:31:05,646
<i>General george marshall,</i>

558
00:31:05,680 --> 00:31:08,515
<i>Having led the allied</i>
<i>armies to victory</i>

559
00:31:08,550 --> 00:31:11,618
<i>In the second world war,</i>
<i>was named man of the year again</i>

560
00:31:11,636 --> 00:31:14,304
<i>By "time"</i>
<i>in January of '48</i>

561
00:31:14,339 --> 00:31:16,673
<i>And planned</i>
<i>a quiet retirement.</i>

562
00:31:16,708 --> 00:31:20,861
<i>But truman, who'd had</i>
<i>more than enough of byrnes,</i>

563
00:31:20,895 --> 00:31:23,363
<i>Forced his resignation</i>
<i>and made marshall</i>

564
00:31:23,381 --> 00:31:25,299
<i>His new</i>
<i>secretary of state.</i>

565
00:31:25,333 --> 00:31:28,135
<i>Privately believing</i>
<i>that truman's descriptions</i>

566
00:31:28,169 --> 00:31:31,137
<i>Of a communist threat</i>
<i>were exaggerated,</i>

567
00:31:31,155 --> 00:31:33,690
<i>Marshall's common sense</i>
<i>dictated</i>

568
00:31:33,741 --> 00:31:36,226
<i>That the best way</i>
<i>to win a war</i>

569
00:31:36,277 --> 00:31:38,445
<i>Was to prevent it</i>
<i>from occurring.</i>

570
00:31:38,463 --> 00:31:42,132
<i>What was needed in a ruined</i>
<i>and destitute europe</i>

571
00:31:42,166 --> 00:31:45,969
<i>Was not a military response,</i>
<i>but a humanitarian one.</i>

572
00:31:46,004 --> 00:31:47,588
<i>In that spirit</i>

573
00:31:47,622 --> 00:31:52,175
<i>At harvard university's</i>
<i>graduation ceremony</i>
<i>in June 1947,</i>

574
00:31:52,210 --> 00:31:54,811
<i>America's most</i>
<i>prestigious general</i>

575
00:31:54,846 --> 00:31:57,981
<i>Invited european leaders</i>
<i>to submit a plan</i>

576
00:31:58,016 --> 00:32:00,050
<i>For economic recovery.</i>

577
00:32:00,084 --> 00:32:03,553
<i>Out of this was born</i>
<i>the famous marshall plan.</i>

578
00:32:03,588 --> 00:32:07,507
Our policy is directed not
against any country

579
00:32:07,542 --> 00:32:09,376
<i>Or doctrine,</i>

580
00:32:09,410 --> 00:32:12,346
<i>But against hunger,</i>
<i>poverty,</i>

581
00:32:12,380 --> 00:32:15,182
<i>Desperation and chaos.</i>

582
00:32:15,216 --> 00:32:18,819
Stone:
<i>What the United States did</i>
<i>after the second world war</i>

583
00:32:18,853 --> 00:32:21,221
<i>Was rare in imperial history.</i>

584
00:32:21,255 --> 00:32:24,107
<i>It restored its old rivals</i>
<i>germany and japan</i>

585
00:32:24,158 --> 00:32:27,077
<i>And made them</i>
<i>economically-powerful</i>
<i>satellites</i>

586
00:32:27,111 --> 00:32:29,546
<i>Of the United States.</i>

587
00:32:29,580 --> 00:32:31,598
It is a difficult program.

588
00:32:31,633 --> 00:32:33,917
And you know
far better than I do

589
00:32:33,952 --> 00:32:37,688
The political difficulties
involved in this program.

590
00:32:37,722 --> 00:32:40,440
But there's no doubt
whatever in my mind

591
00:32:40,458 --> 00:32:42,909
That if we decide
to do this thing,

592
00:32:42,943 --> 00:32:44,962
We can do it successfully.

593
00:32:44,996 --> 00:32:48,481
Stone:
<i>The U.S. Eventually</i>
<i>spent $13 billion</i>

594
00:32:48,499 --> 00:32:51,068
<i>Between 1948 and '52,</i>

595
00:32:51,102 --> 00:32:52,769
<i>With britain, France</i>
<i>and germany</i>

596
00:32:52,804 --> 00:32:55,488
<i>Being the largest</i>
<i>recipients,</i>

597
00:32:55,506 --> 00:32:57,841
<i>Adding greatly</i>
<i>to soviet fears</i>

598
00:32:57,875 --> 00:33:00,727
<i>Of german power restored.</i>

599
00:33:00,762 --> 00:33:03,847
<i>The soviets turned down</i>
<i>an offer to join the plan,</i>

600
00:33:03,881 --> 00:33:06,683
<i>As it called for</i>
<i>too much american control</i>

601
00:33:06,718 --> 00:33:09,335
<i>Over the soviet economy.</i>

602
00:33:09,354 --> 00:33:13,957
<i>When czechoslovakia--</i>
<i>a freely-elected coalition</i>
<i>government headed,</i>

603
00:33:13,992 --> 00:33:17,077
<i>Interestingly enough,</i>
<i>by a communist party--</i>

604
00:33:17,111 --> 00:33:20,130
<i>Accepted marshall's offer</i>
<i>of aid,</i>

605
00:33:20,164 --> 00:33:23,233
<i>That went too far</i>
<i>for the mistrustful stalin</i>

606
00:33:23,267 --> 00:33:25,852
<i>Who demanded the czechs</i>
<i>reject the plan.</i>

607
00:33:25,886 --> 00:33:28,205
<i>In February of '48</i>

608
00:33:28,256 --> 00:33:31,624
<i>A stalinist regime was</i>
<i>imposed on czechoslovakia.</i>

609
00:33:31,642 --> 00:33:34,361
<i>The U.S. And many liberals</i>
<i>in europe</i>

610
00:33:34,395 --> 00:33:36,363
<i>Were shocked.</i>

611
00:33:36,397 --> 00:33:37,998
<i>Famous actor james cagney</i>

612
00:33:38,032 --> 00:33:41,868
<i>Voiced following explanation</i>
<i>of the western point of view.</i>

613
00:33:41,903 --> 00:33:43,503
James cagney:
<i>Subversion is of course</i>

614
00:33:43,538 --> 00:33:45,739
<i>An important technique</i>
<i>of communist conquest.</i>

615
00:33:45,773 --> 00:33:50,577
<i>Czechoslovakia in 1948</i>
<i>is an established democracy</i>
<i>in eastern europe.</i>

616
00:33:50,611 --> 00:33:52,946
<i>Suddenly a rash of strikes.</i>

617
00:33:52,980 --> 00:33:55,365
<i>Conservative elements</i>
<i>resign from the capitol.</i>

618
00:33:55,416 --> 00:33:58,151
<i>But jan masaryk,</i>
<i>son of the country's</i>
<i>greatest hero,</i>

619
00:33:58,186 --> 00:34:01,088
<i>Will not go along and remains</i>
<i>in the foreign office.</i>

620
00:34:01,122 --> 00:34:03,857
<i>Two weeks later his dead body</i>
<i>is discovered.</i>

621
00:34:03,891 --> 00:34:06,326
<i>Whether he was murdered</i>
<i>or killed himself</i>

622
00:34:06,360 --> 00:34:08,295
<i>Is not known to this day.</i>

623
00:34:12,133 --> 00:34:14,184
Stone:
<i>Masaryk's manner of death--</i>

624
00:34:14,218 --> 00:34:16,470
<i>Falling out</i>
<i>of his bathroom window--</i>

625
00:34:16,504 --> 00:34:19,706
<i>Would come to particularly</i>
<i>haunt forrestal</i>

626
00:34:19,741 --> 00:34:23,894
<i>And vindicated the darkest view</i>
<i>of soviet intentions.</i>

627
00:34:23,928 --> 00:34:27,264
<i>Marshall, however,</i>
<i>had told a cabinet meeting</i>

628
00:34:27,298 --> 00:34:29,933
<i>The previous November</i>
<i>that the soviets would soon</i>

629
00:34:29,967 --> 00:34:32,669
<i>"clamp down"</i>
<i>on czechoslovakia</i>

630
00:34:32,703 --> 00:34:35,038
<i>As a "purely defensive move."</i>

631
00:34:35,073 --> 00:34:36,990
<i>But truman seized</i>
<i>on the outrage</i>

632
00:34:37,024 --> 00:34:39,659
<i>To press the marshall plan</i>
<i>through congress,</i>

633
00:34:39,694 --> 00:34:41,661
<i>As well as</i>
<i>a rearmament program</i>

634
00:34:41,696 --> 00:34:43,964
<i>The pentagon had</i>
<i>long been pushing.</i>

635
00:34:43,998 --> 00:34:46,049
Truman:
<i>The soviet union</i>
<i>and its agents</i>

636
00:34:46,084 --> 00:34:49,686
Have destroyed
the independence
and democratic character

637
00:34:49,720 --> 00:34:53,123
Of a whole series of nations
in eastern and central europe.

638
00:34:54,559 --> 00:34:57,094
It is this ruthless
course of action

639
00:34:57,128 --> 00:35:01,098
And the clear design
to extend it to the remaining
free nations of europe

640
00:35:01,132 --> 00:35:05,001
That have brought about
the critical situation
in europe today.

641
00:35:05,036 --> 00:35:07,237
Stone:
<i>The U.S. Also at this point</i>

642
00:35:07,271 --> 00:35:09,906
<i>Made the fateful decision</i>
<i>to press</i>

643
00:35:09,941 --> 00:35:12,926
<i>For an independent</i>
<i>west german state.</i>

644
00:35:12,944 --> 00:35:14,961
<i>Truman described</i>
<i>the marshall plan</i>

645
00:35:14,996 --> 00:35:18,648
<i>And the truman doctrine</i>
<i>as two halves of</i>
<i>the same walnut.</i>

646
00:35:18,683 --> 00:35:22,686
<i>Although the plan fueled</i>
<i>european recovery,</i>

647
00:35:22,720 --> 00:35:27,473
<i>Much of the aid was used</i>
<i>to purchase exports from U.S.</i>
<i>Multinational corporations.</i>

648
00:35:27,492 --> 00:35:29,943
<i>Little aid was given</i>
<i>to rebuild</i>

649
00:35:29,977 --> 00:35:33,313
<i>Europe's own indigenous</i>
<i>refining capacity,</i>

650
00:35:33,347 --> 00:35:37,834
<i>Allowing the american</i>
<i>oil majors to dominate</i>
<i>the european market.</i>

651
00:35:40,755 --> 00:35:43,640
<i>The plan was secretly</i>
<i>generous to the c.I.A.,</i>

652
00:35:43,674 --> 00:35:46,576
<i>Which diverted large amounts</i>
<i>of marshall aid money</i>

653
00:35:46,611 --> 00:35:50,380
<i>For covert operations.</i>
<i>In the summer of '48</i>

654
00:35:50,414 --> 00:35:53,116
<i>Following</i>
<i>the czechoslovakian coup,</i>

655
00:35:53,151 --> 00:35:55,652
<i>Truman approved</i>
<i>a dramatic escalation</i>

656
00:35:55,686 --> 00:35:58,738
<i>Of global covert action</i>
<i>to include</i>

657
00:35:58,773 --> 00:36:01,391
<i>Guerilla operations</i>
<i>in the soviet union</i>

658
00:36:01,425 --> 00:36:03,076
<i>And eastern europe.</i>

659
00:36:03,094 --> 00:36:05,729
<i>One project went</i>
<i>to creating a guerilla army</i>

660
00:36:05,763 --> 00:36:08,932
<i>Codenamed "nightingale"</i>
<i>in ukraine,</i>

661
00:36:08,966 --> 00:36:13,253
<i>Which had originally been</i>
<i>set up by the nazis in 1941,</i>

662
00:36:13,287 --> 00:36:16,506
<i>Made up of ultranationalist</i>
<i>ukrainians.</i>

663
00:36:16,541 --> 00:36:19,543
<i>These groups now wreaked havoc</i>
<i>in the famine-wracked region</i>

664
00:36:19,577 --> 00:36:22,078
<i>Where soviet control</i>
<i>was loose,</i>

665
00:36:22,113 --> 00:36:24,764
<i>Carrying out the murder</i>
<i>of thousands of jews,</i>

666
00:36:24,782 --> 00:36:27,350
<i>Soviets and poles</i>
<i>who opposed</i>

667
00:36:27,401 --> 00:36:29,786
<i>A separate</i>
<i>ukrainian state.</i>

668
00:36:29,820 --> 00:36:32,222
<i>Beginning in 1949,</i>

669
00:36:32,256 --> 00:36:35,175
<i>For five years</i>
<i>the c.I.A. Parachuted</i>

670
00:36:35,209 --> 00:36:38,345
<i>Ukrainian infiltrators</i>
<i>back into the region.</i>

671
00:36:38,379 --> 00:36:39,829
<i>To the soviet mind,</i>

672
00:36:39,864 --> 00:36:42,382
<i>It was as if they had</i>
<i>infiltrated guerillas</i>

673
00:36:42,416 --> 00:36:45,752
<i>Into the canadian</i>
<i>or mexican border areas</i>
<i>of the United States,</i>

674
00:36:45,786 --> 00:36:49,306
<i>And signaled the lengths</i>
<i>to which the U.S.</i>
<i>Was willing to go</i>

675
00:36:49,340 --> 00:36:51,958
<i>To dislodge soviet control</i>

676
00:36:51,976 --> 00:36:54,995
<i>Of their own border areas</i>
<i>and sphere of interests.</i>

677
00:36:56,898 --> 00:37:00,133
<i>The c.I.A. Was equally</i>
<i>active in germany,</i>

678
00:37:00,167 --> 00:37:03,353
<i>Taking over</i>
<i>the gehlen organization</i>
<i>from the U.S. Army.</i>

679
00:37:03,387 --> 00:37:07,090
<i>Gehlen, a former nazi</i>
<i>who'd run intelligence</i>

680
00:37:07,124 --> 00:37:09,759
<i>In eastern europe</i>
<i>and the soviet union</i>
<i>for hitler,</i>

681
00:37:09,794 --> 00:37:13,129
<i>Recruited a network of nazis</i>
<i>and war criminals</i>

682
00:37:13,164 --> 00:37:16,633
<i>Drawn in part</i>
<i>from the gestapo and s.S.</i>

683
00:37:16,667 --> 00:37:19,402
<i>And in the ensuing years,</i>

684
00:37:19,437 --> 00:37:23,139
<i>It painted the worst-possible</i>
<i>picture of soviet actions.</i>

685
00:37:23,174 --> 00:37:26,042
<i>A retired c.I.A. Official</i>
<i>acknowledged,</i>

686
00:37:26,077 --> 00:37:28,511
<i>"he fed us</i>
<i>what we wanted to hear.</i>

687
00:37:28,546 --> 00:37:30,914
<i>We used his stuff</i>
<i>constantly</i>

688
00:37:30,948 --> 00:37:32,849
<i>And we fed it</i>
<i>to everyone else--</i>

689
00:37:32,883 --> 00:37:36,002
<i>The pentagon,</i>
<i>the white house,</i>
<i>the newspapers.</i>

690
00:37:36,037 --> 00:37:37,337
<i>They loved it too.</i>

691
00:37:37,371 --> 00:37:40,473
<i>But it was hyped-up</i>
<i>russian bogeyman junk,</i>

692
00:37:40,508 --> 00:37:43,242
<i>And it did a lot of damage</i>
<i>to this country."</i>

693
00:37:43,261 --> 00:37:46,930
<i>When in June of 1948,</i>

694
00:37:46,964 --> 00:37:49,349
<i>The U.S. Instituted</i>
<i>currency reform</i>

695
00:37:49,383 --> 00:37:52,352
<i>In the three western sectors</i>
<i>of berlin--</i>

696
00:37:52,386 --> 00:37:55,288
<i>Which was 100 miles</i>
<i>inside eastern germany--</i>

697
00:37:55,323 --> 00:37:59,726
<i>In order to replace</i>
<i>the popular black-market</i>
<i>american cigarette,</i>

698
00:37:59,760 --> 00:38:02,128
<i>The soviets saw this</i>
<i>as a major step</i>

699
00:38:02,163 --> 00:38:04,931
<i>In establishing an independent</i>
<i>west german state,</i>

700
00:38:04,966 --> 00:38:07,801
<i>As well as a betrayal</i>
<i>of the U.S. Promise</i>

701
00:38:07,835 --> 00:38:09,569
<i>To provide reparations</i>

702
00:38:09,603 --> 00:38:13,873
<i>From the inherently</i>
<i>more prosperous western zones.</i>

703
00:38:16,127 --> 00:38:19,696
<i>The soviets cut off rail</i>
<i>and road access to berlin.</i>

704
00:38:19,730 --> 00:38:22,082
<i>Stalin said</i>
<i>the western powers</i>

705
00:38:22,116 --> 00:38:24,301
<i>Had forfeited</i>
<i>their right of access</i>

706
00:38:24,335 --> 00:38:25,969
<i>Because they were shattering</i>

707
00:38:26,003 --> 00:38:29,723
<i>The postwar framework</i>
<i>of a unified germany.</i>

708
00:38:29,757 --> 00:38:33,610
<i>The western media decried</i>
<i>the savage cruelty</i>

709
00:38:33,644 --> 00:38:38,431
<i>Of the soviets' berlin</i>
<i>blockade, trying to starve</i>
<i>civilians into submission.</i>

710
00:38:38,466 --> 00:38:41,100
<i>But contrary to this</i>
<i>widely-held view,</i>

711
00:38:41,118 --> 00:38:43,536
<i>The soviets,</i>
<i>for all their faults,</i>

712
00:38:43,570 --> 00:38:46,923
<i>Guaranteed west berliners</i>
<i>access to food and coal</i>

713
00:38:46,957 --> 00:38:49,092
<i>From the eastern zone.</i>

714
00:38:49,126 --> 00:38:51,761
<i>U.S. Military intelligence</i>
<i>confirmed this.</i>

715
00:38:51,796 --> 00:38:53,913
<i>What most people</i>
<i>do remember, however,</i>

716
00:38:53,948 --> 00:38:56,783
<i>Is that over</i>
<i>the next 15 months</i>

717
00:38:56,817 --> 00:39:00,553
<i>In a heroic defensive maneuver</i>
<i>against soviet aggression</i>

718
00:39:00,588 --> 00:39:04,307
<i>The massive berlin airlift</i>
<i>organized by general</i>
<i>curtis lemay</i>

719
00:39:04,342 --> 00:39:08,311
<i>Delivered food and fuel</i>
<i>to 2.2 million people</i>

720
00:39:08,346 --> 00:39:11,031
<i>In a besieged city.</i>

721
00:39:11,065 --> 00:39:15,668
<i>Truman, who was willing</i>
<i>to approve the use</i>
<i>of atomic weapons,</i>

722
00:39:15,686 --> 00:39:18,838
<i>Wrote in September,</i>
<i>"we are very close to war."</i>

723
00:39:18,856 --> 00:39:23,259
<i>France had little enthusiasm</i>
<i>for this U.S. Initiative,</i>

724
00:39:23,294 --> 00:39:25,995
<i>Fearing a re-militarized</i>
<i>germany.</i>

725
00:39:26,047 --> 00:39:28,198
<i>Nor did britain.</i>
<i>But the U.S. Gambled</i>

726
00:39:28,232 --> 00:39:30,683
<i>That its atomic monopoly</i>
<i>would win out,</i>

727
00:39:30,718 --> 00:39:32,836
<i>Rejecting soviet attempts</i>
<i>to compromise</i>

728
00:39:32,887 --> 00:39:35,088
<i>Until it achieved</i>
<i>both a basic law</i>

729
00:39:35,122 --> 00:39:38,274
<i>Outlining</i>
<i>a west german state</i>

730
00:39:38,309 --> 00:39:41,277
<i>And the creation</i>
<i>in April of 1949</i>

731
00:39:41,312 --> 00:39:44,814
<i>Of the north atlantic</i>
<i>treaty organization.</i>

732
00:39:44,865 --> 00:39:47,384
<i>This, for the first time</i>
<i>in its history,</i>

733
00:39:47,435 --> 00:39:49,786
<i>Committed the United States</i>
<i>to a peacetime</i>

734
00:39:49,820 --> 00:39:51,955
<i>Military alliance</i>
<i>with western europe.</i>

735
00:39:53,257 --> 00:39:56,292
<i>Its objectives won,</i>
<i>the U.S. Now agreed</i>

736
00:39:56,327 --> 00:39:59,028
<i>To talks on the future</i>
<i>of germany,</i>

737
00:39:59,063 --> 00:40:03,083
<i>And it was then that</i>
<i>the soviets lifted</i>
<i>the blockade.</i>

738
00:40:08,489 --> 00:40:10,590
Newsreel:
<i>And the soviets gave up.</i>

739
00:40:10,624 --> 00:40:13,660
<i>Their blockade was lifted.</i>
<i>The United States and britain</i>

740
00:40:13,694 --> 00:40:15,795
<i>Had kept faith</i>
<i>with the people of berlin.</i>

741
00:40:15,830 --> 00:40:18,231
<i>The lifeline of supply</i>
<i>remained open.</i>

742
00:40:18,265 --> 00:40:20,884
Stone:
<i>Germany was now</i>
<i>officially divided.</i>

743
00:40:20,918 --> 00:40:23,520
<i>And in return</i>
<i>for its foreign aid,</i>

744
00:40:23,554 --> 00:40:27,006
<i>The U.S. Would, with nato,</i>
<i>militarize France,</i>

745
00:40:27,041 --> 00:40:28,641
<i>England, Italy, germany</i>

746
00:40:28,676 --> 00:40:33,163
<i>And later station nuclear</i>
<i>weapons on german soil.</i>

747
00:40:33,197 --> 00:40:35,899
<i>In effect</i>
<i>the U.S. Was declaring</i>

748
00:40:35,950 --> 00:40:38,451
<i>Western europe</i>
<i>the first line of defense</i>

749
00:40:38,469 --> 00:40:41,871
<i>And potential launching pad</i>
<i>for world war iii.</i>

750
00:40:45,376 --> 00:40:48,278
<i>As the 1948 election loomed,</i>

751
00:40:48,280 --> 00:40:52,232
<i>And the republicans</i>
<i>were heavily favored,</i>

752
00:40:52,234 --> 00:40:54,117
<i>Henry wallace declared himself</i>

753
00:40:54,119 --> 00:40:56,486
<i>The progressive party's</i>
<i>candidate.</i>

754
00:40:56,488 --> 00:40:58,655
Wallace's voice:
<i>The bigger the peace vote,</i>

755
00:40:58,657 --> 00:41:01,207
<i>The more definitely</i>
<i>the world will know</i>

756
00:41:01,209 --> 00:41:05,645
<i>That the United States is</i>
<i>not behind the bipartisan</i>
<i>reactionary war policy</i>

757
00:41:05,679 --> 00:41:08,364
<i>Which is dividing the world</i>
<i>into two armed camps.</i>

758
00:41:08,399 --> 00:41:11,367
<i>The people of the world</i>
<i>must see</i>

759
00:41:11,402 --> 00:41:15,071
<i>That there is another america</i>
<i>than this truman-led,</i>

760
00:41:15,105 --> 00:41:18,625
<i>Wall-street-dominated,</i>
<i>military-backed group</i>

761
00:41:18,659 --> 00:41:22,495
<i>That is blackening</i>
<i>the name of democracy</i>
<i>all over the world.</i>

762
00:41:24,131 --> 00:41:25,865
Stone:
<i>Truman's political people</i>

763
00:41:25,900 --> 00:41:28,735
<i>Unleashed a vicious</i>
<i>red-baiting campaign</i>

764
00:41:28,769 --> 00:41:30,803
<i>Using liberals</i>
<i>to accuse</i>

765
00:41:30,838 --> 00:41:34,157
<i>The former vice-president</i>
<i>of being a tool of moscow.</i>

766
00:41:34,191 --> 00:41:37,177
Truman:
<i>I do not want</i>
<i>and I will not accept</i>

767
00:41:37,211 --> 00:41:41,264
The political
support of henry wallace
and his communists.

768
00:41:41,298 --> 00:41:43,066
( applause )

769
00:41:43,100 --> 00:41:46,636
Stone:
<i>Although wallace repeatedly</i>
<i>denied any involvement</i>

770
00:41:46,670 --> 00:41:49,038
<i>With communism and warned</i>
<i>that charges of it</i>

771
00:41:49,073 --> 00:41:52,675
<i>Were being used to undermine</i>
<i>american freedoms,</i>

772
00:41:52,726 --> 00:41:56,196
<i>Mobs broke up his rallies,</i>
<i>universities denied him</i>

773
00:41:56,230 --> 00:41:58,231
<i>The right to speak on campuses</i>

774
00:41:58,265 --> 00:42:01,267
<i>And his supporters</i>
<i>were sometimes fired</i>
<i>from their jobs.</i>

775
00:42:01,302 --> 00:42:04,737
Glen, I think
the american people are
going to surprise us

776
00:42:04,755 --> 00:42:07,040
Very very pleasantly
next fall.

777
00:42:07,074 --> 00:42:09,259
- So do I.
- ( chuckles ) boy.

778
00:42:09,293 --> 00:42:11,361
Stone:
<i>Wallace's running mate,</i>

779
00:42:11,395 --> 00:42:13,146
<i>Idaho senator glen taylor,</i>

780
00:42:13,180 --> 00:42:17,133
<i>Was arrested</i>
<i>and beaten up by police</i>
<i>in birmingham, alabama,</i>

781
00:42:17,167 --> 00:42:20,904
<i>For entering the gathering</i>
<i>of a southern negro</i>
<i>youth congress</i>

782
00:42:20,938 --> 00:42:22,839
<i>Through a door</i>
<i>marked "colored."</i>

783
00:42:22,873 --> 00:42:24,874
<i>Wallace wired taylor.</i>

784
00:42:24,909 --> 00:42:28,494
Wallace's voice:
<i>This dramatizes the hypocrisy</i>
<i>of spending billions for arms</i>

785
00:42:28,512 --> 00:42:31,163
<i>In the name of defending</i>
<i>freedom abroad,</i>

786
00:42:31,181 --> 00:42:34,701
<i>While freedom is</i>
<i>trampled on here at home.</i>

787
00:42:34,735 --> 00:42:37,237
Stone:
<i>The communist charges</i>

788
00:42:37,271 --> 00:42:39,339
<i>And the dismissive</i>
<i>treatment of wallace</i>

789
00:42:39,373 --> 00:42:42,342
<i>By the major newspapers</i>
<i>took its toll.</i>

790
00:42:42,376 --> 00:42:45,211
<i>Wallace's campaign</i>
<i>was a disaster.</i>

791
00:42:45,246 --> 00:42:49,699
<i>He came in fourth</i>
<i>behind a south carolina</i>
<i>segregationist.</i>

792
00:42:49,733 --> 00:42:52,969
<i>But his progressive agenda</i>
<i>on domestic issues,</i>

793
00:42:53,003 --> 00:42:54,771
<i>Especially civil rights,</i>

794
00:42:54,805 --> 00:42:56,973
<i>Seems to have</i>
<i>influenced truman.</i>

795
00:42:57,007 --> 00:43:00,293
<i>In the end there was</i>
<i>a surprising last-minute rush</i>

796
00:43:00,327 --> 00:43:02,629
<i>To truman</i>
<i>by democratic voters</i>

797
00:43:02,663 --> 00:43:05,331
<i>Now fearing</i>
<i>a republican victory.</i>

798
00:43:05,366 --> 00:43:09,419
<i>And allowing truman to upset</i>
<i>heavily-favored thomas dewey.</i>

799
00:43:11,088 --> 00:43:14,424
<i>Though it was one of the great</i>
<i>come-from-behind miracle tales</i>

800
00:43:14,458 --> 00:43:17,961
<i>Of U.S. Politics,</i>
<i>harry truman, like churchill,</i>

801
00:43:17,995 --> 00:43:20,530
<i>Would watch</i>
<i>his presidency crumble.</i>

802
00:43:20,564 --> 00:43:23,983
<i>In the next four years,</i>
<i>he would see his</i>
<i>support plummet,</i>

803
00:43:24,017 --> 00:43:26,286
<i>Leaving office with</i>
<i>historically low</i>

804
00:43:26,320 --> 00:43:29,155
<i>George w. Bush-level</i>
<i>approval ratings.</i>

805
00:43:29,189 --> 00:43:31,491
<i>In September 1949</i>

806
00:43:31,525 --> 00:43:34,360
<i>Came the first</i>
<i>of three major events--</i>

807
00:43:34,395 --> 00:43:37,997
<i>None of them unforeseen</i>
<i>by the laws of cause</i>
<i>and effect.</i>

808
00:43:50,110 --> 00:43:51,778
<i>Truman shocked the nation.</i>

809
00:43:51,812 --> 00:43:54,680
Truman's voice:
<i>We have evidence that</i>
<i>within recent weeks</i>

810
00:43:54,698 --> 00:43:57,817
<i>An atomic explosion</i>
<i>occurred in the U.S.S.R.</i>

811
00:43:57,851 --> 00:44:01,554
Stone:
<i>In 1948 oppenheimer had said,</i>

812
00:44:01,588 --> 00:44:03,856
<i>"our atomic monopoly</i>
<i>is like</i>

813
00:44:03,891 --> 00:44:06,843
<i>A cake of ice</i>
<i>melting in the sun."</i>

814
00:44:06,894 --> 00:44:10,413
<i>As henry wallace</i>
<i>had warned in 1945,</i>

815
00:44:10,447 --> 00:44:13,182
<i>Truman and his group were</i>
<i>terribly wrong to assume</i>

816
00:44:13,217 --> 00:44:16,853
<i>The U.S. Would have</i>
<i>an ongoing monopoly</i>
<i>on the bomb.</i>

817
00:44:16,887 --> 00:44:20,390
<i>Americans felt more</i>
<i>vulnerable than ever,</i>

818
00:44:20,424 --> 00:44:24,227
<i>And the nuclear arms race</i>
<i>that wallace and the scientists</i>
<i>had so feared</i>

819
00:44:24,261 --> 00:44:27,930
<i>Now escalated as the U.S.</i>
<i>Hastened development</i>

820
00:44:27,965 --> 00:44:30,433
<i>Of a hydrogen bomb.</i>

821
00:44:32,553 --> 00:44:34,637
<i>As 1949 ended,</i>

822
00:44:34,672 --> 00:44:37,557
<i>The world's largest</i>
<i>and most populous nation,</i>

823
00:44:37,591 --> 00:44:40,292
<i>China,</i>
<i>turned communist.</i>

824
00:44:40,310 --> 00:44:42,128
<i>When mao zedong</i>

825
00:44:42,146 --> 00:44:45,598
<i>Routed the corrupt nationalist</i>
<i>forces of jiang jieshi,</i>

826
00:44:45,632 --> 00:44:48,634
<i>It was unquestionably</i>
<i>the most important revolution</i>

827
00:44:48,669 --> 00:44:53,239
<i>Since russia's 1917</i>
<i>overthrow of the tsar.</i>

828
00:44:53,273 --> 00:44:55,958
<i>"time" magazine warned</i>
<i>of the "red tide</i>

829
00:44:55,993 --> 00:44:58,628
<i>That threatens</i>
<i>to engulf the world."</i>

830
00:44:58,662 --> 00:45:01,364
<i>General douglas macarthur</i>
<i>wrote in "life" magazine,</i>

831
00:45:01,398 --> 00:45:05,401
<i>"the fall of china imperils</i>
<i>the United States."</i>

832
00:45:05,436 --> 00:45:09,505
<i>Acting outraged as if</i>
<i>the corrupt nationalists' loss</i>

833
00:45:09,540 --> 00:45:11,140
<i>Had not been anticipated,</i>

834
00:45:11,175 --> 00:45:13,943
<i>The conservative</i>
<i>china lobby in the U.S.</i>

835
00:45:13,977 --> 00:45:17,780
<i>Found guilty not only</i>
<i>the soviet union, democrats,</i>

836
00:45:17,815 --> 00:45:19,932
<i>State department china experts,</i>

837
00:45:19,967 --> 00:45:23,386
<i>But also secretary</i>
<i>of state george marshall.</i>

838
00:45:23,437 --> 00:45:26,823
<i>These would prove</i>
<i>to be false accusations.</i>

839
00:45:26,857 --> 00:45:28,841
<i>In subordinating</i>
<i>world revolution</i>

840
00:45:28,876 --> 00:45:31,944
<i>To their own immediate</i>
<i>security concerns,</i>

841
00:45:31,979 --> 00:45:35,047
<i>The soviets had provided</i>
<i>minimal assistance</i>

842
00:45:35,082 --> 00:45:38,551
<i>To the revolutionaries</i>
<i>and little encouragement.</i>

843
00:45:38,585 --> 00:45:43,022
<i>Stalin did finally form</i>
<i>an alliance with mao</i>
<i>in February of 1950,</i>

844
00:45:43,056 --> 00:45:45,925
<i>But urged the radicalized</i>
<i>chinese leader</i>

845
00:45:45,959 --> 00:45:49,262
<i>To maintain cordial relations</i>
<i>with the U.S.</i>

846
00:45:49,296 --> 00:45:52,832
<i>Both sides made exaggerated</i>
<i>claims against each other,</i>

847
00:45:52,866 --> 00:45:56,335
<i>But china's commitment</i>
<i>to revolutionary change</i>

848
00:45:56,369 --> 00:46:00,056
<i>And U.S. Refusal</i>
<i>to recognize the legitimacy</i>

849
00:46:00,090 --> 00:46:03,059
<i>Of the new government with</i>
<i>a seat at the united nations</i>

850
00:46:03,093 --> 00:46:06,195
<i>While recognizing</i>
<i>dictator-run countries,</i>

851
00:46:06,230 --> 00:46:08,698
<i>Doomed any efforts</i>
<i>at peace.</i>

852
00:46:12,452 --> 00:46:15,104
<i>In June of 1950,</i>

853
00:46:15,139 --> 00:46:17,540
<i>North korea invaded</i>
<i>south korea,</i>

854
00:46:17,574 --> 00:46:21,277
<i>And the cold war</i>
<i>now turned hot for real.</i>

855
00:46:21,311 --> 00:46:24,747
<i>Both soviet-installed dictator</i>
<i>kim il-sung in the north</i>

856
00:46:24,782 --> 00:46:28,584
<i>And U.S.-Backed dictator</i>
<i>syngman rhee in the south</i>

857
00:46:28,619 --> 00:46:32,238
<i>Had been threatening</i>
<i>to unify the country by force.</i>

858
00:46:32,272 --> 00:46:35,792
<i>Distressed by the U.S.'s</i>
<i>rebuilding of japan,</i>

859
00:46:35,826 --> 00:46:39,078
<i>With whom the soviets</i>
<i>had fought two bloody wars,</i>

860
00:46:39,096 --> 00:46:43,382
<i>Stalin gave kim</i>
<i>the green light to beat</i>
<i>the south to the punch.</i>

861
00:46:43,417 --> 00:46:46,786
<i>Stalin told kim il sung</i>
<i>the war was a way</i>

862
00:46:46,820 --> 00:46:50,323
<i>To get back</i>
<i>at the "arrogant behavior</i>
<i>of the United States in europe,</i>

863
00:46:50,357 --> 00:46:52,925
<i>The balkans, the middle east,</i>

864
00:46:52,960 --> 00:46:55,678
<i>And especially</i>
<i>its decision to form nato."</i>

865
00:46:55,712 --> 00:46:59,799
<i>On the other hand,</i>
<i>knowing the industrial power</i>
<i>of the U.S.,</i>

866
00:46:59,833 --> 00:47:02,752
<i>Stalin did not want</i>
<i>a wider war.</i>

867
00:47:02,786 --> 00:47:06,756
<i>Importantly, the joint chiefs</i>
<i>and the state department</i>

868
00:47:06,790 --> 00:47:10,193
<i>Had openly acknowledged korea</i>
<i>to be outside</i>

869
00:47:10,227 --> 00:47:13,029
<i>The U.S. Defense perimeter</i>
<i>in east asia.</i>

870
00:47:13,063 --> 00:47:16,132
<i>But with communist victory</i>
<i>in china</i>

871
00:47:16,166 --> 00:47:18,718
<i>And revolutionary forces</i>
<i>threatening to overthrow</i>

872
00:47:18,752 --> 00:47:20,920
<i>Western-backed regimes</i>

873
00:47:20,954 --> 00:47:24,357
<i>In vietnam, malaya,</i>
<i>and the philippines,</i>

874
00:47:24,391 --> 00:47:27,226
<i>Truman felt he had</i>
<i>to make a stand somewhere,</i>

875
00:47:27,261 --> 00:47:30,763
<i>And korea was</i>
<i>the newly-appointed place.</i>

876
00:47:30,797 --> 00:47:33,599
Truman's voice:
<i>If we let korea down,</i>
<i>the soviets will keep on going</i>

877
00:47:33,617 --> 00:47:36,636
<i>And swallow up one piece</i>
<i>of asia after another.</i>

878
00:47:36,670 --> 00:47:38,588
<i>If we were to let asia go,</i>

879
00:47:38,639 --> 00:47:40,189
<i>The near east would collapse</i>

880
00:47:40,224 --> 00:47:42,608
<i>And no telling what would</i>
<i>happen in europe.</i>

881
00:47:42,626 --> 00:47:45,778
Stone:
<i>Despite deploying tens</i>
<i>of thousands of troops,</i>

882
00:47:45,812 --> 00:47:49,081
<i>Truman refused to call</i>
<i>the intervention a war,</i>

883
00:47:49,099 --> 00:47:52,268
<i>Labeling it instead</i>
<i>a "police action."</i>

884
00:47:52,319 --> 00:47:55,655
<i>Although it was nominally</i>
<i>a united nations effort,</i>

885
00:47:55,689 --> 00:47:58,591
<i>The U.S. Provided</i>
<i>half the ground forces</i>

886
00:47:58,609 --> 00:48:01,761
<i>And almost all</i>
<i>of the naval and air power.</i>

887
00:48:01,795 --> 00:48:04,747
<i>Most of the other ground forces</i>
<i>were south korean.</i>

888
00:48:04,781 --> 00:48:09,201
<i>Truman opted as well to bypass</i>
<i>congressional authorization,</i>

889
00:48:09,236 --> 00:48:12,672
<i>Setting the stage</i>
<i>for future interventions.</i>

890
00:48:12,706 --> 00:48:17,059
<i>The war and its bloody,</i>
<i>indecisive, three-year course</i>

891
00:48:17,110 --> 00:48:19,528
<i>Would cost truman dearly.</i>

892
00:48:21,398 --> 00:48:25,668
<i>As for james forrestal,</i>
<i>though his views</i>
<i>had helped shape</i>

893
00:48:25,702 --> 00:48:29,372
<i>The poisonous anti-soviet</i>
<i>climate in washington,</i>

894
00:48:29,406 --> 00:48:33,292
<i>He'd been on the losing end</i>
<i>of several policy battles</i>
<i>with truman,</i>

895
00:48:33,327 --> 00:48:35,478
<i>And was relieved of duty</i>

896
00:48:35,512 --> 00:48:40,383
<i>With a ceremony</i>
<i>in March of '49.</i>
<i>He was "shattered."</i>

897
00:48:40,417 --> 00:48:44,687
<i>When friend and future</i>
<i>c.I.A. Director john mccone</i>
<i>came to call,</i>

898
00:48:44,721 --> 00:48:47,990
<i>Forrestal,</i>
<i>becoming increasingly paranoid,</i>

899
00:48:48,025 --> 00:48:50,793
<i>Pulled down the shades</i>
<i>and sat away from the window</i>

900
00:48:50,827 --> 00:48:54,764
<i>So as not to give</i>
<i>a sniper an easy target.</i>

901
00:48:54,798 --> 00:48:57,483
<i>Who he was afraid of,</i>
<i>he never specified.</i>

902
00:49:00,320 --> 00:49:02,755
<i>Rumors hit the press</i>
<i>and went worldwide</i>

903
00:49:02,789 --> 00:49:06,058
<i>That forrestal was discovered</i>
<i>in the streets in his pajamas</i>

904
00:49:06,076 --> 00:49:08,277
<i>Shouting,</i>
<i>"the russian are coming!"</i>

905
00:49:08,328 --> 00:49:12,148
They're here already!
You're next!

906
00:49:12,182 --> 00:49:14,483
Stone:
<i>The pentagon announced</i>
<i>forrestal had gone</i>

907
00:49:14,518 --> 00:49:19,455
<i>For a routine check-up</i>
<i>at the bethesda naval hospital</i>
<i>in maryland.</i>

908
00:49:19,489 --> 00:49:22,191
<i>He was diagnosed</i>
<i>with reactive depression.</i>

909
00:49:22,225 --> 00:49:25,911
Doctor!  Will you tell
these fools I'm not crazy!

910
00:49:25,945 --> 00:49:27,663
Make them listen to me
before it's too late!

911
00:49:27,714 --> 00:49:30,949
Listen to me.
Please listen.

912
00:49:30,968 --> 00:49:33,135
If you don't,
if you won't,

913
00:49:33,170 --> 00:49:37,340
If you fail to understand,
then the same incredible terror

914
00:49:37,391 --> 00:49:39,792
That is menacing me
will strike at you!

915
00:49:39,810 --> 00:49:42,511
Stone:
<i>Alone in his room</i>
<i>on the 16th floor,</i>

916
00:49:42,546 --> 00:49:46,182
<i>He suffered constant</i>
<i>nightmares of persecution.</i>

917
00:49:46,216 --> 00:49:48,517
<i>He thought he would suffer</i>
<i>the same fate</i>

918
00:49:48,552 --> 00:49:51,804
<i>As czechoslovakian</i>
<i>foreign minister jan masaryk--</i>

919
00:49:51,838 --> 00:49:53,522
<i>To be pushed out</i>
<i>of a window.</i>

920
00:49:55,492 --> 00:49:57,827
<i>But his condition</i>
<i>began to improve</i>

921
00:49:57,861 --> 00:50:00,596
<i>And on the night</i>
<i>of may 22, 1949,</i>

922
00:50:00,630 --> 00:50:04,934
<i>He stayed up late copying</i>
<i>sophocles' "the chorus"</i>
<i>from "ajax,"</i>

923
00:50:04,968 --> 00:50:08,471
<i>Where the hero ponders</i>
<i>his fate far from home.</i>

924
00:50:08,505 --> 00:50:13,009
<i>At the word "nightingale,"</i>
<i>he put his pen down.</i>

925
00:50:13,043 --> 00:50:16,612
<i>16 floors up, he jumped.</i>

926
00:50:19,182 --> 00:50:22,685
<i>Philosopher and newspaper</i>
<i>columnist walter lippmann</i>

927
00:50:22,719 --> 00:50:24,387
<i>Wrote of forrestal:</i>

928
00:50:24,421 --> 00:50:27,256
<i>"he was like a doctor</i>
<i>who studies a disease</i>

929
00:50:27,290 --> 00:50:29,625
<i>And then contracts it himself."</i>

930
00:50:29,659 --> 00:50:33,763
<i>Behind him,</i>
<i>forrestal left a newborn</i>
<i>pentagon establishment,</i>

931
00:50:33,797 --> 00:50:37,166
<i>Which, faced with</i>
<i>those struggling for</i>
<i>a different world,</i>

932
00:50:37,200 --> 00:50:40,669
<i>Saw only</i>
<i>communist conspiracies.</i>

933
00:50:40,721 --> 00:50:43,489
<i>There is still today</i>
<i>a fundamental misunderstanding</i>

934
00:50:43,523 --> 00:50:46,842
<i>That the United States</i>
<i>entered the cold war</i>

935
00:50:46,877 --> 00:50:49,745
<i>In response</i>
<i>to soviet aggression worldwide.</i>

936
00:50:49,780 --> 00:50:53,466
<i>There is no doubt</i>
<i>the soviet leadership</i>
<i>imposed repressive</i>

937
00:50:53,500 --> 00:50:56,435
<i>And, when challenged,</i>
<i>brutal dictatorships</i>

938
00:50:56,470 --> 00:50:59,672
<i>On poland, hungary,</i>
<i>romania, bulgaria,</i>

939
00:50:59,706 --> 00:51:02,975
<i>East germany, albania</i>
<i>and czechoslovakia.</i>

940
00:51:03,009 --> 00:51:06,979
<i>But it is equally clear</i>
<i>that the soviets were</i>
<i>initially willing</i>

941
00:51:07,013 --> 00:51:10,549
<i>To accept governments friendly</i>
<i>to them in these countries,</i>

942
00:51:10,584 --> 00:51:14,186
<i>Until the west began</i>
<i>to make threatening moves</i>

943
00:51:14,221 --> 00:51:17,690
<i>Both on their ideology</i>
<i>and their security.</i>

944
00:51:17,724 --> 00:51:21,393
<i>During this postwar period,</i>
<i>it was the United States</i>

945
00:51:21,428 --> 00:51:25,264
<i>With its atomic monopoly,</i>
<i>not the soviet union,</i>

946
00:51:25,298 --> 00:51:28,751
<i>Which bears the lion's share</i>
<i>of responsibility</i>

947
00:51:28,785 --> 00:51:31,470
<i>For starting the cold war.</i>

948
00:51:31,504 --> 00:51:35,841
<i>The pacifist a.J. Muste</i>
<i>wrote in 1941,</i>

949
00:51:35,876 --> 00:51:39,511
<i>"the problem after a war</i>
<i>is with the victor.</i>

950
00:51:39,529 --> 00:51:43,399
<i>He thinks that</i>
<i>he has just proven</i>
<i>that war and violence pay.</i>

951
00:51:43,433 --> 00:51:46,452
<i>Who will now</i>
<i>teach him a lesson?"</i>

952
00:51:46,486 --> 00:51:49,088
<i>Beginning with truman's</i>
<i>first day in office,</i>

953
00:51:49,122 --> 00:51:52,825
<i>His receptiveness to the views</i>
<i>of hard-line anti-communists,</i>

954
00:51:52,859 --> 00:51:55,811
<i>His denial of roosevelt's</i>
<i>understanding with stalin,</i>

955
00:51:55,846 --> 00:51:59,999
<i>The provocative</i>
<i>and unnecessary dropping</i>
<i>of the atomic bombs,</i>

956
00:52:00,033 --> 00:52:03,385
<i>His spreading a network</i>
<i>of military bases</i>
<i>around the world,</i>

957
00:52:03,420 --> 00:52:05,538
<i>Churchill's speech</i>
<i>at fulton,</i>

958
00:52:05,572 --> 00:52:08,841
<i>Truman's call</i>
<i>for fighting communism</i>
<i>in greece,</i>

959
00:52:08,875 --> 00:52:13,195
<i>The division</i>
<i>and remilitarization</i>
<i>of germany,</i>

960
00:52:13,230 --> 00:52:17,883
<i>The continued testing</i>
<i>of bigger and bigger atomic</i>
<i>and hydrogen bombs</i>

961
00:52:17,901 --> 00:52:21,103
<i>Which he used to threaten</i>
<i>the soviet union,</i>

962
00:52:21,154 --> 00:52:25,174
<i>Truman's deliberate</i>
<i>exaggerations of the</i>
<i>communist threat</i>

963
00:52:25,208 --> 00:52:27,042
<i>Both overseas and at home,</i>

964
00:52:27,077 --> 00:52:29,228
<i>And his persecution</i>
<i>and silencing</i>

965
00:52:29,246 --> 00:52:31,931
<i>Of those who challenged</i>
<i>these distortions--</i>

966
00:52:31,965 --> 00:52:34,533
<i>In all of these matters,</i>
<i>with few exceptions,</i>

967
00:52:34,568 --> 00:52:37,803
<i>The United States,</i>
<i>after successfully</i>
<i>liberating western europe,</i>

968
00:52:37,837 --> 00:52:41,490
<i>Was now signaling fear</i>
<i>and aggression.</i>

969
00:52:41,525 --> 00:52:43,409
<i>Why this fear?</i>

970
00:52:43,443 --> 00:52:46,195
<i>It has been said,</i>
<i>that as americans we are</i>

971
00:52:46,229 --> 00:52:48,564
<i>An immigrant people</i>
<i>to a new country,</i>

972
00:52:48,598 --> 00:52:50,199
<i>People who</i>
<i>in one way or another</i>

973
00:52:50,233 --> 00:52:54,103
<i>Have escaped persecution</i>
<i>and poverty and fear,</i>

974
00:52:54,137 --> 00:52:57,239
<i>And though separated</i>
<i>by two enormous oceans,</i>

975
00:52:57,274 --> 00:53:00,976
<i>Are still subject</i>
<i>to that incessant fear--</i>

976
00:53:01,011 --> 00:53:03,762
<i>Even our sons</i>
<i>and grandsons.</i>

977
00:53:03,797 --> 00:53:06,715
<i>North americans have been</i>
<i>taught and enamored</i>

978
00:53:06,750 --> 00:53:10,603
<i>Of the myth</i>
<i>of starting over with</i>
<i>a new purity in a new land--</i>

979
00:53:10,637 --> 00:53:13,122
<i>The myth of american</i>
<i>exceptionalism</i>

980
00:53:13,156 --> 00:53:16,725
<i>In a new jerusalem,</i>
<i>a city on the hill.</i>

981
00:53:16,760 --> 00:53:20,279
<i>Is it necessary then</i>
<i>to exaggerate the fear</i>

982
00:53:20,313 --> 00:53:22,281
<i>Of persecution from abroad,</i>

983
00:53:22,299 --> 00:53:27,185
<i>From the corrupt foreigner</i>
<i>who would always represent</i>
<i>the old and evil ways?</i>

984
00:53:27,204 --> 00:53:29,805
Man over radio:
<i>Hordes of grasping,</i>
<i>pushing foreigners</i>

985
00:53:29,839 --> 00:53:31,607
<i>Who are stealing jobs</i>
<i>from american workmen</i>

986
00:53:31,641 --> 00:53:33,292
<i>And bread</i>
<i>from american homes.</i>

987
00:53:33,326 --> 00:53:35,344
<i>It is to combat this peril</i>

988
00:53:35,378 --> 00:53:37,996
<i>That we, the challengers,</i>
<i>have raised our rallying cry</i>

989
00:53:38,014 --> 00:53:40,666
<i>"america for americans!"</i>

990
00:53:40,700 --> 00:53:42,751
Are you willing
to protect your job?

991
00:53:42,786 --> 00:53:44,837
- Well, you bet, sir.
- I'm glad to hear that.

992
00:53:44,871 --> 00:53:47,206
Because we got
a pretty bad problem
here in this state--

993
00:53:47,240 --> 00:53:49,909
It's full of foreigners,
all trying to chisel jobs

994
00:53:49,943 --> 00:53:51,727
Out of americans
like you and me.

995
00:53:51,761 --> 00:53:55,531
Well, I certainly
am obliged to you
for telling me, mr. Taylor.

996
00:53:55,565 --> 00:53:58,117
The first one of them
foreigners that comes
messing around my job

997
00:53:58,151 --> 00:54:00,119
Is gonna find himself
in a heap of trouble.

998
00:54:00,153 --> 00:54:02,054
Oh, it ain't gonna
be one, metcalf.

999
00:54:02,088 --> 00:54:03,439
You gotta fight
all of them.

1000
00:54:03,473 --> 00:54:05,424
You see, they stick together,
these foreigners.

1001
00:54:05,458 --> 00:54:07,810
And they'll knife you
in the back before you even
know who they are.

1002
00:54:07,861 --> 00:54:10,262
An american alone
ain't got a chance.

1003
00:54:10,280 --> 00:54:12,331
Stone:
<i>In the early 21st century,</i>

1004
00:54:12,365 --> 00:54:16,936
<i>There would be</i>
<i>almost 300 million guns</i>
<i>in american homes.</i>

1005
00:54:16,970 --> 00:54:20,339
<i>We are the most heavily armed</i>
<i>nation in the world.</i>

1006
00:54:20,373 --> 00:54:22,458
<i>But when any nation goes</i>

1007
00:54:22,509 --> 00:54:25,561
<i>To an extreme degree</i>
<i>to protect itself,</i>

1008
00:54:25,595 --> 00:54:27,463
<i>It's inevitable that</i>
<i>that protection</i>

1009
00:54:27,497 --> 00:54:29,014
<i>Will never seem,</i>

1010
00:54:29,049 --> 00:54:31,483
<i>Psychologically,</i>
<i>to be enough.</i>

1011
00:54:31,517 --> 00:54:33,686
<i>It is also often true</i>

1012
00:54:33,720 --> 00:54:35,321
<i>That the image of the enemy</i>

1013
00:54:35,355 --> 00:54:39,275
<i>Will grow proportionate</i>
<i>to the size of the defense,</i>

1014
00:54:39,309 --> 00:54:43,846
<i>Resulting in</i>
<i>an overreaction and accelerated</i>
<i>spending of energies</i>

1015
00:54:43,880 --> 00:54:46,765
<i>In a futile attempt</i>
<i>to liquidate that fear</i>

1016
00:54:46,800 --> 00:54:49,668
<i>Which never seems to erode.</i>

1017
00:54:49,703 --> 00:54:53,539
<i>Fear and uncertainty are</i>
<i>two inescapable elements</i>

1018
00:54:53,573 --> 00:54:56,542
<i>In all human life</i>
<i>since the beginning of time.</i>

1019
00:54:56,576 --> 00:55:00,646
<i>They are to be accepted</i>
<i>as one accepts birth and death.</i>

1020
00:55:00,680 --> 00:55:04,383
<i>It was alexander the great</i>
<i>who reportedly addressed</i>
<i>the notion that</i>

1021
00:55:04,417 --> 00:55:08,320
<i>"if you can conquer your fear,</i>
<i>you can conquer death,"</i>

1022
00:55:08,355 --> 00:55:10,756
<i>And in co-enduring with</i>

1023
00:55:10,790 --> 00:55:13,859
<i>And containing</i>
<i>our fear and uncertainty,</i>

1024
00:55:13,893 --> 00:55:16,278
<i>We become</i>
<i>naturally stronger.</i>

1025
00:55:16,313 --> 00:55:18,981
<i>The irony of life--</i>
<i>personal and public--</i>

1026
00:55:19,015 --> 00:55:21,784
<i>Is that often</i>
<i>with the changing of time,</i>

1027
00:55:21,818 --> 00:55:25,354
<i>The object of fear,</i>
<i>the enemy, becomes,</i>

1028
00:55:25,388 --> 00:55:27,723
<i>To the surprise</i>
<i>of former enemies,</i>

1029
00:55:27,774 --> 00:55:31,994
<i>A friend,</i>
<i>often a best friend</i>
<i>or ally.</i>

1030
00:55:32,028 --> 00:55:35,764
<i>Clearly in hindsight,</i>
<i>U.S. Leaders had exaggerated</i>

1031
00:55:35,799 --> 00:55:38,167
<i>The threat from an enemy</i>
<i>they felt they needed,</i>

1032
00:55:38,201 --> 00:55:41,570
<i>Wanting to frame the world</i>
<i>as an existential clash</i>

1033
00:55:41,604 --> 00:55:44,840
<i>Between two antagonistic</i>
<i>social systems.</i>

1034
00:55:44,874 --> 00:55:47,509
<i>Henry wallace,</i>
<i>who warned that the source</i>

1035
00:55:47,544 --> 00:55:49,645
<i>Of all of our mistakes</i>
<i>is fear,</i>

1036
00:55:49,679 --> 00:55:53,882
<i>Had said it could be</i>
<i>a healthy competition</i>
<i>between those systems.</i>

1037
00:55:53,917 --> 00:55:56,735
<i>But the hardliners</i>
<i>of american society</i>

1038
00:55:56,770 --> 00:55:58,737
<i>Felt that this was impossible,</i>

1039
00:55:58,772 --> 00:56:02,408
<i>And henry wallace was</i>
<i>dismissed as naive.</i>

1040
00:56:02,442 --> 00:56:05,110
<i>James forrestal,</i>
<i>one of those hardliners,</i>

1041
00:56:05,145 --> 00:56:07,579
<i>The first secretary of defense,</i>

1042
00:56:07,614 --> 00:56:10,616
<i>Thus ended his life</i>
<i>in a violent fashion</i>

1043
00:56:10,650 --> 00:56:12,885
<i>That would become</i>
<i>a strange omen</i>

1044
00:56:12,919 --> 00:56:15,487
<i>For an american foreign policy</i>

1045
00:56:15,522 --> 00:56:19,241
<i>That was increasingly terrified</i>
<i>of its own shadow.</i>

1046
00:56:19,275 --> 00:56:21,827
<i>50 years into this century,</i>

1047
00:56:21,861 --> 00:56:24,580
<i>Halfway from 1900 to 2000,</i>

1048
00:56:24,631 --> 00:56:28,867
<i>The United States had</i>
<i>forged the foundation</i>
<i>of a new mindset.</i>

1049
00:56:28,885 --> 00:56:31,603
<i>It had developed</i>
<i>into a full-fledged</i>

1050
00:56:31,638 --> 00:56:33,655
<i>If unique kind of empire,</i>

1051
00:56:33,690 --> 00:56:36,241
<i>Economically supreme</i>
<i>and massively armed,</i>

1052
00:56:36,275 --> 00:56:40,462
<i>Policing the world</i>
<i>while professing liberty</i>
<i>and democracy.</i>

1053
00:56:40,497 --> 00:56:43,465
<i>For a policeman,</i>
<i>it's necessary to locate</i>

1054
00:56:43,500 --> 00:56:46,018
<i>And arrest enemies</i>
<i>of its social system.</i>

1055
00:56:46,052 --> 00:56:50,672
<i>Thus the story of the next</i>
<i>60 years of american history</i>

1056
00:56:50,723 --> 00:56:54,059
<i>Will resemble a pattern</i>
<i>that has already occurred,</i>

1057
00:56:54,093 --> 00:56:56,845
<i>In the shape of increasing</i>
<i>covert activities</i>

1058
00:56:56,880 --> 00:56:59,465
<i>Unknown to the people</i>
<i>of the empire,</i>

1059
00:56:59,499 --> 00:57:01,517
<i>More and more regional wars,</i>

1060
00:57:01,551 --> 00:57:06,155
<i>And a form of control</i>
<i>that is imposed over</i>
<i>and over again.</i>

1061
00:57:06,189 --> 00:57:09,842
George h.W. Bush:
<i>If history teaches us anything,</i>

1062
00:57:09,876 --> 00:57:12,711
It is that
we must resist aggression

1063
00:57:12,745 --> 00:57:15,447
Or it will destroy
our freedoms.

1064
00:57:15,482 --> 00:57:18,717
Announcer:
<i>You are in the crosshairs</i>
<i>of the bomb sights</i>

1065
00:57:18,751 --> 00:57:20,752
<i>An enemy is</i>
<i>centering on you.</i>

1066
00:57:20,787 --> 00:57:24,256
<i>You are a citizen</i>
<i>of the free world,</i>

1067
00:57:24,290 --> 00:57:27,259
<i>A citizen</i>
<i>of the United States</i>
<i>of america.</i>

1068
00:57:27,293 --> 00:57:29,461
<i>You are the target.</i>

1069
00:57:29,496 --> 00:57:31,497
<i>( dramatic music playing )</i>