1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:04,162 WWW.MY-SUBS.CO 1 00:00:00,733 --> 00:00:02,350 Hello, I'm Oliver Stone. 2 00:00:02,368 --> 00:00:05,770 When I was a young boy growing up in New York City, 3 00:00:05,827 --> 00:00:08,712 I thought I received a good education. 4 00:00:08,747 --> 00:00:12,933 I studied history extensively, especially American history. 5 00:00:12,968 --> 00:00:15,853 It made sense. We were the center of the world. 6 00:00:15,887 --> 00:00:20,808 There was a manifest destiny. We were the good guys. 7 00:00:20,842 --> 00:00:22,476 Well, I've traveled the world now. 8 00:00:22,510 --> 00:00:24,912 I continued my education 9 00:00:24,946 --> 00:00:27,681 as an infantryman in Vietnam, 10 00:00:27,716 --> 00:00:29,984 made a lot of movies... Some of them about history. 11 00:00:30,018 --> 00:00:33,220 And I've learned a lot more than I once knew. 12 00:00:33,254 --> 00:00:35,889 And when I heard from my children 13 00:00:35,924 --> 00:00:37,891 what they were learning in school, 14 00:00:37,926 --> 00:00:41,228 I was perturbed to hear that they were not really getting 15 00:00:41,262 --> 00:00:44,415 a more honest view of the world than I did. 16 00:00:44,449 --> 00:00:48,585 We live much of our lives in a fog, all of us. 17 00:00:48,620 --> 00:00:50,971 And I would like my children to have access 18 00:00:51,006 --> 00:00:55,109 to something that looks beyond what I would call 19 00:00:55,143 --> 00:00:57,244 the tyranny of now. 20 00:00:57,278 --> 00:00:59,780 You watch the media and everyone talks 21 00:00:59,814 --> 00:01:01,782 about that thing... The news of the day. 22 00:01:01,816 --> 00:01:04,351 And all the subconscious, really important stuff 23 00:01:04,386 --> 00:01:07,204 that's going on is being neglected. 24 00:01:07,238 --> 00:01:08,922 Napoleon once said that 25 00:01:08,973 --> 00:01:11,542 "History is a pack of lies agreed upon." 26 00:01:11,576 --> 00:01:14,244 Well, I'm not sure I agree. 27 00:01:14,279 --> 00:01:17,748 I believe history does have a meaning, does a have a purpose, 28 00:01:17,782 --> 00:01:20,651 and there is a pattern to be found. 29 00:01:20,685 --> 00:01:22,286 And I wanted, with my colleagues, 30 00:01:22,320 --> 00:01:24,188 rather than make another feature film, 31 00:01:24,222 --> 00:01:25,873 to tell the American story in a way 32 00:01:25,907 --> 00:01:29,043 that it has never been told before. 33 00:01:29,077 --> 00:01:32,046 There are many questions that you may not find answered here, 34 00:01:32,080 --> 00:01:34,214 but you will find questions raised 35 00:01:34,249 --> 00:01:38,135 that I hope will help make you more conscious. 36 00:01:38,169 --> 00:01:41,405 We are going to propose, among other things, 37 00:01:41,439 --> 00:01:43,741 a forgotten set of heroes... 38 00:01:43,775 --> 00:01:46,643 People who suffered for their beliefs 39 00:01:46,678 --> 00:01:48,629 and who have been lost to history 40 00:01:48,663 --> 00:01:51,165 because they did not conform. 41 00:01:51,199 --> 00:01:53,450 And we are going to debunk some of those heroes 42 00:01:53,485 --> 00:01:55,803 that you believe in, not with malice, 43 00:01:55,837 --> 00:01:58,372 but by restating the facts. 44 00:01:58,406 --> 00:02:01,542 Unless we remind ourselves of the good that we have lost, 45 00:02:01,576 --> 00:02:05,479 it's not easy to imagine a better future. 46 00:02:05,513 --> 00:02:07,831 By showing you the patterns of behavior 47 00:02:07,866 --> 00:02:11,668 which have come to be that you perhaps have not noticed before, 48 00:02:11,703 --> 00:02:14,938 we will try to bring you back to the meaning of this country 49 00:02:14,973 --> 00:02:19,760 and what so radically changed after World War II. 50 00:02:19,794 --> 00:02:23,430 There have been some profound mistakes, 51 00:02:23,465 --> 00:02:26,767 but we still have a chance, I strongly believe, 52 00:02:26,818 --> 00:02:28,852 to correct them. 53 00:02:29,429 --> 00:03:08,466 Mountain range, 56 00:03:15,564 --> 00:03:17,932 is one of the United States' most remote 57 00:03:17,967 --> 00:03:20,368 and primitive landscapes. 58 00:03:20,402 --> 00:03:23,938 In an isolated ranch house, the world's top scientists, 59 00:03:23,972 --> 00:03:25,840 many of them European, 60 00:03:25,858 --> 00:03:29,444 gather nervously in the chill morning air. 61 00:03:29,478 --> 00:03:30,878 Nearby in the darkness, 62 00:03:30,913 --> 00:03:33,331 something hangs atop a steel tower... 63 00:03:33,365 --> 00:03:35,416 a bomb. 64 00:03:35,451 --> 00:03:38,019 Today they will test it. 65 00:03:38,053 --> 00:03:40,021 The test is code-named Trinity. 66 00:03:40,055 --> 00:03:42,440 The inspiration... John Donne, 67 00:03:42,474 --> 00:03:45,643 Robert Oppenheimer's favorite poet. 68 00:03:45,678 --> 00:03:47,879 One of the premier scientists of his age, 69 00:03:47,913 --> 00:03:50,982 Oppenheimer loved literature and the desert of the Southwest. 70 00:03:51,016 --> 00:03:52,550 He was a peaceful man, 71 00:03:52,585 --> 00:03:55,787 who just happened to have created and coordinated 72 00:03:55,821 --> 00:04:00,592 the most destructive weapon in all history. 73 00:04:00,626 --> 00:04:02,093 Only a few miles away, 74 00:04:02,127 --> 00:04:04,662 the project's military commander, 75 00:04:04,697 --> 00:04:07,732 brigadier general Leslie Groves, is the man responsible 76 00:04:07,766 --> 00:04:09,300 for building the war department's 77 00:04:09,335 --> 00:04:11,803 gigantic new headquarters in Virginia 78 00:04:11,837 --> 00:04:13,905 known as the Pentagon. 79 00:04:13,939 --> 00:04:17,642 He doesn't like relying on unreliable civilian scientists. 80 00:04:17,676 --> 00:04:20,144 His career is on the line. 81 00:04:20,179 --> 00:04:23,014 Here it is, general groves... plutonium. 82 00:04:23,048 --> 00:04:25,483 Well, that's the first time I've seen it, 83 00:04:25,517 --> 00:04:27,652 but if you don't mind, I wish you'd hold that under it, 84 00:04:27,686 --> 00:04:31,756 because, after all, there's about $50 million 85 00:04:31,790 --> 00:04:33,725 in that test tube. 86 00:04:33,759 --> 00:04:37,562 The automatic control has got it now. 87 00:04:37,596 --> 00:04:41,265 Rob, this time the stakes are really high. 88 00:04:41,300 --> 00:04:43,201 It's going to work all right, Robert. 89 00:04:43,235 --> 00:04:46,004 And I'm sure we'll never be sorry for it. 90 00:04:46,038 --> 00:04:47,839 Well, in 40 seconds, we'll know. 91 00:04:47,873 --> 00:04:51,009 In the last few minutes, general silence is observed 92 00:04:51,043 --> 00:04:53,494 as the countdown begins. 93 00:04:53,529 --> 00:04:56,481 Ten, nine, eight, 94 00:04:56,515 --> 00:04:59,467 seven, six, five, 95 00:04:59,501 --> 00:05:02,503 four, three, two, 96 00:05:02,538 --> 00:05:04,038 one. 97 00:05:06,208 --> 00:05:11,012 At 5:29 and 45 seconds, the bomb detonates. 98 00:05:18,987 --> 00:05:21,989 The light is brighter than the sun. 99 00:05:22,024 --> 00:05:23,825 Observing the explosion, 100 00:05:23,859 --> 00:05:26,594 Oppenheimer recalls a line from the hindu scripture, 101 00:05:28,630 --> 00:05:33,201 "Now I am become death, the destroyer of worlds." 102 00:05:33,235 --> 00:05:35,370 This terrifying weapon 103 00:05:35,404 --> 00:05:37,939 would launch the United States on a journey, 104 00:05:37,973 --> 00:05:40,475 turning the refuge of the founding fathers 105 00:05:40,509 --> 00:05:42,877 into a militarized state. 106 00:05:55,858 --> 00:05:58,493 Generations of Americans have been taught 107 00:05:58,527 --> 00:06:01,662 that the United States reluctantly dropped atomic bombs 108 00:06:01,697 --> 00:06:03,564 at the end of World War II 109 00:06:03,599 --> 00:06:06,401 to save the lives of hundreds of thousands of young men 110 00:06:06,435 --> 00:06:09,570 poised to die in an invasion of Japan. 111 00:06:09,605 --> 00:06:12,173 But the story is really more complicated, 112 00:06:12,207 --> 00:06:15,676 more interesting, and much more disturbing. 113 00:06:15,711 --> 00:06:17,845 Many Americans view World War II 114 00:06:17,880 --> 00:06:20,314 nostalgically as the "good war" 115 00:06:20,349 --> 00:06:22,900 in which the United States and its allies triumphed 116 00:06:22,935 --> 00:06:26,020 over German nazism, Italian fascism, 117 00:06:26,054 --> 00:06:27,855 and Japanese militarism. 118 00:06:27,890 --> 00:06:29,924 Others, not so blessed, 119 00:06:29,958 --> 00:06:34,479 remember World War II as the bloodiest war in human history. 120 00:06:34,513 --> 00:06:36,080 By the time it was over, 121 00:06:36,115 --> 00:06:38,766 60 to 65 million people lay dead, 122 00:06:38,800 --> 00:06:42,770 including an estimated 27 million Soviets, 123 00:06:42,805 --> 00:06:46,240 between 10 and 20 million Chinese, 124 00:06:46,275 --> 00:06:50,411 six million Jews, over six million Germans, 125 00:06:50,446 --> 00:06:52,914 three million non-Jewish poles, 126 00:06:52,948 --> 00:06:55,850 2.5 million Japanese, 127 00:06:55,884 --> 00:06:59,353 and 1.5 million yugoslavs. 128 00:06:59,388 --> 00:07:01,923 Austria, Britain, France, Italy, 129 00:07:01,957 --> 00:07:04,926 Hungary, Romania, and the United States 130 00:07:04,960 --> 00:07:09,263 each counted between a quarter million and a half million dead. 131 00:07:12,551 --> 00:07:14,852 Unlike World War I, 132 00:07:14,903 --> 00:07:18,539 World War II began slowly and incrementally. 133 00:07:18,574 --> 00:07:22,360 The opening shots were fired in 1931 when Japan, 134 00:07:22,394 --> 00:07:27,381 rapidly industrializing, launched its Kwantung army into Manchuria, 135 00:07:27,416 --> 00:07:30,651 overwhelming Chinese forces. 136 00:07:43,966 --> 00:07:47,919 In Europe, Germany, under Nazi leader Adolf Hitler, 137 00:07:47,953 --> 00:07:52,440 seeking to avenge its own devastating defeat in World War I, 138 00:07:52,474 --> 00:07:55,810 was building up the German war machine. 139 00:08:04,303 --> 00:08:05,937 Heil! 140 00:08:05,971 --> 00:08:09,440 His ally, Italian fascist leader Benito Mussolini, 141 00:08:09,474 --> 00:08:12,660 invaded Ethiopia in October, 1935. 142 00:08:15,914 --> 00:08:18,232 But the United States, Britain, and France 143 00:08:18,250 --> 00:08:20,434 did little to protest. 144 00:08:20,469 --> 00:08:23,037 And as a result, Hitler concluded 145 00:08:23,055 --> 00:08:26,591 that the allies had no real stomach for war. 146 00:08:26,625 --> 00:08:28,960 In March 1936, 147 00:08:28,994 --> 00:08:33,965 German troops occupied the demilitarized Rhineland. 148 00:08:33,999 --> 00:08:37,134 It was Hitler's biggest gamble to date and it worked. 149 00:08:37,169 --> 00:08:39,303 "The 48 hours after the March 150 00:08:39,338 --> 00:08:41,772 were the most nerve-wracking in my life," he said. 151 00:08:41,807 --> 00:08:44,475 "The military resources at our disposal 152 00:08:44,509 --> 00:08:47,912 would have been wholly inadequate for even a moderate resistance. 153 00:08:47,963 --> 00:08:50,531 If the French had marched into the Rhineland, 154 00:08:50,566 --> 00:08:53,701 we would have had to withdraw with our tails between our legs." 155 00:09:05,347 --> 00:09:09,016 The feeble international response to the Spanish civil war 156 00:09:09,051 --> 00:09:11,552 was even more disheartening. 157 00:09:11,586 --> 00:09:14,388 Fighting erupted in July, 1936, 158 00:09:14,423 --> 00:09:17,041 when general Francisco Franco's forces 159 00:09:17,075 --> 00:09:20,244 set out to topple the elected Spanish Republic 160 00:09:20,279 --> 00:09:22,730 and establish a fascist regime. 161 00:09:22,764 --> 00:09:25,666 The Republic had made enemies among U.S. officials 162 00:09:25,701 --> 00:09:28,336 and corporate leaders with its progressive policies 163 00:09:28,370 --> 00:09:31,005 and tight regulation of business. 164 00:09:31,039 --> 00:09:34,842 Many American catholics rallied to Franco's support, 165 00:09:34,876 --> 00:09:36,978 as did Hitler and Mussolini, 166 00:09:37,012 --> 00:09:40,047 who sent abundant aid and thousands of troops. 167 00:09:40,081 --> 00:09:42,550 Hitler supplied his feared condor legion, 168 00:09:42,584 --> 00:09:45,770 whose bombing of guernica was depicted by Pablo Picasso 169 00:09:45,804 --> 00:09:48,205 in his famous mural. 170 00:09:50,976 --> 00:09:52,610 Soviet leader Joseph Stalin 171 00:09:52,644 --> 00:09:56,514 sent arms and advisors to assist the loyalists. 172 00:09:56,548 --> 00:09:59,417 But neither France, England, or the United States 173 00:09:59,451 --> 00:10:01,869 did anything to help. 174 00:10:01,903 --> 00:10:05,205 The U.S., under president Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 175 00:10:05,223 --> 00:10:08,492 banned the shipment of weapons to either side, 176 00:10:08,527 --> 00:10:11,329 which weakened the outgunned government forces. 177 00:10:11,363 --> 00:10:14,782 But Ford, General Motors, Firestone 178 00:10:14,816 --> 00:10:17,284 and other U.S. businesses provided the fascists 179 00:10:17,319 --> 00:10:21,122 with trucks, tires and machine tools. 180 00:10:21,156 --> 00:10:24,592 Texaco Oil Company, headed by a pro-fascist, 181 00:10:24,626 --> 00:10:28,195 promised Franco all the oil he needed on credit. 182 00:10:28,230 --> 00:10:31,465 Roosevelt was furious and threatened an oil embargo 183 00:10:31,500 --> 00:10:34,151 and slapped Texaco with a fine. 184 00:10:34,186 --> 00:10:36,770 But Texaco persisted, undeterred, 185 00:10:36,788 --> 00:10:39,239 and also supplied oil to Hitler. 186 00:10:39,257 --> 00:10:41,976 The fighting dragged on for three years. 187 00:10:42,010 --> 00:10:45,446 Some 2,800 brave Americans snuck into Spain 188 00:10:45,464 --> 00:10:47,448 to battle the fascists, 189 00:10:47,482 --> 00:10:51,619 most joining the communist-backed Abraham Lincoln brigade. 190 00:10:51,653 --> 00:10:54,154 Almost 1,000 did not return. 191 00:10:54,172 --> 00:10:57,324 Tell us, Ingles, why have you come so far 192 00:10:57,342 --> 00:10:59,043 to fight for our Republic? 193 00:11:01,996 --> 00:11:04,665 A man fights for what he believes in, Fernando. 194 00:11:04,683 --> 00:11:07,835 Well, but in his own country. 195 00:11:07,853 --> 00:11:10,671 Well, maybe you feel that I'm sticking my nose 196 00:11:10,689 --> 00:11:12,857 into other people's business, 197 00:11:12,891 --> 00:11:15,026 but I don't feel that way. 198 00:11:15,060 --> 00:11:18,696 It's not only Spain fighting here, is it? 199 00:11:18,730 --> 00:11:22,400 It's Germany and Italy on one side and Russia on the other, 200 00:11:22,451 --> 00:11:25,903 and the Spanish people right in the middle of it all. 201 00:11:25,954 --> 00:11:29,073 The Nazis and fascists are just as much against democracy 202 00:11:29,124 --> 00:11:31,024 as they are against the communists. 203 00:11:31,043 --> 00:11:33,177 And they're using your country as a proving ground 204 00:11:33,211 --> 00:11:36,464 for their new war machine, their tanks and dive bombers 205 00:11:36,498 --> 00:11:39,850 and stuff like that, so they can get the jump on the democracies 206 00:11:39,901 --> 00:11:42,203 and knock off England and France and my country 207 00:11:42,237 --> 00:11:44,688 before we get armed and ready to fight. 208 00:11:44,723 --> 00:11:47,658 But Franco triumphed and the Republic fell 209 00:11:47,692 --> 00:11:51,529 in the spring of 1939, burying with it 210 00:11:51,563 --> 00:11:54,582 not only over 100,000 republican soldiers 211 00:11:54,616 --> 00:11:57,585 and 5,000 foreign volunteers, 212 00:11:57,619 --> 00:12:00,988 but the hopes and dreams of many progressives. 213 00:12:01,022 --> 00:12:04,742 By 1939, Roosevelt told his cabinet 214 00:12:04,776 --> 00:12:08,345 that his policies in Spain had been a grave mistake 215 00:12:08,380 --> 00:12:11,282 and warned that they all soon would pay the price. 216 00:12:11,316 --> 00:12:14,919 But that policy convinced Stalin that the Western powers 217 00:12:14,953 --> 00:12:18,722 had no real interest in a collective action 218 00:12:18,757 --> 00:12:21,192 to slow the Nazi advance. 219 00:12:21,226 --> 00:12:23,961 For years, the Soviet dictator had implored the West 220 00:12:23,995 --> 00:12:25,996 to unite against Hitler and Mussolini, 221 00:12:26,031 --> 00:12:30,634 even joining the league of nations in 1934. 222 00:12:30,669 --> 00:12:33,988 But Soviet pleas were repeatedly ignored. 223 00:12:34,022 --> 00:12:36,891 And then, in 1937, 224 00:12:36,925 --> 00:12:39,376 full-scale war erupted in China 225 00:12:39,411 --> 00:12:43,531 as the powerful Japanese army captured city after city. 226 00:12:45,767 --> 00:12:49,320 With Jiang Jieshi's nationalist forces fleeing in retreat, 227 00:12:49,354 --> 00:12:52,656 Japanese soldiers brutalized the citizens of nanjing 228 00:12:52,691 --> 00:12:55,342 in December, 1937, 229 00:12:55,360 --> 00:12:58,095 killing 200,000 to 300,000 civilians 230 00:12:58,130 --> 00:13:02,449 and raping tens of thousands of women. 231 00:13:07,322 --> 00:13:11,425 Japan soon controlled the east coast of China 232 00:13:11,459 --> 00:13:14,745 with its population of 200 million. 233 00:13:18,283 --> 00:13:23,320 The international situation deteriorated further in 1938 234 00:13:23,355 --> 00:13:25,956 with German annexation of Austria 235 00:13:25,991 --> 00:13:29,793 and the allies' capitulation to Hitler at Munich, 236 00:13:29,828 --> 00:13:31,428 dismembering Czechoslovakia 237 00:13:31,463 --> 00:13:36,000 and giving Germany the Czech Sudetenland. 238 00:13:38,904 --> 00:13:42,873 British prime minister Neville Chamberlain infamously proclaimed 239 00:13:42,908 --> 00:13:46,710 that the settlement had brought "Peace in our time." 240 00:13:46,745 --> 00:13:49,914 Nor did the U.S. and its allies officially do much 241 00:13:49,948 --> 00:13:52,483 to help Germany's desperate Jewish community, 242 00:13:52,517 --> 00:13:55,519 when in late 1938 an orgy of violence 243 00:13:55,570 --> 00:13:58,205 was let loose on Kristallnacht... 244 00:13:58,240 --> 00:14:02,209 rape and murder of the ancient Jewish population escalated. 245 00:14:02,244 --> 00:14:04,311 - Sieg heil! - Sieg heil! 246 00:14:04,346 --> 00:14:07,014 As in Europe, the U.S.A. did little to help, 247 00:14:07,032 --> 00:14:10,267 only admitting approximately 200,000 Jews 248 00:14:10,302 --> 00:14:14,405 between 1933 and 1945. 249 00:14:16,291 --> 00:14:19,410 Emboldened, Hitler struck again in March '39, 250 00:14:19,444 --> 00:14:23,581 breaking his promise and invading the rest of Czechoslovakia. 251 00:14:23,615 --> 00:14:25,833 Stalin recognized the truth... 252 00:14:25,867 --> 00:14:29,904 His country was facing its most deadly enemy alone. 253 00:14:29,938 --> 00:14:31,739 He needed to buy time, 254 00:14:31,773 --> 00:14:34,074 and fearing a German-Polish alliance 255 00:14:34,109 --> 00:14:37,177 to attack the U.S.S.R., he shocked the West 256 00:14:37,211 --> 00:14:40,114 when he signed a non-aggression pact with Hitler, 257 00:14:40,148 --> 00:14:42,583 dividing Eastern Europe between them. 258 00:14:42,617 --> 00:14:44,585 Here were the admitted arch enemies 259 00:14:44,619 --> 00:14:46,954 in a state of apparent friendship. 260 00:14:46,988 --> 00:14:48,656 Stalin's primary concern 261 00:14:48,690 --> 00:14:50,991 was the security of his own nation. 262 00:14:51,026 --> 00:14:53,694 In fact, the Soviet dictator had proposed the same alliance 263 00:14:53,728 --> 00:14:55,296 with Britain and France, 264 00:14:55,330 --> 00:14:57,698 but neither would accept Stalin's demand 265 00:14:57,732 --> 00:15:01,035 to place Soviet troops on Polish soil 266 00:15:01,069 --> 00:15:04,505 as a way of blocking the Germans. 267 00:15:04,539 --> 00:15:07,041 Less than two weeks after the pact was signed, 268 00:15:07,075 --> 00:15:10,044 Hitler invaded Poland from the West. 269 00:15:17,118 --> 00:15:19,653 Britain and France, allied with Poland, 270 00:15:19,688 --> 00:15:22,256 finally stood up to Hitler and declared war. 271 00:15:26,294 --> 00:15:29,363 Two weeks later, on September 17th, 272 00:15:29,397 --> 00:15:32,333 Stalin also invaded Poland. 273 00:15:35,804 --> 00:15:38,172 The Soviets soon thereafter asserted control 274 00:15:38,206 --> 00:15:41,008 over the Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia 275 00:15:41,042 --> 00:15:43,877 and Lithuania, and invaded Finland. 276 00:15:43,912 --> 00:15:47,131 The world was at war once again. 277 00:15:47,182 --> 00:15:50,017 World War II has begun. 278 00:15:50,035 --> 00:15:53,904 In rapid succession, the invincible German army 279 00:15:53,938 --> 00:15:58,075 conquered Denmark, Norway, Holland, and Belgium. 280 00:16:02,647 --> 00:16:05,916 The great French army of World War I, 281 00:16:05,950 --> 00:16:09,320 its younger generation decimated in that slaughter, 282 00:16:09,354 --> 00:16:13,674 collapsed after only six weeks of fighting in June, 1940. 283 00:16:13,708 --> 00:16:16,010 The bulk of its ruling class, 284 00:16:16,044 --> 00:16:19,113 conservative and anti-semitic to the core, 285 00:16:19,147 --> 00:16:21,482 decided on collaboration. 286 00:16:21,516 --> 00:16:24,168 Hitler now turned his attention to England 287 00:16:24,202 --> 00:16:27,654 and launched a punishing air assault as precursor 288 00:16:27,689 --> 00:16:31,475 to a cross-channel invasion. 289 00:16:31,509 --> 00:16:34,561 But a new war leader, Winston Churchill, 290 00:16:34,596 --> 00:16:36,697 rallied the nation behind him. 291 00:16:36,731 --> 00:16:38,732 We shall fight on the beaches, 292 00:16:38,767 --> 00:16:41,935 we shall fight on the landing grounds, 293 00:16:41,970 --> 00:16:44,505 we shall fight in the fields 294 00:16:44,539 --> 00:16:45,906 and in the streets. 295 00:16:45,940 --> 00:16:47,641 We shall fight in the hills. 296 00:16:47,675 --> 00:16:50,828 We shall never surrender. 297 00:16:54,682 --> 00:16:57,051 And in what seemed a miracle, 298 00:16:57,085 --> 00:16:59,737 the battered air force held the Germans at bay 299 00:16:59,771 --> 00:17:02,673 in the historic battle of Britain. 300 00:17:02,724 --> 00:17:06,176 Churchill called it their finest hour. 301 00:17:07,779 --> 00:17:09,880 Leading the British people, 302 00:17:09,914 --> 00:17:13,217 Churchill became a living legend. 303 00:17:24,212 --> 00:17:27,815 Although most Americans wanted Britain and France to win the war, 304 00:17:27,849 --> 00:17:31,284 according to a gallup poll in October '39, 305 00:17:31,302 --> 00:17:34,688 95% percent wanted the U.S. to stay out, 306 00:17:34,722 --> 00:17:37,257 fearing essentially that Britain was again, 307 00:17:37,292 --> 00:17:38,725 as in 1917, 308 00:17:38,760 --> 00:17:43,497 drawing the U.S. into a futile World War. 309 00:17:43,531 --> 00:17:44,915 Another war? Not for me. 310 00:17:44,966 --> 00:17:48,085 This time America should keep out, and I know I will. 311 00:17:48,119 --> 00:17:49,787 Let Europe fight her own battles. 312 00:17:49,838 --> 00:17:51,805 They mean nothing to us. 313 00:17:51,840 --> 00:17:53,757 - By all means, no. - No! 314 00:17:53,792 --> 00:17:55,459 - No. - No. 315 00:17:57,595 --> 00:18:01,081 Roosevelt promised in the 1940 election that 316 00:18:01,099 --> 00:18:04,952 "No American boys would go to a foreign war." 317 00:18:04,986 --> 00:18:07,054 Yet he now believed that Hitler 318 00:18:07,088 --> 00:18:10,157 was intent on world domination. 319 00:18:10,175 --> 00:18:13,677 And with neutrality legislation on the books 320 00:18:13,728 --> 00:18:16,914 and military preparedness at a low level, 321 00:18:16,948 --> 00:18:21,268 Roosevelt nonetheless made several bold moves. 322 00:18:21,302 --> 00:18:23,170 Bending the rules, 323 00:18:23,188 --> 00:18:27,191 he unilaterally sent 50 old destroyers to Britain. 324 00:18:27,242 --> 00:18:30,444 And in order to drive Japan out of China, 325 00:18:30,478 --> 00:18:34,898 he imposed select embargoes on the flow of vital raw materials 326 00:18:34,949 --> 00:18:39,169 critical to the Japanese war machine. 327 00:18:39,220 --> 00:18:43,457 In September, 1940, Japan retaliated 328 00:18:43,491 --> 00:18:46,910 and established, with Germany and Italy and others, 329 00:18:46,945 --> 00:18:50,130 the tripartite pact. 330 00:18:50,165 --> 00:18:52,332 It was clear now that the three axis countries 331 00:18:52,367 --> 00:18:55,118 definitely stood against us, 332 00:18:55,153 --> 00:18:58,471 organized to smash the very principles 333 00:18:58,490 --> 00:19:00,140 which made us the people we are. 334 00:19:00,158 --> 00:19:02,442 Sieg heil! 335 00:19:02,477 --> 00:19:05,412 With war clouds growing darker, 336 00:19:05,446 --> 00:19:08,849 Roosevelt now made his boldest move yet. 337 00:19:08,883 --> 00:19:11,835 Breaking the famous precedent of George Washington, 338 00:19:11,870 --> 00:19:15,522 he declared for a third term in 1940. 339 00:19:15,557 --> 00:19:19,760 The stakes have rarely been higher in a presidential election. 340 00:19:19,794 --> 00:19:22,029 And Roosevelt, in this spirit, 341 00:19:22,063 --> 00:19:25,899 now chose his controversial secretary of agriculture, 342 00:19:25,934 --> 00:19:28,619 Henry A. Wallace, as his running mate. 343 00:19:28,670 --> 00:19:32,256 Wallace had been at the nerve center of Roosevelt's successes 344 00:19:32,290 --> 00:19:36,126 in stalling off the perils of the great depression, 345 00:19:36,160 --> 00:19:39,062 easing the way with government subsidies for farmers 346 00:19:39,097 --> 00:19:43,433 to stay in business by cutting back on production. 347 00:19:43,468 --> 00:19:45,018 For the urban poor, 348 00:19:45,053 --> 00:19:47,905 Wallace had provided food stamps and school lunches. 349 00:19:47,939 --> 00:19:50,607 He instituted programs for land-use planning 350 00:19:50,642 --> 00:19:52,609 and soil conservation. 351 00:19:52,644 --> 00:19:56,280 Considered the scientific community's best ally, 352 00:19:56,331 --> 00:19:59,032 Wallace spoke out strongly against the building up 353 00:19:59,067 --> 00:20:01,034 of false racial theories 354 00:20:01,069 --> 00:20:04,871 in rebuke of the Hitler policies in Germany. 355 00:20:04,906 --> 00:20:07,207 George Carver, born into slavery, 356 00:20:07,242 --> 00:20:09,876 now a chemist at Tuskegee University 357 00:20:09,911 --> 00:20:12,379 specializing in botany, first introduced me 358 00:20:12,413 --> 00:20:15,215 to the mysteries of plant fertilization. 359 00:20:15,250 --> 00:20:18,385 I spent a good many years breeding corn 360 00:20:18,419 --> 00:20:21,888 because this scientist deepened my appreciation of plants 361 00:20:21,923 --> 00:20:24,191 in a way I could never forget. 362 00:20:24,225 --> 00:20:27,527 Superior ability is not the exclusive possession 363 00:20:27,562 --> 00:20:29,896 of any one race or any one class, 364 00:20:29,931 --> 00:20:34,701 provided men are given the right opportunities. 365 00:20:36,838 --> 00:20:40,540 Democratic party bosses feared Wallace's views, 366 00:20:40,574 --> 00:20:44,461 and it looked like the Wallace nomination would go up in flames, 367 00:20:44,512 --> 00:20:47,297 when Roosevelt, angry and frustrated, 368 00:20:47,348 --> 00:20:50,100 wrote a remarkable letter to the assembled delegates 369 00:20:50,134 --> 00:20:54,271 in which he flatly turned down the presidential nomination. 370 00:20:54,305 --> 00:20:56,106 The Democratic party 371 00:20:56,140 --> 00:20:58,609 has failed when it has fallen to the control 372 00:20:58,643 --> 00:21:00,777 of those who think in terms of dollars 373 00:21:00,812 --> 00:21:03,714 instead of human values. 374 00:21:03,748 --> 00:21:07,884 Until the Democratic party shakes off all the shackles of control 375 00:21:07,919 --> 00:21:10,854 fastened upon it by the forces of conservatism, 376 00:21:10,888 --> 00:21:12,806 reaction, and appeasement, 377 00:21:12,840 --> 00:21:16,460 it will not continue its March to victory. 378 00:21:16,494 --> 00:21:21,398 The party cannot face in both directions at the same time. 379 00:21:21,432 --> 00:21:24,151 Therefore, I decline the honor 380 00:21:24,185 --> 00:21:27,387 of the nomination for the presidency. 381 00:21:27,422 --> 00:21:31,992 His wife, Eleanor Roosevelt, saved the day. 382 00:21:32,026 --> 00:21:35,562 The first president's wife ever to address a convention, 383 00:21:35,596 --> 00:21:37,731 she told disgruntled delegates that 384 00:21:37,765 --> 00:21:39,966 "We face now a grave situation." 385 00:21:50,978 --> 00:21:54,698 The party bosses buckled and put Wallace on the ticket. 386 00:21:54,749 --> 00:21:57,701 They would, however, come back for their vengeance. 387 00:21:57,735 --> 00:21:59,453 I've just heard the news of my nomination, 388 00:21:59,487 --> 00:22:01,621 and there is just one thing I want to say. 389 00:22:01,656 --> 00:22:06,009 I am confident that under the leadership of president Roosevelt 390 00:22:06,044 --> 00:22:08,912 we shall have a united Democratic party, 391 00:22:08,963 --> 00:22:10,497 victory in November, 392 00:22:10,531 --> 00:22:13,583 and security for the American people. 393 00:22:39,894 --> 00:22:42,996 But the crisis over Wallace never went away. 394 00:22:43,030 --> 00:22:45,932 The previous vice president, "Cactus Jack" garner, 395 00:22:45,967 --> 00:22:49,102 an affable outgoing texan had said... 396 00:22:49,137 --> 00:22:53,106 This job ain't worth a barrel of warm piss. 397 00:22:53,141 --> 00:22:55,175 Nonetheless Wallace stuck out 398 00:22:55,209 --> 00:22:58,178 like a sore thumb on Capitol Hill. 399 00:22:58,212 --> 00:23:00,313 He was a spiritual man, 400 00:23:00,348 --> 00:23:03,483 fascinated by Navajo tribal religion. 401 00:23:03,518 --> 00:23:07,053 He studied Buddhism and Zoroastrianism. 402 00:23:07,088 --> 00:23:09,790 The Washington scene with its cocktail dives 403 00:23:09,824 --> 00:23:12,125 and smoky members' clubs didn't suit him. 404 00:23:12,160 --> 00:23:14,127 He didn't drink or smoke. 405 00:23:14,162 --> 00:23:16,696 He preferred to play tennis and box. 406 00:23:16,731 --> 00:23:18,782 He liked to spend evenings reading 407 00:23:18,816 --> 00:23:21,618 and throwing boomerangs on the potomac. 408 00:23:21,652 --> 00:23:24,221 In a sign of his great confidence, 409 00:23:24,272 --> 00:23:27,808 Roosevelt made Wallace chairman of the board of economic warfare 410 00:23:27,842 --> 00:23:30,977 in charge of the national economy. 411 00:23:31,012 --> 00:23:34,414 Wallace was at the height of his influence in Washington. 412 00:23:36,551 --> 00:23:41,221 1941 would be a year of epic change. 413 00:23:41,255 --> 00:23:43,890 The fuhrer of Germany had fulfilled his promise 414 00:23:43,925 --> 00:23:47,727 to the German people and reversed the shame of World War I. 415 00:23:55,586 --> 00:23:57,938 The Germans now were at their height. 416 00:23:57,972 --> 00:24:00,841 Foodstuffs from France, Holland, Denmark, Norway, 417 00:24:00,875 --> 00:24:03,960 luxury goods, industries thriving... 418 00:24:03,995 --> 00:24:06,145 the thousand-year reich of the future 419 00:24:06,164 --> 00:24:10,283 looked like it might come true after all. 420 00:24:10,317 --> 00:24:13,153 But, as history repeatedly shows, 421 00:24:13,187 --> 00:24:16,256 the fatal flaw arises not from without, 422 00:24:16,290 --> 00:24:17,774 but from within. 423 00:24:17,809 --> 00:24:21,511 And Hitler, at the zenith of his arrogance, 424 00:24:21,546 --> 00:24:24,047 attacked the Soviet Union. 425 00:24:25,583 --> 00:24:28,652 The concept of lebensraum, or "living space" 426 00:24:28,686 --> 00:24:30,420 was described first by him 427 00:24:30,454 --> 00:24:34,274 in his 1925-6 two volume autobiography, 428 00:24:34,308 --> 00:24:36,510 "Mein Kampf"... My fight. 429 00:24:36,544 --> 00:24:40,463 He stated that the future of the German peoples 430 00:24:40,498 --> 00:24:42,232 lay in the east 431 00:24:42,266 --> 00:24:45,585 and would need to be carved out of the U.S.S.R. 432 00:24:45,620 --> 00:24:47,737 One-sixth of the earth's surface, 433 00:24:47,772 --> 00:24:51,191 reaching from east to west, nearly halfway around the world, 434 00:24:51,225 --> 00:24:54,694 and Southward from the North Pole to the borders of India. 435 00:24:54,728 --> 00:24:58,648 One country of nine million square miles. 436 00:24:58,683 --> 00:25:01,668 That's our own country three times over, 437 00:25:01,702 --> 00:25:05,238 or all of North America and a million square miles to boot. 438 00:25:05,256 --> 00:25:08,658 Raw materials... unlimited. 439 00:25:08,693 --> 00:25:12,495 Man power... 193 million. 440 00:25:16,200 --> 00:25:19,669 And it was going to be the Slavic and Jewish peoples 441 00:25:19,704 --> 00:25:21,671 who were going to be eliminated 442 00:25:21,706 --> 00:25:24,274 to make room for the ascendant German race. 443 00:25:33,985 --> 00:25:37,787 The clash between Germans and Slavs over Eastern Europe 444 00:25:37,822 --> 00:25:42,025 dated back to the Baltic Crusades of the 13th century, 445 00:25:42,059 --> 00:25:45,612 in which German knights had fought the Russians... 446 00:25:51,669 --> 00:25:55,956 And later intensified with the rise of nation states. 447 00:25:55,990 --> 00:25:59,175 Now Hitler was prepared to finish the job, 448 00:25:59,226 --> 00:26:02,345 believing that racially pure Germany was destined 449 00:26:02,380 --> 00:26:07,233 to vanquish the decadent, racially-mixed Slavs. 450 00:26:07,268 --> 00:26:11,204 Racial mixing, he reasoned, caused the collapse of civilization. 451 00:26:11,238 --> 00:26:14,541 He had witnessed it firsthand in his native country 452 00:26:14,575 --> 00:26:18,378 in the multi-national city of Vienna before the first World War, 453 00:26:18,412 --> 00:26:21,281 and now saw it also occurring in a decadent Britain 454 00:26:21,315 --> 00:26:23,350 and the United States. 455 00:26:23,384 --> 00:26:26,419 With England no longer a threat in the West, 456 00:26:26,454 --> 00:26:29,823 Hitler was now ready to go after the biggest prize of all. 457 00:26:29,857 --> 00:26:32,692 Less than two years after he had signed 458 00:26:32,727 --> 00:26:35,095 the peace pact with Stalin, he attacked. 459 00:26:41,402 --> 00:26:45,355 Three million men he sent in a Blitzkrieg movement 460 00:26:45,389 --> 00:26:49,392 cutting deep into Soviet territory along a 2,000-mile front, 461 00:26:49,427 --> 00:26:53,279 from the arctic all the way down to the Black Sea. 462 00:26:53,314 --> 00:26:57,417 The Germans quickly destroyed two-thirds of the Soviet Air Force. 463 00:26:57,451 --> 00:27:01,154 With the added loss of tanks and artillery, 464 00:27:01,188 --> 00:27:05,692 Stalin's massive post-1939 buildup had been useless. 465 00:27:05,726 --> 00:27:08,728 Fearing that Britain was planting disinformation 466 00:27:08,763 --> 00:27:13,033 to incite war between Germany and the U.S.S.R., 467 00:27:13,067 --> 00:27:15,735 Stalin disbelieved his own intelligence reports 468 00:27:15,770 --> 00:27:18,571 about the imminence of the invasion. 469 00:27:18,606 --> 00:27:22,575 In the 1930s' purges, Stalin had killed 470 00:27:22,610 --> 00:27:26,629 or imprisoned most of the Soviet High Command... 471 00:27:26,681 --> 00:27:28,698 Some 43,000 officers... 472 00:27:28,733 --> 00:27:30,867 because of their alleged loyalty 473 00:27:30,901 --> 00:27:33,703 to the Red Army founder Leon Trotsky, 474 00:27:33,738 --> 00:27:37,374 whom Stalin had had assassinated the year before 475 00:27:37,408 --> 00:27:39,509 in his exile in Mexico city. 476 00:27:41,078 --> 00:27:44,147 Stalin was equally paranoid, and rightly so, 477 00:27:44,181 --> 00:27:48,251 about the loyalty of local Soviet populations 478 00:27:48,285 --> 00:27:51,521 which he'd brutalized in the pre-war years. 479 00:27:51,555 --> 00:27:54,157 But Hitler, instead of seeking the alliance 480 00:27:54,191 --> 00:27:56,059 of this restive population, 481 00:27:56,093 --> 00:27:58,745 was even more ruthless than Stalin, 482 00:27:58,779 --> 00:28:00,964 intending the annihilation of the Soviets 483 00:28:00,998 --> 00:28:04,034 on a scale far larger than his war in the West 484 00:28:04,068 --> 00:28:06,603 or even against the Jews. 485 00:28:08,706 --> 00:28:12,575 The Ukraine fell in the summer of 1941, 486 00:28:12,610 --> 00:28:16,663 and the battle for Kiev, the oldest major city in the Soviet Union, 487 00:28:16,697 --> 00:28:19,749 cost half a million Soviet lives. 488 00:28:21,685 --> 00:28:26,506 Civilians were either executed or condemned to slave labor ranks, 489 00:28:26,540 --> 00:28:28,892 and with the fall of the Ukraine came the loss 490 00:28:28,926 --> 00:28:31,978 of the Soviet industrial heartland. 491 00:28:32,012 --> 00:28:35,231 The coal, the steel, the gas, and the mineral ores 492 00:28:35,266 --> 00:28:37,767 of the Soviet Union were stolen by the Germans, 493 00:28:37,802 --> 00:28:42,622 who were moving towards Moscow in the fall of 1941. 494 00:28:42,656 --> 00:28:45,058 American and British military leaders 495 00:28:45,092 --> 00:28:47,727 estimated the U.S.S.R. Would hold on 496 00:28:47,762 --> 00:28:49,562 for no more than three months 497 00:28:49,597 --> 00:28:51,898 and might even fold in four weeks. 498 00:28:51,916 --> 00:28:55,902 They feared that Stalin would conclude a separate peace. 499 00:28:55,936 --> 00:28:58,421 The prospects were so devastating that Churchill 500 00:28:58,456 --> 00:29:01,791 swallowed his longstanding loathing of communism 501 00:29:01,826 --> 00:29:04,260 and pledged support for the Soviet Union. 502 00:29:04,295 --> 00:29:07,530 Stalin begged Britain for military material 503 00:29:07,565 --> 00:29:12,068 and to land immediately in Europe and engage Hitler on a second front. 504 00:29:12,103 --> 00:29:14,304 And for the West, it was now crucial 505 00:29:14,338 --> 00:29:16,589 to keep the Soviet Union in the war 506 00:29:16,624 --> 00:29:20,326 to absorb the main thrust of the Nazi war machine. 507 00:29:20,361 --> 00:29:22,679 In August, Roosevelt ordered delivery 508 00:29:22,730 --> 00:29:25,682 of the first 100 fighter planes to the U.S.S.R. 509 00:29:25,716 --> 00:29:27,851 But American military leaders, 510 00:29:27,885 --> 00:29:30,954 intent upon building up U.S. defenses, 511 00:29:30,988 --> 00:29:32,872 impeded Roosevelt's efforts. 512 00:29:32,907 --> 00:29:36,943 And the British, reinforcing Stalin's mistrust, 513 00:29:36,977 --> 00:29:40,530 also objected to diversion of their supplies. 514 00:29:40,564 --> 00:29:42,532 There were still many in the West 515 00:29:42,566 --> 00:29:46,085 who frankly were glad to see the Soviet Union 516 00:29:46,120 --> 00:29:47,921 finally on her knees. 517 00:29:47,955 --> 00:29:50,240 Missouri senator Harry Truman 518 00:29:50,274 --> 00:29:53,409 declared on the floor of the senate in 1941... 519 00:29:53,444 --> 00:29:55,478 If we see that Germany is winning, 520 00:29:55,513 --> 00:29:57,180 we ought to help Russia. 521 00:29:57,214 --> 00:30:00,900 And if Russia is winning, we ought to help Germany. 522 00:30:00,935 --> 00:30:04,220 And that way, let them kill as many as possible. 523 00:30:04,255 --> 00:30:08,140 Ignoring such advice, Roosevelt, in November, 1941, 524 00:30:08,159 --> 00:30:11,611 announced that the U.S. would extend aid to the Soviets. 525 00:30:11,645 --> 00:30:13,112 In March of that year, 526 00:30:13,147 --> 00:30:16,216 Roosevelt had managed to get a lend-lease act 527 00:30:16,250 --> 00:30:19,052 through a reluctant congress. 528 00:30:19,086 --> 00:30:21,421 He then sent the first $7 billion 529 00:30:21,455 --> 00:30:25,692 of what would eventually become $32 billion to Britain. 530 00:30:25,726 --> 00:30:30,330 The Soviets, in the end, would receive $11 billion. 531 00:30:33,300 --> 00:30:36,069 In August 1941, 532 00:30:36,103 --> 00:30:39,322 Roosevelt met secretly with Churchill in Newfoundland. 533 00:30:39,356 --> 00:30:44,244 A ship came out of the mist, mooring side by side with the Augusta. 534 00:30:44,278 --> 00:30:47,180 It was the H.M.S. Prince of Wales. 535 00:30:47,214 --> 00:30:49,065 The prime minister had come solely 536 00:30:49,099 --> 00:30:53,603 to convince the United States to join the war now. 537 00:30:53,654 --> 00:30:56,890 Elliott Roosevelt, one of Franklin's sons 538 00:30:56,924 --> 00:30:59,192 who was there as a military attache, 539 00:30:59,226 --> 00:31:02,161 described in his book a late-night encounter 540 00:31:02,196 --> 00:31:05,064 where Churchill made a naked appeal. 541 00:31:05,099 --> 00:31:07,267 It's your only chance. 542 00:31:07,301 --> 00:31:09,903 You've got to come in beside us. 543 00:31:09,937 --> 00:31:12,238 Elliott later helped his father 544 00:31:12,273 --> 00:31:15,341 on his leg braces walk to his cabin. 545 00:31:15,376 --> 00:31:17,810 A real old Tory, isn't he? 546 00:31:17,845 --> 00:31:21,047 He's a perfect wartime prime minister. 547 00:31:21,081 --> 00:31:25,385 His one big job is to see that Britain survives this war. 548 00:31:25,419 --> 00:31:29,188 But Winston Churchill lead England after the war? 549 00:31:29,223 --> 00:31:31,024 It'd never work. 550 00:31:31,058 --> 00:31:33,259 We've got to make clear to the British 551 00:31:33,294 --> 00:31:36,462 from the very outset that we don't intend simply 552 00:31:36,497 --> 00:31:39,299 to be a good-time Charlie who can be used 553 00:31:39,333 --> 00:31:42,452 to help the British Empire out of a tight spot 554 00:31:42,486 --> 00:31:44,787 and then be forgotten forever. 555 00:31:44,822 --> 00:31:47,991 The British Empire is at stake here. 556 00:31:48,025 --> 00:31:50,576 It's something that is not generally known, 557 00:31:50,611 --> 00:31:52,979 but British bankers and German bankers 558 00:31:52,997 --> 00:31:55,164 have had world trade pretty well sewn up 559 00:31:55,199 --> 00:31:58,284 in their pockets for a long time. 560 00:31:58,319 --> 00:32:00,954 That night, Roosevelt began to spell out 561 00:32:00,988 --> 00:32:03,089 his vision for a new world. 562 00:32:03,123 --> 00:32:06,359 I think I speak as America's president 563 00:32:06,393 --> 00:32:08,594 when I say that America won't help England 564 00:32:08,629 --> 00:32:13,566 to continue to ride roughshod over colonial peoples. 565 00:32:13,600 --> 00:32:16,102 At the heart of Roosevelt's vision 566 00:32:16,136 --> 00:32:19,439 was that political freedom meant economic freedom, 567 00:32:19,473 --> 00:32:23,426 which was in sharp contrast to the British Empire's rationale 568 00:32:23,460 --> 00:32:27,430 that kept the colonies poor and dependent on London. 569 00:32:27,464 --> 00:32:32,201 Roosevelt's global new deal would create a financial credit system 570 00:32:32,236 --> 00:32:35,905 that would allow the colonies to develop. 571 00:32:35,939 --> 00:32:37,690 Roosevelt reminded Churchill 572 00:32:37,708 --> 00:32:40,677 that the U.S.'s colonial relationship with the Philippines 573 00:32:40,711 --> 00:32:43,613 was to be terminated in 1946, 574 00:32:43,647 --> 00:32:46,482 and urged the British to do the same with their empire, 575 00:32:46,517 --> 00:32:49,786 which offended so many American sensibilities. 576 00:32:49,820 --> 00:32:53,790 Churchill realized there were limits to Roosevelt's generosity, 577 00:32:53,824 --> 00:32:56,459 and that the price of American aid 578 00:32:56,493 --> 00:32:59,128 would be the world after the peace. 579 00:32:59,163 --> 00:33:02,098 We look forward to a world 580 00:33:02,132 --> 00:33:07,070 founded upon four essential human freedoms. 581 00:33:07,121 --> 00:33:08,755 The first 582 00:33:08,789 --> 00:33:13,159 is freedom of speech and expression 583 00:33:13,193 --> 00:33:16,396 everywhere in the world. 584 00:33:16,430 --> 00:33:20,049 The second is freedom of every person 585 00:33:20,084 --> 00:33:23,736 to worship God in his own way 586 00:33:23,771 --> 00:33:26,723 everywhere in the world. 587 00:33:26,757 --> 00:33:30,226 The third is freedom from want 588 00:33:30,260 --> 00:33:33,179 everywhere in the world. 589 00:33:33,213 --> 00:33:37,016 The fourth is freedom from fear 590 00:33:37,051 --> 00:33:39,202 anywhere in the world. 591 00:33:39,253 --> 00:33:42,205 These were big words, 592 00:33:42,239 --> 00:33:45,942 but the Atlantic charter was a truly visionary document 593 00:33:45,976 --> 00:33:48,611 that later became the guiding manifesto 594 00:33:48,645 --> 00:33:50,713 of the united nations... 595 00:33:50,748 --> 00:33:55,051 a universal statement, not heard since the French or Russian revolution, 596 00:33:55,085 --> 00:33:58,554 on the rights of men and women everywhere. 597 00:33:58,589 --> 00:34:00,957 Fearing Roosevelt's proposed wording, 598 00:34:00,991 --> 00:34:03,426 Churchill added a clause stipulating 599 00:34:03,460 --> 00:34:05,895 that equal access to international wealth 600 00:34:05,929 --> 00:34:08,898 would be guaranteed "only with due respect 601 00:34:08,949 --> 00:34:11,734 for existing obligations." 602 00:34:11,769 --> 00:34:14,587 But, as Elliott Roosevelt wrote... 603 00:34:14,621 --> 00:34:18,724 Gradually, very gradually, and very quietly, 604 00:34:18,759 --> 00:34:21,160 the mantle of leadership was slipping 605 00:34:21,195 --> 00:34:23,446 from British shoulders to American. 606 00:34:23,480 --> 00:34:24,847 The next day, 607 00:34:24,898 --> 00:34:27,233 the Prince of Wales headed "back to the wars"... 608 00:34:27,267 --> 00:34:30,386 the two statesmen parting ways for now. 609 00:34:30,421 --> 00:34:32,738 Churchill later told his cabinet 610 00:34:32,773 --> 00:34:35,057 that Roosevelt said he would wage war 611 00:34:35,092 --> 00:34:36,559 but not declare it. 612 00:34:36,593 --> 00:34:40,029 Everything was to be done to force an incident. 613 00:34:40,063 --> 00:34:43,883 Neither man would have then predicted this path 614 00:34:43,917 --> 00:34:46,819 to war would lead through Japan, not Germany. 615 00:34:46,854 --> 00:34:49,589 Japan had avoided the Nazi war 616 00:34:49,623 --> 00:34:52,074 against their old Russian antagonists, 617 00:34:52,109 --> 00:34:54,527 and in fact had been alienated from Berlin 618 00:34:54,561 --> 00:34:58,247 by the Soviet-German alliance of 1939. 619 00:34:58,282 --> 00:35:00,249 In his arrogance, Hitler, 620 00:35:00,284 --> 00:35:03,352 who considered the Japanese racially inferior, 621 00:35:03,387 --> 00:35:08,341 had made no attempt whatever to confide his Soviet plans to them 622 00:35:08,375 --> 00:35:12,945 or offer any new territory for their support in the far east. 623 00:35:12,980 --> 00:35:16,115 In hindsight, this had enormous consequences 624 00:35:16,150 --> 00:35:18,184 for the fate of the world. 625 00:35:18,218 --> 00:35:21,187 If the Japanese had entered the war against Stalin, 626 00:35:21,221 --> 00:35:25,691 it is almost certain the Soviet Union would have been crushed. 627 00:35:25,726 --> 00:35:29,061 But Japan wanted, like Britain, Germany and Italy, 628 00:35:29,096 --> 00:35:31,764 a colonial empire of its own. 629 00:35:31,798 --> 00:35:34,433 And taking advantage of the vacuum created 630 00:35:34,468 --> 00:35:37,603 by the German conquest of France and Holland, 631 00:35:37,638 --> 00:35:40,106 and the neutralization of British power, 632 00:35:40,140 --> 00:35:44,594 it drove South into Indochina in July, 1941, 633 00:35:44,645 --> 00:35:49,148 seeking resources and military bases. 634 00:35:49,183 --> 00:35:51,350 The United States, which now produced 635 00:35:51,385 --> 00:35:53,853 half of the oil supplies of the world, 636 00:35:53,887 --> 00:35:58,357 responded by completely embargoing all trade to Japan, 637 00:35:58,392 --> 00:36:00,192 including oil. 638 00:36:00,210 --> 00:36:02,461 Its supplies dwindling fast, 639 00:36:02,496 --> 00:36:06,799 Japan determined to secure its oil from the Dutch East Indies, 640 00:36:06,833 --> 00:36:09,802 but the American fleet at Pearl Harbor 641 00:36:09,836 --> 00:36:13,572 could significantly interfere with those plans. 642 00:36:17,594 --> 00:36:21,364 December 7th, 643 00:36:21,398 --> 00:36:23,533 1941, 644 00:36:23,567 --> 00:36:26,903 a date which will live in infamy. 645 00:36:26,937 --> 00:36:30,289 Thus, the Japanese launched an all-out surprise attack 646 00:36:30,324 --> 00:36:34,227 on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii... 647 00:36:49,142 --> 00:36:52,111 Leaving almost 2,500 dead 648 00:36:52,145 --> 00:36:56,482 and disabling much of the American fleet. 649 00:36:56,516 --> 00:36:58,968 The Americans knew an attack was coming, 650 00:36:59,002 --> 00:37:01,587 but thought it would be in the Philippines. 651 00:37:01,622 --> 00:37:05,241 No matter how long it may take us 652 00:37:05,275 --> 00:37:08,878 to overcome this premeditated invasion, 653 00:37:08,912 --> 00:37:11,714 the American people in their righteous might 654 00:37:11,748 --> 00:37:14,884 will win through to absolute victory. 655 00:37:16,587 --> 00:37:18,621 The next day, the U.S. and Britain 656 00:37:18,655 --> 00:37:21,057 declared war on Japan. 657 00:37:21,091 --> 00:37:24,327 Although he had not even been told about Pearl Harbor 658 00:37:24,361 --> 00:37:26,929 by his Japanese allies, 659 00:37:26,980 --> 00:37:31,951 Hitler now unnecessarily declared war on the United States, 660 00:37:31,985 --> 00:37:36,439 a mistake nearly equivalent to invading the Soviet Union. 661 00:37:37,824 --> 00:37:41,727 Roosevelt could declare a popular war on Japan, 662 00:37:41,762 --> 00:37:44,430 but was now relieved of the enormous burden 663 00:37:44,464 --> 00:37:48,000 of breaking his word to the American electorate. 664 00:37:48,035 --> 00:37:51,170 He could finally declare war on Germany. 665 00:37:51,204 --> 00:37:54,106 The chaos was now global. 666 00:37:55,442 --> 00:37:57,743 The U.S. strategy was to build up 667 00:37:57,778 --> 00:37:59,879 and advance gradually in the Pacific, 668 00:37:59,913 --> 00:38:04,016 while focusing its major effort against the Germans. 669 00:38:04,051 --> 00:38:05,935 Defeating Japan, Roosevelt argued, 670 00:38:05,969 --> 00:38:08,037 would not defeat Germany, 671 00:38:08,071 --> 00:38:11,374 but the defeat of Germany would mean the defeat of Japan. 672 00:38:11,408 --> 00:38:14,143 And with the U.S. focused in Europe, 673 00:38:14,194 --> 00:38:18,864 the Japanese conquest proceeded largely unimpeded. 674 00:38:18,899 --> 00:38:21,533 They captured one-sixth of the earth's surface 675 00:38:21,551 --> 00:38:24,036 in only six months... 676 00:38:24,071 --> 00:38:28,057 Thailand, Malaya, Java, Borneo, the Philippines, 677 00:38:28,091 --> 00:38:31,277 Hong Kong, Indonesia, Burma. 678 00:38:31,311 --> 00:38:34,513 Citizens of those countries often greeted the Japanese 679 00:38:34,548 --> 00:38:38,634 as liberators from European colonial oppressors... 680 00:38:38,669 --> 00:38:41,604 a judgment that would prove short-lived. 681 00:38:41,638 --> 00:38:43,773 President Roosevelt said privately... 682 00:38:43,807 --> 00:38:46,959 Don't think for a minute that Americans 683 00:38:46,993 --> 00:38:49,128 would be dying in the Pacific 684 00:38:49,162 --> 00:38:51,797 if it hadn't been for the short-sighted greed 685 00:38:51,832 --> 00:38:55,301 of the French and the British and the Dutch. 686 00:38:55,335 --> 00:38:58,137 In another great blow to the allied cause, 687 00:38:58,171 --> 00:39:03,175 Japan stunned the British Empire at Singapore in early 1942. 688 00:39:05,946 --> 00:39:10,716 The British had more troops defending Singapore than England itself. 689 00:39:10,751 --> 00:39:13,869 80,000 commonwealth soldiers, 690 00:39:13,904 --> 00:39:17,222 many of them Australian, were taken prisoner. 691 00:39:17,240 --> 00:39:21,577 But in a sign of the true feelings of colonized peoples, 692 00:39:21,611 --> 00:39:24,080 of the 55,000 British Indian troops 693 00:39:24,114 --> 00:39:26,649 taken prisoner by the Japanese, 694 00:39:26,683 --> 00:39:31,520 40,000 changed sides to fight for the Japanese. 695 00:39:31,555 --> 00:39:34,390 Port of Singapore was forced to surrender 696 00:39:34,424 --> 00:39:36,125 to the Japanese forces in... 697 00:39:36,159 --> 00:39:38,811 If the Japanese had attacked Eastern India 698 00:39:38,845 --> 00:39:41,881 and coordinated it with the German advances 699 00:39:41,915 --> 00:39:45,751 in the middle east before their invasion of the Soviet Union, 700 00:39:45,786 --> 00:39:49,221 the British Empire would have been severely threatened in India. 701 00:39:49,256 --> 00:39:52,925 But Japan and Germany, throughout the war, 702 00:39:52,959 --> 00:39:55,561 never behaved as if close allies. 703 00:39:57,431 --> 00:40:02,384 Japan crucially failed to deliver the knockout blow at Pearl Harbor. 704 00:40:02,436 --> 00:40:06,005 And the allies began a counteroffensive 705 00:40:06,039 --> 00:40:10,943 led by general Douglas Macarthur and admiral Chester Nimitz. 706 00:40:10,977 --> 00:40:12,778 And in June, 1942, 707 00:40:12,813 --> 00:40:16,582 U.S. forces defeated the Japanese Navy at midway 708 00:40:16,616 --> 00:40:19,034 and began an island-hopping strategy 709 00:40:19,069 --> 00:40:22,471 that would continue for more than three years. 710 00:40:22,506 --> 00:40:24,840 The Japanese would fight fiercely, 711 00:40:24,891 --> 00:40:29,812 ensuring that victory would come at a great cost to American soldiers. 712 00:40:29,846 --> 00:40:32,431 But by 1943, 713 00:40:32,466 --> 00:40:36,502 the U.S. was churning out almost 100,000 planes a year, 714 00:40:36,536 --> 00:40:41,273 dwarfing the 70,000 Japan produced for the entire war. 715 00:40:41,308 --> 00:40:43,542 By the summer of '44, 716 00:40:43,577 --> 00:40:47,880 the U.S. had deployed almost 100 aircraft carriers in the Pacific, 717 00:40:47,914 --> 00:40:51,383 far more than Japan's total of 25. 718 00:40:53,787 --> 00:40:57,256 Allied science figured prominently on every front. 719 00:40:57,290 --> 00:41:01,377 Development of radar and the proximity fuse contributed to victory, 720 00:41:01,411 --> 00:41:05,281 but it was the atomic bomb that would change the course of history. 721 00:41:05,315 --> 00:41:07,449 In December, 1938, 722 00:41:07,484 --> 00:41:10,853 two German physicists stunned the scientific world, 723 00:41:10,887 --> 00:41:13,656 splitting the uranium atom, 724 00:41:13,690 --> 00:41:15,758 making development of atomic bombs 725 00:41:15,792 --> 00:41:18,828 a theoretical possibility. 726 00:41:18,862 --> 00:41:21,397 Those in the U.S. most alarmed by this development 727 00:41:21,431 --> 00:41:25,134 were the scientists who had escaped from Nazi-occupied Europe, 728 00:41:25,168 --> 00:41:27,920 many of them Jewish, who feared the consequences 729 00:41:27,954 --> 00:41:32,324 should Hitler get his hands on such a weapon. 730 00:41:32,359 --> 00:41:35,427 The emigre scientists had tried but failed 731 00:41:35,462 --> 00:41:38,497 to arouse interest on the part of American authorities. 732 00:41:38,532 --> 00:41:41,400 To the Navy department, these laboratory experiments 733 00:41:41,434 --> 00:41:45,237 seemed to be of no immediate importance. 734 00:41:45,272 --> 00:41:47,706 Very interesting, doctor. Keep us informed. 735 00:41:47,741 --> 00:41:51,560 Desperate, in July 1939, 736 00:41:51,595 --> 00:41:55,080 Leo Szilard solicited the help of Albert Einstein, 737 00:41:55,114 --> 00:41:57,466 who agreed to write to president Roosevelt 738 00:41:57,517 --> 00:42:01,820 urging him to authorize a U.S. atomic research program. 739 00:42:01,855 --> 00:42:03,856 Einstein later said... 740 00:42:03,890 --> 00:42:06,525 I made one great mistake in my life 741 00:42:06,560 --> 00:42:09,595 when I signed the letter to president Roosevelt 742 00:42:09,629 --> 00:42:13,432 recommending that the atom bombs be made. 743 00:42:13,466 --> 00:42:16,068 At first the project was small, 744 00:42:16,102 --> 00:42:20,439 but in September, 1942, the "Manhattan Project" 745 00:42:20,473 --> 00:42:24,610 was turned over to the military. 746 00:42:24,644 --> 00:42:28,447 General groves was told by his superiors to get results. 747 00:42:28,481 --> 00:42:32,651 Vice president Wallace, who tracked scientific development closely, 748 00:42:32,686 --> 00:42:35,654 had a low opinion of groves, believing him 749 00:42:35,689 --> 00:42:38,524 "a slightly pathological, anti-semitic 750 00:42:38,558 --> 00:42:42,794 Roosevelt-hater and outright fascist." 751 00:42:42,812 --> 00:42:46,749 Amazingly, to head up the project's Los Alamos lab, 752 00:42:46,783 --> 00:42:49,501 the man groves chose, Robert Oppenheimer, 753 00:42:49,536 --> 00:42:53,072 was an unapologetic leftist who admitted to being a member 754 00:42:53,106 --> 00:42:57,076 of every communist party front organization on the West Coast, 755 00:42:57,110 --> 00:43:00,746 at one point, giving 10% of his monthly salary 756 00:43:00,780 --> 00:43:03,949 to support the republican forces in Spain. 757 00:43:03,983 --> 00:43:07,453 Though completely opposite in temperament, groves, 758 00:43:07,487 --> 00:43:10,789 with Oppenheimer's help, assembled an incredible coterie 759 00:43:10,824 --> 00:43:12,257 of international scientists, 760 00:43:12,292 --> 00:43:15,461 including Enrico Fermi and Leo Szilard, 761 00:43:15,495 --> 00:43:20,466 who achieved the first nuclear chain reaction in an atomic pile, 762 00:43:20,500 --> 00:43:24,436 constructed in a university of Chicago squash court. 763 00:43:24,471 --> 00:43:26,939 Scientists worked long hours in the desert, 764 00:43:26,973 --> 00:43:29,608 fearing a last-minute German victory 765 00:43:29,643 --> 00:43:31,443 in the atomic race. 766 00:43:31,478 --> 00:43:35,297 But the truth came out in late 1944 767 00:43:35,348 --> 00:43:39,401 that Germany had actually abandoned the bomb research in '42, 768 00:43:39,436 --> 00:43:43,405 opting instead to throw their top scientists and resources 769 00:43:43,440 --> 00:43:47,626 into developing V1 and V2 rocketry. 770 00:43:51,014 --> 00:43:55,367 But America's scientists continued on. 771 00:43:57,971 --> 00:44:00,255 In the east, the Soviet Union 772 00:44:00,306 --> 00:44:02,725 lay on the brink of catastrophe, 773 00:44:02,759 --> 00:44:05,728 the Nazis about to take Moscow. 774 00:44:05,762 --> 00:44:08,664 In September, '41, Stalin pleaded with the British 775 00:44:08,698 --> 00:44:12,718 to send 25 to 30 divisions to the motherland 776 00:44:12,752 --> 00:44:17,089 and once again pressed for a second front in northern France. 777 00:44:17,123 --> 00:44:18,574 The following may, 778 00:44:18,625 --> 00:44:20,743 Roosevelt acknowledged that "the Russian armies 779 00:44:20,777 --> 00:44:22,911 are killing more axis personnel 780 00:44:22,946 --> 00:44:25,014 and destroying more axis material 781 00:44:25,048 --> 00:44:29,018 than all the other 25 united nations put together." 782 00:44:29,052 --> 00:44:31,120 He publicly announced the U.S. 783 00:44:31,154 --> 00:44:34,906 Would open a second front in Europe by the end of 1942. 784 00:44:34,924 --> 00:44:37,843 And army chief of staff George Marshall 785 00:44:37,877 --> 00:44:41,730 instructed his European commander general Dwight eisenhower 786 00:44:41,781 --> 00:44:45,150 to draw up plans for an invasion of Europe 787 00:44:45,184 --> 00:44:48,704 in the spring of '43 at the latest. 788 00:44:48,738 --> 00:44:50,406 The Soviets were elated. 789 00:44:50,440 --> 00:44:54,843 But Churchill was facing a huge crisis in North Africa. 790 00:44:54,878 --> 00:44:58,747 30,000 British troops had just surrendered humiliatingly 791 00:44:58,782 --> 00:45:01,717 to a Nazi force half their size. 792 00:45:01,751 --> 00:45:05,320 Fearing a bloodbath on the shores of France, 793 00:45:05,355 --> 00:45:07,706 he said the British could not muster enough ships 794 00:45:07,741 --> 00:45:11,193 to transport invading forces across the channel, 795 00:45:11,227 --> 00:45:14,780 and convinced Roosevelt to postpone the second front 796 00:45:14,814 --> 00:45:18,067 and instead mount an invasion of North Africa. 797 00:45:18,101 --> 00:45:22,588 When the U.S. agreed to this, eisenhower predicted 798 00:45:22,622 --> 00:45:25,257 that this would be the blackest day in history. 799 00:45:25,291 --> 00:45:28,327 He had said previously, "we should not forget 800 00:45:28,361 --> 00:45:30,162 that the prize we seek 801 00:45:30,196 --> 00:45:33,982 is to keep eight million Russians in the war." 802 00:45:34,033 --> 00:45:35,984 To George Marshall, 803 00:45:36,035 --> 00:45:39,721 who dismissed the invasion of Africa as "periphery pecking," 804 00:45:39,773 --> 00:45:42,407 it appeared that the British, unlike the Soviets, 805 00:45:42,442 --> 00:45:44,626 were afraid to take on the Germans. 806 00:45:44,661 --> 00:45:47,896 The shadows of World War I still hung too heavily 807 00:45:47,931 --> 00:45:52,234 over the imagination of Churchill's government. 808 00:45:52,268 --> 00:45:55,604 But the British had a different strategy. 809 00:45:55,655 --> 00:45:58,290 Relying on sea power and attacking Hitler's 810 00:45:58,324 --> 00:46:00,859 softer Southern front in Italy, 811 00:46:00,894 --> 00:46:04,313 Churchill wanted to avoid directly taking on 812 00:46:04,364 --> 00:46:06,148 the German war machine, 813 00:46:06,199 --> 00:46:08,884 instead seeking to secure North Africa 814 00:46:08,918 --> 00:46:11,386 and the Mediterranean around Gibraltar, 815 00:46:11,421 --> 00:46:13,889 and then the middle east, in order to hold on 816 00:46:13,923 --> 00:46:18,177 to their oil reserves, and well as maintaining access to India 817 00:46:18,211 --> 00:46:22,514 and the rest of their eastern empire through the Suez Canal. 818 00:46:22,549 --> 00:46:25,517 Theresulting paranoia of the Soviets 819 00:46:25,552 --> 00:46:27,786 cannot be underestimated. 820 00:46:27,821 --> 00:46:31,623 Britain and Russia had been rivals since the 19th century. 821 00:46:31,658 --> 00:46:34,793 Stalin mistrusted especially the British, 822 00:46:34,828 --> 00:46:36,461 but also the Americans, 823 00:46:36,496 --> 00:46:39,765 because of their intervention against the communists 824 00:46:39,799 --> 00:46:43,235 20 years earlier in the Russian civil war. 825 00:46:45,605 --> 00:46:49,575 Churchill had then promised to "strangle bolshevism in its cradle." 826 00:46:49,609 --> 00:46:52,578 And up until his non-aggression pact with Hitler, 827 00:46:52,612 --> 00:46:56,081 Stalin even harbored the fear that Churchill and the British Empire 828 00:46:56,115 --> 00:46:58,917 might ally with Nazi Germany 829 00:46:58,952 --> 00:47:03,188 and launch a grand crusade against the Soviet Union. 830 00:47:05,542 --> 00:47:08,460 Fighter command ready. 831 00:47:08,478 --> 00:47:11,346 Bomber command ready. 832 00:47:11,381 --> 00:47:13,916 Artillery in position. 833 00:47:13,950 --> 00:47:15,918 Tanks manned. 834 00:47:15,952 --> 00:47:19,588 Cavalry in position. 835 00:47:19,622 --> 00:47:21,323 Infantry ready. 836 00:47:24,427 --> 00:47:27,613 Beyond those hills is the enemy. 837 00:47:33,786 --> 00:47:36,605 Yet against all odds 838 00:47:36,639 --> 00:47:39,608 and to the shock of much of the world, 839 00:47:39,642 --> 00:47:41,877 it was to be the Red Army itself 840 00:47:41,911 --> 00:47:45,030 that would reverse the course of the war. 841 00:47:45,064 --> 00:47:48,817 It would need a tolstoy to describe the heroic endurance 842 00:47:48,851 --> 00:47:52,337 of Soviet men and women who made this possible. 843 00:47:52,372 --> 00:47:54,323 Few saw its meaning then, 844 00:47:54,357 --> 00:47:59,228 but as it happened to Napoleon in the winter of 1812 at Moscow, 845 00:47:59,262 --> 00:48:02,347 the crack German war machine was, 846 00:48:02,382 --> 00:48:06,034 for the very first time, stopped. 847 00:48:06,069 --> 00:48:09,304 But because the Japanese had marched South, 848 00:48:09,339 --> 00:48:12,908 Stalin was able to bring back Marshal Zhukov's 849 00:48:12,959 --> 00:48:16,895 40 siberian divisions to Moscow. 850 00:48:16,930 --> 00:48:18,463 Zhukov made the difference. 851 00:48:18,498 --> 00:48:21,917 German losses that winter were around 400,000. 852 00:48:21,951 --> 00:48:25,103 Meanwhile, at the capital of Leningrad, 853 00:48:25,138 --> 00:48:27,222 once called St. Petersburg, 854 00:48:27,257 --> 00:48:31,793 the Germans besieged the city over 900 consecutive days 855 00:48:31,828 --> 00:48:35,380 that included the two winters of '41 and '42. 856 00:48:35,415 --> 00:48:37,883 The population of the city in 1941 857 00:48:37,917 --> 00:48:40,819 was 2.5 million people. 858 00:48:40,853 --> 00:48:43,255 One out of three would die. 859 00:48:43,289 --> 00:48:46,425 Bombs, the cold, starvation, 860 00:48:46,459 --> 00:48:50,128 eating soups made of glue from wallpaper, or rats, 861 00:48:50,163 --> 00:48:51,830 or fellow human beings... 862 00:48:51,864 --> 00:48:54,466 This went on in far greater proportion 863 00:48:54,500 --> 00:48:57,869 than has ever been officially admitted. 864 00:48:57,904 --> 00:48:59,671 Such was their pride 865 00:48:59,706 --> 00:49:02,341 that many civilians refused to evacuate the city 866 00:49:02,375 --> 00:49:04,710 when given the chance. 867 00:49:04,744 --> 00:49:08,413 Composer Dmitri Shostakovich wrote his great seventh symphony 868 00:49:08,448 --> 00:49:10,983 in honor of this sacrifice, 869 00:49:11,017 --> 00:49:14,319 the orchestra continuing to play throughout the siege 870 00:49:14,354 --> 00:49:17,639 until most of its members had dropped from starvation. 871 00:49:19,592 --> 00:49:21,760 The Germans never took Leningrad. 872 00:49:21,794 --> 00:49:25,247 Soviet losses were over a million. 873 00:49:25,281 --> 00:49:28,367 Much of the art collection from the famous Hermitage 874 00:49:28,401 --> 00:49:31,036 was shipped to the Ural Mountains. 875 00:49:31,070 --> 00:49:33,271 The Soviets were salvaging what they could. 876 00:49:33,306 --> 00:49:36,625 Much was burned to deny the Germans anything. 877 00:49:36,659 --> 00:49:39,895 Not relying on the West to open a second front 878 00:49:39,929 --> 00:49:41,897 or to send much more in aid, 879 00:49:41,931 --> 00:49:45,634 Stalin now began the greatest forced migration 880 00:49:45,668 --> 00:49:47,602 in known human history... 881 00:49:47,637 --> 00:49:50,672 Evacuating some 10 million people to the east 882 00:49:50,707 --> 00:49:54,009 of the Ural Mountains in central Asia and Siberia, 883 00:49:54,043 --> 00:49:56,345 and to the South to Kazakhstan, 884 00:49:56,379 --> 00:50:00,866 to rebuild the U.S.S.R. in a second industrial revolution 885 00:50:00,900 --> 00:50:04,336 that matched that of the 1920s and '30s. 886 00:50:04,370 --> 00:50:06,204 To fight the German war machine, 887 00:50:06,239 --> 00:50:10,075 almost 2,000 new factories were built. 888 00:50:10,109 --> 00:50:11,943 Housing followed. 889 00:50:11,961 --> 00:50:14,996 The transfer of the greatest part of the Soviet economy 890 00:50:15,031 --> 00:50:17,099 was accomplished in two incredible years, 891 00:50:17,133 --> 00:50:21,236 and by 1943, the U.S.S.R. Was the equal 892 00:50:21,270 --> 00:50:23,305 of any industrial power in Europe 893 00:50:23,339 --> 00:50:26,641 and was now able to out-produce Germany itself. 894 00:50:26,676 --> 00:50:29,010 40,000 T-34 tanks... 895 00:50:29,045 --> 00:50:32,514 Superior to the German Panzers... were built. 896 00:50:32,548 --> 00:50:36,401 50,000 Ilyushin planes, the famous IL-2, 897 00:50:36,436 --> 00:50:40,105 were superior in fact to the German Luftwaffe. 898 00:50:40,139 --> 00:50:44,526 The steel, wheat, and ores that were lost in the Ukraine in 1941 899 00:50:44,560 --> 00:50:46,595 were gradually replaced. 900 00:50:46,629 --> 00:50:49,931 An entire society made up mostly of women and children 901 00:50:49,966 --> 00:50:53,802 labored 12 to 18 hour shifts to survive. 902 00:50:53,836 --> 00:50:57,239 All was for Mother Russia. 903 00:50:57,273 --> 00:50:59,608 The patriotism of the people was extraordinary. 904 00:50:59,642 --> 00:51:03,378 They gave their personal treasures to finance the war... 905 00:51:03,413 --> 00:51:06,047 Heirlooms, jewelry, anything. 906 00:51:06,082 --> 00:51:08,884 An entire society facing extermination from Hitler 907 00:51:08,918 --> 00:51:13,138 had no choice but to fight with every last drop of blood 908 00:51:13,172 --> 00:51:16,041 for their own lives and for their country. 909 00:52:08,828 --> 00:52:10,795 By late 1942, 910 00:52:10,830 --> 00:52:14,199 the United States was, despite early setbacks, 911 00:52:14,233 --> 00:52:16,301 coming through with lend-lease... 912 00:52:16,335 --> 00:52:18,503 Almost two million tons of supplies... 913 00:52:18,538 --> 00:52:23,141 Approximately 400,000 trucks, 52,000 jeeps, 914 00:52:23,176 --> 00:52:25,110 7,000 tanks, 915 00:52:25,144 --> 00:52:28,680 artillery, combat vehicles, 15,000 aircraft, 916 00:52:28,714 --> 00:52:31,349 18,000 anti-aircraft guns, 917 00:52:31,384 --> 00:52:35,453 and 8,000 railway cars and food. 918 00:52:38,024 --> 00:52:40,876 Behind German lines, Russian, Ukrainian, 919 00:52:40,910 --> 00:52:43,962 and Belarusian partisans were attacking from forests 920 00:52:43,996 --> 00:52:45,914 and caves, blowing up trains, 921 00:52:45,948 --> 00:52:48,450 interfering with transportation, 922 00:52:48,484 --> 00:52:51,319 and in any way possible tampering with the German war machine 923 00:52:51,354 --> 00:52:53,822 and engaging up to 10% 924 00:52:53,856 --> 00:52:56,441 of the German occupation forces. 925 00:52:56,475 --> 00:52:59,127 The partisans became an indispensable factor 926 00:52:59,161 --> 00:53:03,081 in the ultimate victory of the Soviet troops. 927 00:53:03,115 --> 00:53:05,784 But the consequences were devastating, 928 00:53:05,818 --> 00:53:09,788 the Germans behaving with more and more terrorism, 929 00:53:09,822 --> 00:53:12,757 hanging partisans and innocents alike. 930 00:53:12,792 --> 00:53:15,894 No one knows how many, but estimates range 931 00:53:15,928 --> 00:53:18,997 from four to eight million Ukrainians killed in the war. 932 00:53:19,031 --> 00:53:21,233 And it is estimated that Belorussia 933 00:53:21,267 --> 00:53:24,236 lost a quarter of its population... 934 00:53:24,270 --> 00:53:26,371 at least 2.5 million dead. 935 00:53:26,405 --> 00:53:30,308 Approximately 200 cities and 9,000 villages 936 00:53:30,343 --> 00:53:32,043 were burned to the ground. 937 00:53:32,078 --> 00:53:35,347 It is estimated that at least 100,000 partisans 938 00:53:35,381 --> 00:53:37,933 were killed or missing. 939 00:53:37,967 --> 00:53:41,670 Hitler's generals warned him that a longer war of attrition 940 00:53:41,704 --> 00:53:43,905 was now a reality. 941 00:53:43,940 --> 00:53:47,475 The Soviets seemed able to with stand huge losses. 942 00:53:47,510 --> 00:53:51,062 The only victory for Hitler lay not in wiping out 943 00:53:51,097 --> 00:53:53,214 the Slavic peoples, 944 00:53:53,249 --> 00:53:56,985 but in now acquiring the resources of the Soviet Union. 945 00:53:57,019 --> 00:54:00,655 Thus, the Germans, under general Friedrich Paulus, 946 00:54:00,690 --> 00:54:04,826 now drove South toward the oil-rich port of Baku. 947 00:54:04,860 --> 00:54:07,329 The Soviets, under Marshal Georgy Zhukov, 948 00:54:07,363 --> 00:54:10,765 were determined to stop them at all costs. 949 00:54:10,816 --> 00:54:14,369 Without oil, the Soviet army would not be able to fight. 950 00:54:14,403 --> 00:54:19,374 The loss of Baku would force Stalin to surrender. 951 00:54:19,408 --> 00:54:23,478 One city barred the road to Baku... stalingrad. 952 00:54:23,512 --> 00:54:26,197 And in the winter of 1942, 953 00:54:26,215 --> 00:54:29,434 the German army finally met its match. 954 00:54:29,468 --> 00:54:32,187 In the single greatest battle in history, 955 00:54:32,221 --> 00:54:34,356 the Soviets lost more men 956 00:54:34,390 --> 00:54:38,677 than the British or Americans in the entire war. 957 00:54:42,498 --> 00:54:45,583 An estimated half a million men were killed. 958 00:54:45,618 --> 00:54:48,570 The Germans lost at least 200,000 of their best troops, 959 00:54:48,604 --> 00:54:51,523 but likely far more. 960 00:54:53,592 --> 00:54:56,077 The civilian dead, unknown. 961 00:54:59,148 --> 00:55:01,833 Germans could destroy stalingrad, 962 00:55:01,867 --> 00:55:03,868 but they could never take it. 963 00:55:03,886 --> 00:55:05,553 Under Stalin's strict orders, 964 00:55:05,588 --> 00:55:07,622 anyone retreating or surrendering 965 00:55:07,657 --> 00:55:09,691 was to be treated as a traitor, 966 00:55:09,725 --> 00:55:12,277 his family subject to imprisonment. 967 00:55:12,311 --> 00:55:16,231 It was his feared "not one step back" policy. 968 00:55:16,282 --> 00:55:19,901 At stalingrad, more than 13,000 Soviet soldiers 969 00:55:19,935 --> 00:55:21,836 were shot by their own side. 970 00:55:21,871 --> 00:55:23,405 During the course of the war, 971 00:55:23,439 --> 00:55:26,508 135,000 were killed in this manner. 972 00:55:26,542 --> 00:55:30,278 400,000 served in punishment battalions. 973 00:55:30,312 --> 00:55:34,482 In that year, there were still four million prisoners in gulags. 974 00:55:34,517 --> 00:55:38,486 Nonetheless, with motives ranging from patriotism to terror, 975 00:55:38,521 --> 00:55:42,257 Soviet soldiers, with their backs against the Volga river, 976 00:55:42,291 --> 00:55:44,893 fought from street corner to street corner 977 00:55:44,927 --> 00:55:46,661 in that cruelest of winters. 978 00:55:46,696 --> 00:55:49,831 By January, 1943, 979 00:55:49,865 --> 00:55:53,118 the end finally came when general Von Paulus 980 00:55:53,152 --> 00:55:56,488 surrendered the remainder of his sixth army. 981 00:55:56,522 --> 00:55:58,707 He had started with 300,000 men, 982 00:55:58,741 --> 00:56:00,742 and 91,000 now surrendered, 983 00:56:00,776 --> 00:56:04,796 of whom approximately 9,000 returned alive 984 00:56:04,830 --> 00:56:06,631 after the war to Germany. 985 00:56:06,665 --> 00:56:08,483 Hitler is said to have lamented... 986 00:56:12,688 --> 00:56:14,355 After 162 days 987 00:56:14,390 --> 00:56:17,459 of the heaviest fighting in the history of warfare, 988 00:56:17,493 --> 00:56:20,562 the last shot was fired. 989 00:56:21,964 --> 00:56:24,899 Peace came to stalingrad. 990 00:56:24,934 --> 00:56:26,568 And with their resources kicking in... 991 00:56:26,602 --> 00:56:28,703 New aircraft, new artillery... 992 00:56:28,738 --> 00:56:32,273 The Soviets now took the offensive. 993 00:56:32,308 --> 00:56:35,560 At Kursk, the greatest tank battle in history, 994 00:56:35,594 --> 00:56:38,747 they beat the Germans again... 995 00:56:38,781 --> 00:56:40,915 70,000 German dead 996 00:56:40,950 --> 00:56:44,469 and several times that number Soviet dead. 997 00:56:45,855 --> 00:56:48,389 After their colossal defeat, 998 00:56:48,424 --> 00:56:52,110 the German army began a full-scale retreat on the eastern front. 999 00:56:52,144 --> 00:56:54,929 The whole legend of Nazi invincibility 1000 00:56:54,964 --> 00:56:56,631 has been shattered. 1001 00:56:56,665 --> 00:56:58,983 German armies could retreat too. 1002 00:56:59,018 --> 00:57:01,252 German armies could be defeated. 1003 00:57:01,287 --> 00:57:03,321 German troops could be captured. 1004 00:57:03,355 --> 00:57:05,690 Throughout these pivotal years, 1005 00:57:05,724 --> 00:57:08,076 the Soviets were regularly battling 1006 00:57:08,110 --> 00:57:10,128 more than 200 German divisions. 1007 00:57:10,162 --> 00:57:12,831 In contrast, the Americans and British 1008 00:57:12,865 --> 00:57:14,582 fighting in the Mediterranean 1009 00:57:14,617 --> 00:57:18,253 rarely confronted more than 10 German divisions. 1010 00:57:18,287 --> 00:57:20,789 Germany lost over six million men 1011 00:57:20,823 --> 00:57:24,259 fighting the Soviets and approximately one million 1012 00:57:24,293 --> 00:57:26,661 fighting on the Western front. 1013 00:57:26,695 --> 00:57:30,465 Though the myth lives on that the United States won World War II, 1014 00:57:30,499 --> 00:57:34,285 serious historians agree that it was the Soviet Union 1015 00:57:34,320 --> 00:57:36,704 and its entire society, 1016 00:57:36,739 --> 00:57:40,942 including its brutal dictator Joseph Stalin, 1017 00:57:40,976 --> 00:57:45,396 who through sheer desperation and incredibly stoic heroism 1018 00:57:45,431 --> 00:57:49,284 forged the great narrative of World War II... 1019 00:57:49,318 --> 00:57:53,605 The defeat of the monster German war machine. 1020 00:58:01,179 --> 00:58:35,927 Subtitles by MemoryOnSmells http://UKsubtitles.ru.