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The Luangwa Valley
in southern Africa.

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Home to an extraordinary
female leopard...

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Kamuti.

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At 13 years old,
she's wise and experienced.

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And she has some of
the best territory around,

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full of antelopes.

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This prime real estate
has been hers

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for more than ten years.

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But she must work hard
to keep it.

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She regularly patrols
her hunting ground,

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marking it with her scent,

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sending a clear message
to other female leopards...

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'This land is mine.'

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Now, she's about to face
her greatest threat.

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A nomadic
young female leopard
is after her territory.

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This will be a battle
of age and experience...

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..versus youth and vitality.

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Two leopards.

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One territory.

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Who will win?

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At 13 years of age,

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Kamuti is one of
the oldest known leopards
in the African bush.

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Her long life is all
down to where she lives.

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South Luangwa National Park
in Zambia.

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An unspoiled wilderness.

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Kamuti's territory covers

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only two square
miles...

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..a tiny area for a leopard.

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But this is
no ordinary hunting ground.

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The mosaic of habitat here,

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from grassy plains

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to ebony forests,

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supports
a huge diversity of birdlife.

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Guinea fowl and francolins

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are very much
on Kamuti's menu.

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And there are more than
60 species of mammal here...

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..including
an unusual abundance
of her favorite prey.

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Antelopes such as impala...

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..and puku.

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Kamuti has been
hunting all morning,

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and has killed an impala.

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This should keep her going
for a week or more.

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But there are other more
powerful predators about.

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Lions have smelt her success,

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and are on her trail.

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Before she's even finished
her first mouthful,

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Kamuti is forced
to abandon her kill.

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No point arguing
with a lioness

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more than
three times her size.

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All Kamuti can do is
watch from a safe distance.

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But she's not far enough away
for the lioness' liking.

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Kamuti seeks safety
up a tree,

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where the heavier lion
cannot follow.

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The rest of the pride
are quick on the scene,

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and waste no time
cashing in on Kamuti's kill.

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Now's her chance to escape.

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Kamuti, like all leopards,

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will always give way
to lions.

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Not only are they
much bigger than her,

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they are the only cats that
live in big family groups,

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so they have strength
in numbers.

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But there's one kind of cat
that Kamuti
will stand and fight.

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Another female leopard.

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Five miles to the east
is a rival female.

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Olimba.

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She's three years old

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and coming into her prime.

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Strong, supple,
and in perfect condition.

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Until recently,
Olimba lived with her mother.

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But now, for the first time,

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she's striking out
on her own.

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This is the start of
a new and solitary life.

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Right now, she's a nomad.

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What she needs is a hunting
ground of her own...

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with plenty of prey

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and lots of cover.

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But the best territory
around here is already taken.

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She won't get it
without a fight.

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She sets out in search of
a new place to call home.

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It's the dry season
in South Luangwa.

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It hasn't rained
for more than five months.

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As the sun beats down,
a herd of impala gathers

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at the one remaining
source of water...

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..the Luangwa River.

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Midday is the safest time for
impala to be out in the open.

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It's too hot
for most predators to hunt.

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But Olimba is hungry.

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Impala are one of the largest
animals she can bring down,

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and so are top of her menu.

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But there's no cover
on the sandy river bank.

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She's chancing it.

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No chance!

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A more experienced leopard
would have known
this was a lost cause.

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Until she has her own hunting
ground with plenty of cover,

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Olimba is always
going to struggle.

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Her search for a new home
is bringing Olimba closer
to Kamuti.

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She's only three miles away from
the older leopard's territory,

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and is closing in.

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Kamuti is also out hunting
in the heat of the day.

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As her last kill was stolen
by lions, she's still hungry.

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But she knows better than to
try stalking out in the open.

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She's learnt that
her best chance of an ambush

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is when she's hidden
in a dried-up river bed

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in the heart
of her territory,

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where prey can't see her,
even in broad daylight.

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But years of experience

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and the best cover
don't guarantee success.

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- (Shrieks)
- A puku sounds the alarm.

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It didn't see her.
It smelled her.

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A quick change in wind
direction is all it takes...

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..and her chances are blown.

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It's hard for a leopard
to slip by unnoticed.

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They have scent glands
on their heads

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and at the base
of their tail,

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which produce
pungent secretions.

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Prey is extremely sensitive
to her smell.

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But Kamuti knows
all the old tricks,

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and has a clever way to try
and disguise her scent.

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What better perfume than mud

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mixed with
a good dose of giraffe urine?

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Now she waits
for the cover of darkness.

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A revolutionary
military-grade thermal camera

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reveals the night-time world
of the Luangwa Valley.

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In the black of night,

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a good sense of smell
is all-important.

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A porcupine uses its nose to
sniff out nutritious roots.

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The stench of a rotting hippo
brings on a feeding frenzy

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amongst the crocodiles
in the river.

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Away from the water,
the scent of another carcass

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has led a crocodile
deep inland.

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An elephant shrew's
highly-sensitive nose

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allows it to hunt insects

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and other small invertebrates
in the darkness.

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Its moveable snout is a bit
like an elephant's trunk,

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and that's no coincidence.

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Amazingly, this tiny creature
is more closely related

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to these giants
than to rodents
and other small mammals.

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(Elephants trumpet)

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Elephants have
the best sense of smell
in the animal kingdom.

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And that's all down
to their long trunks.

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Air drawn in through the two
nostrils at a trunk's tip

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passes over millions of
receptor cells in its lining.

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A signal is then relayed
to the brain, which
interprets different scents.

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Their incredible trunk
enables elephants

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to smell water
as far as 12 miles away.

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Having a good sense of smell
is also important for Kamuti.

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She's on the hunt again,

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closing in
on a herd of impala.

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She might have
the better night vision,

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but she knows her scent
could give her away.

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She's trying desperately
to stay downwind of her prey.

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She must get within twenty feet
before she can strike.

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Any farther

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and the antelope will have
too much of a head start.

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She's not as quick
as she used to be.

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But she's smart.

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Once again,
she rolls in urine.

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This time,
in the antelopes' latrines.

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She's covering her scent
with that of her prey.

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Maybe now she'll outwit them.

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She inches forward.

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Confident that her scent
is well disguised,

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she picks up speed.

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The antelope
are on red alert.

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They must have heard her.

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Kamuti decides
to call it a night.

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Once again,
she's left hungry.

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It's early morning,

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and the guinea fowl
are already out and about,
foraging for food.

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These are
helmeted guinea fowl,

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named after the bony mound
on their heads.

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They're not fussy eaters.

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Like chickens,
they scratch the ground

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with their strong claws

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and are happy to eat seeds,
berries, worms, insects...

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Anything goes.

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Typically, they live
in groups of around 25 birds.

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Plenty of eyes
to look out for danger.

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But they haven't spotted
the young nomad Olimba,

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who's quietly watching
their every move.

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She's right on the outskirts
of Kamuti's territory,

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less than a mile
from the older leopard.

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There's no impala here,

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but a bird might make
a nice breakfast.

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Once again,
her prey is out in the open.

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There's no cover.

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It's far from ideal.

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But Olimba's not put off.

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The untimely distraction
by the tree squirrel

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has cost her another meal.

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Having missed out
on breakfast,

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Olimba is hungry
for some supper.

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The guinea fowl are
settling down for the night.

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Though they spend their days
feeding on the ground,

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they feel safest when they're
roosting as high as possible.

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Olimba's night vision
is far superior to theirs,

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but they're right
at the top of the tree.

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Scaling the vertical trunk

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looks effortless
for this fit, young cat.

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She may be agile,

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but up here the birds
have a clear advantage.

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You can't fault
her enthusiasm.

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But eagerness alone
is not enough.

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What Olimba really needs

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is to find a hunting ground
full of antelope...

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..one that she can claim
for herself.

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(Growls)

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As Olimba enters
Kamuti's territory,

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she makes her presence known.

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As well as sound,
she's using smell,

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scraping the ground
with the scent glands
in her hind paws.

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Olimba's approach
is bad news for Kamuti.

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A rival female leopard
is a serious threat.

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Kamuti has held
her hunting grounds
for more than ten years.

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00:28:15,700 --> 00:28:18,300
But that could be
about to change.

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Kamuti's got to act fast.

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She immediately
sets off on patrol,

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laying claim to her territory
with her scent.

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She rubs her head
on important landmarks.

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Her sebaceous glands
release an oily secretion...

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..a chemical signature
that will stay here
for up to five days.

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00:29:12,767 --> 00:29:16,527
This is an important spot
for Kamuti.

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It's her favorite lookout.

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00:29:39,133 --> 00:29:42,373
Just for good measure, she
also sprays it with urine,

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infused with secretions
from her anal glands...

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00:29:48,567 --> 00:29:51,027
..a clear sign
that tells intruders

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00:29:51,067 --> 00:29:54,167
in no uncertain terms
to keep out.

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Kamuti must hold on
to her territory.

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00:30:07,533 --> 00:30:09,533
Her life depends on it.

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Olimba, the young contender,

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is now inside
Kamuti's territory...

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..and is making herself
very much at home.

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She's trying
to get some rest,

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but the noisy residents
are disturbing her peace.

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(Bird calls)

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Swainson's francolin.

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For such a small bird,
they have a big voice.

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(Screechy call)

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(Growls)

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Olimba's not impressed.

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A tree squirrel
has spotted her.

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It's the final straw.

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She gives up any idea
of sleep, and moves on.

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This is more like it.

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A clearing
teeming with antelope.

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00:32:05,567 --> 00:32:08,397
It's just the hunting ground
that Olimba needs.

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But the scent on this tree

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tells her
this patch is already taken.

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It's one of the trees
that Kamuti marked.

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And it's covered
with vital information.

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Just by smelling her scent,

252
00:32:52,600 --> 00:32:55,470
Olimba can tell that
Kamuti is female,

253
00:32:55,500 --> 00:32:58,500
elderly,
and was here very recently.

254
00:33:39,767 --> 00:33:45,127
Olimba now knows she is
the younger and fitter
of the two leopards

255
00:33:45,167 --> 00:33:49,327
and that she has
a good chance of winning
this land for herself.

256
00:34:10,767 --> 00:34:15,267
There's further proof
that this territory
belongs to someone else.

257
00:34:15,300 --> 00:34:17,300
(Insects buzzing)

258
00:34:18,400 --> 00:34:20,400
She's found Kamuti's larder.

259
00:34:32,833 --> 00:34:35,773
A muscular body
and short powerful legs

260
00:34:35,800 --> 00:34:40,130
give Olimba
the perfect balance
of strength and agility.

261
00:34:55,767 --> 00:34:57,767
It's a dead puku.

262
00:34:59,833 --> 00:35:01,433
(Flies buzzing)

263
00:35:01,467 --> 00:35:06,597
Leopards have been known
to drag carcasses three times
their weight into a tree.

264
00:35:08,333 --> 00:35:13,033
It's the one place
they know a lion or hyena
can't steal it.

265
00:35:26,633 --> 00:35:29,073
But instead of
eating the puku,

266
00:35:29,100 --> 00:35:31,000
she only sniffs it.

267
00:35:31,800 --> 00:35:34,670
Kamuti must have stashed it
here a long time ago.

268
00:35:35,800 --> 00:35:38,000
The meat has gone off.

269
00:35:43,333 --> 00:35:45,703
Olimba may be hungry,

270
00:35:45,733 --> 00:35:49,103
but she's not desperate
enough to eat rancid meat.

271
00:36:15,800 --> 00:36:18,170
Olimba lays down
her own marker.

272
00:36:21,567 --> 00:36:23,727
It's a clear message
for Kamuti...

273
00:36:25,233 --> 00:36:27,233
..and a declaration of war.

274
00:36:59,800 --> 00:37:03,000
Kamuti has heard Olimba
and now picks up her scent.

275
00:37:04,833 --> 00:37:09,133
She's in no doubt
there's an intruder
right in her territory.

276
00:37:12,300 --> 00:37:16,600
She can tell that
her rival is a young leopard,
who's reaching her prime.

277
00:37:19,767 --> 00:37:23,027
This is a threat
she cannot ignore.

278
00:37:26,133 --> 00:37:28,133
(Grunts)

279
00:37:33,133 --> 00:37:36,373
She has no intention
of giving up hunting ground

280
00:37:36,400 --> 00:37:38,700
that's been hers
for the past decade.

281
00:38:01,833 --> 00:38:05,303
Undeterred, the young rival
Olimba has pushed on

282
00:38:05,333 --> 00:38:07,373
into Kamuti's
favorite hunting spot.

283
00:38:08,467 --> 00:38:10,297
The gully.

284
00:38:20,100 --> 00:38:22,170
She checks out
the lay of the land,

285
00:38:22,200 --> 00:38:24,370
and finds a hidden bonus.

286
00:38:26,600 --> 00:38:28,700
One of the few
remaining water holes.

287
00:38:33,633 --> 00:38:36,633
This late on in the dry
season, they're at a premium.

288
00:38:39,600 --> 00:38:42,330
This territory has got
everything going for it.

289
00:38:45,133 --> 00:38:47,133
Olimba wants it for herself,

290
00:38:47,167 --> 00:38:49,367
and claims it with her urine.

291
00:39:04,667 --> 00:39:07,667
Some puku have wandered
close to the gully's edge.

292
00:39:22,567 --> 00:39:26,667
Finally, a chance to stalk
in the daytime unnoticed.

293
00:39:59,067 --> 00:40:01,367
Success depends on surprise.

294
00:40:05,467 --> 00:40:07,527
But she's upwind of her prey.

295
00:40:18,733 --> 00:40:23,203
Olimba's got a lot to learn
if she wants to get the most
out of this hunting ground.

296
00:40:26,833 --> 00:40:29,303
And there'll be
plenty more opportunities,

297
00:40:29,333 --> 00:40:32,273
if she can claim the gully
for herself.

298
00:40:37,200 --> 00:40:41,200
To win it,
first she must fight for it.

299
00:40:43,267 --> 00:40:46,527
Olimba has youth and
strength in her favor.

300
00:40:48,733 --> 00:40:51,533
But Kamuti has
years of experience,

301
00:40:51,567 --> 00:40:56,197
and has successfully
fought off many intruders
in the past.

302
00:40:58,667 --> 00:41:01,427
There's no telling
which way the fight will go.

303
00:41:39,267 --> 00:41:43,697
A few days later,
Olimba is resting up a tree
overlooking the gully.

304
00:41:50,467 --> 00:41:53,597
She's tired, but is finding
it hard to get comfortable.

305
00:41:58,267 --> 00:42:00,267
And there's a reason.

306
00:42:05,533 --> 00:42:08,403
She has a nasty gash
on her foot.

307
00:42:14,467 --> 00:42:17,327
A wound almost certainly
from another leopard.

308
00:42:34,800 --> 00:42:37,470
Kamuti is lying low.

309
00:42:39,067 --> 00:42:43,267
She may be old, but she's
still strong enough to have
injured her young rival.

310
00:42:53,733 --> 00:42:56,103
As she emerges
from her hideout,

311
00:42:56,133 --> 00:42:58,503
it's clear
she's in a lot of pain.

312
00:43:07,233 --> 00:43:10,103
She keeps licking
a deep wound on her back.

313
00:43:26,367 --> 00:43:30,297
Her movements are stiff and
she looks worryingly thin.

314
00:43:35,433 --> 00:43:37,803
It's not only her back
that's hurt.

315
00:43:37,833 --> 00:43:41,133
She has a serious injury
on her left hind leg.

316
00:43:45,600 --> 00:43:50,230
In her fight with Olimba,
Kamuti has definitely
come off worse.

317
00:43:56,200 --> 00:43:58,770
There's no chance
of hunting impala now.

318
00:44:00,367 --> 00:44:03,527
She has to make do
with whatever she can get.

319
00:44:08,800 --> 00:44:12,300
A mongoose
is hardly a prize meal.

320
00:44:20,800 --> 00:44:25,570
Secretions from anal glands
means mongoose
smell and taste foul.

321
00:44:40,367 --> 00:44:42,197
She badly needs to eat,

322
00:44:42,233 --> 00:44:45,573
but she can't keep
this unpalatable meal
down for long.

323
00:44:53,733 --> 00:44:59,533
Kamuti's age and experience
have lost out to
Olimba's youth and vigor.

324
00:45:17,500 --> 00:45:20,700
Leopards rarely live more
than 14 years in the wild.

325
00:45:24,133 --> 00:45:27,473
At 13,
Kamuti has had a good run.

326
00:45:31,100 --> 00:45:34,130
But now her journey
is coming to an end.

327
00:45:46,567 --> 00:45:48,567
(Thunder rumbles)

328
00:46:18,567 --> 00:46:20,327
A few weeks later,

329
00:46:20,367 --> 00:46:22,527
and the long dry season
is over.

330
00:46:25,233 --> 00:46:28,403
The rains transform
the Luangwa Valley

331
00:46:28,433 --> 00:46:30,673
into a lush, green paradise.

332
00:46:34,433 --> 00:46:38,403
There's a new queen of
these rich hunting grounds.

333
00:46:38,433 --> 00:46:40,473
Olimba reigns supreme.

334
00:46:46,100 --> 00:46:48,100
The impala have given birth

335
00:46:48,133 --> 00:46:51,173
and all the young fawns
are easy prey.

336
00:46:56,733 --> 00:46:59,633
Not only has Olimba
got the perfect territory...

337
00:47:01,267 --> 00:47:03,267
..she's also found a mate.

338
00:47:19,567 --> 00:47:22,327
As one leopard's story
comes to an end...

339
00:47:23,633 --> 00:47:26,573
..another's
is only just beginning.