1
00:00:11,630 --> 00:00:14,120
"Were these things real?

2
00:00:14,740 --> 00:00:17,740
"Did I see those brave and noble countrymen of mine

3
00:00:17,790 --> 00:00:21,490
"laid low in death and weltering in their blood?

4
00:00:22,480 --> 00:00:26,430
"Did I see our country laid waste and in ruins?"

5
00:00:27,710 --> 00:00:30,540
"Did I see soldiers marching, the earth trembling"

6
00:00:30,590 --> 00:00:33,740
"and jarring beneath their measured tread?"

7
00:00:36,010 --> 00:00:38,850
"Did I see the ruins of smoldering cities"

8
00:00:38,900 --> 00:00:40,900
"and deserted homes?"

9
00:00:42,460 --> 00:00:46,630
"Did I see the flag of my country,
that I had followed so long,"

10
00:00:46,790 --> 00:00:50,600
"furled to be no more unfurled forever?"

11
00:00:53,830 --> 00:00:56,170
"Surely, they are but the vagaries"

12
00:00:56,220 --> 00:00:58,730
"of mine own imagination."

13
00:01:03,310 --> 00:01:07,480
"But hush! I now hear the approach of battle."

14
00:01:07,530 --> 00:01:10,280
"That low, rumbling sound in the west"

15
00:01:10,330 --> 00:01:13,240
"is the roar of cannon in the distance."

16
00:01:13,850 --> 00:01:16,390
Private Sam Watkins, Company H,

17
00:01:16,440 --> 00:01:18,270
First Tennessee Regiment.

18
00:01:22,530 --> 00:01:24,450
"Strange, is it not,"

19
00:01:24,500 --> 00:01:27,350
"that battles, martyrs, blood,"

20
00:01:27,400 --> 00:01:29,210
"even assassination,"

21
00:01:29,360 --> 00:01:33,260
"should so condense a nationality?"

22
00:01:33,910 --> 00:01:35,560
Walt Whitman.

23
00:01:38,050 --> 00:01:42,410
It is the event in American history in that

24
00:01:43,260 --> 00:01:45,610
it is the moment that made

25
00:01:45,660 --> 00:01:48,010
the United States as a nation,

26
00:01:48,350 --> 00:01:50,350
and I mean that in different ways.

27
00:01:50,400 --> 00:01:52,870
The United States was obviously a nation

28
00:01:52,920 --> 00:01:55,090
when it adopted a constitution,

29
00:01:55,350 --> 00:01:58,720
but it adopted a constitution that

30
00:01:59,870 --> 00:02:03,230
required a war to be sorted out

31
00:02:03,830 --> 00:02:07,180
and therefore required a war to make a real nation

32
00:02:07,230 --> 00:02:10,430
out of what was a theoretical nation as...

33
00:02:10,480 --> 00:02:14,250
as it was designed at the Constitutional Convention.

34
00:02:14,480 --> 00:02:17,760
Before the war, it was said, "the United States are."

35
00:02:17,810 --> 00:02:20,760
Grammatically, it was spoken that way and thought of as a

36
00:02:20,810 --> 00:02:23,160
collection of independent states,

37
00:02:23,260 --> 00:02:27,270
and after the war, it was always "the United States is,"

38
00:02:27,320 --> 00:02:30,440
as we say today without being self-conscious at all.

39
00:02:30,600 --> 00:02:33,310
And that sums up what the war accomplished.

40
00:02:33,360 --> 00:02:35,520
It made us an "is."

41
00:02:52,660 --> 00:02:55,330
The Confederate States of America had once stretched

42
00:02:55,380 --> 00:02:58,080
from the Rappahannock to the Rio Grande.

43
00:02:59,200 --> 00:03:01,950
Its leaders had once dreamed of a tropical empire

44
00:03:02,000 --> 00:03:04,000
reaching ever southward

45
00:03:04,350 --> 00:03:07,280
to Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua,

46
00:03:07,330 --> 00:03:08,740
Brazil.

47
00:03:09,740 --> 00:03:13,350
By April 1865, the dream was gone.

48
00:03:14,710 --> 00:03:16,630
Richmond had fallen.

49
00:03:16,680 --> 00:03:19,390
The Confederate government, and Jefferson Davis with it,

50
00:03:19,440 --> 00:03:22,370
had fled into the wilderness of North Carolina.

51
00:03:22,490 --> 00:03:26,100
The Confederate armies, once the terror of the Union,

52
00:03:26,150 --> 00:03:29,850
had been battered and starved almost out of existence

53
00:03:29,900 --> 00:03:33,050
and then forced to surrender at Appomattox,

54
00:03:33,100 --> 00:03:34,960
where Ulysses S. Grant

55
00:03:35,010 --> 00:03:38,010
had finally cornered Robert E. Lee.

56
00:03:39,230 --> 00:03:42,040
In April 1865, Elisha Hunt Rhodes

57
00:03:42,090 --> 00:03:44,480
would receive the best news of the war

58
00:03:44,680 --> 00:03:46,440
and then the worst.

59
00:03:46,610 --> 00:03:48,770
In the woods of North Carolina,

60
00:03:48,820 --> 00:03:50,720
two old adversaries,

61
00:03:50,770 --> 00:03:52,470
William Tecumseh Sherman

62
00:03:52,640 --> 00:03:54,720
and Joseph E. Johnston,

63
00:03:54,770 --> 00:03:58,490
would meet on the field of battle one last time.

64
00:03:59,450 --> 00:04:02,960
By then, Confederate Sam Watkins would write,

65
00:04:03,010 --> 00:04:05,700
"the once proud Army of Tennessee"

66
00:04:05,750 --> 00:04:07,950
"had degenerated to a mob."

67
00:04:09,670 --> 00:04:11,710
In April 1861,

68
00:04:11,760 --> 00:04:14,360
Abraham Lincoln had implored his countrymen

69
00:04:14,410 --> 00:04:16,130
not to go to war.

70
00:04:16,180 --> 00:04:19,560
To listen to "the better angels" of their nature.

71
00:04:20,330 --> 00:04:23,200
Now in April 1865,

72
00:04:23,350 --> 00:04:26,630
the bloodshed was finally coming to an end.

73
00:04:28,410 --> 00:04:31,270
But in Washington, John Wilkes Booth

74
00:04:31,370 --> 00:04:34,800
could not accept that the war was over.

75
00:04:38,250 --> 00:04:41,070
In four years, more than a million photographs

76
00:04:41,120 --> 00:04:42,820
were made of the war.

77
00:04:43,780 --> 00:04:47,430
Now, no one seemed to want them anymore.

78
00:04:48,810 --> 00:04:51,070
Mathew Brady went bankrupt.

79
00:04:52,000 --> 00:04:55,100
Thousands of glass-plate negatives were lost,

80
00:04:55,200 --> 00:04:57,270
mislaid or forgotten.

81
00:04:58,330 --> 00:05:01,200
Thousands more were sold to gardeners,

82
00:05:01,320 --> 00:05:03,660
not for the images they held,

83
00:05:03,860 --> 00:05:05,810
but for the glass itself.

84
00:05:06,630 --> 00:05:08,430
In the years that followed Appomattox,

85
00:05:08,480 --> 00:05:11,100
the sun slowly burned the image of war

86
00:05:11,150 --> 00:05:14,440
from thousands of greenhouse glass panes.

87
00:05:16,350 --> 00:05:19,640
"The Civil War," a Harvard professor wrote at the time,

88
00:05:19,690 --> 00:05:23,940
"opened a great gulf between what
happened before in our century"

89
00:05:23,990 --> 00:05:26,140
"and what has happened since."

90
00:05:26,610 --> 00:05:29,370
"It does not seem to me as if I were living"

91
00:05:29,420 --> 00:05:32,020
"in the country in which I was born."

92
00:05:32,220 --> 00:05:35,960
The war was over, and it was not over.

93
00:05:38,110 --> 00:05:39,990
"My shoes are gone.

94
00:05:40,140 --> 00:05:44,030
"My clothes are gone. I'm weary, I'm sick, I'm hungry.

95
00:05:44,200 --> 00:05:46,750
"My family have all been killed or scattered."

96
00:05:46,950 --> 00:05:49,560
"And I have suffered all this for my country."

97
00:05:49,750 --> 00:05:52,260
"I love my country, but if this war is ever over,"

98
00:05:52,310 --> 00:05:54,880
"I'll be damned if I ever love another country."

99
00:05:58,760 --> 00:06:01,300
"So Blackwood and I left the army...

100
00:06:01,350 --> 00:06:04,470
"our army... left them there on the hill with their arms

101
00:06:04,520 --> 00:06:07,260
"stacked in the field, all in rows,

102
00:06:07,310 --> 00:06:09,210
"never to see it anymore.

103
00:06:10,300 --> 00:06:12,710
"Telling Clarke and Bell good-bye,"

104
00:06:12,760 --> 00:06:15,830
"we crossed the road into the fields and thickets"

105
00:06:15,960 --> 00:06:18,050
"and in a little while lost sight of"

106
00:06:18,100 --> 00:06:22,030
"all that told of the presence
of what was left of the army."

107
00:06:23,140 --> 00:06:24,900
Barry Benson.

108
00:06:53,250 --> 00:06:55,620
Monday, April 10th.

109
00:06:55,690 --> 00:06:58,070
"Lee and his army

110
00:06:58,220 --> 00:07:02,040
"have surrendered! <i>Gloria in excelsis deo.</i>"

111
00:07:02,960 --> 00:07:06,680
"They can bother and perplex
none but historians henceforth,"

112
00:07:06,730 --> 00:07:08,160
"forever."

113
00:07:08,210 --> 00:07:12,040
"There is no such army anymore, God be praised."

114
00:07:12,500 --> 00:07:14,710
George Templeton Strong.

115
00:07:21,880 --> 00:07:24,650
"Near Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia.

116
00:07:25,110 --> 00:07:27,460
"Glory to God in the highest!

117
00:07:27,510 --> 00:07:30,820
"Peace on earth, good will to men!

118
00:07:30,990 --> 00:07:34,960
"Thank God Lee has surrendered, and the war will soon end.

119
00:07:35,160 --> 00:07:37,980
"How can I record the events of this day?

120
00:07:38,080 --> 00:07:41,100
"Such a scene only happens once in centuries.

121
00:07:41,410 --> 00:07:45,000
"General Meade rode like mad down
the road with his hat off, shouting,

122
00:07:45,050 --> 00:07:47,750
"'The war is over, and we are going home!'

123
00:07:48,120 --> 00:07:51,540
"The men threw their knapsacks and canteens into the air

124
00:07:51,590 --> 00:07:53,360
"and howled like mad.

125
00:07:53,930 --> 00:07:55,880
"The rebels are half-starved,

126
00:07:55,930 --> 00:07:58,770
"and our men divided their rations with them.

127
00:07:59,630 --> 00:08:02,270
"I cried and laughed by turns."

128
00:08:02,620 --> 00:08:05,620
"I was never so happy in my life."

129
00:08:05,940 --> 00:08:08,900
"I thank God for all his blessings to me"

130
00:08:09,000 --> 00:08:12,930
"and that my life has been
spared to see this glorious day."

131
00:08:13,200 --> 00:08:15,570
Elisha Hunt Rhodes.

132
00:08:16,730 --> 00:08:19,950
Word of Lee's surrender spread fast.

133
00:08:20,050 --> 00:08:22,460
A galloping rider shouted the good news

134
00:08:22,510 --> 00:08:24,780
to Sherman's army in North Carolina,

135
00:08:24,830 --> 00:08:27,370
and one gleeful soldier bellowed back at him,

136
00:08:27,420 --> 00:08:29,730
"You're the son of a bitch we've been looking for"

137
00:08:29,780 --> 00:08:31,820
"all these four years!"

138
00:08:34,140 --> 00:08:37,490
Church bells rang out in every northern town.

139
00:08:53,710 --> 00:08:55,570
The people of Deer Isle, Maine,

140
00:08:55,620 --> 00:08:58,050
had followed the steady march of Union victories

141
00:08:58,100 --> 00:09:01,630
with the same joy felt by towns all over the north,

142
00:09:01,680 --> 00:09:04,510
and when news of Appomattox got out to the islands,

143
00:09:04,560 --> 00:09:08,130
shouting horsemen carried it from house to house.

144
00:09:08,790 --> 00:09:11,310
But the grieving did not end.

145
00:09:11,970 --> 00:09:14,720
Private William Toothaker succumbed to disease

146
00:09:14,770 --> 00:09:16,470
aboard a transport ship,

147
00:09:16,520 --> 00:09:19,270
leaving four small children whose memories of him

148
00:09:19,320 --> 00:09:20,990
would quickly fade.

149
00:09:21,460 --> 00:09:25,140
And a letter came, informing Private Albion Stinson's wife

150
00:09:25,190 --> 00:09:28,730
that her husband had been killed near Appomattox Courthouse

151
00:09:28,900 --> 00:09:32,260
just five days before the Confederate surrender.

152
00:09:34,300 --> 00:09:38,400
When the news reached Clarksville,
Tennessee, the Union military governor

153
00:09:38,450 --> 00:09:41,450
ordered a grand, city-wide celebration.

154
00:09:42,870 --> 00:09:46,150
"All the storehouses were brilliantly lighted."

155
00:09:46,200 --> 00:09:49,160
"These blue devils desecrated our churches"

156
00:09:49,210 --> 00:09:51,210
"by ringing the bells."

157
00:09:51,630 --> 00:09:54,940
"They did all in their power to a-rile us."

158
00:09:54,990 --> 00:09:56,800
Nannie Haskins.

159
00:09:59,680 --> 00:10:02,960
At Vicksburg, 2,000 liberated Union prisoners

160
00:10:03,010 --> 00:10:06,300
crowded onto the decks of the steamboat "Sultana,"

161
00:10:06,350 --> 00:10:09,520
gleeful to be on their way north at last.

162
00:10:10,390 --> 00:10:12,670
Near Memphis, a boiler exploded,

163
00:10:12,720 --> 00:10:14,880
and she burst into flames.

164
00:10:15,130 --> 00:10:17,480
More than 1,200 men died,

165
00:10:17,530 --> 00:10:20,420
still hundreds of miles from home.

166
00:10:23,400 --> 00:10:25,450
"We are scattered,

167
00:10:26,070 --> 00:10:27,710
"stunned.

168
00:10:29,010 --> 00:10:32,190
"The remnant of heart left alive in us is

169
00:10:32,240 --> 00:10:34,640
"filled with brotherly hate.

170
00:10:34,890 --> 00:10:36,810
"Whose fault?"

171
00:10:36,880 --> 00:10:39,750
"Everybody blamed by somebody else."

172
00:10:40,000 --> 00:10:42,570
"Only the dead heroes left stiff and stark"

173
00:10:42,620 --> 00:10:45,080
"on the battlefield escape."

174
00:10:45,350 --> 00:10:47,480
Mary Chesnut.

175
00:10:49,250 --> 00:10:52,230
When the news of the surrender reached Edmund Ruffin,

176
00:10:52,280 --> 00:10:54,970
the old Virginia secessionist who had fired one of the

177
00:10:55,020 --> 00:10:57,290
first shots at Fort Sumter,

178
00:10:57,340 --> 00:11:01,080
he draped a rebel flag over his shoulders and shot himself

179
00:11:01,130 --> 00:11:04,280
rather than live, he wrote, "in a restored Union"

180
00:11:04,430 --> 00:11:07,110
"with members of the Yankee race."

181
00:11:10,550 --> 00:11:13,880
"You may forgive us," a surrendering rebel officer

182
00:11:13,930 --> 00:11:16,100
told Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain

183
00:11:16,150 --> 00:11:18,410
after the ceremony at Appomattox,

184
00:11:18,460 --> 00:11:20,510
"but we won't be forgiven."

185
00:11:20,560 --> 00:11:24,410
"There is a rancor in our hearts which you little dream of."

186
00:11:24,710 --> 00:11:26,970
"We hate you, sir."

187
00:11:37,800 --> 00:11:41,600
April 14, 1865 was Good Friday.

188
00:11:41,700 --> 00:11:43,440
It also marked to the day

189
00:11:43,490 --> 00:11:46,900
the fourth anniversary of the surrender of Fort Sumter,

190
00:11:46,950 --> 00:11:49,810
and within the fort's pulverized walls that morning,

191
00:11:49,860 --> 00:11:53,150
everything was being readied for a noontime ceremony.

192
00:11:54,020 --> 00:11:57,650
The fort's old Union commander, Colonel Robert Anderson,

193
00:11:57,700 --> 00:12:00,760
was to raise the same flag he had been forced to haul down

194
00:12:00,810 --> 00:12:02,710
in 1861.

195
00:12:02,930 --> 00:12:05,860
An audience of northern soldiers and dignitaries

196
00:12:05,910 --> 00:12:09,690
and some 4,000 former slaves watched.

197
00:12:10,160 --> 00:12:12,940
Few local whites chose to attend.

198
00:12:15,430 --> 00:12:18,270
"At first, I could not hear Colonel Anderson,

199
00:12:18,320 --> 00:12:20,200
"for his voice came thickly,

200
00:12:20,250 --> 00:12:22,310
"but in a moment, he said clearly,

201
00:12:22,360 --> 00:12:25,640
"I thank God that I have lived to see this day.

202
00:12:25,690 --> 00:12:29,140
"And after a few more words, he began to hoist the flag.

203
00:12:30,100 --> 00:12:32,640
"It went up slowly and hung limp,

204
00:12:32,860 --> 00:12:36,190
"a weather-beaten, frayed, and shell-torn old flag

205
00:12:36,240 --> 00:12:38,140
"not fit for much more work,

206
00:12:38,190 --> 00:12:41,330
"but when it had crept clear of the shelter of the walls,

207
00:12:41,600 --> 00:12:44,150
"a sudden breath of wind caught it,"

208
00:12:44,280 --> 00:12:46,300
"and it shook its folds"

209
00:12:46,350 --> 00:12:49,000
"and flew straight out above us."

210
00:12:51,270 --> 00:12:53,180
"I think we stood up."

211
00:12:53,390 --> 00:12:56,150
“Somebody started the Star-Spangled Banner,

212
00:12:56,200 --> 00:12:58,030
"and we sang the first verse,

213
00:12:58,080 --> 00:13:00,610
"which is all that most people know.

214
00:13:01,430 --> 00:13:04,530
"But it did not make much difference, for a great gun

215
00:13:04,580 --> 00:13:07,580
"was fired close to us from the fort itself,"

216
00:13:07,630 --> 00:13:10,470
"followed, in obedience to the president's order,"

217
00:13:10,640 --> 00:13:12,790
"by a national salute"

218
00:13:12,840 --> 00:13:17,040
"from every fort and battery that fired upon Fort Sumter."

219
00:13:22,370 --> 00:13:25,270
In Washington that same day, John Wilkes Booth

220
00:13:25,320 --> 00:13:28,650
dropped by Ford's Theatre to pick up his mail.

221
00:13:28,810 --> 00:13:32,050
A stagehand told him the president and General Grant

222
00:13:32,100 --> 00:13:34,550
were both expected to attend that night

223
00:13:34,600 --> 00:13:36,700
to see the actress Laura Keene

224
00:13:36,750 --> 00:13:40,200
in a British comedy called "Our American Cousin."

225
00:13:41,070 --> 00:13:44,960
Booth told his band of devoted followers of a new plan:

226
00:13:45,010 --> 00:13:47,360
he would shoot Lincoln and Grant.

227
00:13:47,460 --> 00:13:51,230
Lewis Paine was to kill Secretary of State William Seward.

228
00:13:51,280 --> 00:13:54,090
George Atzerodt was to shoot the vice president,

229
00:13:54,140 --> 00:13:55,680
Andrew Johnson.

230
00:13:58,460 --> 00:14:00,740
Early that evening, Booth led his horse

231
00:14:00,790 --> 00:14:03,800
out of the livery stable near Ford's Theatre.

232
00:14:04,110 --> 00:14:07,790
A young boy was told to hold it at the stage door.

233
00:14:09,230 --> 00:14:13,160
At the last minute, General and
Mrs. Grant begged off the theater party

234
00:14:13,210 --> 00:14:15,560
and left the city for Philadelphia.

235
00:14:16,030 --> 00:14:20,160
The Lincolns arrived and took
their seats in the presidential box.

236
00:14:21,030 --> 00:14:24,530
With them were Major Henry Rathbone and his fiancée,

237
00:14:24,580 --> 00:14:26,100
Clara Harris.

238
00:14:27,430 --> 00:14:29,440
What would you advise, ma?

239
00:14:29,490 --> 00:14:32,200
Just remember, dear, he's rich.

240
00:14:33,570 --> 00:14:35,750
Hush! Here he comes.

241
00:14:35,960 --> 00:14:38,640
Ah, Mr. Trenchard!

242
00:14:38,690 --> 00:14:41,940
We were just saying how you always seem sure of

243
00:14:41,990 --> 00:14:43,890
hitting your mark.

244
00:14:45,180 --> 00:14:48,220
The president seemed to be enjoying the play.

245
00:14:48,380 --> 00:14:50,700
His wife held his hand.

246
00:14:51,370 --> 00:14:54,790
Booth swallowed two brandies at a nearby bar,

247
00:14:54,840 --> 00:14:56,840
then returned to the theater.

248
00:14:57,460 --> 00:14:59,790
He waited for the laughter to rise,

249
00:14:59,840 --> 00:15:03,010
then slipped silently into the president's box.

250
00:15:05,370 --> 00:15:07,770
He held a dagger in his left hand,

251
00:15:07,820 --> 00:15:11,940
- a Derringer pistol in his right.
- The nasty beast!

252
00:15:13,710 --> 00:15:16,650
Sir, your vulgarity

253
00:15:16,700 --> 00:15:21,050
renders you intolerable in polite society.

254
00:15:24,640 --> 00:15:27,570
Maybe I don't know the manners of polite society,

255
00:15:27,620 --> 00:15:29,330
but I guess I know enough to turn

256
00:15:29,380 --> 00:15:32,780
you inside out, old gal, you

257
00:15:32,830 --> 00:15:36,350
sockdolagizing old man-trap.

258
00:15:40,480 --> 00:15:43,980
Booth fired, then vaulted over the front of the box,

259
00:15:44,030 --> 00:15:47,560
caught his right spur in the
draped flag, and landed on stage

260
00:15:47,610 --> 00:15:49,640
breaking his left leg.

261
00:15:50,010 --> 00:15:53,850
He waved his dagger and shouted
something to the stunned audience.

262
00:15:53,900 --> 00:15:56,730
Some thought he said, "Sic semper tyrannis"...

263
00:15:56,780 --> 00:16:00,790
"Thus be it ever to tyrants," Virginia's state motto.

264
00:16:01,610 --> 00:16:05,060
Others heard it as "The south is avenged!"

265
00:16:06,080 --> 00:16:08,850
For a long moment, the theater was still,

266
00:16:08,900 --> 00:16:11,520
then Mary Lincoln screamed.

267
00:16:14,540 --> 00:16:18,030
The bullet from Booth's pistol had
entered the back of Lincoln's head,

268
00:16:18,080 --> 00:16:22,280
torn through his brain, and lodged behind his right eye.

269
00:16:23,690 --> 00:16:27,500
A surgeon from the audience pronounced the wound mortal.

270
00:16:31,290 --> 00:16:34,550
Soldiers carried the unconscious president from the theater

271
00:16:34,600 --> 00:16:37,650
into a boarding house across 10th Street.

272
00:16:40,340 --> 00:16:44,070
"We put him on the first floor and laid him on the bed."

273
00:16:44,340 --> 00:16:47,080
"When we took him into the room, we had to get out."

274
00:16:47,640 --> 00:16:51,440
"They wouldn't let anybody in
without it was a doctor or something."

275
00:16:52,050 --> 00:16:54,160
Private Jacob Soles.

276
00:16:56,640 --> 00:17:01,120
"The giant sufferer lay extended diagonally across the bed,

277
00:17:01,170 --> 00:17:03,380
"which was not long enough for him.

278
00:17:03,430 --> 00:17:05,650
"He had been stripped of his clothes."

279
00:17:05,700 --> 00:17:07,840
"His slow, full respiration"

280
00:17:07,890 --> 00:17:10,840
"lifted the covers with each breath he took."

281
00:17:11,350 --> 00:17:14,860
"His features were calm and striking."

282
00:17:15,570 --> 00:17:17,290
Gideon Welles.

283
00:17:18,210 --> 00:17:20,590
The doctors could do nothing.

284
00:17:20,910 --> 00:17:23,750
Mary implored her husband to speak to her

285
00:17:23,910 --> 00:17:25,770
and wept so inconsolably,

286
00:17:25,820 --> 00:17:28,930
she was finally taken into the front parlor.

287
00:17:29,690 --> 00:17:32,900
Cabinet officers stood by helpless all night,

288
00:17:32,950 --> 00:17:36,060
doubly shocked to hear that
Booth's accomplice, Lewis Paine,

289
00:17:36,110 --> 00:17:38,650
had stabbed Secretary of State Seward,

290
00:17:38,700 --> 00:17:40,610
then run out into the street crying,

291
00:17:40,660 --> 00:17:43,160
"I'm mad! I'm mad!"

292
00:17:47,210 --> 00:17:50,840
George Atzerodt had been too
frightened to carry out Booth's order

293
00:17:50,890 --> 00:17:52,730
to kill the vice president.

294
00:17:55,460 --> 00:17:57,200
Around 6:00 the morning,

295
00:17:57,250 --> 00:18:00,000
Navy Secretary Welles stepped outside

296
00:18:00,050 --> 00:18:03,750
and found the streets filled with silent, anxious people.

297
00:18:03,850 --> 00:18:07,130
"A little before 7:00, I went back into the room.

298
00:18:07,430 --> 00:18:09,860
"The death struggle had begun.

299
00:18:10,380 --> 00:18:13,110
"Robert, his son, stood at the head of the bed.

300
00:18:13,210 --> 00:18:16,260
"He bore himself well, but on two occasions,"

301
00:18:16,310 --> 00:18:17,720
"gave way"

302
00:18:17,920 --> 00:18:20,090
"and sobbed aloud,"

303
00:18:20,140 --> 00:18:23,060
"leaning on the shoulder of Senator Sumner."

304
00:18:24,740 --> 00:18:29,600
At 7:22 on the morning of April 15th, 1865,

305
00:18:29,700 --> 00:18:31,750
Abraham Lincoln died.

306
00:18:31,850 --> 00:18:34,500
He was fifty-six-years-old.

307
00:18:35,320 --> 00:18:38,150
Secretary of War Edwin Stanton said,

308
00:18:38,200 --> 00:18:40,970
"Now he belongs to the ages."

309
00:18:42,890 --> 00:18:47,280
His pockets contained two pairs
of spectacles, a pocketknife,

310
00:18:47,330 --> 00:18:50,070
a linen handkerchief, and a wallet.

311
00:18:50,830 --> 00:18:53,370
In it were nine newspaper clippings

312
00:18:53,520 --> 00:18:56,080
and a Confederate $5.00 bill.

313
00:19:05,230 --> 00:19:07,260
"Mother prepared breakfast

314
00:19:07,310 --> 00:19:09,310
"and other meals as usual,

315
00:19:09,360 --> 00:19:13,360
"but not a mouthful was eaten all day by either of us.

316
00:19:13,480 --> 00:19:16,920
"We each drank half a cup of coffee, that was all."

317
00:19:16,970 --> 00:19:18,480
"Little was said."

318
00:19:18,530 --> 00:19:21,660
"We got every newspaper, morning and evening,"

319
00:19:21,710 --> 00:19:25,000
"and passed them silently to each other."

320
00:19:25,100 --> 00:19:26,890
Walt Whitman.

321
00:19:30,070 --> 00:19:33,910
The telegraph carried the news
across the country in minutes.

322
00:19:33,960 --> 00:19:36,640
No president had ever been murdered.

323
00:19:42,820 --> 00:19:45,280
People would remember for the rest of their lives

324
00:19:45,330 --> 00:19:47,460
where they were and what they felt

325
00:19:47,510 --> 00:19:49,020
and what the weather was like

326
00:19:49,070 --> 00:19:51,350
when they heard what had happened.

327
00:19:53,810 --> 00:19:56,230
"Near Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia,

328
00:19:56,600 --> 00:19:58,830
"Saturday, April 15.

329
00:19:59,030 --> 00:20:01,500
"Bad news has just arrived.

330
00:20:01,570 --> 00:20:04,960
"Corporal Thomas Parker has just said President Lincoln"

331
00:20:05,010 --> 00:20:07,750
"is dead, murdered."

332
00:20:08,420 --> 00:20:11,710
"We cannot realize that our president is dead."

333
00:20:11,760 --> 00:20:15,270
"May God help his family and our distracted country."

334
00:20:15,420 --> 00:20:17,460
Elisha Hunt Rhodes.

335
00:20:20,340 --> 00:20:22,440
"I have been expecting this.

336
00:20:22,490 --> 00:20:24,080
"I am stunned,

337
00:20:24,180 --> 00:20:26,820
"as by a fearful personal calamity,"

338
00:20:26,870 --> 00:20:30,550
"though I can see that this thing
occurring just at this time"

339
00:20:30,800 --> 00:20:33,260
"may be overruled to our great good."

340
00:20:33,930 --> 00:20:37,550
"We shall appreciate him at last."

341
00:20:37,770 --> 00:20:40,220
George Templeton Strong.

342
00:20:42,340 --> 00:20:44,690
"On the Avenue in front of the White House

343
00:20:44,740 --> 00:20:46,760
"were several hundred colored people,

344
00:20:46,810 --> 00:20:48,740
"mostly women and children,

345
00:20:48,790 --> 00:20:51,050
"weeping and wailing their loss.

346
00:20:51,500 --> 00:20:53,030
"This crowd did not diminish

347
00:20:53,080 --> 00:20:56,000
"through the whole of that cold, wet day.

348
00:20:56,420 --> 00:20:59,700
"They seemed not to know what was to be their fate

349
00:20:59,750 --> 00:21:02,370
"since their great benefactor was dead,"

350
00:21:02,740 --> 00:21:06,210
"and though strong and brave men wept when I met them,"

351
00:21:06,630 --> 00:21:10,260
"the hopeless grief of those poor colored people"

352
00:21:10,480 --> 00:21:13,700
"affected me more than almost anything else."

353
00:21:14,320 --> 00:21:16,130
Gideon Welles.

354
00:21:19,270 --> 00:21:21,770
Lincoln's casket lay in state,

355
00:21:21,820 --> 00:21:24,360
first in the East Room of the White House,

356
00:21:24,410 --> 00:21:27,110
then in the Rotunda of the Capitol.

357
00:21:27,880 --> 00:21:31,240
He was to be buried in Springfield, Illinois,

358
00:21:31,290 --> 00:21:33,060
his adopted home.

359
00:21:33,250 --> 00:21:37,060
The small coffin of his son Willy,
who had died in Washington,

360
00:21:37,110 --> 00:21:39,790
was disinterred to make the journey with him.

361
00:21:40,400 --> 00:21:43,920
Mary Lincoln was too overcome with grief to go.

362
00:21:46,780 --> 00:21:49,170
The funeral train took twelve days

363
00:21:49,220 --> 00:21:52,070
and traveled 1,662 miles

364
00:21:52,120 --> 00:21:54,510
through the soft spring landscape.

365
00:21:54,780 --> 00:21:56,800
Retracing the route Lincoln had taken

366
00:21:56,850 --> 00:21:59,430
to Washington four years earlier.

367
00:22:14,530 --> 00:22:18,370
In Philadelphia, Lincoln's coffin lay in Independence Hall,

368
00:22:18,420 --> 00:22:21,200
where he had declared he would "rather be assassinated"

369
00:22:21,300 --> 00:22:25,630
than surrender the principles embodied
in the Declaration of Independence.

370
00:22:41,010 --> 00:22:44,130
In New York, the procession took four hours.

371
00:22:46,700 --> 00:22:50,220
Scalpers sold choice window positions along the route

372
00:22:50,270 --> 00:22:52,220
for $4.00 and up.

373
00:22:54,080 --> 00:22:56,230
From his grandfather's window,

374
00:22:56,280 --> 00:22:59,840
a young Theodore Roosevelt watched the procession pass.

375
00:23:11,060 --> 00:23:13,400
At Cleveland, 10,000 mourners

376
00:23:13,450 --> 00:23:16,400
passed through a specially built outdoor pavilion

377
00:23:16,450 --> 00:23:18,560
every hour, all day,

378
00:23:18,610 --> 00:23:21,030
despite a driving rain.

379
00:23:33,770 --> 00:23:37,190
It ended in Springfield on May 4th.

380
00:23:39,070 --> 00:23:41,630
The coffin rode to the Illinois State House

381
00:23:41,680 --> 00:23:45,960
in a magnificent black and silver
hearse borrowed from St. Louis,

382
00:23:46,110 --> 00:23:49,620
and lay open in the chamber of the House of Representatives

383
00:23:49,670 --> 00:23:53,520
where Lincoln had warned that
a house divided against itself

384
00:23:53,570 --> 00:23:55,410
"cannot stand."

385
00:24:02,760 --> 00:24:06,740
Among the thousands of people who shuffled past his coffin

386
00:24:06,790 --> 00:24:09,740
were many who had known him in the old days...

387
00:24:10,060 --> 00:24:11,960
farmers from New Salem,

388
00:24:12,010 --> 00:24:14,920
law clients and rival attorneys,

389
00:24:15,330 --> 00:24:17,830
neighbors who had nodded to him each morning

390
00:24:17,880 --> 00:24:19,480
on his way to work.

391
00:24:20,500 --> 00:24:23,650
Sarah, the president's stepmother, had had a premonition

392
00:24:23,700 --> 00:24:26,950
when Lincoln left for Washington four years before.

393
00:24:27,500 --> 00:24:31,530
"I felt it in my heart that something
would happen to him," she said,

394
00:24:31,580 --> 00:24:34,820
"and that I should see him no more."

395
00:24:40,750 --> 00:24:42,480
General Joseph Hooker

396
00:24:42,530 --> 00:24:45,690
led the final, slow march to Oak Ridge Cemetery

397
00:24:45,740 --> 00:24:48,100
through a gentle spring rain.

398
00:24:59,320 --> 00:25:02,610
"You white people

399
00:25:02,710 --> 00:25:05,960
"are the children of Abraham Lincoln.

400
00:25:06,460 --> 00:25:09,870
"We are at best only his stepchildren.

401
00:25:10,840 --> 00:25:14,070
"Viewed from the genuine abolition ground,

402
00:25:14,730 --> 00:25:18,610
"Mr. Lincoln seemed tardy, cold,

403
00:25:19,200 --> 00:25:21,600
"dull, indifferent.

404
00:25:21,920 --> 00:25:26,150
"But measuring him by the sentiment of his country,

405
00:25:26,200 --> 00:25:29,490
"a sentiment he was bound as a statesman to consult,

406
00:25:29,540 --> 00:25:32,930
"he was swift, zealous, radical,

407
00:25:32,980 --> 00:25:34,630
"and determined.

408
00:25:35,530 --> 00:25:37,550
"Taking him all-in-all,

409
00:25:37,700 --> 00:25:39,090
"measuring the

410
00:25:39,140 --> 00:25:42,200
"tremendous magnitude of the work before him,

411
00:25:42,250 --> 00:25:45,710
"considering the necessary means to ends,"

412
00:25:46,670 --> 00:25:49,760
"infinite wisdom has seldom sent any man"

413
00:25:49,810 --> 00:25:52,570
"into the world better fitted for his mission"

414
00:25:53,160 --> 00:25:55,310
"than Abraham Lincoln."

415
00:25:56,720 --> 00:25:58,460
Frederick Douglass.

416
00:26:08,600 --> 00:26:12,530
On April 26th, Union cavalry trapped John Wilkes Booth

417
00:26:12,580 --> 00:26:15,790
in a Virginia tobacco barn and set it afire.

418
00:26:15,890 --> 00:26:18,890
His accomplice, David Herold, surrendered.

419
00:26:18,940 --> 00:26:20,590
Booth preferred death.

420
00:26:20,640 --> 00:26:22,730
A soldier shot him in the neck.

421
00:26:24,000 --> 00:26:27,029
At the end, he asked to have his hands raised,

422
00:26:27,030 --> 00:26:29,079
looked at them, and said,

423
00:26:29,080 --> 00:26:31,780
"useless, useless."

424
00:26:34,710 --> 00:26:38,840
That day, in a farmhouse near
Durham Station, North Carolina,

425
00:26:39,010 --> 00:26:41,140
Confederate General Joseph Johnston

426
00:26:41,190 --> 00:26:43,500
surrendered what was left of his army

427
00:26:43,550 --> 00:26:45,550
to William Tecumseh Sherman.

428
00:26:48,120 --> 00:26:51,390
Jefferson Davis, exhausted but still defiant,

429
00:26:51,440 --> 00:26:53,310
fled southward, hoping somehow

430
00:26:53,360 --> 00:26:56,310
to rally the Confederacy from Texas.

431
00:26:56,830 --> 00:27:00,210
"It may be that with a devoted band of cavalry,

432
00:27:00,310 --> 00:27:03,370
"I can force my way across the Mississippi,"

433
00:27:03,530 --> 00:27:05,790
"and if nothing can be done there,"

434
00:27:05,840 --> 00:27:08,080
"then I can go to Mexico"

435
00:27:08,200 --> 00:27:12,080
"and have the world from which to choose a location."

436
00:27:13,010 --> 00:27:15,960
On May 10th at Irwinville, Georgia,

437
00:27:16,010 --> 00:27:18,580
Union cavalry caught up with him.

438
00:27:19,700 --> 00:27:24,170
With the arrest of its president, the
Confederate government ceased to exist.

439
00:27:24,340 --> 00:27:27,950
Davis was sent north to Virginia under heavy guard.

440
00:27:28,930 --> 00:27:31,500
Northern newspapers spread the false rumor

441
00:27:31,550 --> 00:27:35,050
that Davis had been apprehended wearing women's clothes.

442
00:27:35,100 --> 00:27:36,710
North and south,

443
00:27:36,760 --> 00:27:39,560
he was reviled as the villain of the war.

444
00:27:40,430 --> 00:27:43,140
These misconceptions about Davis are so strange,

445
00:27:43,190 --> 00:27:46,440
that it's as if a gigantic conspiracy was launched.

446
00:27:46,490 --> 00:27:48,900
It was partly launched by southerners,

447
00:27:48,950 --> 00:27:52,490
who, having lost the war, did not
want to blame it on their generals,

448
00:27:52,590 --> 00:27:56,950
so they blamed it on the politicians, and,
of course, Davis was the chief politician, so,

449
00:27:57,000 --> 00:28:01,150
it was the southerners more than the
northerners who vilified Jefferson Davis.

450
00:28:01,200 --> 00:28:04,060
The northerners wanted to hang him from a sour

451
00:28:04,110 --> 00:28:05,620
apple tree, but,

452
00:28:05,670 --> 00:28:08,770
the southerners really tore him down after the war.

453
00:28:09,380 --> 00:28:12,050
Davis was imprisoned at Fortress Monroe

454
00:28:12,100 --> 00:28:14,350
in a cell kept perpetually lit

455
00:28:14,400 --> 00:28:17,600
and was made to wear chains, though he protested

456
00:28:17,650 --> 00:28:20,110
that "those are orders for a slave",

457
00:28:20,160 --> 00:28:24,070
"and no man with a soul in him would obey such orders."

458
00:28:24,580 --> 00:28:26,310
"Dear Varina,

459
00:28:26,880 --> 00:28:30,230
"This is not the fate to which I invited you

460
00:28:30,280 --> 00:28:33,620
"when the future was rose-colored for us both,"

461
00:28:34,680 --> 00:28:38,420
"but I know you will bear it even better than myself,"

462
00:28:39,140 --> 00:28:41,220
"and that, of us two,"

463
00:28:41,590 --> 00:28:45,740
"I alone will ever look back reproachfully on my career."

464
00:28:49,870 --> 00:28:52,990
Scattered fighting stuttered on in Louisiana,

465
00:28:53,040 --> 00:28:54,940
Alabama, and Mississippi,

466
00:28:55,040 --> 00:28:59,260
and even further west, where on May 13th, 1865,

467
00:28:59,310 --> 00:29:02,890
Private John J. Williams of the 34th Indiana

468
00:29:02,940 --> 00:29:06,050
became the last man killed in the Civil War,

469
00:29:06,100 --> 00:29:08,870
in a battle at Palmitto Ranch, Texas.

470
00:29:09,730 --> 00:29:13,510
The final skirmish was a Confederate victory.

471
00:29:19,860 --> 00:29:23,170
On the morning of May 23rd, 1865,

472
00:29:23,220 --> 00:29:25,400
the American flag flew at full staff

473
00:29:25,450 --> 00:29:28,810
above the White House for the
first time since Lincoln's death.

474
00:29:29,470 --> 00:29:32,360
U. S. Grant and the new president, Andrew Johnson,

475
00:29:32,410 --> 00:29:34,160
stood side-by-side

476
00:29:34,210 --> 00:29:36,550
to watch the grand armies of the Republic

477
00:29:36,600 --> 00:29:40,400
pass in review down Pennsylvania Avenue from the Capitol.

478
00:29:43,310 --> 00:29:47,440
"And so it came, this glorious old Army of the Potomac,

479
00:29:47,490 --> 00:29:50,140
"for six hours marching past,

480
00:29:50,190 --> 00:29:52,680
"eighteen or twenty miles long,

481
00:29:52,730 --> 00:29:55,630
"their colors telling their sad history."

482
00:29:55,780 --> 00:29:57,600
"It was a strange feeling"

483
00:29:57,650 --> 00:30:00,700
"to be so intensely happy and triumphant,"

484
00:30:00,750 --> 00:30:03,410
"and yet to feel like crying."

485
00:30:08,880 --> 00:30:11,940
The great procession took two days.

486
00:30:13,780 --> 00:30:18,020
General George Armstrong Custer
stole the show the first day,

487
00:30:18,190 --> 00:30:21,520
galloping past the dignitaries far ahead of his men,

488
00:30:21,640 --> 00:30:23,280
brandishing his saber,

489
00:30:23,330 --> 00:30:26,230
his long yellow hair whipping in the wind.

490
00:30:26,850 --> 00:30:29,950
But the crowds cheered loudest the next morning

491
00:30:30,000 --> 00:30:32,590
as William Tecumseh Sherman rode past

492
00:30:32,640 --> 00:30:36,150
at the head of the great army he had led to the sea.

493
00:30:41,830 --> 00:30:44,260
By May, most of the Yankees had withdrawn

494
00:30:44,310 --> 00:30:46,260
from Clarksville, Tennessee.

495
00:30:46,310 --> 00:30:49,970
What remained of the 49th and 14th Tennessee Regiments

496
00:30:50,020 --> 00:30:51,530
came home.

497
00:30:51,710 --> 00:30:55,770
Private John J. Denny of Company K was not among them.

498
00:30:55,820 --> 00:30:58,280
He had died at Chancellorsville.

499
00:30:59,640 --> 00:31:03,180
Of the 29 Stewart College seniors who went to war,

500
00:31:03,230 --> 00:31:05,630
sixteen had been killed in battle.

501
00:31:06,890 --> 00:31:10,080
Seven more had died of wounds and disease.

502
00:31:13,060 --> 00:31:16,140
In September, railway service to Clarksville

503
00:31:16,190 --> 00:31:17,640
was resumed.

504
00:31:20,890 --> 00:31:24,820
Deer Isle, Maine, was an indirect casualty of the war.

505
00:31:24,870 --> 00:31:28,490
When its men came home, they found fishing had fallen off.

506
00:31:28,590 --> 00:31:32,810
There was new money to be made
in other industries in nearby towns.

507
00:31:33,480 --> 00:31:35,870
The old families moved away.

508
00:31:36,120 --> 00:31:38,040
Some of the houses they left behind

509
00:31:38,090 --> 00:31:40,680
became summer homes for vacationers,

510
00:31:40,830 --> 00:31:44,640
most of whom were unaware of what had happened there.

511
00:31:50,500 --> 00:31:52,500
John Wilkes Booth's accomplices

512
00:31:52,550 --> 00:31:55,480
were swiftly tried before a military commission.

513
00:31:55,530 --> 00:31:57,750
All eight were found guilty.

514
00:31:58,510 --> 00:32:01,910
Four were sentenced to be hanged, including Mary Surratt,

515
00:32:01,960 --> 00:32:05,050
whose only crime may have been
that she owned the boarding house

516
00:32:05,100 --> 00:32:07,000
in which the conspirators met.

517
00:32:09,560 --> 00:32:11,880
The executions took place in the courtyard

518
00:32:11,930 --> 00:32:15,040
of the old penitentiary building on July 7th.

519
00:32:17,900 --> 00:32:21,480
The prisoners climbed the thirteen steps and sat in chairs

520
00:32:21,530 --> 00:32:24,030
while the charges were read aloud.

521
00:32:26,010 --> 00:32:30,240
Two priests comforted Mrs. Surratt
and shielded her from the sun.

522
00:32:33,580 --> 00:32:36,480
White hoods were slipped over their heads.

523
00:32:41,300 --> 00:32:44,830
General Winfield Scott Hancock, the hero of Gettysburg,

524
00:32:44,930 --> 00:32:47,079
clapped his hands three times,

525
00:32:47,080 --> 00:32:49,640
and soldiers knocked the front part of the platform

526
00:32:49,690 --> 00:32:51,690
out from under the condemned.

527
00:33:08,820 --> 00:33:11,820
It took them more than five minutes to die.

528
00:33:13,490 --> 00:33:15,540
A northern newspaper said,

529
00:33:15,590 --> 00:33:18,480
"We want to know their names no more."

530
00:33:25,470 --> 00:33:28,350
"Somewhere, they crawled to die

531
00:33:28,400 --> 00:33:31,720
"alone in bushes, low gullies,

532
00:33:31,770 --> 00:33:34,060
"or on the sides of hills.

533
00:33:34,220 --> 00:33:36,510
"There, in secluded spots,

534
00:33:36,560 --> 00:33:39,010
"their skeletons, bleached bones,"

535
00:33:39,060 --> 00:33:42,280
"tufts of hair, buttons, fragments of clothing"

536
00:33:42,330 --> 00:33:44,680
"are occasionally found yet."

537
00:33:46,250 --> 00:33:47,840
"Our young men,

538
00:33:47,890 --> 00:33:50,940
"once so handsome, and so joyous,

539
00:33:50,990 --> 00:33:52,540
"taken from us..."

540
00:33:52,590 --> 00:33:54,700
"The son from the mother,"

541
00:33:55,060 --> 00:33:57,410
"the husband from the wife,"

542
00:33:57,830 --> 00:34:01,500
"the dear friend from the dear friend."

543
00:34:01,820 --> 00:34:03,530
Walt Whitman.

544
00:34:20,190 --> 00:34:24,070
Three-and-a-half-million men went to war.

545
00:34:24,390 --> 00:34:28,080
Six-hundred-twenty-thousand men died in it,

546
00:34:28,130 --> 00:34:31,250
as many as in all the rest of America's wars

547
00:34:31,300 --> 00:34:32,820
combined.

548
00:34:35,800 --> 00:34:37,990
One-quarter of the South's

549
00:34:38,040 --> 00:34:41,340
white men of military age were dead.

550
00:34:42,800 --> 00:34:45,910
In Iowa, half the men eligible to fight

551
00:34:45,960 --> 00:34:47,710
served in the Union army,

552
00:34:47,760 --> 00:34:50,470
filling forty-six regiments in all.

553
00:34:50,980 --> 00:34:54,870
Thirteen-thousand-one Iowans died...

554
00:34:55,000 --> 00:34:58,530
3,540 in battle,

555
00:34:58,640 --> 00:35:02,580
515 while prisoners of war,

556
00:35:02,950 --> 00:35:06,380
and 8,498

557
00:35:06,430 --> 00:35:08,100
of disease.

558
00:35:08,400 --> 00:35:10,840
Those figures were typical.

559
00:35:12,160 --> 00:35:15,010
The 5th New Hampshire Regiment started out from Concord

560
00:35:15,060 --> 00:35:18,060
in 1861 with 1,200 men.

561
00:35:18,410 --> 00:35:21,260
When they returned to New Hampshire after Gettysburg,

562
00:35:21,660 --> 00:35:24,260
there were only 380 left.

563
00:35:26,790 --> 00:35:29,710
In Mississippi in 1866,

564
00:35:29,760 --> 00:35:32,510
one-fifth of the state's entire budget

565
00:35:32,560 --> 00:35:35,080
was spent on artificial limbs.

566
00:35:37,050 --> 00:35:39,950
Millions were left with vivid memories of men

567
00:35:40,000 --> 00:35:41,820
who should have still been living

568
00:35:41,870 --> 00:35:43,470
but were not.

569
00:35:45,800 --> 00:35:47,880
The survivors went home

570
00:35:47,930 --> 00:35:50,610
and got on with the business of living.

571
00:35:52,850 --> 00:35:54,980
"The morning after my arrival home,

572
00:35:55,030 --> 00:35:57,640
"I doffed my uniform of first lieutenant,

573
00:35:57,690 --> 00:35:59,940
"put on some of my father's old clothes, and

574
00:35:59,990 --> 00:36:03,400
"proceeded to wage war on the standing corn.

575
00:36:03,820 --> 00:36:06,500
"The feeling I had was sort of queer.

576
00:36:06,870 --> 00:36:10,500
"It almost seemed, sometimes, as if I had been away"

577
00:36:10,550 --> 00:36:12,320
"only a day or two"

578
00:36:12,940 --> 00:36:15,240
"and had just taken up the farm work"

579
00:36:15,290 --> 00:36:17,390
"where I had left off."

580
00:36:17,900 --> 00:36:19,710
Leander Stillwell,

581
00:36:19,760 --> 00:36:22,660
formerly 61st Illinois.

582
00:36:24,080 --> 00:36:27,770
The boys who had gone off to war were old men, now.

583
00:36:28,340 --> 00:36:31,790
They walked over the old battlefields with their families,

584
00:36:31,840 --> 00:36:35,050
pointing out the places where they had once done things

585
00:36:35,100 --> 00:36:38,750
that now seemed impossible, even to them.

586
00:36:40,970 --> 00:36:45,010
They had a theoretical notion of having a country,

587
00:36:45,260 --> 00:36:48,550
but when the war was over,

588
00:36:48,600 --> 00:36:51,540
on both sides, they knew they
had a country. They'd been there.

589
00:36:51,590 --> 00:36:55,120
They had walked its hills and tramped its roads.

590
00:36:55,170 --> 00:36:57,270
They... they saw the country,

591
00:36:57,320 --> 00:37:00,190
and they knew they had a country, and they knew

592
00:37:00,490 --> 00:37:02,520
the... the effort that they had expended

593
00:37:02,570 --> 00:37:05,520
and their dead friends had expended to preserve it.

594
00:37:05,790 --> 00:37:07,230
It did that.

595
00:37:07,650 --> 00:37:10,570
It made their country an actuality.

596
00:37:26,210 --> 00:37:29,840
By the turn of the century, monuments
and memorials and statues

597
00:37:29,890 --> 00:37:34,250
stood in city parks and courthouse
squares from Maine to Mississippi.

598
00:37:35,310 --> 00:37:38,610
"Number 220... statue of American soldier.

599
00:37:38,660 --> 00:37:41,120
"Price, $450.

600
00:37:41,220 --> 00:37:43,270
"When used as a family monument"

601
00:37:43,320 --> 00:37:46,150
"and photos of the deceased soldier can be furnished,"

602
00:37:46,200 --> 00:37:49,030
"we will model a new head in a true likeness."

603
00:37:49,080 --> 00:37:52,520
"The extra cost will be but $150."

604
00:37:52,570 --> 00:37:55,880
The Monumental Bronze Company, Bridgeport, Connecticut.

605
00:38:00,860 --> 00:38:02,550
"Hall's Hill, Virginia,

606
00:38:02,600 --> 00:38:05,450
July 4, 1865.

607
00:38:05,500 --> 00:38:07,900
"Another Independence Day in the army,

608
00:38:07,950 --> 00:38:09,850
"and this has been my fifth.

609
00:38:10,670 --> 00:38:13,650
"The first we passed at Camp Clark near Washington,

610
00:38:13,700 --> 00:38:15,460
"the second at Harrison's Landing,

611
00:38:16,020 --> 00:38:18,330
"the third at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania,"

612
00:38:18,380 --> 00:38:20,260
"the fourth at Petersburg,"

613
00:38:20,980 --> 00:38:24,720
"and today we are back in
Washington with our work finished."

614
00:38:25,000 --> 00:38:26,920
"The day has been fun."

615
00:38:27,070 --> 00:38:29,210
Elisha Hunt Rhodes.

616
00:38:32,540 --> 00:38:35,540
The war made Elisha Hunt Rhodes.

617
00:38:35,590 --> 00:38:38,780
Having risen from private to colonel during the war,

618
00:38:38,830 --> 00:38:41,830
he was promoted to brigadier general after it,

619
00:38:41,880 --> 00:38:45,340
then went into the cotton and wool business in Providence.

620
00:38:46,550 --> 00:38:49,989
He devoted nearly every idle hour to veterans' affairs

621
00:38:49,990 --> 00:38:52,830
and never missed a regimental reunion.

622
00:39:24,490 --> 00:39:27,420
"America has no north, no south,

623
00:39:27,470 --> 00:39:29,520
"no east, no west.

624
00:39:30,190 --> 00:39:33,190
"The sun rises over the hills and sets over the mountains.

625
00:39:33,240 --> 00:39:35,790
"The compass just points up and down,"

626
00:39:36,100 --> 00:39:38,840
"and we can laugh now at the absurd notion"

627
00:39:38,890 --> 00:39:41,360
"of there being a north and a south."

628
00:39:41,510 --> 00:39:44,090
"We are one and undivided."

629
00:39:44,190 --> 00:39:45,770
Sam Watkins.

630
00:39:47,760 --> 00:39:50,720
Sam Watkins returned to Columbia, Tennessee,

631
00:39:50,770 --> 00:39:52,370
ran the family farm,

632
00:39:52,420 --> 00:39:56,370
and in the evenings worked on his memoirs, "Company Aytch,"

633
00:39:56,420 --> 00:39:57,870
despite, he said,

634
00:39:57,920 --> 00:40:00,880
"a house full of young rebels clustering around my knees"

635
00:40:00,930 --> 00:40:03,010
"and bumping my elbows."

636
00:40:05,130 --> 00:40:07,330
But for the war, these

637
00:40:07,880 --> 00:40:11,860
men were like any other possible friends.

638
00:40:13,810 --> 00:40:15,670
You can, remember the...

639
00:40:15,720 --> 00:40:18,720
Thomas Hardy's poem, "Had he and I but met",

640
00:40:18,770 --> 00:40:21,420
"some old ancient inn, we might sit down to wet

641
00:40:21,470 --> 00:40:23,219
"right many a nipperkin," you know, but

642
00:40:23,220 --> 00:40:25,980
"ranged as infantry, standing face to face,"

643
00:40:26,480 --> 00:40:29,640
"I shot at him as he at me, and killed him in his place."

644
00:40:29,800 --> 00:40:31,740
"Strange and curious, a war is."

645
00:40:31,790 --> 00:40:34,340
You shoot a fellow down, you treat where any bar is, or

646
00:40:34,390 --> 00:40:36,310
"help to half-a-crown."

647
00:40:37,280 --> 00:40:39,860
Isn't that it? Especially in our own...

648
00:40:40,110 --> 00:40:42,510
our own society, where these men

649
00:40:42,560 --> 00:40:45,510
shared a common history, men and women,

650
00:40:45,730 --> 00:40:48,370
shared a common love of liberty,

651
00:40:49,130 --> 00:40:52,070
gave it slightly different English

652
00:40:52,270 --> 00:40:55,320
as... as it spun through their lives,

653
00:40:55,690 --> 00:40:57,750
but at the same time,

654
00:40:58,450 --> 00:41:01,400
when death came and there was

655
00:41:01,550 --> 00:41:03,660
no more to fight about,

656
00:41:03,710 --> 00:41:07,560
the sort of ocean of... of love and respect and...

657
00:41:07,610 --> 00:41:10,610
closed over them again, and they were together.

658
00:41:11,670 --> 00:41:15,670
"I think we understand what military fame is..."

659
00:41:15,770 --> 00:41:18,300
"To be killed on the field of battle"

660
00:41:18,350 --> 00:41:22,110
"and have our names spelled wrong in the newspapers."

661
00:41:22,160 --> 00:41:24,270
William Tecumseh Sherman.

662
00:41:26,750 --> 00:41:29,530
William Tecumseh Sherman remained a soldier,

663
00:41:29,580 --> 00:41:31,680
fighting Indians and shunning politics

664
00:41:31,730 --> 00:41:34,590
until his retirement in 1883.

665
00:41:34,790 --> 00:41:38,490
"If nominated, I will not run,"
he told a Republican delegation

666
00:41:38,540 --> 00:41:40,600
urging him to run for president.

667
00:41:40,650 --> 00:41:43,000
"If elected, I will not serve."

668
00:41:43,510 --> 00:41:47,490
He died in New York City in the winter of 1891.

669
00:41:47,590 --> 00:41:49,650
Among the honorary pallbearers

670
00:41:49,700 --> 00:41:53,310
who stood bear-headed in the cold wind outside the church

671
00:41:53,360 --> 00:41:55,870
was 82-year-old Joe Johnston,

672
00:41:55,920 --> 00:41:59,160
who had fought Sherman in Georgia and the Carolinas.

673
00:41:59,580 --> 00:42:02,430
When a friend warned him he might fall ill,

674
00:42:02,480 --> 00:42:05,510
Johnston told him, "if I were in Sherman's place"

675
00:42:05,560 --> 00:42:07,690
"and he were standing here in mine,"

676
00:42:07,740 --> 00:42:10,110
"he would not put on his hat."

677
00:42:10,920 --> 00:42:14,500
Johnston died ten days later of pneumonia.

678
00:42:17,150 --> 00:42:19,940
"April 1866.

679
00:42:20,360 --> 00:42:22,640
"There are nights here with the moonlight,

680
00:42:22,690 --> 00:42:25,450
"cold and ghastly, and the whippoorwills"

681
00:42:25,910 --> 00:42:29,600
"and screech owls alone disturbing the silence,"

682
00:42:30,170 --> 00:42:33,000
"when I could tear my hair and cry alone"

683
00:42:33,050 --> 00:42:35,700
"for all that is past and gone."

684
00:42:38,380 --> 00:42:40,310
Mary Chesnut.

685
00:42:42,800 --> 00:42:47,030
When James and Mary Chesnut
returned to Mulberry Plantation,

686
00:42:47,080 --> 00:42:50,040
they found the old house stripped by Union men,

687
00:42:50,090 --> 00:42:51,740
the cotton burned.

688
00:42:52,910 --> 00:42:55,860
Mary managed to make a little money selling butter and eggs

689
00:42:55,910 --> 00:42:58,450
in partnership with her former slave,

690
00:42:58,500 --> 00:43:00,550
and she continued to write.

691
00:43:00,950 --> 00:43:03,299
But she never completed the mammoth task

692
00:43:03,300 --> 00:43:05,500
of reworking her war diary.

693
00:43:12,480 --> 00:43:15,660
Jefferson Davis was never tried for treason,

694
00:43:15,710 --> 00:43:19,030
nor could he ever bring himself to ask for a pardon.

695
00:43:19,740 --> 00:43:21,570
After two years in prison,

696
00:43:21,620 --> 00:43:24,330
he was released on bond and spent the rest of his life

697
00:43:24,380 --> 00:43:27,090
living off the charity of a wealthy widow

698
00:43:27,140 --> 00:43:29,600
and working on a massive memoir,

699
00:43:29,650 --> 00:43:32,650
"The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government."

700
00:43:33,950 --> 00:43:37,430
He died, still persuaded of the justice of his cause,

701
00:43:37,480 --> 00:43:39,400
at the age of eighty-one.

702
00:43:41,010 --> 00:43:44,290
Hiram Revels of Mississippi became the first black man

703
00:43:44,340 --> 00:43:47,020
ever elected to the United States Senate,

704
00:43:47,070 --> 00:43:50,120
filling the seat last held by Jefferson Davis.

705
00:43:51,840 --> 00:43:55,470
Vice President Alexander Stephens was imprisoned briefly,

706
00:43:55,520 --> 00:43:59,210
and then re-elected to his old
congressional seat from Georgia

707
00:43:59,260 --> 00:44:01,970
as if there had never been a Confederacy.

708
00:44:05,950 --> 00:44:09,800
Mary Todd Lincoln never recovered
from her husband's murder.

709
00:44:09,850 --> 00:44:12,720
Her son Tad died in 1871.

710
00:44:12,870 --> 00:44:14,420
Five years later,

711
00:44:14,470 --> 00:44:18,730
her eldest son, Robert, had her
committed to a mental institution.

712
00:44:19,000 --> 00:44:21,720
She spent her last years in Springfield,

713
00:44:21,770 --> 00:44:25,770
rarely leaving a room whose curtains were never raised.

714
00:44:28,750 --> 00:44:31,860
For Clara Barton, the angel of the battlefield,

715
00:44:31,910 --> 00:44:33,710
the grim work continued.

716
00:44:33,910 --> 00:44:36,490
After the war, she went down to Andersonville

717
00:44:36,540 --> 00:44:38,540
and helped arrange dignified burial

718
00:44:38,590 --> 00:44:41,690
for thousands of the Union prisoners who had died there,

719
00:44:41,780 --> 00:44:44,590
then went on to found the American Red Cross.

720
00:44:48,000 --> 00:44:50,460
On November 10th, 1865,

721
00:44:50,510 --> 00:44:53,550
Henry Wirz, Commandant at Andersonville prison,

722
00:44:53,810 --> 00:44:57,369
was hanged in the yard of the
Old Capitol Prison in Washington

723
00:44:57,370 --> 00:44:59,080
for war crimes.

724
00:44:59,940 --> 00:45:02,820
He pleaded he had only followed orders.

725
00:45:05,400 --> 00:45:08,000
Walt Whitman published "Drum Taps,"

726
00:45:08,050 --> 00:45:11,340
a book of Civil War poems he thought his finest,

727
00:45:11,390 --> 00:45:14,140
then turned largely to prose.

728
00:45:14,460 --> 00:45:18,140
His writings revolutionized American literature.

729
00:45:20,910 --> 00:45:24,090
Phil Sheridan went out west to take on a new enemy,

730
00:45:24,140 --> 00:45:27,250
declaring that the only good Indian was a dead Indian.

731
00:45:27,720 --> 00:45:30,560
George Armstrong Custer went west, too,

732
00:45:30,610 --> 00:45:34,060
carrying with him his belief in his own invincibility.

733
00:45:34,280 --> 00:45:37,670
In 1876, the Sioux and Cheyenne

734
00:45:37,720 --> 00:45:39,290
proved him wrong.

735
00:45:39,740 --> 00:45:42,290
George McClellan stayed abroad for three years

736
00:45:42,340 --> 00:45:44,540
after losing the election to Lincoln.

737
00:45:44,590 --> 00:45:47,590
He heard no slander about himself there, he said.

738
00:45:47,660 --> 00:45:49,240
Then he came home

739
00:45:49,290 --> 00:45:52,020
and got himself elected Governor of New Jersey.

740
00:45:52,840 --> 00:45:54,760
The conqueror of Fort Sumter,

741
00:45:54,810 --> 00:45:57,200
Pierre Gustave Toutant-Beauregard,

742
00:45:57,250 --> 00:46:00,850
promoted railroads, managed the Louisiana state lottery,

743
00:46:00,900 --> 00:46:02,690
and got rich.

744
00:46:03,260 --> 00:46:06,410
Nathan Bedford Forrest promoted railroads, too,

745
00:46:06,460 --> 00:46:07,860
but failed.

746
00:46:08,500 --> 00:46:12,110
In 1867, he became the first Imperial Wizard

747
00:46:12,170 --> 00:46:14,070
of the Ku Klux Klan,

748
00:46:14,170 --> 00:46:15,519
but quit

749
00:46:15,520 --> 00:46:18,610
when the Klan grew too violent even for him.

750
00:46:19,820 --> 00:46:23,030
General Dan Sickles somehow escaped court-martial

751
00:46:23,080 --> 00:46:25,030
for his blunder at Gettysburg.

752
00:46:25,240 --> 00:46:27,840
He had the leg he lost in the Peach Orchard

753
00:46:27,890 --> 00:46:29,820
mounted in a miniature casket

754
00:46:29,870 --> 00:46:32,950
and gave it to the army medical museum in Washington,

755
00:46:33,000 --> 00:46:36,370
where he visited it regularly for fifty years.

756
00:46:38,890 --> 00:46:43,140
John Bell Hood, who had survived
some of the fiercest fighting of the war,

757
00:46:43,190 --> 00:46:46,830
died with his wife and daughter in the
New Orleans yellow fever epidemic

758
00:46:46,880 --> 00:46:48,530
of 1878.

759
00:46:48,630 --> 00:46:51,150
Leaving ten orphaned children.

760
00:46:52,510 --> 00:46:55,170
George Pickett never overcame his bitterness

761
00:46:55,220 --> 00:46:58,080
over the destruction of his division at Gettysburg.

762
00:46:58,130 --> 00:47:00,280
Suffering from severe depression,

763
00:47:00,330 --> 00:47:03,420
he turned down offers of command from the ruler of Egypt

764
00:47:03,480 --> 00:47:05,920
and the President of the United States,

765
00:47:05,970 --> 00:47:08,960
and ended up in the insurance business.

766
00:47:09,820 --> 00:47:14,030
Confederate General James Longstreet
joined the Republican party,

767
00:47:14,080 --> 00:47:16,330
served as Grant's Minister to Turkey,

768
00:47:16,380 --> 00:47:19,880
dared to criticize Lee's strategy at Gettysburg,

769
00:47:20,100 --> 00:47:21,770
and for all these things

770
00:47:21,820 --> 00:47:23,770
was considered a traitor to the south

771
00:47:23,820 --> 00:47:26,270
by his former comrades-in-arms.

772
00:47:28,930 --> 00:47:32,320
Frederick Douglass continued
to fight as hard for civil rights

773
00:47:32,370 --> 00:47:34,310
as he had against slavery

774
00:47:34,360 --> 00:47:37,890
and became the most powerful black politician in America.

775
00:47:39,210 --> 00:47:42,990
A young visitor once asked him
what he should do with his life.

776
00:47:43,210 --> 00:47:45,680
"Agitate!" The old man answered.

777
00:47:45,730 --> 00:47:47,930
"Agitate! Agitate!"

778
00:47:50,400 --> 00:47:51,990
Julia Ward Howe

779
00:47:52,040 --> 00:47:55,010
helped lead the American Woman's Suffrage Association

780
00:47:55,060 --> 00:47:57,110
for fifty-five years.

781
00:47:57,210 --> 00:47:59,800
At her funeral in 1910,

782
00:48:00,160 --> 00:48:03,000
4,000 mourners joined in singing.

783
00:48:03,050 --> 00:48:05,450
"The Battle Hymn of the Republic."

784
00:48:06,320 --> 00:48:10,310
Colonel Washington Roebling
left the army corps of engineers,

785
00:48:10,360 --> 00:48:12,820
finished his father's bridge at Cincinnati,

786
00:48:12,870 --> 00:48:16,400
and went on to build the greatest
suspension bridge in the world

787
00:48:16,450 --> 00:48:17,860
in Brooklyn.

788
00:48:21,440 --> 00:48:23,980
"I have fought against the people of the north

789
00:48:24,000 --> 00:48:27,000
"because I believed they were
seeking to wrest from the south

790
00:48:27,050 --> 00:48:28,870
"its dearest rights,"

791
00:48:29,240 --> 00:48:31,850
"but I have never cherished toward them bitter"

792
00:48:31,900 --> 00:48:33,730
"or vindictive feelings,"

793
00:48:34,330 --> 00:48:38,280
"and I have never seen the day
when I did not pray for them."

794
00:48:40,300 --> 00:48:44,540
Robert E. Lee swore renewed allegiance to the United States

795
00:48:44,590 --> 00:48:48,350
and by so doing persuaded thousands of his former soldiers

796
00:48:48,400 --> 00:48:50,050
to do the same.

797
00:48:50,810 --> 00:48:54,150
He was weary, ailing, and without work

798
00:48:54,200 --> 00:48:56,450
in the summer of 1865

799
00:48:56,500 --> 00:48:59,760
when an insurance firm offered him $50,000

800
00:48:59,810 --> 00:49:02,060
just for the use of his name.

801
00:49:02,530 --> 00:49:04,160
He turned it down.

802
00:49:04,480 --> 00:49:06,660
"I cannot consent to receive pay"

803
00:49:06,710 --> 00:49:09,170
"for services I do not render."

804
00:49:09,830 --> 00:49:12,370
He ended up in the noble way you

805
00:49:12,420 --> 00:49:15,420
might have expected after you'd learned to expect it.

806
00:49:15,770 --> 00:49:19,130
He was... didn't know what to
do with himself after the war.

807
00:49:19,180 --> 00:49:22,390
His profession was gone, even his country was gone.

808
00:49:23,260 --> 00:49:26,090
And he was approached, with a good deal of hesitation,

809
00:49:26,140 --> 00:49:29,610
by these people from a little school
called Washington College,

810
00:49:30,130 --> 00:49:33,820
and he accepted the Presidency of Washington College.

811
00:49:33,870 --> 00:49:36,730
He had an annual salary of $1,500

812
00:49:36,780 --> 00:49:38,450
and a house to live in,

813
00:49:38,550 --> 00:49:42,820
and he spent the rest of his life at what after
his death was called Washington and Lee.

814
00:49:44,190 --> 00:49:46,760
"The greatest mistake of my life," he said,

815
00:49:46,810 --> 00:49:49,720
"was taking a military education."

816
00:49:49,870 --> 00:49:52,250
And whenever his students and those of the neighboring

817
00:49:52,300 --> 00:49:54,960
Virginia Military Institute marched together,

818
00:49:55,010 --> 00:49:57,940
Lee made a point of staying out of step.

819
00:50:00,490 --> 00:50:02,840
He never returned to Arlington again.

820
00:50:02,890 --> 00:50:05,240
Once, on his way to Washington,

821
00:50:05,290 --> 00:50:08,440
he glimpsed his old home from a passing train.

822
00:50:10,600 --> 00:50:13,000
He died in 1870.

823
00:50:14,000 --> 00:50:16,950
In his last moments, he went back to the war,

824
00:50:17,000 --> 00:50:19,750
ordering A. P. Hill to bring up his troops,

825
00:50:19,800 --> 00:50:21,810
just as Stonewall Jackson had

826
00:50:21,860 --> 00:50:24,310
on his deathbed at Chancellorsville.

827
00:50:29,580 --> 00:50:33,280
Then Lee called out, "Strike the tent."

828
00:50:44,100 --> 00:50:45,840
"For he will smile

829
00:50:45,890 --> 00:50:48,440
"and give you with unflinching courtesy,

830
00:50:48,490 --> 00:50:52,640
"prayers, trappings, letters, uniforms and orders,

831
00:50:52,690 --> 00:50:56,850
"photographs, kindness, valor and advice,

832
00:50:57,620 --> 00:51:00,200
"and do it with such grace and gentleness

833
00:51:00,250 --> 00:51:04,220
"that you will know you have the whole
of him pinned down, mapped out,

834
00:51:04,270 --> 00:51:06,260
“easy to understand...

835
00:51:06,360 --> 00:51:08,060
"and so you have..."

836
00:51:09,030 --> 00:51:11,060
"All things except the heart."

837
00:51:11,210 --> 00:51:13,980
"The heart he kept a secret to the end"

838
00:51:14,030 --> 00:51:16,780
"from all the pick locks of biographers."

839
00:51:22,040 --> 00:51:24,750
"I feel that we are on the eve

840
00:51:24,800 --> 00:51:27,910
"of a new era, when there is to be a great harmony

841
00:51:27,960 --> 00:51:30,930
"between the Federal and the Confederate.

842
00:51:30,980 --> 00:51:33,110
"I cannot stay to be a living witness

843
00:51:33,160 --> 00:51:35,460
"to the correctness of this prophecy,"

844
00:51:35,560 --> 00:51:37,610
"but I feel it within me"

845
00:51:37,800 --> 00:51:40,010
"that it is to be so."

846
00:51:42,140 --> 00:51:44,830
The qualities that served Ulysses S. Grant

847
00:51:44,880 --> 00:51:46,620
so well in war...

848
00:51:46,670 --> 00:51:50,620
stubbornness, independence, aversion to politics...

849
00:51:50,670 --> 00:51:52,910
deserted him in peacetime.

850
00:51:53,470 --> 00:51:55,710
He entered the White House pledged to peace,

851
00:51:55,760 --> 00:51:57,580
honesty, and civil rights,

852
00:51:57,630 --> 00:52:00,830
but corruption tainted his two terms.

853
00:52:02,350 --> 00:52:05,280
After the presidency, he settled in Manhattan,

854
00:52:05,380 --> 00:52:08,790
where he lent his name to a Wall Street brokerage firm.

855
00:52:09,150 --> 00:52:10,840
Another partner in the firm

856
00:52:10,890 --> 00:52:14,040
stole millions from the shareholders in 1884

857
00:52:14,090 --> 00:52:16,750
and bankrupted the Grant family.

858
00:52:17,000 --> 00:52:20,400
Once again, U. S. Grant was penniless.

859
00:52:22,020 --> 00:52:25,650
At almost the same moment, he was found to be suffering

860
00:52:25,700 --> 00:52:28,570
from inoperable cancer of the throat.

861
00:52:29,700 --> 00:52:33,160
Determined to provide for his family before he died,

862
00:52:33,210 --> 00:52:35,780
he set to work writing his memoirs.

863
00:52:36,300 --> 00:52:40,210
In the summer of 1885, he moved
to a cottage at Mount McGregor

864
00:52:40,260 --> 00:52:41,960
in the Adirondacks.

865
00:52:42,830 --> 00:52:45,060
Unable now to eat or speak,

866
00:52:45,110 --> 00:52:47,860
he sat on the front porch in the afternoons,

867
00:52:47,910 --> 00:52:50,300
laboring over his manuscript.

868
00:52:51,950 --> 00:52:54,700
He finished it on July 16th

869
00:52:54,750 --> 00:52:56,980
and died one week later.

870
00:53:00,000 --> 00:53:03,810
Grant's memoirs sold half-a-million copies,

871
00:53:03,860 --> 00:53:06,490
and restored family's fortune.

872
00:53:19,290 --> 00:53:21,830
In 1913, the government held a

873
00:53:21,880 --> 00:53:25,150
50th anniversary reunion at Gettysburg.

874
00:53:25,200 --> 00:53:27,510
It lasted three days.

875
00:53:28,180 --> 00:53:31,540
Thousands of survivors bivouacked on the old battlefield,

876
00:53:31,590 --> 00:53:34,930
swapping stories, looking up old comrades.

877
00:53:41,280 --> 00:53:45,310
The climax was to be a re-enactment of Pickett's Charge.

878
00:53:45,560 --> 00:53:47,300
As the rebel yell rang out

879
00:53:47,350 --> 00:53:51,270
and the old Confederates started
forward again across the fields,

880
00:53:51,320 --> 00:53:54,780
a moan, "a gigantic gasp of unbelief,"

881
00:53:54,830 --> 00:53:58,270
rose from the Union men on Cemetery Ridge.

882
00:53:58,320 --> 00:54:00,570
"It was then," one onlooker said,

883
00:54:00,620 --> 00:54:04,030
"that the Yankees, unable to restrain themselves longer,

884
00:54:04,080 --> 00:54:06,230
"burst from behind the stone wall"

885
00:54:06,280 --> 00:54:09,380
"and flung themselves upon their former enemies,"

886
00:54:09,530 --> 00:54:13,540
"not in mortal combat, but embracing them"

887
00:54:13,590 --> 00:54:16,370
"in brotherly love and affection."

888
00:54:21,160 --> 00:54:23,270
"Pageant has passed.

889
00:54:23,550 --> 00:54:25,150
"The day is over,"

890
00:54:25,400 --> 00:54:29,650
"but we linger, loathe to think we
shall see them no more together..."

891
00:54:29,700 --> 00:54:32,010
"These men, these horses,"

892
00:54:32,510 --> 00:54:34,710
"these colors afield."

893
00:54:35,230 --> 00:54:37,340
Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain.

894
00:54:38,830 --> 00:54:42,730
Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain was at the Gettysburg reunion,

895
00:54:42,780 --> 00:54:44,990
still imposing at eighty-three,

896
00:54:45,040 --> 00:54:47,440
despite almost constant pain

897
00:54:47,490 --> 00:54:49,640
from the unhealed internal damage

898
00:54:49,690 --> 00:54:52,990
done him by a Confederate Minie ball at Petersburg.

899
00:54:53,450 --> 00:54:55,500
The reunion was, he said,

900
00:54:55,550 --> 00:54:57,900
a transcendental experience,

901
00:54:57,950 --> 00:55:00,790
"a radiant fellowship of the fallen."

902
00:55:01,910 --> 00:55:05,810
He had received the Medal of Honor
for his courage at Little Round Top,

903
00:55:05,860 --> 00:55:08,730
served four terms as Governor of Maine,

904
00:55:08,980 --> 00:55:11,810
then became President of Bowdoin College,

905
00:55:11,860 --> 00:55:15,120
where he managed to teach every subject in the curriculum

906
00:55:15,170 --> 00:55:17,170
except mathematics.

907
00:55:18,170 --> 00:55:20,360
He died of his ancient wound

908
00:55:20,460 --> 00:55:22,360
in 1914.

909
00:55:24,830 --> 00:55:27,000
The war was over.

910
00:55:39,610 --> 00:55:41,420
Who won the war?

911
00:55:41,830 --> 00:55:44,440
The Union army obviously won the war

912
00:55:44,490 --> 00:55:46,610
in the sense that they were the army left

913
00:55:46,660 --> 00:55:49,960
standing and holding their weapons when it was all over.

914
00:55:53,000 --> 00:55:55,410
So the soldiers who fought in the Union army,

915
00:55:55,460 --> 00:55:58,920
the generals who directed it, the
president who led the country

916
00:55:59,320 --> 00:56:01,820
during it won the war.

917
00:56:03,240 --> 00:56:06,880
If we're not talking just about the series of battles

918
00:56:06,930 --> 00:56:09,700
that finished up with the surrender at Appomattox,

919
00:56:09,750 --> 00:56:12,060
but talking instead about

920
00:56:12,350 --> 00:56:14,640
the struggle to make something

921
00:56:15,040 --> 00:56:18,140
higher and better out of the country,

922
00:56:18,240 --> 00:56:20,890
then the question gets more complicated.

923
00:56:20,990 --> 00:56:23,740
The slaves won the war, and they lost the war,

924
00:56:23,790 --> 00:56:26,460
because they won freedom,

925
00:56:26,660 --> 00:56:29,510
that is, the removal of slavery,

926
00:56:29,560 --> 00:56:31,540
but they did not win freedom

927
00:56:31,590 --> 00:56:33,840
as they understood freedom.

928
00:56:35,250 --> 00:56:38,520
I suppose that slavery is

929
00:56:38,620 --> 00:56:40,400
merely the...

930
00:56:41,080 --> 00:56:44,380
the horrible statutory expression

931
00:56:44,430 --> 00:56:46,890
of a deeper... of a deeper

932
00:56:46,940 --> 00:56:50,440
rift between people based on

933
00:56:50,740 --> 00:56:53,890
race, and that is

934
00:56:53,940 --> 00:56:56,990
what we struggle still

935
00:56:57,090 --> 00:56:59,190
to... to heal.

936
00:56:59,240 --> 00:57:01,600
And, I think the...

937
00:57:01,700 --> 00:57:04,650
the significance of Lincoln's life

938
00:57:04,700 --> 00:57:06,870
and his victory was that... that

939
00:57:07,220 --> 00:57:10,050
we will never again enshrine

940
00:57:10,150 --> 00:57:12,460
these concepts into law,

941
00:57:12,510 --> 00:57:15,560
but now let's see what we can do to erase them from the

942
00:57:15,610 --> 00:57:18,830
hearts and minds of... of people.

943
00:57:20,200 --> 00:57:24,240
The Civil War is not only the central
event of American history,

944
00:57:24,290 --> 00:57:28,210
but it's a central event in large
ways for the world itself.

945
00:57:28,310 --> 00:57:31,380
If we believe, today, in the twentieth
century, as surely we must, that

946
00:57:31,430 --> 00:57:33,550
popular government is the way to go,

947
00:57:33,600 --> 00:57:36,500
it is the way for the emancipation of the human spirit,

948
00:57:36,550 --> 00:57:39,380
then the Civil War established the fact that

949
00:57:39,430 --> 00:57:41,410
a popular government could survive,

950
00:57:41,460 --> 00:57:45,510
that it could overcome an internal
secession movement that could destroy it.

951
00:57:45,560 --> 00:57:49,450
So the war becomes... in essence, it becomes a testament

952
00:57:49,500 --> 00:57:52,400
for the liberation of the human spirit for all time.

953
00:57:59,440 --> 00:58:01,830
Four million Americans had been freed

954
00:58:01,880 --> 00:58:04,130
after four years of agony,

955
00:58:04,180 --> 00:58:08,460
but the meaning of freedom in
American life remained unresolved.

956
00:58:09,820 --> 00:58:12,270
"Emancipated slaves own nothing,"

957
00:58:12,320 --> 00:58:14,270
one Tennessee planter wrote,

958
00:58:14,320 --> 00:58:17,370
"because nothing but freedom has been given them."

959
00:58:18,930 --> 00:58:21,690
Thousands of blacks wandered southern roads

960
00:58:21,740 --> 00:58:25,360
searching for relatives or looking for work or food.

961
00:58:25,830 --> 00:58:27,270
Thousands more

962
00:58:27,320 --> 00:58:31,570
stayed on their plantations as
hired hands or sharecroppers.

963
00:58:32,540 --> 00:58:36,440
The 13th Amendment was followed by a 14th and a 15th,

964
00:58:36,490 --> 00:58:38,540
promising full citizenship

965
00:58:38,590 --> 00:58:40,950
and due process for all American men,

966
00:58:41,000 --> 00:58:42,660
white and black.

967
00:58:43,030 --> 00:58:45,520
But the promises were soon overlooked

968
00:58:45,570 --> 00:58:48,020
in the scramble for a new prosperity,

969
00:58:48,120 --> 00:58:51,290
and white supremacy was brutally re-imposed

970
00:58:51,340 --> 00:58:53,670
throughout the old Confederacy.

971
00:58:54,430 --> 00:58:58,000
The white south won that war of attrition.

972
00:58:58,050 --> 00:59:01,800
It would take another century
before blacks gained back the ground

973
00:59:01,850 --> 00:59:05,280
for which so many had given their lives.

974
00:59:09,120 --> 00:59:12,970
I think what we need to remember most of all

975
00:59:13,020 --> 00:59:14,370
is that

976
00:59:14,420 --> 00:59:18,320
the Civil War is not over

977
00:59:18,370 --> 00:59:21,620
until we, today,

978
00:59:21,670 --> 00:59:23,990
have done our part in fighting it,

979
00:59:24,040 --> 00:59:26,630
as well as understanding what happened

980
00:59:26,680 --> 00:59:29,510
when the Civil War generation fought it.

981
00:59:30,630 --> 00:59:34,730
William Faulkner, said once that

982
00:59:35,080 --> 00:59:38,490
history is not "was,"

983
00:59:38,900 --> 00:59:40,560
it's "is."

984
00:59:41,110 --> 00:59:44,860
And what we need to remember about the Civil War is that

985
00:59:44,910 --> 00:59:46,710
the Civil War is

986
00:59:46,760 --> 00:59:49,670
in the present as well as in the past.

987
00:59:50,130 --> 00:59:53,370
The generation that fought the war, the generation that

988
00:59:53,420 --> 00:59:55,740
argued over the definition of the war,

989
00:59:55,790 --> 00:59:59,150
the generation that had to pay the price in blood,

990
00:59:59,770 --> 01:00:04,080
that had to pay the price in
blasted hopes and a lost future,

991
01:00:04,600 --> 01:00:07,040
also established

992
01:00:07,190 --> 01:00:08,840
a standard

993
01:00:08,890 --> 01:00:12,590
that will not mean anything until
we have finished the work.

994
01:00:12,740 --> 01:00:14,190
You can say

995
01:00:14,240 --> 01:00:18,060
there's no such thing as slavery
anymore. We're all citizens.

996
01:00:18,510 --> 01:00:20,700
But if we're all citizens, then,

997
01:00:20,750 --> 01:00:24,790
we have a task to do to make
sure that that, too, is not a joke.

998
01:00:24,840 --> 01:00:26,640
If some citizens

999
01:00:27,420 --> 01:00:30,170
live in houses and others live on the street,

1000
01:00:30,220 --> 01:00:32,310
the Civil War is still going on.

1001
01:00:32,360 --> 01:00:34,010
It's still to be fought,

1002
01:00:34,060 --> 01:00:37,060
and regrettably, it can still be lost.

1003
01:00:58,620 --> 01:01:00,880
Gettysburg's guns are still,

1004
01:01:00,930 --> 01:01:02,930
and the dead sleep on.

1005
01:01:02,980 --> 01:01:06,260
America's most famous battleground is a camp again

1006
01:01:06,310 --> 01:01:08,900
with a road dividing the blue and gray.

1007
01:01:08,950 --> 01:01:11,090
There is no other dividing line now

1008
01:01:11,190 --> 01:01:14,480
as 2,500 veterans gather from north and south

1009
01:01:14,530 --> 01:01:16,720
to mark the seventy-fifth anniversary

1010
01:01:16,770 --> 01:01:18,620
of America's Armageddon.

1011
01:01:19,090 --> 01:01:21,270
- Hello.
- Hello. How are you?

1012
01:01:21,320 --> 01:01:23,380
- Glad to see you.
- Glad to see you, too.

1013
01:01:24,340 --> 01:01:26,680
Ha ha ha! You're all right.

1014
01:01:26,850 --> 01:01:29,180
Woo! Woo! Woo!

1015
01:01:29,350 --> 01:01:31,180
Woo! Woo! Woo!

1016
01:01:32,000 --> 01:01:33,940
That's the rebel yell.

1017
01:01:34,100 --> 01:01:35,600
Woo! Woo! Woo!

1018
01:01:36,510 --> 01:01:38,490
We think that we are

1019
01:01:39,360 --> 01:01:42,160
a wholly superior people.

1020
01:01:42,530 --> 01:01:45,910
If we'd been anything like superior as we think we are,

1021
01:01:45,960 --> 01:01:47,820
we would not have fought that war,

1022
01:01:47,870 --> 01:01:51,870
but since we did fight it, we have to
make it the greatest war of all times

1023
01:01:51,920 --> 01:01:55,670
and our generals were the greatest generals of all time.

1024
01:01:55,720 --> 01:01:58,140
It's very American to do that.

1025
01:02:34,470 --> 01:02:37,760
In time, even death itself might be abolished.

1026
01:02:38,120 --> 01:02:42,280
Sergeant Barry Benson, a South Carolina
veteran from McGowen's Brigade,

1027
01:02:42,330 --> 01:02:46,250
Wilcox's Division, A. P. Hill's Corp,
Army of Northern Virginia,

1028
01:02:46,300 --> 01:02:49,330
he had enlisted three months before Sumter, aged eighteen,

1029
01:02:49,380 --> 01:02:51,380
and served through Appomattox...

1030
01:02:51,780 --> 01:02:55,580
saw it so, when he got around to composing
the reminiscences he hoped would

1031
01:02:55,630 --> 01:02:59,270
"go down amongst my descendants for a long time."

1032
01:03:00,640 --> 01:03:02,320
Reliving the war in words,

1033
01:03:02,370 --> 01:03:05,250
he began to wish he could relive it in fact.

1034
01:03:06,170 --> 01:03:10,220
And he came to believe that he and
his fellow soldiers, gray and blue,

1035
01:03:10,270 --> 01:03:12,750
might one day be able to do just that,

1036
01:03:12,800 --> 01:03:16,540
if not here on earth, then afterwards in Valhalla.

1037
01:03:18,960 --> 01:03:22,370
"Who knows," he asked, as his
narrative drew toward its close,

1038
01:03:22,420 --> 01:03:24,870
"but it may be given to us, after this life,

1039
01:03:24,920 --> 01:03:26,960
"to meet again in the old quarters,

1040
01:03:27,010 --> 01:03:28,700
"to play chess and draughts,

1041
01:03:28,750 --> 01:03:31,650
"to get up soon to answer the morning roll call,

1042
01:03:31,770 --> 01:03:35,870
"to fall in at the tap of the drum
for drill and dress parade,"

1043
01:03:35,920 --> 01:03:37,990
"and again to hastily don our war gear"

1044
01:03:38,040 --> 01:03:41,980
"while the monotonous patter of
the long roll summons to battle."

1045
01:03:43,650 --> 01:03:45,800
"Who knows, but again the old flags,

1046
01:03:45,850 --> 01:03:48,440
"ragged and torn, snapping in the wind

1047
01:03:48,490 --> 01:03:52,140
"may face each other and flutter, pursuing and pursued,

1048
01:03:52,190 --> 01:03:55,540
"while the cries of victory fill a summer day.

1049
01:03:55,960 --> 01:03:57,620
"And after the battle,

1050
01:03:57,670 --> 01:04:00,230
"then the slain and wounded will arise

1051
01:04:00,280 --> 01:04:04,370
"and all meet together under the
two flags, all sound and well."

1052
01:04:04,420 --> 01:04:07,810
"There will be talking and laughter and cheers,"

1053
01:04:07,860 --> 01:04:11,180
"and all will say, 'Did it not seem real?'"

1054
01:04:11,540 --> 01:04:14,900
"'Was it not as in the old days?'"

1055
01:04:28,500 --> 01:04:31,500
<i>We are (we are)</i>

1056
01:04:31,550 --> 01:04:34,250
<i>Climbing (climbing)</i>

1057
01:04:34,300 --> 01:04:36,900
<i>Jacob's (Jacob's)</i>

1058
01:04:36,950 --> 01:04:39,830
<i>Ladder (ladder)</i>

1059
01:04:39,880 --> 01:04:42,480
<i>We are (we are)</i>

1060
01:04:42,530 --> 01:04:45,230
<i>Climbing (climbing)</i>

1061
01:04:45,280 --> 01:04:47,980
<i>Jacob's (Jacob's)</i>

1062
01:04:48,030 --> 01:04:50,530
<i>Ladder (ladder)</i>

1063
01:04:50,580 --> 01:04:53,030
<i>We are (we are)</i>

1064
01:04:53,080 --> 01:04:55,629
<i>Climbing (climbing)</i>

1065
01:04:55,630 --> 01:04:58,280
<i>Jacob's.</i>

1066
01:04:58,330 --> 01:05:00,500
<i>Ladder.</i>

1067
01:05:00,550 --> 01:05:03,150
<i>Soldiers.</i>

1068
01:05:03,250 --> 01:05:05,850
<i>Of the.</i>

1069
01:05:05,900 --> 01:05:08,550
<i>Cross.</i>

1070
01:05:08,840 --> 01:05:11,490
<i>Every (every)</i>

1071
01:05:11,540 --> 01:05:14,190
<i>Rung goes (rung goes)</i>

1072
01:05:14,240 --> 01:05:19,290
<i>Higher (rung goes higher)</i>

1073
01:05:19,470 --> 01:05:21,970
<i>Every (every)</i>

1074
01:05:22,020 --> 01:05:24,720
<i>Rung goes (rung goes)</i>

1075
01:05:24,770 --> 01:05:29,680
<i>Higher (yes, well every) (Higher)</i>

1076
01:05:29,730 --> 01:05:32,379
<i>Every (every)</i>

1077
01:05:32,380 --> 01:05:34,980
<i>Rung goes (rung goes)</i>

1078
01:05:35,030 --> 01:05:39,800
<i>Higher (higher)</i>

1079
01:05:39,850 --> 01:05:42,680
<i>Soldiers (soldiers)</i>

1080
01:05:42,730 --> 01:05:45,180
<i>Of the.</i>

1081
01:05:45,230 --> 01:05:47,630
<i>Cross.</i>

1082
01:05:47,900 --> 01:05:50,400
<i>Do you (do you)</i>

1083
01:05:50,450 --> 01:05:53,000
<i>Thank our (thank our)</i>

1084
01:05:53,050 --> 01:05:55,450
<i>Maker? (Maker?)</i>

1085
01:05:55,500 --> 01:05:58,400
<i>Since when, soldier?</i>

1086
01:05:58,450 --> 01:06:01,000
<i>Do you (do you)</i>

1087
01:06:01,050 --> 01:06:03,599
<i>Thank our (thank our)</i>

1088
01:06:03,600 --> 01:06:05,999
<i>Maker? (Maker?)</i>

1089
01:06:06,000 --> 01:06:08,700
<i>Since when, soldier?</i>

1090
01:06:08,750 --> 01:06:11,300
<i>Do you (do you)</i>

1091
01:06:11,350 --> 01:06:13,900
<i>Thank our (thank our)</i>

1092
01:06:13,950 --> 01:06:18,050
<i>Maker? (Soldier)</i>

1093
01:06:18,100 --> 01:06:20,800
<i>Soldiers (soldiers)</i>

1094
01:06:20,850 --> 01:06:23,400
<i>Of the.</i>

1095
01:06:23,450 --> 01:06:25,800
<i>Cross.</i>

1096
01:06:26,200 --> 01:06:28,600
<i>Rise (rise)</i>

1097
01:06:28,650 --> 01:06:31,200
<i>Shine (shine)</i>

1098
01:06:31,250 --> 01:06:33,850
<i>Give God (give God)</i>

1099
01:06:33,900 --> 01:06:36,250
<i>Your glory (your glory)</i>

1100
01:06:36,300 --> 01:06:38,800
<i>Rise (rise)</i>

1101
01:06:38,850 --> 01:06:41,300
<i>Shine (shine)</i>

1102
01:06:41,350 --> 01:06:43,800
<i>Give God (your glory)</i>

1103
01:06:43,850 --> 01:06:46,200
<i>Your glory (your glory)</i>

1104
01:06:46,250 --> 01:06:48,550
<i>Rise (rise)</i>

1105
01:06:48,600 --> 01:06:50,750
<i>Shine (shine)</i>

1106
01:06:50,800 --> 01:06:55,300
<i>Give God (your glory)</i>

1107
01:06:55,430 --> 01:06:58,030
<i>Soldiers.</i>

1108
01:06:58,130 --> 01:07:00,430
<i>Of the.</i>

1109
01:07:00,480 --> 01:07:03,030
<i>Cross.</i>

1110
01:07:03,370 --> 01:07:05,870
<i>Keep on (keep on)</i>

1111
01:07:05,920 --> 01:07:08,370
<i>Climbing (climbing)</i>

1112
01:07:08,420 --> 01:07:10,720
<i>We will (we will)</i>

1113
01:07:10,770 --> 01:07:13,070
<i>Surely make it (make it)</i>

1114
01:07:13,120 --> 01:07:15,520
<i>Keep on (keep on)</i>

1115
01:07:15,570 --> 01:07:17,820
<i>Climbing (climbing)</i>

1116
01:07:17,870 --> 01:07:20,170
<i>We will (we will)</i>

1117
01:07:20,220 --> 01:07:22,669
<i>Surely make it.</i>

1118
01:07:22,670 --> 01:07:25,070
<i>Keep on (keep on)</i>

1119
01:07:25,120 --> 01:07:27,520
<i>Climbing (climbing)</i>

1120
01:07:27,570 --> 01:07:31,570
<i>We will (we will make it)</i>

1121
01:07:31,770 --> 01:07:34,220
<i>Soldiers.</i>

1122
01:07:34,270 --> 01:07:36,770
<i>Of the.</i>

1123
01:07:36,820 --> 01:07:39,270
<i>Cross.</i>

1124
01:07:39,320 --> 01:07:41,820
<i>Children (children)</i>

1125
01:07:41,870 --> 01:07:44,270
<i>Do you (do you)</i>

1126
01:07:44,320 --> 01:07:46,670
<i>Want your (do you)</i>

1127
01:07:46,720 --> 01:07:49,070
<i>Freedom? (Freedom?)</i>

1128
01:07:49,120 --> 01:07:51,420
<i>Children (tell me)</i>

1129
01:07:51,470 --> 01:07:53,820
<i>Do you (do you)</i>

1130
01:07:53,870 --> 01:07:56,220
<i>Want your (do you)</i>

1131
01:07:56,270 --> 01:07:58,220
<i>Freedom?</i>

1132
01:07:58,270 --> 01:08:00,720
<i>Do you (do you)</i>

1133
01:08:00,770 --> 01:08:03,120
<i>Do you (do you)</i>

1134
01:08:03,170 --> 01:08:05,470
<i>Want your.</i>

1135
01:08:05,520 --> 01:08:07,670
<i>Freedom.</i>

1136
01:08:07,720 --> 01:08:10,120
<i>Soldiers.</i>

1137
01:08:10,170 --> 01:08:12,320
<i>Of the.</i>

1138
01:08:12,370 --> 01:08:14,320
<i>Cross?</i>

1139
01:08:14,800 --> 01:08:17,040
<i>Soldiers.</i>

1140
01:08:17,290 --> 01:08:19,740
<i>Of the.</i>

1141
01:08:19,790 --> 01:08:22,240
<i>Cross</i>