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There's a photograph I'm very fond of.

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It shows three Confederate soldiers
who were captured at Gettysburg,

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and they have posed

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in front of or alongside a snake-rail fence.

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And you see exactly how the
Confederate soldier was dressed.

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You see something in his attitude toward the camera

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that's revealing of his nature,

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and one of them has his

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arms like this,

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as if he's having his picture made,

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but he's determined to be the individual he is.

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And there's something about that
picture that draws me strongly

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as an image of the war.

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More than once during the Civil War,

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newspapers reported a strange phenomenon:

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from only a few miles away, a
battle sometimes made no sound,

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despite the flash and smoke of cannon

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and the fact that more-distant
observers could hear it clearly.

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These eerie silences

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were called "acoustic shadows."

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In the summer of 1863, a Union warship,

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hunting a Confederate commerce raider off Yokohama,

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attacked a Japanese fleet for harassing the colony

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of westerners there.

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The United States won its first naval
battle against the Empire of Japan,

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but the Confederates got away.

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In Paris that year, new paintings by
Cezanne, Whistler, and Manet

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were shown at a special exhibit for outcasts.

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In Russia, Dostoyevsky

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finished Notes from the Underground,

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and in London, Karl Marx labored
to complete his masterpiece,

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Das Kapital.

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For the first six months of 1863,

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Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson had carried out

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one of the most extraordinary
military campaigns in history,

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smashing huge federal armies

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at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville,

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and winning the undying love of the South.

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But by late may, Confederate luck had changed.

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Jackson was dead.

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A thousand miles to the west, Ulysses S. Grant's siege

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of the rebel stronghold at Vicksburg

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had gone on so long

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that Grant himself had taken to the bottle out of boredom.

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As June began, the Confederates inside the town

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somehow managed to hold on.

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Now, to draw federal troops away from Vicksburg,

48
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Lee led his army onto northern soil again,

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looking for the right moment to attack.

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When it came, on the morning of July 1st, 1863,

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it would be in the most ordinary of places.

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For three days,

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150,000 men would make war on each other

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in the gentle farmland of south Pennsylvania.

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When the third day was over,

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it would prove to have been the
most crucial day of the entire war.

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In the south, the war had ruined the economy,

58
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and yet the southern fighting spirit
was stronger than ever before.

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In the North, where industry was booming,

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angry working men would soon take to the streets in protest

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against emancipation and the war.

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At the end of the year, Abraham
Lincoln would travel to the now-

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quiet fields at Gettysburg

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and struggle to put into words

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what was happening to his people.

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When a black soldier in New Orleans said,

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"Liberty must take the day, nothing shorter,"

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he said, in effect,

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that when we count up those who have died,

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when we survey the carnage,

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it must be for something higher

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than Union

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and free navigation of the Mississippi River.

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During the summer of 1863,

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a convention of free black people

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demanded the right for black men to take part

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in the struggle as soldiers.

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And their key resolution said,

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"It is time now for more effective remedies"

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"to be thoroughly tried in the shape of warm lead"

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"and cold steel"

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"duly administered by 100,000 black doctors."

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Early in the war, a fugitive slave named Alex Turner

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had made his way north and
joined the 1st New Jersey Cavalry.

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In the spring of 1863,

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he guided his regiment back to his old plantation

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at Port Royal, Virginia,

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and killed his former overseer.

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When the war was over, he went to
New England and found work as a logger.

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In 1883, his daughter, Daisy, was born.

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"Dear Madam,

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"I am a soldier,

93
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"and my speech is rough and plain.

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"I'm not much used to writing,

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"and I hate to give you pain,

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"but I promised I would do it,

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"and he thought it might be so,

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"if it came from one that loved him

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"perhaps it would ease the blow.

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"By this time, you must surely guess"

101
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"the truth I feign would hide,"

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"and you'll pardon me for rough soldier words,"

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"while I tell you how he died."

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"This army has never done such fighting as it will do now."

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"We must conquer a peace."

106
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"We will show the Yankees this time how we can fight."

107
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Private William Christian.

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Late in May, Lee's army marched toward Pennsylvania.

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Union troops sent to see what they were up to

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completely surprised Jeb Stuart and his Confederate cavalry

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at Brandy Station, Virginia.

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Twenty-one-thousand mounted men
clashed along the Rappahannock

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for twelve hours.

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It was the biggest cavalry engagement in American history,

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and it was a stand-off,

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but the North had learned the
Confederates were on the move.

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The flamboyant Stuart, embarrassed
at having been caught off guard

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and determined to redeem himself,

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now took off on another daring ride around the Union Army

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with strict orders to stay in close touch with Lee.

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Lee's 70,000 men were divided into three corps.

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The first was commanded by James Longstreet,

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"Old Pete," whom Lee called "my warhorse."

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The Second Corps, Stonewall Jackson's old command,

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was under Richard "Baldy" Ewell,

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who had lost a leg at Second Manassas.

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The third was led by A. P. Hill,

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a new corps commander from Virginia,

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who had helped stave off disaster at Sharpsburg in 1862.

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On June 16th,

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Lee's advanced column crossed the Potomac into Maryland.

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An even larger Union Army followed,

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careful to keep between the Confederates and Washington.

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The new Union commander was George Meade.

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Blunt and bookish, he was referred to by subordinates

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as "a damned, old, goggle-eyed snapping turtle."

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If the Union generals were not sure where Lee was going,

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Lee had no idea where the Union Army even was.

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Jeb Stuart's cavalry had ridden too far

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from the advancing army to keep him informed.

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The Confederates marched through
Maryland on into Pennsylvania, and it's

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very handsome country there.
The barns are magnificent and the

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green fields and everything, and the people

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watching these Confederates go by.

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And there was a black body servant

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in the column, and they stopped, just a halt,

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and the people in the house asked him

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what he thought of this country around here.

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And he said, "This is a beautiful country",

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"but it doesn't come up to home in my eyes."

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Panic spread throughout the countryside.

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Lee's men seized livestock,

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food, weapons, and clothing from civilians,

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giving them worthless Confederate scrip in exchange.

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They also seized free blacks

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and sent them south into slavery.

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"My friends," a southern officer asked

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the frightened inhabitants of one Pennsylvania town,

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"How do you like this way of our coming back"

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"into the Union?"

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"It was in the morrow's battle

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"fast rained the shot and shell,

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"I was standing close beside him,

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"and I saw him when he fell.

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"And so I took him in my arms,

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"and laid him on the grass.

167
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"It was going against orders,

168
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"but I think they let it pass.

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"'Twas a Minie ball that struck him,

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"it entered at his side,

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"but we didn't think it fatal,

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till this morning, when he died."

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The greatest battle ever fought in
the western hemisphere began

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as a clash over shoes.

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At dawn on July 1st, a Confederate infantry officer

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led his men toward the little crossroads
town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania,

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within view of a Lutheran Seminary,

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whose high cupola offered a fine prospect

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of the surrounding farms and rolling hills.

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There was rumored to be a supply of shoes at Gettysburg,

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and the footsore rebels were there to commandeer them.

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The South came in from the north that day,

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and the North came in from the south.

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On the outskirts of town, the Confederates ran headlong

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into general John Buford's Union cavalry.

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While both sides sent couriers
pounding off for reinforcements,

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Buford tried desperately to hold his ground.

188
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But the Confederates finally overwhelmed him

189
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and pushed the Union forces back toward town.

190
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"People were running here and there,
screaming that the town would be shelled."

191
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"No one knew where to go or what to do."

192
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"My husband went to the garden and picked a mess of beans,"

193
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"for he declared the rebels should not have one."

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Sallie Brodhead.

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Every Confederate Union division in the area

196
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now converged on Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

197
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By mid-afternoon, Confederate troops occupied Gettysburg,

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and Union forces had been driven back south of the town.

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There, Major General Winfield Scott Hancock

200
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managed to rally the fleeing
troops into defensive positions

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on Culp's Hill and Cemetery Ridge.

202
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A sign near the cemetery's gateway read,

203
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"All persons found using firearms in these grounds"

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"will be prosecuted"

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"with the utmost rigor of the law."

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During the battle, the artist
Alfred Waud sketched the action,

207
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sending his drawings back to New York for engraving.

208
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Meanwhile, Sam Wilkeson of the New York Times

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filed dispatches,

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sitting next to the fresh grave of his son.

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Lee arrived in the middle of the afternoon,

212
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set up headquarters and urged Ewell
to renew the attack before nightfall.

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Ewell chose not to. His men needed rest.

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00:14:04,360 --> 00:14:08,090
By the end of the day, the Union Army held the high ground.

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00:14:08,910 --> 00:14:11,070
Rather than attack it headlong,

216
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Confederate General Longstreet wanted
to swing around the Union position

217
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and take a stand between Meade's army and Washington,

218
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then let the Union attack.

219
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Without knowing the enemy's
strength, Lee overruled Longstreet.

220
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"No," said Lee, "I'm going to whip them here,

221
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"or they are going to whip me."

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He had always counted on Stuart and his cavalry

223
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for intelligence as to enemy positions and movements,

224
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and he was lacking that. He was groping around. The hori…

225
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Around the landscape blind.

226
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And people would come up to him
in the field all through those days

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and he said, "Can you tell me where
Stuart is? Have you seen my cavalry,"

228
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a very strange thing for a commander to have to ask.

229
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So when Stuart arrived,

230
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all he had to show for all this a couple of hundred

231
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wagons and mules and everything else.

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And he saw Lee standing there,
sternly looking at him arriving late,

233
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and he blew the thing by making
his announcement at the start,

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and said, "General, I brought you 200 brand-new wagons."

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And Lee said, "General, they're an impediment to me now."

236
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"I asked you to help me whip these people."

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And it was a...

238
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severe admonishment from Lee.

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And Lee saw he'd hurt his feelings,

240
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so he said, "Come. It'll be all right. It'll be all right."

241
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"I cannot sleep."

242
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"We know not what the morrow will bring forth."

243
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"I think little has been gained so far."

244
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"Has our army been sufficiently reinforced?"

245
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Sallie Brodhead.

246
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Compared to what was coming,

247
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the day had been a skirmish.

248
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"My Dear Son, Albert,

249
00:16:04,140 --> 00:16:08,760
"I received your affectionate letter
yesterday, and I assure you, my dear son,"

250
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"it gives me great relief of mind to hear that you"

251
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"and your dear brothers were
still in the land of the living."

252
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"I had not heard one word from you since."

253
00:16:19,980 --> 00:16:22,470
"Barlow Rodgers returned home."

254
00:16:22,940 --> 00:16:25,440
"May God bless you, my dear Albert."

255
00:16:25,510 --> 00:16:28,640
"Your devoted father, Thomas Batchelor."

256
00:16:39,300 --> 00:16:42,360
Through the night, the two armies continued to gather.

257
00:16:42,730 --> 00:16:45,430
After a thirty-five-mile, all-night march,

258
00:16:45,480 --> 00:16:49,430
Union General John Sedgwick arrived with his 6th Corps.

259
00:16:50,270 --> 00:16:53,420
By morning, 65,000 Confederates

260
00:16:53,470 --> 00:16:55,800
faced 85,000 federal troops

261
00:16:55,850 --> 00:16:58,100
commanded by General George Meade.

262
00:16:59,270 --> 00:17:02,330
Hills overlooked the federal position at either end...

263
00:17:02,590 --> 00:17:06,340
to the north, on the Union right,
Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill;

264
00:17:08,900 --> 00:17:12,150
to the south, the Big and Little Round Tops.

265
00:17:15,130 --> 00:17:17,260
Lee wanted them taken.

266
00:17:17,820 --> 00:17:21,490
Meade was no less determined to hold his ground.

267
00:17:22,300 --> 00:17:26,650
"All commanders are authorized to order the instant death"

268
00:17:26,700 --> 00:17:30,190
"of any soldier who fails in his duty at this hour."

269
00:17:32,460 --> 00:17:35,610
It took Longstreet all morning and most of the afternoon

270
00:17:35,660 --> 00:17:39,650
to shift two divisions into position
for the assault on the Round Tops.

271
00:17:41,310 --> 00:17:44,770
Assigned to hold the Union
position was General Dan Sickles,

272
00:17:44,970 --> 00:17:47,650
a turbulent, ex-Tammany Hall politician

273
00:17:47,770 --> 00:17:52,310
best known before the war for
having shot and killed his wife's lover.

274
00:17:53,780 --> 00:17:55,540
Now sickles disobeyed orders

275
00:17:55,590 --> 00:17:58,390
and marched his men further out from Little Round Top

276
00:17:58,560 --> 00:18:02,840
to the Devil's Den, the Wheat Field,
and into the Peach Orchard beyond.

277
00:18:03,310 --> 00:18:07,650
He was half a mile in front of the
Union line on a flat, exposed position

278
00:18:07,710 --> 00:18:10,950
that left the round tops completely undefended.

279
00:18:11,810 --> 00:18:14,040
The rest of the army was amazed.

280
00:18:14,190 --> 00:18:16,960
Someone said he stuck out like a sore thumb.

281
00:18:17,280 --> 00:18:20,900
And I think it was Hancock who saw him go out, and he said,

282
00:18:20,950 --> 00:18:23,040
"Wait awhile. You'll see him tumbling back."

283
00:18:23,210 --> 00:18:24,780
And, of course, he did.

284
00:18:28,140 --> 00:18:31,970
The Confederates finally attacked at 4:00 in the afternoon.

285
00:18:32,170 --> 00:18:33,650
As they swept forward,

286
00:18:33,770 --> 00:18:37,680
the 15th Alabama Regiment scrambled up Big Round Top.

287
00:18:37,840 --> 00:18:39,980
From there, well above the fighting,

288
00:18:40,030 --> 00:18:42,930
Colonel William C. Oates saw his chance.

289
00:18:44,040 --> 00:18:47,150
Little Round Top was completely undefended.

290
00:18:47,410 --> 00:18:49,180
From that position, Oates said,

291
00:18:49,230 --> 00:18:51,870
he could blow the whole Union Army apart.

292
00:18:52,690 --> 00:18:56,970
"Within half an hour, I could convert
Little Round Top into a Gibraltar"

293
00:18:57,020 --> 00:19:01,280
"that I could hold against ten times
the number of men that I had."

294
00:19:02,150 --> 00:19:06,270
Meanwhile, Meade dispatched
General G. K. Warren to the summit.

295
00:19:06,540 --> 00:19:08,870
He immediately saw the danger.

296
00:19:10,140 --> 00:19:13,030
Only a handful of signal men held the hill.

297
00:19:13,250 --> 00:19:17,350
Oates' Confederates were moving
down and around the Union left.

298
00:19:18,210 --> 00:19:21,020
Warren sent at once for reinforcements.

299
00:19:21,540 --> 00:19:24,740
Four Union regiments raced up Little Round Top.

300
00:19:27,000 --> 00:19:29,270
"In a moment, all was excitement.

301
00:19:29,440 --> 00:19:32,650
"Every soldier seemed to understand the situation

302
00:19:32,700 --> 00:19:34,850
"and to be inspired by its danger.

303
00:19:35,190 --> 00:19:38,620
"Away we went, under the terrible artillery fire.

304
00:19:38,670 --> 00:19:41,190
"Shells were exploding on every side.

305
00:19:41,460 --> 00:19:45,200
"But our men appeared to be as cool
and deliberate in their movements,"

306
00:19:45,450 --> 00:19:49,600
"as if they had been forming a
line upon the parade ground in camp."

307
00:19:49,870 --> 00:19:52,560
"Up the steep hillside we ran,"

308
00:19:52,730 --> 00:19:54,570
"and reached the crest."

309
00:19:55,920 --> 00:19:58,370
At the extreme left of the Union line now

310
00:19:58,420 --> 00:20:01,510
was Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain's 20th Maine.

311
00:20:01,780 --> 00:20:05,330
Oates' Alabamians were already
moving between the two hills.

312
00:20:05,490 --> 00:20:09,330
Chamberlain's orders were to
"Hold that ground at all costs."

313
00:20:10,430 --> 00:20:14,580
"Imagine, if you can, nine small companies of infantry,

314
00:20:14,680 --> 00:20:16,990
"numbering perhaps 300 men,

315
00:20:17,090 --> 00:20:18,910
"in the form of a right angle,

316
00:20:18,960 --> 00:20:23,100
"on the extreme flank of an army of 80,000 men,

317
00:20:23,150 --> 00:20:25,450
"put there to hold the key of the entire position

318
00:20:25,500 --> 00:20:28,580
against a force at least ten times their number."

319
00:20:31,120 --> 00:20:33,740
"Stand firm, you boys from Maine,"

320
00:20:34,120 --> 00:20:38,290
"for not once in a century are men
permitted to bear such responsibilities"

321
00:20:38,340 --> 00:20:40,270
"for freedom and justice,"

322
00:20:40,440 --> 00:20:44,310
"for God and humanity, as are now placed upon you."

323
00:20:46,070 --> 00:20:50,130
Three-hundred-sixty Maine men
now took cover behind boulders.

324
00:20:50,180 --> 00:20:52,660
They had less than ten minutes to spare.

325
00:20:53,330 --> 00:20:56,660
At the last possible moment, Chamberlain sent his Company B

326
00:20:56,710 --> 00:21:00,610
across the hollow between the
hills to bolster his left flank.

327
00:21:01,080 --> 00:21:03,650
Before they were in place, Oates' Confederates

328
00:21:03,700 --> 00:21:05,550
charged up the slope.

329
00:21:06,830 --> 00:21:10,000
Chamberlain assumed Company B had been wiped out.

330
00:21:10,050 --> 00:21:12,190
He could not afford the loss.

331
00:21:13,750 --> 00:21:16,850
The Maine men opened fire into the charging rebels.

332
00:21:16,900 --> 00:21:20,360
Oates' men staggered but regrouped and came at them again.

333
00:21:22,010 --> 00:21:26,350
"The line had broken because of the timber
and the first fire of the hidden federals.

334
00:21:26,400 --> 00:21:29,850
"A long line of us went down, three of us close together.

335
00:21:30,120 --> 00:21:33,910
"There was a sharp, electric pain
in the lower part of the body,

336
00:21:33,960 --> 00:21:36,700
"and then a sinking sensation to the earth,"

337
00:21:37,120 --> 00:21:39,900
"And falling, all things growing dark."

338
00:21:41,120 --> 00:21:44,090
"The one and last idea passing through the mind was,"

339
00:21:44,140 --> 00:21:46,580
"'This is the last of earth.'"

340
00:21:47,240 --> 00:21:50,190
Private W. C. Ward, 4th Alabama.

341
00:21:51,590 --> 00:21:52,820
Fire!

342
00:21:54,210 --> 00:21:57,120
"The enemy was pouring a terrible fire upon us,

343
00:21:57,170 --> 00:22:00,050
"his superior forces giving him a great advantage."

344
00:22:00,100 --> 00:22:02,670
"The air seemed to be alive with lead."

345
00:22:02,770 --> 00:22:05,240
"The lines at times were so near each other"

346
00:22:05,290 --> 00:22:08,070
"that the hostile gun barrels almost touched."

347
00:22:09,260 --> 00:22:13,460
The Southerners drove the Maine
men from their positions five times:

348
00:22:13,730 --> 00:22:16,410
five times they fought their way back again.

349
00:22:17,320 --> 00:22:20,030
Saplings were gnawed in two by bullets.

350
00:22:22,300 --> 00:22:26,150
"At times, I saw around me more of
the enemy than of my own men...

351
00:22:26,200 --> 00:22:29,220
"gaps opening, swallowing, closing again..."

352
00:22:29,390 --> 00:22:33,440
"Squads of stalwart men who had
cut their way through us disappearing,"

353
00:22:33,740 --> 00:22:35,550
"as if translated."

354
00:22:35,920 --> 00:22:39,670
"All around, a strange, mingled roar."

355
00:22:41,680 --> 00:22:45,180
In an hour and a half, a third of Chamberlain's men fell.

356
00:22:45,840 --> 00:22:49,440
Sounds of battle now increased behind the 20th Maine.

357
00:22:49,560 --> 00:22:52,970
Chamberlain assumed Little Round Top was being surrounded.

358
00:22:55,060 --> 00:22:57,590
"Our ammunition is nearly all gone,

359
00:22:57,910 --> 00:23:02,090
"and we are using the cartridges from
the boxes of our wounded comrades.

360
00:23:02,300 --> 00:23:06,790
"A critical moment has arrived and
we can remain as we are no longer."

361
00:23:06,840 --> 00:23:09,140
"We must advance or retreat."

362
00:23:09,710 --> 00:23:11,760
"It must not be the latter."

363
00:23:12,630 --> 00:23:14,800
"But how can it be the former?"

364
00:23:16,340 --> 00:23:18,950
Chamberlain's only choice was to attack,

365
00:23:19,220 --> 00:23:22,890
and now, he conjured up an unlikely textbook maneuver.

366
00:23:23,760 --> 00:23:28,110
With his men almost out of ammunition,
he ordered them to fix bayonets.

367
00:23:28,160 --> 00:23:30,520
Then, while the right of his line held straight,

368
00:23:30,570 --> 00:23:33,360
he had his left plunge down the hillside

369
00:23:33,410 --> 00:23:35,300
all the while wheeling to the right...

370
00:23:35,350 --> 00:23:38,660
"like a great gate upon a post," an eyewitness said.

371
00:23:40,020 --> 00:23:43,250
The Confederates were taken completely by surprise.

372
00:23:43,320 --> 00:23:46,000
Those in the front ranks dropped their weapons.

373
00:23:46,050 --> 00:23:48,220
Those behind turned and ran.

374
00:23:49,140 --> 00:23:52,950
"Many of the enemy's first line threw
down their arms and surrendered.

375
00:23:53,120 --> 00:23:56,550
"An officer fired his pistol at my head with one hand

376
00:23:56,600 --> 00:23:59,020
while he handed me his sword with the other."

377
00:24:00,430 --> 00:24:03,750
The Confederates had gone only
a few paces when, from their left,

378
00:24:03,800 --> 00:24:06,310
came a second, horrifying surprise:

379
00:24:06,410 --> 00:24:08,420
Chamberlain's missing Company B,

380
00:24:08,470 --> 00:24:11,000
which had found protection behind a stone wall,

381
00:24:11,050 --> 00:24:12,910
now rose and fired.

382
00:24:14,220 --> 00:24:16,430
"While one man was shot in the face,"

383
00:24:16,480 --> 00:24:19,900
"his right-hand comrade was shot in the side or back."

384
00:24:20,370 --> 00:24:23,230
"Some were struck simultaneously from two or three balls"

385
00:24:23,280 --> 00:24:24,900
"from different directions."

386
00:24:25,150 --> 00:24:26,890
Colonel William C. Oates.

387
00:24:28,870 --> 00:24:30,590
Oates' men wavered,

388
00:24:30,690 --> 00:24:33,330
broke, and ran for their lives.

389
00:24:46,760 --> 00:24:49,670
"My dead and wounded were then nearly as great in number"

390
00:24:49,720 --> 00:24:51,530
"as those still on duty."

391
00:24:51,940 --> 00:24:54,450
"They literally covered the ground."

392
00:24:56,180 --> 00:24:59,610
"The blood stood in puddles in some places on the rocks."

393
00:24:59,780 --> 00:25:02,310
"The ground was soaked with blood."

394
00:25:06,100 --> 00:25:08,700
Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain's scanty force

395
00:25:08,750 --> 00:25:11,100
captured 400 Confederates.

396
00:25:12,470 --> 00:25:14,710
Little Round Top held.

397
00:25:22,380 --> 00:25:25,890
"The regiment we fought and captured was the 15th Alabama.

398
00:25:26,040 --> 00:25:28,370
"They said they never were whipped before

399
00:25:29,230 --> 00:25:32,440
and never wanted to meet the 20th of Maine again."

400
00:25:33,150 --> 00:25:35,250
Corporal William T. Livermore.

401
00:25:37,900 --> 00:25:41,910
On the slopes of Little Round Top,
farmers from Talladega, Alabama

402
00:25:41,960 --> 00:25:44,800
had fought fishermen from Presque Isle, Maine.

403
00:25:44,900 --> 00:25:49,120
The two towns were each 650 miles from Gettysburg,

404
00:25:49,170 --> 00:25:52,700
which lay almost exactly on a direct line between them.

405
00:25:56,680 --> 00:25:59,400
Throughout the day's fighting, Colonel A. S. Fremantle,

406
00:25:59,510 --> 00:26:01,710
a British observer traveling with Lee,

407
00:26:01,760 --> 00:26:04,380
was surprised to hear the sound of a Confederate band

408
00:26:04,430 --> 00:26:06,140
playing polkas and waltzes

409
00:26:06,190 --> 00:26:08,750
amidst the hissing and bursting of the shells.

410
00:26:13,160 --> 00:26:15,260
But far out in front of the Union lines,

411
00:26:15,310 --> 00:26:18,490
General Sickles and his men were in desperate trouble.

412
00:26:18,850 --> 00:26:21,740
The rebels were closing in from three sides.

413
00:26:22,960 --> 00:26:25,850
Confederate shells tore branches from the peach trees

414
00:26:25,900 --> 00:26:27,900
and bounded among the men.

415
00:26:29,360 --> 00:26:32,780
"The hoarse and indistinguishable
orders of commanding officers,

416
00:26:32,830 --> 00:26:36,040
"the screaming and bursting of
shells, canister, and shrapnel

417
00:26:36,090 --> 00:26:38,930
"as they tore through the struggling masses of humanity,

418
00:26:38,980 --> 00:26:41,110
"the death screams of wounded animals,

419
00:26:41,180 --> 00:26:43,490
"the groans of their human companions,

420
00:26:43,540 --> 00:26:47,310
"wounded and dying and trampling
underfoot by hurrying batteries,

421
00:26:47,360 --> 00:26:50,530
"riderless horses and the moving lines of battle.

422
00:26:51,030 --> 00:26:55,000
"A perfect hell on earth, never, perhaps, to be equaled,

423
00:26:55,080 --> 00:26:57,340
"certainly not to be surpassed"

424
00:26:57,400 --> 00:27:00,520
"nor ever to be forgotten in a man's lifetime."

425
00:27:00,730 --> 00:27:03,970
"It has never been effaced from my memory, day or night,"

426
00:27:04,020 --> 00:27:05,700
"for fifty years."

427
00:27:06,160 --> 00:27:09,970
Private Robert H. Carter, 22nd Massachusetts.

428
00:27:12,140 --> 00:27:15,340
"The balls were whizzing so thick," a Texan remembered,

429
00:27:15,390 --> 00:27:19,110
"that it looked like a man could
hold out a hat and catch it full."

430
00:27:21,950 --> 00:27:25,880
"I was within a few feet of General
Sickles when he received the wound

431
00:27:25,930 --> 00:27:28,150
"by which he lost his leg.

432
00:27:28,320 --> 00:27:31,830
"A terrific explosion seemed to shake the very earth,

433
00:27:31,880 --> 00:27:34,180
"instantly followed by another.

434
00:27:34,350 --> 00:27:37,850
"I noticed that his pants and drawers at the knee were torn"

435
00:27:37,900 --> 00:27:41,490
"clear off to the leg, which was swinging loose."

436
00:27:41,810 --> 00:27:43,820
"He was carried from the field,"

437
00:27:43,920 --> 00:27:46,290
"coolly smoking a cigar."

438
00:27:49,110 --> 00:27:51,160
Sickles' men counterattacked,

439
00:27:51,210 --> 00:27:54,760
fell back, held, pushed the Confederates back,

440
00:27:54,810 --> 00:27:57,450
then retreated again through places still remembered

441
00:27:57,500 --> 00:28:00,270
for the ferocity of the fighting that happened there...

442
00:28:01,230 --> 00:28:02,730
the Wheat Field...

443
00:28:04,400 --> 00:28:06,010
the Slaughter Pen...

444
00:28:07,590 --> 00:28:09,170
Devil's Den...

445
00:28:10,830 --> 00:28:12,480
the Valley of Death.

446
00:28:20,730 --> 00:28:24,290
Of the 262 in one Minnesota regiment,

447
00:28:24,540 --> 00:28:27,340
only forty-seven survived unhurt.

448
00:28:27,510 --> 00:28:31,270
Eighty-two percent had fallen in less than five minutes.

449
00:28:31,690 --> 00:28:35,490
No Union regiment in the war suffered greater casualties.

450
00:28:36,560 --> 00:28:39,590
Company F of the 6th North Carolina

451
00:28:39,690 --> 00:28:41,790
lost 100%.

452
00:28:45,180 --> 00:28:46,520
"Dear Father,

453
00:28:46,840 --> 00:28:49,810
"Finally I came to poor Albert lying on the ground,

454
00:28:49,860 --> 00:28:51,700
"wounded under the left eye.

455
00:28:52,320 --> 00:28:55,150
"He had also had a ball shot through his left leg.

456
00:28:56,010 --> 00:28:58,540
"I had no one to help me bear him from the field.

457
00:28:59,010 --> 00:29:02,060
"I then called a captain of another company to assist me,

458
00:29:02,210 --> 00:29:06,270
"and we bore Albert 600 yards through a
dense swamp, all bleeding and sore with pain,"

459
00:29:06,320 --> 00:29:09,980
"before we could find any of the ambulance
corps to bear him off to the hospital."

460
00:29:10,600 --> 00:29:13,690
"Taking him in my arms, I assisted him in the stretcher."

461
00:29:13,910 --> 00:29:18,190
"Dropping a tear of grief upon his
bleeding face, I bade him good-bye."

462
00:29:18,290 --> 00:29:20,040
Charles Batchelor.

463
00:29:23,620 --> 00:29:27,670
"Last night I wanted so to live,

464
00:29:27,720 --> 00:29:30,770
"I seemed so young to go,

465
00:29:30,930 --> 00:29:33,520
"last week I passed my birthday,

466
00:29:33,680 --> 00:29:37,300
"I was just nineteen, you know.

467
00:29:37,610 --> 00:29:40,830
"When I thought of all I'd planned to do

468
00:29:41,050 --> 00:29:43,950
"it seemed so hard to die,

469
00:29:44,100 --> 00:29:48,100
"but now I've prayed to God for grace

470
00:29:48,250 --> 00:29:51,790
"and all my care's gone by.

471
00:29:52,350 --> 00:29:54,820
"And here his voice grew weaker,"

472
00:29:54,870 --> 00:29:57,320
"as he proudly raised his head,"

473
00:29:57,580 --> 00:30:00,860
"and whispered, 'Good-bye, mother.'"

474
00:30:01,430 --> 00:30:04,790
"And your soldier boy was dead."

475
00:30:09,240 --> 00:30:12,460
"Who was victorious or with whom the advantage rests,"

476
00:30:12,510 --> 00:30:14,220
"no one here can tell."

477
00:30:16,340 --> 00:30:18,600
"Some think the rebels were defeated,

478
00:30:18,650 --> 00:30:21,270
"as there has been no boasting as on yesterday,"

479
00:30:21,320 --> 00:30:24,690
"and they look un easy and by no means exultant."

480
00:30:25,960 --> 00:30:28,180
"I fear we are too hopeful."

481
00:30:28,950 --> 00:30:30,820
"We shall see tomorrow."

482
00:30:31,780 --> 00:30:33,530
Sallie Brodhead.

483
00:30:35,580 --> 00:30:39,690
As the sun set, the Union left and right still held.

484
00:30:40,110 --> 00:30:43,620
Lee was sure an all-out Confederate attack on the center

485
00:30:43,670 --> 00:30:45,590
the next day would work.

486
00:30:46,720 --> 00:30:48,970
"When the second day's battle was over,."

487
00:30:49,020 --> 00:30:51,720
"General Lee pronounced it a success,"

488
00:30:52,590 --> 00:30:56,300
"but we had accomplished little toward victorious results."

489
00:30:56,970 --> 00:30:59,140
General James Longstreet.

490
00:31:00,530 --> 00:31:03,470
The first day's fighting was so encouraging,

491
00:31:03,980 --> 00:31:07,700
and the second day's fighting, he
came within an inch of doing it.

492
00:31:07,860 --> 00:31:10,110
And by that time, Longstreet said,

493
00:31:10,160 --> 00:31:11,970
Lee's blood was up.

494
00:31:12,480 --> 00:31:15,790
And Longstreet said when his blood
was up, there was no stopping him.

495
00:31:15,840 --> 00:31:19,180
Longstreet tried to stop him,
and Lee said, "No, he's there,"

496
00:31:19,230 --> 00:31:21,570
meaning the enemy, "and I'm going to strike him."

497
00:31:22,440 --> 00:31:25,770
General Longstreet, I think, had good reasons to

498
00:31:25,820 --> 00:31:28,800
worry about attacking the Union position at Gettysburg.

499
00:31:28,920 --> 00:31:30,910
After all, it was his corps

500
00:31:30,960 --> 00:31:35,200
at Fredericksburg that mowed down the Union troops

501
00:31:35,260 --> 00:31:37,320
in front of the stone wall.

502
00:31:37,390 --> 00:31:41,050
He could realize what the rifled musket could do

503
00:31:41,150 --> 00:31:44,350
held in the hands of determined troops.

504
00:31:46,130 --> 00:31:49,060
The next day was Pickett's charge.

505
00:31:54,030 --> 00:31:57,590
Lee, by the summer of 1863,

506
00:31:57,640 --> 00:32:00,160
had come to believe that he was invincible

507
00:32:00,220 --> 00:32:02,270
and so was the Army of Northern Virginia.

508
00:32:02,400 --> 00:32:06,370
The record would almost invite that
when you see how they had pummeled one.

509
00:32:06,520 --> 00:32:09,030
Union general after another and had defeated...

510
00:32:09,080 --> 00:32:13,340
or at least fought to a draw the Army of the
Potomac almost in every battle up to that point.

511
00:32:13,390 --> 00:32:17,540
And Lee really did think that if he asked his
boys to do something, they would do it...

512
00:32:17,590 --> 00:32:19,170
that they would do anything.

513
00:32:19,220 --> 00:32:23,470
He had come by Gettysburg, then, to believe
in his invincibility and that of his men,

514
00:32:23,520 --> 00:32:25,230
and it was his doom.

515
00:32:46,150 --> 00:32:48,800
The third day began badly for Lee:

516
00:32:49,120 --> 00:32:51,850
Ewell's men were driven back from Culp's Hill.

517
00:32:53,730 --> 00:32:56,490
Jeb Stuart was supposed to get behind the federals

518
00:32:56,540 --> 00:32:58,370
and attack them from the rear.

519
00:32:59,610 --> 00:33:02,190
But Union cavalry stopped and held him,

520
00:33:02,480 --> 00:33:05,320
thanks in part to a series of reckless charges

521
00:33:05,370 --> 00:33:09,540
led by twenty-three-year-old
General George Armstrong Custer.

522
00:33:15,710 --> 00:33:19,730
Everything now depended on
Longstreet's attack on the Union center

523
00:33:19,780 --> 00:33:21,560
on Cemetery Ridge.

524
00:33:23,780 --> 00:33:26,780
Meade saw it coming and was ready for him.

525
00:33:28,140 --> 00:33:32,140
The man Lee chose to lead the assault was dashing, perfumed.

526
00:33:32,220 --> 00:33:34,370
General George E. Pickett,

527
00:33:34,800 --> 00:33:38,120
who had never before taken his division into combat.

528
00:33:40,330 --> 00:33:43,730
It was an incredible mistake, and
there's scarcely a trained soldier

529
00:33:43,780 --> 00:33:46,150
who didn't know it was a mistake at the time it was done

530
00:33:46,200 --> 00:33:48,150
except possibly Picket himself who was

531
00:33:48,200 --> 00:33:50,240
very happy he had a chance for glory.

532
00:33:50,590 --> 00:33:53,090
But every man who looked out over that field,

533
00:33:53,360 --> 00:33:56,710
whether it's a sergeant or a lieutenant general,

534
00:33:57,070 --> 00:33:59,480
saw that it was a desperate endeavor

535
00:33:59,530 --> 00:34:02,630
and, I'm sure, knew that it should not have been made.

536
00:34:04,280 --> 00:34:07,720
Pickett's men filed into the woods
west of the Emmitsburg Road

537
00:34:07,770 --> 00:34:09,980
and waited in the stifling heat.

538
00:34:10,030 --> 00:34:11,440
To relieve the tension,

539
00:34:11,490 --> 00:34:14,350
some of the men pelted each other with green apples.

540
00:34:15,580 --> 00:34:18,300
They knew what they were going to do, but they had to wait.

541
00:34:18,520 --> 00:34:22,690
And while they were waiting,
formed and ready to move out...

542
00:34:22,790 --> 00:34:25,860
they were in defilade... among brush and things...

543
00:34:25,960 --> 00:34:29,750
and a rabbit jumped out of the bushes and took off rearward,

544
00:34:29,900 --> 00:34:32,400
and one of the soldiers looked after him and hollered,

545
00:34:32,450 --> 00:34:36,250
"Run, old hare. If I was an old hare, I'd run, too."

546
00:34:38,410 --> 00:34:40,120
It wasn't all valor.

547
00:34:43,410 --> 00:34:46,810
Exactly at 1:00, a giant artillery barrage

548
00:34:46,860 --> 00:34:50,380
intended to soften up the Union defenses before the attack

549
00:34:50,500 --> 00:34:52,960
began with a deafening explosion.

550
00:34:53,010 --> 00:34:54,240
Fire!

551
00:34:56,010 --> 00:34:59,370
Meade had just left his commanders finishing their lunch.

552
00:34:59,420 --> 00:35:01,430
As an orderly served them butter,

553
00:35:01,480 --> 00:35:03,860
a shell tore the man in two.

554
00:35:08,820 --> 00:35:12,720
"The storm broke upon us so suddenly
that numbers of soldiers and officers

555
00:35:12,770 --> 00:35:15,830
"who leaped from their tents or lazy siestas on the grass"

556
00:35:15,880 --> 00:35:18,360
"were stricken in their rising with mortal wounds,"

557
00:35:18,410 --> 00:35:21,020
"and died, some with cigars clamped between their teeth,"

558
00:35:21,070 --> 00:35:23,590
"some with pieces of food in their fingers."

559
00:35:26,900 --> 00:35:29,140
"The flying iron and pieces of stone"

560
00:35:29,190 --> 00:35:31,710
"struck some men down in every direction."

561
00:35:31,760 --> 00:35:34,990
"About thirty men of our brigade were killed or wounded."

562
00:35:35,200 --> 00:35:37,010
Elisha Hunt Rhodes.

563
00:35:38,300 --> 00:35:41,980
To keep up his men's courage,
General Winfield Scott Hancock

564
00:35:42,030 --> 00:35:46,010
rode up and down the line without
flinching at the screaming shells.

565
00:35:46,420 --> 00:35:48,730
A brigadier urged him to take cover.

566
00:35:48,780 --> 00:35:50,440
Hancock refused.

567
00:35:50,540 --> 00:35:52,150
"There are times," he answered,

568
00:35:52,200 --> 00:35:54,990
"when a corps commander's life does not count."

569
00:35:55,360 --> 00:35:57,880
Union artillery began to fire back.

570
00:35:59,850 --> 00:36:02,260
"We sat and heard in silence.

571
00:36:02,360 --> 00:36:05,230
"What other expression had we that was not mean

572
00:36:05,280 --> 00:36:08,290
"for such an awful universe of battle?

573
00:36:08,900 --> 00:36:11,910
"All in the rear of the crest for 1,000 yards

574
00:36:11,960 --> 00:36:15,080
"was the field of the shells' blind fury."

575
00:36:16,150 --> 00:36:19,250
"Ambulances passing down the Tarrytown Road"

576
00:36:19,300 --> 00:36:21,230
"with wounded men were struck."

577
00:36:21,280 --> 00:36:23,300
"The hospitals were riddled."

578
00:36:23,620 --> 00:36:25,250
Frank Haskell.

579
00:36:27,600 --> 00:36:30,550
Suddenly, the Union guns fell silent

580
00:36:30,600 --> 00:36:34,480
to conserve ammunition for the
attack Meade was sure was coming

581
00:36:34,650 --> 00:36:37,990
and to lure the enemy out into the open fields.

582
00:36:38,510 --> 00:36:40,100
It worked.

583
00:36:41,020 --> 00:36:45,260
At about 2:00, Pickett asked if his men should go forward.

584
00:36:45,570 --> 00:36:48,910
Longstreet, convinced the charge was folly,

585
00:36:49,080 --> 00:36:51,230
unable to bring himself to speak,

586
00:36:51,500 --> 00:36:52,870
only nodded.

587
00:36:53,680 --> 00:36:58,230
If you stop to think about it, it would have
been much harder not to go than to go.

588
00:36:58,450 --> 00:37:02,820
It would have taken a great deal of courage
to say, "Marse Robert, I ain't going."

589
00:37:03,330 --> 00:37:05,480
Nobody's got that much courage.

590
00:37:08,640 --> 00:37:10,900
Now, Pickett gave the order:

591
00:37:11,420 --> 00:37:13,620
"Up, men, and to your posts."

592
00:37:14,440 --> 00:37:18,010
"Don't forget today that you are from old Virginia."

593
00:37:20,400 --> 00:37:22,780
At 3:00, three divisions,

594
00:37:22,880 --> 00:37:24,770
13,000 men,

595
00:37:24,870 --> 00:37:29,020
started out of the woods toward the
stone wall a mile and a half away

596
00:37:29,070 --> 00:37:31,070
at a brisk, steady pace,

597
00:37:31,120 --> 00:37:33,630
covering about 100 yards a minute.

598
00:37:36,070 --> 00:37:38,160
They were silent as they marched,

599
00:37:38,260 --> 00:37:40,280
forbidden this time to fire

600
00:37:40,330 --> 00:37:42,250
or even to give the rebel yell

601
00:37:42,300 --> 00:37:44,320
until they were on top of the enemy.

602
00:37:48,900 --> 00:37:51,660
"More than half-a-mile their front extends,

603
00:37:51,760 --> 00:37:54,930
"man touching man, rank pressing rank.

604
00:37:54,980 --> 00:37:58,730
"The red flags wave, their horsemen gallop up and down.

605
00:37:58,900 --> 00:38:01,950
"The arms of 13,000 men,

606
00:38:02,000 --> 00:38:04,900
"barrel and bayonet gleam in the sun."

607
00:38:05,270 --> 00:38:08,480
"A sloping forest of flashing steel;"

608
00:38:08,530 --> 00:38:12,360
"right on they move, as with one soul."

609
00:38:14,780 --> 00:38:17,740
"None on that crest now need be told

610
00:38:17,790 --> 00:38:19,630
"the enemy is advancing.

611
00:38:19,680 --> 00:38:21,970
"Every eye could see his legions,"

612
00:38:22,020 --> 00:38:24,730
"an overwhelming resistless tide,"

613
00:38:24,800 --> 00:38:28,280
"an ocean of armed men sweeping upon us."

614
00:38:30,430 --> 00:38:33,800
"All was orderly and still upon our crest,

615
00:38:33,850 --> 00:38:36,000
"no noise and no confusion.

616
00:38:36,220 --> 00:38:39,830
"General Gibbon rode down the lines, cool and calm,

617
00:38:39,900 --> 00:38:43,570
"and in an unimpassioned voice he said to the men,

618
00:38:43,620 --> 00:38:48,230
"Do not hurry, men, and fire too fast.
Let them come up close before you fire

619
00:38:48,280 --> 00:38:50,400
and then aim slow."

620
00:38:51,870 --> 00:38:54,470
"It was," a Union colonel recalled,

621
00:38:54,520 --> 00:38:57,060
"the most beautiful thing I ever saw."

622
00:38:57,530 --> 00:38:58,670
Fire!

623
00:38:59,090 --> 00:39:02,140
Suddenly, the Union artillery on Cemetery Ridge

624
00:39:02,190 --> 00:39:04,520
and Little Round Top opened fire,

625
00:39:04,950 --> 00:39:08,500
and a great moan went up from the Confederate line.

626
00:39:10,170 --> 00:39:12,840
"We could not help hitting them at every shot,"

627
00:39:12,890 --> 00:39:15,070
a federal officer recalled.

628
00:39:16,240 --> 00:39:18,800
As many as ten men at a time were destroyed

629
00:39:18,850 --> 00:39:20,880
by a single bursting shell.

630
00:39:27,610 --> 00:39:30,300
A Confederate lieutenant cried out to his men,

631
00:39:30,350 --> 00:39:32,300
"Home, boys, home!"

632
00:39:32,350 --> 00:39:35,490
"Remember, home is over beyond those hills."

633
00:39:36,610 --> 00:39:39,030
The waiting Union troops began chanting,

634
00:39:39,080 --> 00:39:42,080
"Fredericksburg! Fredericksburg! Fredericksburg!"

635
00:39:59,900 --> 00:40:02,950
When the first Southerners came within 200 yards,

636
00:40:03,210 --> 00:40:06,910
Union General Alexander Hays told his men to fire.

637
00:40:07,080 --> 00:40:11,730
Eleven cannon and 1,700 muskets went off at once.

638
00:40:14,620 --> 00:40:17,060
Entire regiments disappeared.

639
00:40:20,380 --> 00:40:24,020
"The rebel lines were at once
enveloped in a dense cloud of dust."

640
00:40:24,430 --> 00:40:26,900
"Arms, heads, blankets, guns, and knapsacks"

641
00:40:26,950 --> 00:40:28,980
"were tossed into the clear air."

642
00:40:37,410 --> 00:40:39,950
Still, the Confederates came on.

643
00:40:43,400 --> 00:40:46,300
They reached the Union line at one place only,

644
00:40:46,350 --> 00:40:49,350
a crook in the stone wall known as “the Angle.”

645
00:40:56,450 --> 00:41:00,330
"Seconds are centuries, minutes ages.

646
00:41:00,650 --> 00:41:04,690
"Men fire into each other's faces, not five feet apart.

647
00:41:04,960 --> 00:41:09,000
"There are bayonet thrusts, saber strokes, pistol shots,

648
00:41:09,100 --> 00:41:13,180
"men going down on their hands
and knees spinning 'round like tops,"

649
00:41:13,280 --> 00:41:16,430
"throwing out their arms, gulping blood, falling"

650
00:41:16,480 --> 00:41:18,950
"legless, armless, headless."

651
00:41:19,050 --> 00:41:21,820
"There are ghastly heaps of dead men."

652
00:41:28,480 --> 00:41:30,790
"Foot to foot, body to body, and man to man,

653
00:41:30,840 --> 00:41:33,500
"they struggled and pushed and strived and killed.

654
00:41:33,550 --> 00:41:36,770
"The mass of wounded and heaps
of dead entangled their feet,

655
00:41:37,340 --> 00:41:39,280
"and underneath the trampling mass,

656
00:41:39,330 --> 00:41:41,910
"wounded men who could no longer stand fought,

657
00:41:42,080 --> 00:41:44,670
drowned in sweat, black with powder,

658
00:41:44,920 --> 00:41:46,370
"red with blood."

659
00:41:50,570 --> 00:41:54,200
The Confederates were led by General Lewis A. Armistead.

660
00:41:54,470 --> 00:41:57,470
He stepped over the wall waving his hat on his sword

661
00:41:57,640 --> 00:41:59,610
and seized a Union battery

662
00:41:59,760 --> 00:42:01,510
before he was shot down.

663
00:42:06,170 --> 00:42:09,930
All the Confederates who breached
the wall were killed or captured.

664
00:42:10,450 --> 00:42:12,350
The Union line held.

665
00:42:16,050 --> 00:42:18,200
Pickett's charge had failed.

666
00:42:20,100 --> 00:42:23,140
Lee's army would never again penetrate so far

667
00:42:23,190 --> 00:42:25,010
into northern territory.

668
00:42:36,860 --> 00:42:40,340
"Cheer after cheer rose from the triumphant boys in blue,"

669
00:42:40,440 --> 00:42:43,650
"echoing from Round Top, from Cemetery Hill,"

670
00:42:43,700 --> 00:42:45,780
"resounding in the vale below"

671
00:42:45,850 --> 00:42:48,060
"making the very heavens throb."

672
00:42:48,880 --> 00:42:50,600
Private Jesse Young.

673
00:42:53,680 --> 00:42:55,680
As the rebels staggered back,

674
00:42:55,730 --> 00:42:57,850
Lee rode out to meet them.

675
00:42:58,610 --> 00:43:01,560
"All this has been my fault," he told them.

676
00:43:03,190 --> 00:43:05,020
Probably his finest hour

677
00:43:05,070 --> 00:43:08,010
was after the repulse of Pickett's charge.

678
00:43:08,270 --> 00:43:11,620
He walked out into the field, met the men retreating,

679
00:43:11,670 --> 00:43:14,000
and said, "It is all my fault."

680
00:43:14,370 --> 00:43:15,910
He told them that.

681
00:43:16,080 --> 00:43:19,800
He wrote to the government, to Jefferson
Davis, and said, "It was all my fault."

682
00:43:19,850 --> 00:43:22,830
"I asked more of men than should have been asked of them."

683
00:43:23,800 --> 00:43:25,840
Pickett was horrified.

684
00:43:26,210 --> 00:43:30,020
When told to rally his division for
a possible Union counterattack,

685
00:43:30,070 --> 00:43:34,120
Pickett answered, "General Lee, I have no division now."

686
00:43:36,010 --> 00:43:38,070
Pickett never forgave Lee.

687
00:43:38,300 --> 00:43:39,860
Years later he said,

688
00:43:40,230 --> 00:43:43,160
"That old man had my division slaughtered."

689
00:44:09,670 --> 00:44:14,150
Gettysburg was the price the South paid for having.

690
00:44:14,300 --> 00:44:15,850
R. E. Lee.

691
00:44:17,170 --> 00:44:21,460
That was the mistake he made, the mistake of all mistakes.

692
00:44:31,110 --> 00:44:35,120
Six-thousand-five-hundred men had fallen or been captured,

693
00:44:35,170 --> 00:44:37,850
half of those who marched out of the woods.

694
00:44:37,900 --> 00:44:40,720
All fifteen regimental commanders had been hit,

695
00:44:40,880 --> 00:44:43,620
so had sixteen of seventeen field officers,

696
00:44:43,670 --> 00:44:46,500
three brigadier generals, and eight colonels.

697
00:44:47,460 --> 00:44:49,540
Every one of the University Greys,

698
00:44:49,590 --> 00:44:52,680
a company made up of students
from the University of Mississippi,

699
00:44:52,730 --> 00:44:54,550
had been killed or wounded.

700
00:44:58,260 --> 00:45:02,460
"Gettysburg," Longstreet said,
had been "ground of no value."

701
00:45:03,030 --> 00:45:06,150
"That day," he added, "was the saddest of my life."

702
00:45:08,230 --> 00:45:10,330
Almost a third of those engaged,

703
00:45:10,380 --> 00:45:13,280
51,000 men, were lost.

704
00:45:16,440 --> 00:45:19,560
The North suffered 23,000 casualties...

705
00:45:20,630 --> 00:45:22,880
the South, 28,000.

706
00:45:25,700 --> 00:45:28,900
The 2,400 inhabitants of Gettysburg now had

707
00:45:28,950 --> 00:45:31,630
ten times that number of dead and wounded men

708
00:45:31,680 --> 00:45:33,050
to care for.

709
00:45:35,310 --> 00:45:37,360
"Wounded men were brought into our houses

710
00:45:37,410 --> 00:45:41,320
"and laid side by side in our halls and first-story rooms.

711
00:45:42,140 --> 00:45:44,510
"Carpets were so saturated with blood"

712
00:45:44,560 --> 00:45:47,060
"as to be unfit for further use."

713
00:45:47,360 --> 00:45:49,130
"Walls were bloodstained,"

714
00:45:49,200 --> 00:45:52,580
"as well as books that were used for pillows."

715
00:45:53,400 --> 00:45:55,110
Jennie McCrery.

716
00:45:59,350 --> 00:46:02,790
The Confederacy could not afford such sacrifices.

717
00:46:02,840 --> 00:46:05,520
All hope of invading the North was ended.

718
00:46:07,120 --> 00:46:10,960
The next day, Lee began the long retreat back to Virginia

719
00:46:11,010 --> 00:46:14,260
as a summer downpour washed the blood from the grass

720
00:46:14,360 --> 00:46:16,640
and pelted the wounded who rode in a wagon train

721
00:46:16,690 --> 00:46:18,960
that stretched seventeen miles.

722
00:46:25,510 --> 00:46:27,040
"July 4."

723
00:46:27,090 --> 00:46:30,880
Was ever the nation's birthday
celebrated in such a way before?

724
00:46:31,200 --> 00:46:34,000
"I wonder what the South thinks of us Yankees, now."

725
00:46:34,620 --> 00:46:39,270
"I think Gettysburg will cure the rebels of
any desire to invade the North again."

726
00:46:39,780 --> 00:46:41,500
Elisha Hunt Rhodes.

727
00:46:44,010 --> 00:46:46,060
Despite urgings from Washington,

728
00:46:46,110 --> 00:46:49,220
Meade refused to attack Lee's retreating army.

729
00:46:49,690 --> 00:46:54,100
Another opportunity to destroy the
Army of Northern Virginia was lost.

730
00:46:55,270 --> 00:46:58,090
Once again, Lincoln was furious.

731
00:47:01,540 --> 00:47:04,810
Meanwhile, Robert E. Lee wrote Jefferson Davis,

732
00:47:04,860 --> 00:47:06,480
offering to resign.

733
00:47:07,350 --> 00:47:09,080
"Dear President Davis,

734
00:47:09,900 --> 00:47:13,520
"I cannot even accomplish what I myself desire.

735
00:47:14,510 --> 00:47:17,510
"How can I fill the expectations of others?

736
00:47:18,410 --> 00:47:22,540
"I generally feel the growing
failure of my bodily strength."

737
00:47:22,860 --> 00:47:25,490
"I anxiously urge the matter upon Your Excellency"

738
00:47:25,540 --> 00:47:27,390
"from my belief that a younger,"

739
00:47:27,440 --> 00:47:30,790
"and abler man than myself can readily be obtained."

740
00:47:31,800 --> 00:47:33,160
Robert E. Lee.

741
00:47:36,270 --> 00:47:38,520
The offer was not accepted.

742
00:47:43,580 --> 00:47:46,270
William Faulkner, in Intruder in the Dust,

743
00:47:46,320 --> 00:47:48,940
says that for every southern boy,

744
00:47:49,200 --> 00:47:52,510
it's always in his reach

745
00:47:52,570 --> 00:47:54,950
to imagine it being 1:00

746
00:47:55,330 --> 00:47:58,330
on an early July

747
00:47:58,820 --> 00:48:02,420
day in 1963. The guns are laid.

748
00:48:02,470 --> 00:48:03,900
The troops are lined up.

749
00:48:03,950 --> 00:48:07,450
The flags are already out of their
cases and ready to be unfurled,

750
00:48:07,500 --> 00:48:09,110
but it hadn't happened yet.

751
00:48:09,370 --> 00:48:11,300
And he can

752
00:48:11,350 --> 00:48:15,050
go back to the time before the war was going to be lost.

753
00:48:15,310 --> 00:48:18,180
And he can always have that moment

754
00:48:18,230 --> 00:48:19,580
for himself.

755
00:48:26,240 --> 00:48:28,410
"Hospital, near Gettysburg.

756
00:48:29,430 --> 00:48:31,150
"My Dear Father,

757
00:48:31,820 --> 00:48:36,270
"It has pleased the God of battles that I
should number among the many wounded.

758
00:48:36,780 --> 00:48:40,180
"Through His infinite kindness and
mercy, I am permitted to inform you

759
00:48:40,230 --> 00:48:41,710
"that I have recovered.

760
00:48:41,950 --> 00:48:44,200
"I was wounded in two places.

761
00:48:44,570 --> 00:48:46,200
"First, through the hip,

762
00:48:46,250 --> 00:48:49,710
"second, the ball entered the inner corner of my left eye

763
00:48:49,760 --> 00:48:52,910
"and came out at the lower tip of my right ear."

764
00:48:53,220 --> 00:48:55,750
"Both are doing fine and healed up."

765
00:48:56,220 --> 00:48:59,000
"Write to me. I may get the letter."

766
00:48:59,520 --> 00:49:02,520
"Your devoted son, Albert Batchelor."

767
00:49:12,650 --> 00:49:15,680
After Gettysburg, the residents of Deer Isle, Maine,

768
00:49:15,730 --> 00:49:19,160
began scanning the casualty lists for familiar names.

769
00:49:21,140 --> 00:49:24,430
Two privates, John Gray and Isaiah Eaton,

770
00:49:24,500 --> 00:49:27,950
were badly wounded and soon died in hospitals.

771
00:49:28,560 --> 00:49:32,290
Both were buried in the new
national cemetery at Gettysburg.

772
00:49:51,110 --> 00:49:53,860
The streets grew quiet when news of Gettysburg

773
00:49:53,910 --> 00:49:56,110
reached Clarksville, Tennessee.

774
00:49:58,490 --> 00:50:02,040
The 14th Tennessee Regiment had left town two years before

775
00:50:02,090 --> 00:50:04,190
with 960 men.

776
00:50:04,560 --> 00:50:06,640
When the battle of Gettysburg began,

777
00:50:06,690 --> 00:50:09,350
only 365 remained.

778
00:50:11,040 --> 00:50:14,110
By the end of the first day, there were sixty men left;

779
00:50:14,420 --> 00:50:17,220
by the end of the battle, there were only three.

780
00:50:19,410 --> 00:50:21,840
"A gloom rests over the city."

781
00:50:22,010 --> 00:50:26,160
"The hopes and affections of the
people were wrapped in the regiment."

782
00:50:27,230 --> 00:50:29,900
"What a terrible responsibility rests"

783
00:50:29,950 --> 00:50:33,230
"upon those who inaugurated this unholy war."

784
00:50:35,600 --> 00:50:39,550
On July 26th, 1863, Sam Houston,

785
00:50:39,600 --> 00:50:42,280
first president of the Republic of Texas,

786
00:50:42,330 --> 00:50:45,080
unshakable supporter of the American Union,

787
00:50:45,130 --> 00:50:47,360
died at Huntsville, Texas.

788
00:50:49,000 --> 00:50:52,500
"I ask of him who buildeth up and pulleth down nations"

789
00:50:52,550 --> 00:50:54,150
"to unite us."

790
00:50:54,860 --> 00:50:58,140
"I wish, if this Union must be dissolved,"

791
00:50:58,190 --> 00:51:01,400
"that its ruins be the monument of my grave."

792
00:51:06,730 --> 00:51:11,050
"I carved him out a headboard as skillful as I could,

793
00:51:11,210 --> 00:51:15,480
"and if you wish to find it, I can tell you where it stood.

794
00:51:15,940 --> 00:51:20,240
"I send you back his hymn book, the cap he used to wear,

795
00:51:20,410 --> 00:51:22,750
"and a lock I cut the night before

796
00:51:22,800 --> 00:51:24,950
"of his bright curly hair.

797
00:51:25,370 --> 00:51:27,600
"I send you back his bible,

798
00:51:27,650 --> 00:51:32,000
"the night before he died I turned its leaves together,

799
00:51:32,170 --> 00:51:34,370
"and read it by his side.

800
00:51:34,840 --> 00:51:37,910
"I'll keep the belt he was wearing,

801
00:51:38,170 --> 00:51:40,350
"he told me so to do,

802
00:51:40,400 --> 00:51:42,920
"it had a hole upon the side

803
00:51:42,970 --> 00:51:45,870
"just where the ball went through.

804
00:51:46,420 --> 00:51:49,159
"So now I've done his bidding,"

805
00:51:49,160 --> 00:51:51,610
"there's nothing more to tell,"

806
00:51:51,660 --> 00:51:54,480
"but I shall always mourn with you"

807
00:51:54,530 --> 00:51:56,880
"the boy we loved so well."

808
00:52:07,530 --> 00:52:11,920
"Our hired man left to enlist just
as corn planting commenced,"

809
00:52:11,970 --> 00:52:15,510
"so I shouldered my hoe and have worked out ever since."

810
00:52:16,880 --> 00:52:20,470
"I guess my services are just as acceptable as his."

811
00:52:22,700 --> 00:52:25,270
"No conflict in history," a journalist wrote,

812
00:52:25,320 --> 00:52:28,410
"was so much a woman's war as the Civil War."

813
00:52:28,460 --> 00:52:31,810
North and South, women looked for ways to help.

814
00:52:32,650 --> 00:52:35,610
In the north, citizens formed the Sanitary Commission

815
00:52:35,660 --> 00:52:38,420
and the Christian Commission to organize private relief

816
00:52:38,580 --> 00:52:41,270
and check the spread of disease in the army.

817
00:52:42,340 --> 00:52:44,870
The disease rate was cut in half.

818
00:52:46,230 --> 00:52:50,130
Sanitary commissioners prowled the
camps, demanding they be cleaned up,

819
00:52:50,150 --> 00:52:52,150
reforming hospital conditions,

820
00:52:52,200 --> 00:52:53,930
insisting on better food,

821
00:52:54,030 --> 00:52:57,770
making sure blankets, shoes,
medicines, and packages from home

822
00:52:57,820 --> 00:52:59,650
were distributed fairly.

823
00:53:01,330 --> 00:53:04,340
Prominent men ran the Sanitary Commission.

824
00:53:04,390 --> 00:53:08,110
New York lawyer George Templeton Strong was its treasurer.

825
00:53:10,150 --> 00:53:12,270
But hundreds of thousands of women

826
00:53:12,320 --> 00:53:16,540
in 7,000 local chapters all over the north did the work...

827
00:53:17,110 --> 00:53:20,490
sewing, knitting, baking, wrapping bandages,

828
00:53:20,540 --> 00:53:23,530
raising funds, organizing rallies.

829
00:53:26,260 --> 00:53:29,120
"If this war developed some of the most brutal,"

830
00:53:29,170 --> 00:53:32,990
"bestial, and devilish qualities lurking in the human race,"

831
00:53:33,440 --> 00:53:35,920
"it has also shown us how much of the"

832
00:53:35,970 --> 00:53:39,170
"angel there is in the best men and women."

833
00:53:40,140 --> 00:53:41,770
Mary Livermore.

834
00:53:43,160 --> 00:53:46,080
Mary Livermore, a Chicago minister's wife,

835
00:53:46,130 --> 00:53:50,410
organized Midwestern volunteers into 3,000 chapters

836
00:53:51,070 --> 00:53:53,510
and, when the army was threatened with scurvy,

837
00:53:53,560 --> 00:53:56,650
sent so much food south that one reporter said,

838
00:53:56,700 --> 00:54:00,170
"A line of vegetables connected Chicago and Vicksburg."

839
00:54:02,050 --> 00:54:05,050
Clara Barton, who stood barely five feet tall,

840
00:54:05,100 --> 00:54:07,770
distributed supplies by mule train,

841
00:54:07,820 --> 00:54:11,050
ministered to the wounded from Cedar Mountain to Antietam,

842
00:54:11,120 --> 00:54:14,910
and tirelessly lobbied Washington
for better care for the men.

843
00:54:16,020 --> 00:54:18,170
In a letter home, Katherine Wormsley,

844
00:54:18,220 --> 00:54:22,670
a nurse on a hospital ship, decried
the confusion and chaos on board,

845
00:54:22,720 --> 00:54:26,360
but she ended, "Good-bye. This is life."

846
00:54:27,510 --> 00:54:30,100
George Templeton Strong's wife, Ellie,

847
00:54:30,150 --> 00:54:33,050
went south to serve on a hospital ship, too.

848
00:54:33,560 --> 00:54:36,430
"Ellie's tact, sense, good nature,

849
00:54:36,530 --> 00:54:40,110
"and energy conquered the USA surgeon in charge at once

850
00:54:40,370 --> 00:54:44,620
"and coerced all his official dignity
into hearty, grateful cooperation

851
00:54:44,720 --> 00:54:48,520
"in the care of his cargo of 500 cases, mostly bad ones."

852
00:54:48,990 --> 00:54:52,130
"I've never given her credit for tithe of the enterprise,"

853
00:54:52,180 --> 00:54:55,960
"pluck, discretion, and force of character she has shown."

854
00:54:56,060 --> 00:54:57,560
"God bless her."

855
00:54:59,630 --> 00:55:02,600
"We had no Sanitary Commission in the South.

856
00:55:02,820 --> 00:55:04,410
"We were too poor."

857
00:55:04,570 --> 00:55:07,260
"We had no line of rich and populous cities"

858
00:55:07,310 --> 00:55:09,510
"closely connected by rail."

859
00:55:10,080 --> 00:55:13,770
"With us, every house was a hospital."

860
00:55:16,080 --> 00:55:18,390
Southern women worked as nurses, too,

861
00:55:18,440 --> 00:55:22,840
despite criticism that it was unladylike
for them to care for ruffians.

862
00:55:23,010 --> 00:55:26,540
Sallie Thompkins of Richmond and a staff of only six

863
00:55:26,690 --> 00:55:31,160
nursed 1,333 wounded men in her private hospital

864
00:55:31,320 --> 00:55:34,040
and kept all but seventy-three of them alive,

865
00:55:34,200 --> 00:55:37,200
a record unmatched by any other Civil War hospital,

866
00:55:37,250 --> 00:55:38,810
North or South.

867
00:55:45,530 --> 00:55:49,850
Mary Ann Bickerdyke, a Quaker
widow and Sanitary Commission agent,

868
00:55:49,900 --> 00:55:53,970
traveled with the Union Army through
four years and nineteen battles,

869
00:55:54,640 --> 00:55:58,160
assisting at amputations, brewing barrels of coffee,

870
00:55:58,260 --> 00:56:00,990
rounding up cattle and chickens and eggs

871
00:56:01,040 --> 00:56:02,600
to feed the grateful men

872
00:56:02,650 --> 00:56:05,050
who called her Mother Bickerdyke.

873
00:56:05,720 --> 00:56:08,980
By the end of the war, General Sherman said simply,

874
00:56:09,130 --> 00:56:10,700
"She ranks me."

875
00:56:35,620 --> 00:56:37,750
Every day since late May,

876
00:56:37,850 --> 00:56:40,390
U. S. Grant's 200 Union guns

877
00:56:40,440 --> 00:56:42,740
had pounded Vicksburg from land,

878
00:56:42,840 --> 00:56:45,370
while Admiral David Porter's gunboats

879
00:56:45,570 --> 00:56:47,250
battered it from the river.

880
00:56:50,990 --> 00:56:53,670
"They fire at the city, thinking that they will"

881
00:56:53,720 --> 00:56:56,480
"wear out the women and children and sick,"

882
00:56:56,530 --> 00:57:00,850
"and General Pemberton will be obliged
to surrender the place on that account,"

883
00:57:01,080 --> 00:57:04,910
"but they little know the spirit of the
Vicksburg women and children."

884
00:57:07,040 --> 00:57:10,350
Civilians dug caves in the yellow clay hillsides,

885
00:57:10,400 --> 00:57:13,320
some with several rooms fitted out with rugs,

886
00:57:13,370 --> 00:57:16,510
beds, and chairs, and staffed with slaves.

887
00:57:18,250 --> 00:57:20,010
But food ran low.

888
00:57:20,110 --> 00:57:24,310
The city's defenders were reduced
to eating mules, horses, and dogs.

889
00:57:25,480 --> 00:57:29,820
The Vicksburg Gazette had to be printed
on the back of flowered wallpaper.

890
00:57:29,920 --> 00:57:31,860
There was no more newsprint.

891
00:57:33,680 --> 00:57:36,070
"We are utterly cut off from the world,

892
00:57:36,120 --> 00:57:38,780
"surrounded by a circle of fire."

893
00:57:39,000 --> 00:57:42,450
"The shower of shells goes on day and night."

894
00:57:42,910 --> 00:57:45,820
"People do nothing but eat what they can get,"

895
00:57:45,870 --> 00:57:48,840
"sleep when they can, and dodge the shells."

896
00:57:48,940 --> 00:57:50,460
Dora Miller.

897
00:57:52,240 --> 00:57:55,220
It was "living like plant roots," one woman said.

898
00:57:55,270 --> 00:57:57,900
Union troops began calling Vicksburg.

899
00:57:57,950 --> 00:57:59,530
"Prairie Dog Town."

900
00:58:01,740 --> 00:58:05,700
Finally, after forty-eight days of siege, on July 4th,

901
00:58:05,750 --> 00:58:09,150
the same day that Lee began his retreat from Gettysburg,

902
00:58:09,200 --> 00:58:12,390
31,000 Confederates surrendered.

903
00:58:14,570 --> 00:58:16,970
Confederate general John C. Pemberton

904
00:58:17,020 --> 00:58:19,690
said it would be an act of "cruel inhumanity"

905
00:58:19,740 --> 00:58:23,370
to subject his men to the terrible ordeal any longer.

906
00:58:24,390 --> 00:58:26,000
Besides, he added,

907
00:58:26,100 --> 00:58:29,360
"I am a northern man. I know my people."

908
00:58:29,630 --> 00:58:33,050
"I know we can get better terms
from them on the Fourth of July"

909
00:58:33,150 --> 00:58:35,380
"than on any other day of the year."

910
00:58:36,600 --> 00:58:40,620
The Stars and Stripes was raised
above the Vicksburg courthouse.

911
00:58:41,240 --> 00:58:45,440
At the celebration aboard Admiral
Porter's flagship on the Mississippi,

912
00:58:45,510 --> 00:58:49,030
Grant was the only one who did
not touch the wine offered him,

913
00:58:49,350 --> 00:58:52,000
but contented himself with a cigar.

914
00:58:52,950 --> 00:58:55,650
"Grant is now deservedly the hero,

915
00:58:55,720 --> 00:58:59,130
"belabored with praise by those who accused him a month ago

916
00:58:59,180 --> 00:59:01,290
"of all the sins in the calendar,"

917
00:59:01,340 --> 00:59:03,310
"and who next week will turn against him"

918
00:59:03,360 --> 00:59:05,950
"if so blows the popular breeze."

919
00:59:06,000 --> 00:59:09,070
"Vox populi, vox humbug."

920
00:59:09,190 --> 00:59:11,050
William Tecumseh Sherman.

921
00:59:12,370 --> 00:59:15,780
"It is now conceded that all idea of British intervention

922
00:59:15,830 --> 00:59:17,260
"is at an end."

923
00:59:17,310 --> 00:59:20,130
"I want to hug the Army of the Potomac for Gettysburg,"

924
00:59:20,180 --> 00:59:24,280
"I want to get the whole army of
Vicksburg drunk at my own expense,"

925
00:59:24,330 --> 00:59:27,990
"I want to fight some small man and lick him."

926
00:59:28,600 --> 00:59:30,180
Henry Adams.

927
00:59:33,410 --> 00:59:35,800
The Confederacy was cut in two.

928
00:59:35,850 --> 00:59:38,770
The Mississippi had become a Union highway.

929
00:59:39,140 --> 00:59:41,300
"The father of waters," Lincoln said,

930
00:59:41,360 --> 00:59:44,210
"again goes unvexed to the sea."

931
00:59:46,410 --> 00:59:48,810
"We have lost the Mississippi,"

932
00:59:49,270 --> 00:59:51,380
"and our nation is divided,"

933
00:59:52,250 --> 00:59:54,960
"and there's not enough left to fight for."

934
00:59:59,370 --> 01:00:02,930
The Fourth of July would not be
celebrated in Vicksburg again

935
01:00:02,980 --> 01:00:04,940
for eighty-one years.

936
01:00:20,010 --> 01:00:22,010
"A boy of twenty or thereabouts.

937
01:00:22,620 --> 01:00:26,220
"For the moderate consideration of $1,100,

938
01:00:26,320 --> 01:00:29,590
"my alter-ego could make a good soldier if he tried."

939
01:00:30,060 --> 01:00:33,610
"Gave him my address and told him to
write to me if he found himself in the"

940
01:00:33,660 --> 01:00:35,320
"hospital or in trouble,"

941
01:00:35,590 --> 01:00:38,530
"and that I would try to do what
I properly could to help him."

942
01:00:39,320 --> 01:00:41,500
George Templeton Strong.

943
01:00:44,560 --> 01:00:48,510
In July, Lincoln issued the first federal draft call:

944
01:00:48,560 --> 01:00:53,000
all able-bodied men between
twenty and forty-five were enrolled,

945
01:00:53,660 --> 01:00:56,220
but the law favored the well-to-do.

946
01:00:56,270 --> 01:01:00,270
Any man willing to pay $300 as a "commutation fee"

947
01:01:03,140 --> 01:01:04,470
was exempt.

948
01:01:05,280 --> 01:01:08,040
"The law is a rich man's bill,"

949
01:01:08,140 --> 01:01:11,460
"made for him who cannot raise that sum."

950
01:01:12,020 --> 01:01:14,420
Senator Thaddeus Stevens.

951
01:01:20,910 --> 01:01:23,910
So did Andrew Carnegie and J. P. Morgan

952
01:01:23,960 --> 01:01:25,810
and two future presidents...

953
01:01:25,860 --> 01:01:28,200
Chester A. Arthur and Grover Cleveland.

954
01:01:33,140 --> 01:01:35,650
Bounty jumping became a profession.

955
01:01:35,760 --> 01:01:40,280
Men signed up from one district long
enough to receive a reward for enlisting,

956
01:01:40,380 --> 01:01:43,280
then deserted to do the same elsewhere.

957
01:01:43,600 --> 01:01:47,920
One man repeated the process thirty-
two times before he was caught.

958
01:01:49,760 --> 01:01:52,920
Shaker Elder Frederick Evans came to see Lincoln,

959
01:01:52,970 --> 01:01:57,280
hoping to have his pacifist community
excused from military service.

960
01:01:57,750 --> 01:02:01,020
"We need regiments of such men as you," Lincoln said,

961
01:02:01,070 --> 01:02:03,570
but Granted Elder Evans' request.

962
01:02:04,240 --> 01:02:08,190
The Shakers were among the first conscientious objectors.

963
01:02:10,300 --> 01:02:14,670
On Deer Isle, two prominent local
citizens began going house-to-house

964
01:02:14,720 --> 01:02:16,910
delivering induction notices.

965
01:02:17,380 --> 01:02:21,370
One-hundred-forty-nine men were called for the new draft:

966
01:02:21,420 --> 01:02:23,530
forty-two never showed up;

967
01:02:23,680 --> 01:02:26,650
thirty-three were exempted for medical reasons;

968
01:02:28,950 --> 01:02:30,980
and one man sold his house

969
01:02:31,080 --> 01:02:33,570
and left his wife and several children homeless

970
01:02:33,620 --> 01:02:36,110
rather than desert them for the front.

971
01:02:39,320 --> 01:02:40,810
New York City

972
01:02:40,860 --> 01:02:43,560
contemplated secession from the Union, too,

973
01:02:43,610 --> 01:02:45,980
and they wanted to be declared an open city.

974
01:02:46,450 --> 01:02:48,690
There was a great deal of resentment

975
01:02:48,760 --> 01:02:51,580
of the influx of blacks

976
01:02:51,630 --> 01:02:54,810
and a lot of resistance to the draft,

977
01:02:55,080 --> 01:02:58,080
because men could get better-
paying jobs than they'd ever had,

978
01:02:58,130 --> 01:03:00,790
and the last thing they wanted was to go to the war.

979
01:03:00,840 --> 01:03:04,220
There was a good deal of resentment,
too, that if you could scrape up $300,

980
01:03:04,270 --> 01:03:05,710
you could be exempt,

981
01:03:05,760 --> 01:03:10,230
and all those resentments flared up into
what's called “the New York draft riots.”

982
01:03:12,080 --> 01:03:16,100
No group was more outraged than
the immigrant Irish of New York,

983
01:03:16,150 --> 01:03:19,730
who feared the blacks who
competed for the lowest-paying jobs

984
01:03:19,780 --> 01:03:22,950
and for whose freedom they did not wish to fight.

985
01:03:23,110 --> 01:03:26,550
Democratic politicians fanned their anger.

986
01:03:27,170 --> 01:03:28,660
"Remember this,"

987
01:03:28,710 --> 01:03:32,810
"that the bloody and treasonable and
revolutionary doctrine of public necessity"

988
01:03:32,860 --> 01:03:34,820
"can be proclaimed by a mob"

989
01:03:34,870 --> 01:03:36,920
"as well as by a government."

990
01:03:37,180 --> 01:03:40,200
Governor Horatio Seymour, New York.

991
01:03:42,420 --> 01:03:46,220
On Sunday, July 12th, when the names of the first draftees

992
01:03:46,270 --> 01:03:47,980
appeared in the newspapers

993
01:03:48,030 --> 01:03:51,970
alongside long lists of those who had fallen at Gettysburg,

994
01:03:52,020 --> 01:03:56,020
a mostly Irish mob attacked and destroyed the draft office,

995
01:03:56,140 --> 01:03:58,610
then fanned out across the city.

996
01:04:00,150 --> 01:04:04,060
For three days, the east side of
Manhattan belonged to the mob.

997
01:04:04,280 --> 01:04:06,500
Blacks were their main targets.

998
01:04:06,600 --> 01:04:09,820
They burned black boarding houses, a black church,

999
01:04:09,870 --> 01:04:11,300
a black orphanage,

1000
01:04:11,470 --> 01:04:13,760
then lynched a crippled black coachman

1001
01:04:13,810 --> 01:04:15,810
and set his corpse on fire

1002
01:04:15,860 --> 01:04:18,780
while chanting "Hurrah for Jeff Davis!"

1003
01:04:20,810 --> 01:04:22,460
"July 14th,

1004
01:04:22,560 --> 01:04:27,000
"fire bells clanking as they have clanked
at intervals throughout the evening.

1005
01:04:27,370 --> 01:04:30,120
"Many details come in of yesterday's brutal,

1006
01:04:30,170 --> 01:04:32,420
cowardly ruffianism and plunder.

1007
01:04:32,740 --> 01:04:34,340
"Shops were cleaned out"

1008
01:04:34,390 --> 01:04:36,540
"and black men hanged in Carmine Street"

1009
01:04:36,590 --> 01:04:39,130
"for no offense but that of negritude."

1010
01:04:39,230 --> 01:04:41,160
George Templeton Strong.

1011
01:04:44,120 --> 01:04:46,870
Finally, exhausted troops from Gettysburg

1012
01:04:46,920 --> 01:04:48,920
arrived to impose order.

1013
01:04:49,240 --> 01:04:51,970
More than 100 people had been killed.

1014
01:04:53,140 --> 01:04:55,420
Bloody riots broke out throughout the north

1015
01:04:55,470 --> 01:04:57,970
as opposition to the war increased.

1016
01:04:59,680 --> 01:05:02,500
"The nation," wrote the editor of the Washington Times,

1017
01:05:02,550 --> 01:05:05,220
"is at this time in a state of revolution..."

1018
01:05:05,270 --> 01:05:07,660
"North, south, east, and west."

1019
01:05:16,390 --> 01:05:19,840
"You say you will not fight to free negroes.

1020
01:05:20,150 --> 01:05:23,050
"Some of them seem willing to fight for you.

1021
01:05:24,140 --> 01:05:25,930
"When victory is won,

1022
01:05:25,980 --> 01:05:28,330
"there will be some black men who can remember that"

1023
01:05:28,380 --> 01:05:31,050
"with silent tongue and clenched teeth"

1024
01:05:31,210 --> 01:05:34,680
"and steady eye and well-poised bayonet,"

1025
01:05:34,880 --> 01:05:38,630
"they have helped mankind on to this great consummation."

1026
01:05:39,350 --> 01:05:40,860
Abraham Lincoln.

1027
01:05:45,260 --> 01:05:48,900
"The negro is the key to the situation,

1028
01:05:49,070 --> 01:05:52,470
"the pivot upon which the whole rebellion turns.

1029
01:05:52,990 --> 01:05:56,470
"This war, disguise it as they may,

1030
01:05:56,740 --> 01:05:59,530
"is virtually nothing more or less"

1031
01:05:59,580 --> 01:06:03,490
"than perpetual slavery against universal freedom,"

1032
01:06:03,660 --> 01:06:05,120
"and to this end"

1033
01:06:05,390 --> 01:06:07,910
"the free states will have to come."

1034
01:06:08,380 --> 01:06:09,900
Frederick Douglass.

1035
01:06:10,260 --> 01:06:12,420
"Will the slave fight?"

1036
01:06:12,520 --> 01:06:16,120
"If any man asks you, tell him 'no, '"

1037
01:06:16,430 --> 01:06:19,930
"but if anyone asks you 'Will a negro fight, '"

1038
01:06:20,100 --> 01:06:21,820
"tell him 'yes.'"

1039
01:06:22,590 --> 01:06:24,330
Wendell Philips.

1040
01:06:25,640 --> 01:06:27,680
Since the first shots were fired,

1041
01:06:27,730 --> 01:06:31,810
abolitionists had been pressing the
government to put blacks into battle.

1042
01:06:33,520 --> 01:06:37,280
Congress authorized colored troops in 1862,

1043
01:06:37,500 --> 01:06:41,230
but a year went by before the
first black men put on blue coats

1044
01:06:41,280 --> 01:06:43,450
to serve under white officers.

1045
01:06:45,750 --> 01:06:48,280
"This, with the emancipation of the negro,

1046
01:06:48,330 --> 01:06:51,470
"is the heaviest blow yet given the Confederacy."

1047
01:06:52,090 --> 01:06:54,090
"By arming the negro,"

1048
01:06:54,260 --> 01:06:56,870
"we have added a powerful ally."

1049
01:06:57,130 --> 01:06:59,420
"They will make good soldiers."

1050
01:06:59,520 --> 01:07:01,300
Ulysses S. Grant.

1051
01:07:02,160 --> 01:07:04,860
<i>Do you (do you)</i>

1052
01:07:04,910 --> 01:07:07,410
<i>Thank our (thank our)</i>

1053
01:07:07,460 --> 01:07:10,009
<i>Maker? (Maker?)</i>

1054
01:07:10,010 --> 01:07:12,760
<i>Since when soldier.</i>

1055
01:07:12,810 --> 01:07:14,000
<i>Do you...</i>

1056
01:07:14,050 --> 01:07:16,940
Black privates were paid $10 a month,

1057
01:07:16,990 --> 01:07:19,180
$3.00 less than whites.

1058
01:07:19,700 --> 01:07:22,140
Several regiments served without pay

1059
01:07:22,190 --> 01:07:24,750
rather than submit to that inequality.

1060
01:07:25,020 --> 01:07:27,250
Blacks were rarely promoted.

1061
01:07:28,090 --> 01:07:32,290
<i>Maker (soldiers)</i>

1062
01:07:32,360 --> 01:07:35,110
<i>Soldiers (soldiers)</i>

1063
01:07:35,160 --> 01:07:37,520
<i>Of the.</i>

1064
01:07:37,570 --> 01:07:39,870
<i>Cross.</i>

1065
01:07:40,320 --> 01:07:44,550
Many of the Union soldiers who began with

1066
01:07:44,650 --> 01:07:47,840
stereotypical assumptions about black men,

1067
01:07:47,890 --> 01:07:50,500
who assumed that they couldn't fight, that they would

1068
01:07:50,550 --> 01:07:54,240
hand their weapons over to the enemy,
that they would run and so on,

1069
01:07:54,410 --> 01:07:56,820
had their minds changed in

1070
01:07:56,870 --> 01:07:59,640
the grimmest circumstances, and some of

1071
01:07:59,690 --> 01:08:02,950
the documents that tell the story

1072
01:08:03,000 --> 01:08:05,890
of how people's ideas were transformed

1073
01:08:06,160 --> 01:08:09,160
are not the sort of documents that you enjoy reading

1074
01:08:09,210 --> 01:08:11,910
because they speak of how people became

1075
01:08:11,960 --> 01:08:13,830
companions in death,

1076
01:08:13,880 --> 01:08:17,950
of how white soldiers learned to
respect their black comrades

1077
01:08:18,150 --> 01:08:21,580
when they watched how they reacted as people

1078
01:08:21,630 --> 01:08:25,940
all around were being killed, being butchered.

1079
01:08:31,300 --> 01:08:35,600
On July 18th, just three days after the draft riots ended,

1080
01:08:35,800 --> 01:08:40,200
650 men of the all-black 54th Massachusetts regiment

1081
01:08:40,300 --> 01:08:44,350
assaulted a Confederate position
at Battery Wagner, South Carolina.

1082
01:08:46,000 --> 01:08:49,070
Their commander was a Boston abolitionist's son,

1083
01:08:49,120 --> 01:08:51,600
Colonel Robert Gould Shaw.

1084
01:09:02,670 --> 01:09:04,890
"It is not too much to say that if this.

1085
01:09:04,940 --> 01:09:08,360
"Massachusetts 54th had faltered when its trial came,

1086
01:09:08,720 --> 01:09:11,890
"200,000 troops for whom it was a pioneer

1087
01:09:12,200 --> 01:09:14,420
"would never have been put into the field;

1088
01:09:15,790 --> 01:09:17,820
"but it did not falter."

1089
01:09:18,880 --> 01:09:22,050
"It made Fort Wagner such a name for the colored race"

1090
01:09:22,820 --> 01:09:25,350
"as Bunker Hill has been for ninety years"

1091
01:09:25,400 --> 01:09:27,000
"to the white Yankees."

1092
01:09:31,960 --> 01:09:36,280
Forty percent of the regiment did
not return, including Colonel Shaw.

1093
01:09:39,000 --> 01:09:42,609
Shaw led their attack on Battery Wagner.

1094
01:09:42,610 --> 01:09:45,940
They were cut to pieces. They never
should have made that charge either.

1095
01:09:46,300 --> 01:09:49,950
And when it was over, the Confederates were in control.

1096
01:09:50,270 --> 01:09:53,930
And there was a very hard
feeling against the white officers

1097
01:09:53,980 --> 01:09:55,400
of black regiments,

1098
01:09:55,500 --> 01:09:59,830
and Shaw was simply thrown
in a burial pit with his soldiers.

1099
01:10:00,040 --> 01:10:02,300
Shaw's father

1100
01:10:02,460 --> 01:10:05,310
later said he was proud to have him buried that way.

1101
01:10:07,020 --> 01:10:10,290
When the flag-bearer fell and
the order to withdraw was given,

1102
01:10:10,340 --> 01:10:12,950
Sergeant William Carney seized the colors

1103
01:10:13,000 --> 01:10:16,070
and made it back to his lines, despite bullets in the head,

1104
01:10:16,120 --> 01:10:18,180
chest, right arm, and leg.

1105
01:10:21,100 --> 01:10:25,000
He was the first of twenty-three
blacks awarded the Medal of Honor,

1106
01:10:25,530 --> 01:10:28,540
though he had to wait thirty-seven years to get it.

1107
01:10:33,290 --> 01:10:34,730
"Fort Wagner.

1108
01:10:35,240 --> 01:10:37,050
"My Dear Amelia,

1109
01:10:37,770 --> 01:10:41,570
"I have been in two fights and am unhurt.

1110
01:10:42,280 --> 01:10:46,090
"I am about to go in another, I believe, tonight."

1111
01:10:46,910 --> 01:10:49,460
"Our men fought well on both occasions."

1112
01:10:49,720 --> 01:10:53,860
"How I got out of that fight
alive I cannot tell, but I am here."

1113
01:10:55,720 --> 01:10:58,940
"My dear girl, I hope again to see you.

1114
01:10:59,710 --> 01:11:02,780
"I must bid you farewell. Should I be killed,"

1115
01:11:03,100 --> 01:11:07,360
"remember, if I die, I die in a good cause."

1116
01:11:07,830 --> 01:11:10,890
"I wish we had 100,000 colored troops."

1117
01:11:11,150 --> 01:11:13,950
"We would put an end to this war."

1118
01:11:14,590 --> 01:11:16,560
Sergeant Lewis Douglass.

1119
01:11:16,610 --> 01:11:19,060
<i>Do you (do you)</i>

1120
01:11:19,110 --> 01:11:21,410
<i>Do you (do you)</i>

1121
01:11:21,460 --> 01:11:23,909
<i>Want your (do you)</i>

1122
01:11:23,910 --> 01:11:26,100
<i>Freedom? (Freedom?)</i>

1123
01:11:26,150 --> 01:11:30,370
They constituted less than 1% of the North's population,

1124
01:11:30,420 --> 01:11:32,520
yet by the war's end, they would make up

1125
01:11:32,570 --> 01:11:35,040
nearly 1/10 of the northern army,

1126
01:11:35,090 --> 01:11:38,240
most of them freed blacks and runaway slaves.

1127
01:11:52,310 --> 01:11:57,130
Eighty-five percent of the eligible
black male population had signed on.

1128
01:11:58,690 --> 01:12:02,430
One-hundred-eighty-thousand fought to free their people.

1129
01:12:05,130 --> 01:12:08,130
"Once let the black man get upon his person

1130
01:12:08,180 --> 01:12:11,330
"the brass letters 'U. S., '

1131
01:12:12,200 --> 01:12:14,920
"let him get an eagle on his buttons

1132
01:12:15,290 --> 01:12:18,870
"and a musket on his shoulder and bullets in his pockets,"

1133
01:12:19,390 --> 01:12:22,050
"and there's no power on earth"

1134
01:12:22,100 --> 01:12:26,150
"which can deny that he has earned the right to citizenship"

1135
01:12:26,200 --> 01:12:27,930
"in the United States."

1136
01:12:30,770 --> 01:12:32,970
"The whole army of the United States

1137
01:12:33,020 --> 01:12:36,810
"could not restore the institution of slavery in the south."

1138
01:12:36,970 --> 01:12:39,210
"They can't get back their slaves"

1139
01:12:39,260 --> 01:12:42,810
"any more than they can get back their dead grandfathers."

1140
01:12:42,980 --> 01:12:44,770
"It is dead."

1141
01:12:45,330 --> 01:12:47,300
William Tecumseh Sherman.

1142
01:12:53,890 --> 01:12:57,230
Once a black Union soldier spotted his former owner

1143
01:12:57,280 --> 01:12:59,650
among a group of Confederate prisoners.

1144
01:13:00,070 --> 01:13:01,920
"Hello, Massa," he said,

1145
01:13:02,290 --> 01:13:04,710
"bottom rail on top this time."

1146
01:13:12,490 --> 01:13:15,520
"Folks talk about the fighting being nearly over,

1147
01:13:15,890 --> 01:13:18,320
"but I believe there's a heap yet to come.

1148
01:13:18,890 --> 01:13:23,100
"Let the colored man accept the offer
of the president and cabinet;

1149
01:13:23,170 --> 01:13:25,690
"take arms, join the army,"

1150
01:13:25,760 --> 01:13:27,740
"then we'll whip the rebels,"

1151
01:13:28,010 --> 01:13:31,040
"even if Longstreet and all the streets of the south"

1152
01:13:31,090 --> 01:13:33,150
"concentrate at Chattanooga."

1153
01:13:34,110 --> 01:13:35,590
Jerry Sullivan.

1154
01:13:51,410 --> 01:13:53,250
Hard against the Tennessee River

1155
01:13:53,280 --> 01:13:56,580
at the meeting point of two
strategically crucial railroads,

1156
01:13:56,630 --> 01:13:59,020
the city of Chattanooga guarded the gateway

1157
01:13:59,070 --> 01:14:00,760
to the eastern Confederacy

1158
01:14:00,810 --> 01:14:03,550
and the rebel war industries in Georgia.

1159
01:14:04,780 --> 01:14:08,100
For five months, Union General William Rosecrans

1160
01:14:08,150 --> 01:14:10,300
resisted Lincoln's urgent calls

1161
01:14:10,350 --> 01:14:13,760
to drive Braxton Bragg's Confederates out of Tennessee

1162
01:14:13,810 --> 01:14:15,560
and seize Chattanooga.

1163
01:14:16,480 --> 01:14:20,340
When summer came, Lincoln demanded more decisive action,

1164
01:14:20,480 --> 01:14:23,170
and at long last Rosecrans moved,

1165
01:14:23,220 --> 01:14:27,410
launching a series of brilliant and
almost bloodless flanking maneuvers.

1166
01:14:28,960 --> 01:14:31,890
In ten days, he drove Bragg eighty miles

1167
01:14:31,940 --> 01:14:34,360
through a relentless Tennessee rain.

1168
01:14:34,920 --> 01:14:38,240
"No Presbyterian rain, either," a soldier remembered,

1169
01:14:38,300 --> 01:14:40,950
"but a genuine Baptist downpour."

1170
01:14:43,220 --> 01:14:47,220
In September, Bragg abandoned
Chattanooga and kept backing away

1171
01:14:47,270 --> 01:14:50,140
until just over the Tennessee line in Georgia,

1172
01:14:50,310 --> 01:14:51,980
where he gathered his forces...

1173
01:14:52,030 --> 01:14:54,930
now bolstered by Longstreet's Virginia veterans...

1174
01:14:54,980 --> 01:14:58,410
along a meandering creek called “Chickamauga.”

1175
01:15:03,820 --> 01:15:06,380
Chickamauga is like all Indian words:

1176
01:15:06,430 --> 01:15:09,160
it's interpreted to mean “the River of Death.”

1177
01:15:09,380 --> 01:15:11,460
God knows what it really means.

1178
01:15:12,380 --> 01:15:14,760
Chickamauga was a horrendous battle.

1179
01:15:15,200 --> 01:15:19,080
Very... a lot of breakthroughs,
a lot of hand-to-hand combat,

1180
01:15:19,240 --> 01:15:21,530
a long, ragged retreat,

1181
01:15:21,900 --> 01:15:25,460
a glorious Southern victory which was unexploited.

1182
01:15:26,730 --> 01:15:31,230
All the western heroes were there, from Forrest on down.

1183
01:15:32,400 --> 01:15:34,920
It was... It's... It's a great battle.

1184
01:15:36,600 --> 01:15:39,680
At 8 a.m. on the morning on September 18th,

1185
01:15:39,730 --> 01:15:43,520
Nathan Bedford Forrest's cavalry
ran into a brigade of federals

1186
01:15:43,570 --> 01:15:46,100
heading for little bridge over the creek.

1187
01:15:46,860 --> 01:15:49,670
By noon, one of Forrest's officers reported,

1188
01:15:49,740 --> 01:15:52,870
the dead were piled upon each other like cord wood

1189
01:15:52,940 --> 01:15:55,400
to make passage for advancing columns.

1190
01:15:56,210 --> 01:15:58,940
By nightfall, both lines held.

1191
01:16:00,430 --> 01:16:04,870
On the second day of fierce fighting,
Rosecrans committed a fatal mistake...

1192
01:16:04,920 --> 01:16:08,040
ordering his troops to close a gap in the Union line

1193
01:16:08,240 --> 01:16:09,680
that wasn't there.

1194
01:16:10,510 --> 01:16:13,220
In the process, he opened up a real one,

1195
01:16:13,320 --> 01:16:16,120
and Longstreet's Confederates stormed through.

1196
01:16:17,090 --> 01:16:19,600
The Union forces broke and ran.

1197
01:16:20,270 --> 01:16:22,890
"They have fought their last man," Longstreet said,

1198
01:16:22,940 --> 01:16:24,620
"and even he is running."

1199
01:16:27,750 --> 01:16:31,310
But George Henry Thomas, a Union man from Virginia,

1200
01:16:31,360 --> 01:16:33,060
refused to retreat

1201
01:16:33,110 --> 01:16:35,800
and organized a stubborn last-minute defense

1202
01:16:35,850 --> 01:16:38,320
that kept the battle from becoming a rout,

1203
01:16:38,370 --> 01:16:42,070
and earned him the nickname the "Rock of Chickamauga."

1204
01:16:43,570 --> 01:16:46,780
The northern army limped back into Chattanooga.

1205
01:16:47,120 --> 01:16:50,380
Rosecrans was "confused and stunned," Lincoln said,

1206
01:16:50,430 --> 01:16:52,310
"like a duck hit on the head."

1207
01:16:57,690 --> 01:17:01,500
Bottled up in Chattanooga, the
Union forces were miserable...

1208
01:17:01,550 --> 01:17:03,490
cold, vermin-infested,

1209
01:17:03,540 --> 01:17:06,520
cut off from all but a thin trickle of supplies.

1210
01:17:07,240 --> 01:17:09,990
They demolished houses and hacked down every tree

1211
01:17:10,040 --> 01:17:12,090
and fence in town for fuel.

1212
01:17:14,330 --> 01:17:16,330
The Confederates besieging the city

1213
01:17:16,380 --> 01:17:18,140
were in no better shape.

1214
01:17:20,300 --> 01:17:23,070
"In the very acme of our privations and hunger,

1215
01:17:23,120 --> 01:17:25,950
"when the army was most dissatisfied and unhappy,

1216
01:17:26,000 --> 01:17:30,280
"we were ordered into line to be reviewed
by the honorable Jefferson Davis.

1217
01:17:31,390 --> 01:17:35,240
"When he passed us with his great
retinue of staff officers at full gallop,

1218
01:17:35,290 --> 01:17:37,270
"cheers greeted him with the words

1219
01:17:37,320 --> 01:17:41,390
'send us something to eat, Massa
Jeff, I'm hungry, I'm hungry!'"

1220
01:17:41,610 --> 01:17:43,050
Sam Watkins.

1221
01:17:50,090 --> 01:17:52,280
In October, Ulysses S. Grant,

1222
01:17:52,330 --> 01:17:56,430
now in command of all Union armies
from the Appalachians to the Mississippi,

1223
01:17:56,530 --> 01:17:58,920
hurried to Chattanooga and immediately

1224
01:17:58,970 --> 01:18:01,200
replaced Rosecrans with Thomas.

1225
01:18:02,470 --> 01:18:05,130
Braxton Bragg's Confederate army now occupied

1226
01:18:05,180 --> 01:18:08,690
the six-mile crest of Missionary Ridge east of the city.

1227
01:18:09,160 --> 01:18:12,270
Confederate guns were massed on the 2,000-foot summit

1228
01:18:12,350 --> 01:18:15,480
of nearby Lookout Mountain, south of town.

1229
01:18:17,840 --> 01:18:21,850
Grant, down in Chattanooga, resolved to drive them off.

1230
01:18:24,150 --> 01:18:27,670
The Battle of Chattanooga began on November 24th.

1231
01:18:30,900 --> 01:18:33,200
Union troops stormed Lookout Mountain,

1232
01:18:33,250 --> 01:18:35,160
fighting through such dense fog

1233
01:18:35,210 --> 01:18:38,160
that it was remembered as the "battle above the clouds."

1234
01:18:55,740 --> 01:18:58,380
During the night, a besieged Bragg withdrew

1235
01:18:58,430 --> 01:19:01,820
from the summit of Lookout Mountain
to nearby Missionary Ridge.

1236
01:19:11,670 --> 01:19:13,910
Just before dawn the next morning,

1237
01:19:13,960 --> 01:19:16,910
federals stepped out onto an overhanging rock,

1238
01:19:17,080 --> 01:19:20,150
and as the sun rose, unfurled their flag.

1239
01:19:20,670 --> 01:19:23,120
Thousands of Union men in the valley below

1240
01:19:23,170 --> 01:19:25,180
broke into a thunderous cheer.

1241
01:19:26,150 --> 01:19:27,910
The Union had won.

1242
01:19:32,520 --> 01:19:36,260
The next Union task was to take Missionary Ridge.

1243
01:19:37,130 --> 01:19:40,280
In command at the bottom of the hill was 115-pound.

1244
01:19:40,380 --> 01:19:42,160
General Phil Sheridan,

1245
01:19:42,210 --> 01:19:44,330
who pulled a flask from his pocket

1246
01:19:44,380 --> 01:19:47,140
and toasted the Confederate gunners above him.

1247
01:19:47,400 --> 01:19:49,300
"Here's at you," he said.

1248
01:19:49,870 --> 01:19:53,900
The rebels opened fire, spattering
him and his officers with dirt.

1249
01:19:54,370 --> 01:19:56,950
"That was ungenerous," Sheridan said,

1250
01:19:57,070 --> 01:19:59,010
"I'll take your guns for that."

1251
01:20:03,750 --> 01:20:06,570
"Who ordered those men up the hill?" Grant asked.

1252
01:20:06,840 --> 01:20:08,800
"No one," an aide replied.

1253
01:20:08,970 --> 01:20:10,970
"They started up without orders."

1254
01:20:11,020 --> 01:20:12,750
"When those fellows get started,"

1255
01:20:12,800 --> 01:20:14,610
"all hell can't stop them."

1256
01:20:17,010 --> 01:20:20,360
"Those defending the heights became more and more desperate

1257
01:20:20,410 --> 01:20:22,590
"as our men approached the top.

1258
01:20:22,640 --> 01:20:26,490
"They shouted 'Chickamauga' as
though the word itself were a weapon."

1259
01:20:26,540 --> 01:20:30,190
"They thrust cartridges into guns by the handsful."

1260
01:20:30,240 --> 01:20:33,490
"They lighted the fuses of shells and rolled them down,"

1261
01:20:33,640 --> 01:20:37,140
"but nothing could stop the force of the charge."

1262
01:20:43,620 --> 01:20:46,850
"John Williams, South Carolina,"

1263
01:20:46,900 --> 01:20:51,630
"killed at Missionary Ridge, Tennessee, November, 1863."

1264
01:21:04,000 --> 01:21:06,900
Under Grant's leadership, the Union Army had broken

1265
01:21:06,950 --> 01:21:09,340
the Confederate siege at Chattanooga.

1266
01:21:10,060 --> 01:21:12,410
It was another triumph for Grant.

1267
01:21:14,390 --> 01:21:16,420
"It was a great victory," Sherman said,

1268
01:21:16,470 --> 01:21:19,120
"the neatest and cleanest battle I was ever in."

1269
01:21:19,270 --> 01:21:22,100
"And Grant deserves the credit of it all."

1270
01:21:31,440 --> 01:21:33,050
In the weeks that followed,

1271
01:21:33,100 --> 01:21:35,540
everybody posed on Lookout Mountain.

1272
01:22:12,420 --> 01:22:14,710
General Thomas ordered a Union cemetery

1273
01:22:14,760 --> 01:22:17,220
laid out on a hill called “Orchard Knob”

1274
01:22:17,270 --> 01:22:19,200
that had seen savage fighting.

1275
01:22:20,770 --> 01:22:23,860
A chaplain asked if the burials should be by state.

1276
01:22:24,230 --> 01:22:26,450
"No, no. Mix them up," Thomas said,

1277
01:22:26,500 --> 01:22:28,720
"I'm tired of states' rights."

1278
01:22:36,060 --> 01:22:38,360
At the capitol in Washington at noon

1279
01:22:38,410 --> 01:22:41,290
on December 2nd, 1863,

1280
01:22:41,340 --> 01:22:44,920
a nineteen-foot bronze goddess of "Freedom Triumphant"

1281
01:22:44,970 --> 01:22:47,300
was at last hoisted into place.

1282
01:22:47,570 --> 01:22:49,870
The great dome was finished.

1283
01:22:52,960 --> 01:22:56,410
"I like to stand aside and look a long, long while"

1284
01:22:56,460 --> 01:22:57,880
"up at the dome."

1285
01:22:57,930 --> 01:22:59,930
"It comforts me somehow."

1286
01:23:00,350 --> 01:23:01,820
Walt Whitman.

1287
01:23:04,430 --> 01:23:08,480
"In camp, December 3rd, 1863.

1288
01:23:08,900 --> 01:23:11,510
"It is now just twenty-one days till Christmas.

1289
01:23:11,820 --> 01:23:15,380
"I would give anything if I could be
there to take Christmas with you."

1290
01:23:15,850 --> 01:23:19,430
"Martha, if you get this letter and have
any chance, I wish you would send me"

1291
01:23:19,480 --> 01:23:21,150
"an old woolen quilt,"

1292
01:23:21,200 --> 01:23:25,720
"for I've not got any blankets, and we can't
get any, so I fare bad of a cold night."

1293
01:23:26,040 --> 01:23:27,950
Benjamin Franklin Jackson.

1294
01:23:29,840 --> 01:23:32,850
"Christmas Day, 1863.

1295
01:23:33,210 --> 01:23:36,250
"General Buckner had seen a Yankee pictorial.

1296
01:23:36,300 --> 01:23:38,520
"Angels were sent down from heaven

1297
01:23:38,570 --> 01:23:40,820
"to bear up Stonewall's soul.

1298
01:23:41,090 --> 01:23:44,320
"They could not find it, flew back, sorrowing."

1299
01:23:44,370 --> 01:23:46,880
"When they got to the golden gates above,"

1300
01:23:46,930 --> 01:23:49,930
"they found Stonewall, by a rapid flank movement,"

1301
01:23:49,980 --> 01:23:52,570
"had already cut his way in."

1302
01:23:53,230 --> 01:23:54,830
Mary Chesnut.

1303
01:23:56,100 --> 01:23:59,170
"This year has brought about many changes

1304
01:23:59,220 --> 01:24:02,680
"that at the beginning would have been thought impossible.

1305
01:24:02,720 --> 01:24:04,990
"The close of the year finds me a soldier"

1306
01:24:05,040 --> 01:24:07,410
"for the cause of my race."

1307
01:24:08,370 --> 01:24:11,380
"May God bless the cause"

1308
01:24:11,540 --> 01:24:15,710
"and enable me in the coming year to forward it on."

1309
01:24:15,870 --> 01:24:17,770
Christian Fleetwood.

1310
01:24:31,180 --> 01:24:33,640
It was an extremely religious age.

1311
01:24:34,110 --> 01:24:36,480
Both sides wanted to get right with God.

1312
01:24:36,530 --> 01:24:39,120
John Brown said he was an instrument in the hands of God

1313
01:24:39,170 --> 01:24:41,870
to bring him to Harpers Ferry
to free the slaves and perhaps

1314
01:24:41,920 --> 01:24:43,360
began the Civil War.

1315
01:24:43,410 --> 01:24:47,360
Abraham Lincoln finally felt that he, too,
was an instrument in the hand of God

1316
01:24:47,410 --> 01:24:50,060
and that God was punishing the
country for the crime of slavery.

1317
01:24:50,110 --> 01:24:53,580
Robert E. Lee said that he was an
instrument in the hands of God

1318
01:24:53,630 --> 01:24:56,090
and said at Gettysburg that it's all in God's hands

1319
01:24:56,140 --> 01:24:58,890
and then sent the cream of his army to its doom.

1320
01:24:59,110 --> 01:25:03,270
They really felt that providence was at work in this war.

1321
01:25:03,540 --> 01:25:06,690
As Lincoln said, "We both pray to the
same God. We both invoked him."

1322
01:25:06,740 --> 01:25:08,450
"We both said we were on his side."

1323
01:25:08,500 --> 01:25:12,950
But it wasn't until 1863, indeed at the
end of the war, that it became clear

1324
01:25:13,000 --> 01:25:15,920
where God's judgment was coming
down... that was on the whole country.

1325
01:25:15,970 --> 01:25:17,790
It must now atone in blood

1326
01:25:17,840 --> 01:25:21,840
for its complicity in wickedness...
the wickedness of slavery.

1327
01:25:39,260 --> 01:25:42,930
The Civil War was fought in 10,000 places...

1328
01:25:43,040 --> 01:25:45,690
at Big Bend, Big Sandy,

1329
01:25:45,740 --> 01:25:47,740
and the Big Sunflower River;

1330
01:25:48,010 --> 01:25:49,850
from Bunker Hill, West Virginia,

1331
01:25:49,900 --> 01:25:53,000
and Blue Springs, Tennessee, and Cairo, Illinois,

1332
01:25:53,100 --> 01:25:57,170
to Golgotha Church, Georgia and Christianburg, Kentucky;

1333
01:25:58,230 --> 01:26:00,730
at Citrus Point on the Cimarron River,

1334
01:26:00,950 --> 01:26:03,220
and along Cowskin Bottom;

1335
01:26:03,990 --> 01:26:07,020
at Pebbly Run and La Glorieta Pass,

1336
01:26:07,340 --> 01:26:08,930
and Gettysburg.

1337
01:26:11,010 --> 01:26:13,760
I think if I had my choice of all the moments

1338
01:26:13,910 --> 01:26:16,280
to be present at, at the... in that

1339
01:26:16,330 --> 01:26:18,510
war period it would be at Gettysburg

1340
01:26:18,630 --> 01:26:22,630
during Lincoln's delivery of his speech,

1341
01:26:23,000 --> 01:26:26,640
maybe to have seen him craft those
beautiful words, those marvelous

1342
01:26:26,690 --> 01:26:30,270
healing words, and then deliver them.

1343
01:26:31,320 --> 01:26:34,190
They were for everyone for all time.

1344
01:26:37,300 --> 01:26:39,450
It showed his compassion for everyone,

1345
01:26:39,520 --> 01:26:41,570
his love for his people.

1346
01:26:41,730 --> 01:26:43,450
That's where I'd like to be.

1347
01:26:50,570 --> 01:26:53,700
On November 19th, Lincoln traveled to Gettysburg

1348
01:26:53,750 --> 01:26:56,450
to dedicate the new Union cemetery.

1349
01:26:57,070 --> 01:27:00,510
The featured speaker was Edward Everett of Massachusetts,

1350
01:27:00,560 --> 01:27:03,910
a diplomat, clergyman, and celebrated orator.

1351
01:27:04,920 --> 01:27:07,920
The president had been invited almost as an afterthought

1352
01:27:07,970 --> 01:27:10,750
to offer a few "appropriate remarks."

1353
01:27:12,250 --> 01:27:14,950
Everett spoke for not quite two hours,

1354
01:27:15,620 --> 01:27:17,350
then Lincoln rose.

1355
01:27:19,330 --> 01:27:22,580
A local photographer took his time focusing.

1356
01:27:22,630 --> 01:27:26,400
Presumably the president could be
counted on to go on for a while.

1357
01:27:28,350 --> 01:27:31,990
But he spoke just 269 words.

1358
01:27:32,060 --> 01:27:34,290
He started off by reminding his audience

1359
01:27:34,340 --> 01:27:38,040
that just eighty-seven years had passed
since the founding of the nation,

1360
01:27:38,410 --> 01:27:41,510
and then he went on to embolden the Union cause

1361
01:27:41,550 --> 01:27:44,660
with some of the most stirring words ever spoken.

1362
01:27:46,870 --> 01:27:48,870
Lincoln was heading back to his seat

1363
01:27:48,920 --> 01:27:51,570
before the photographer could open the shutter.

1364
01:27:58,340 --> 01:28:00,790
He felt that he had failed,

1365
01:28:00,840 --> 01:28:03,690
that it was a poor speech, that the people didn't like it.

1366
01:28:03,740 --> 01:28:06,140
It was so brief... less than two minutes.

1367
01:28:06,190 --> 01:28:07,800
He felt that he had failed.

1368
01:28:07,850 --> 01:28:11,210
Lamon... his friend Ward Lamon...
was sitting next to him on the stand.

1369
01:28:11,260 --> 01:28:13,860
When he sat down, there was just a sprinkling of applause.

1370
01:28:13,910 --> 01:28:16,950
And he said, "Lamon, that speech won't scour."

1371
01:28:17,000 --> 01:28:19,600
That's what you say about a plow in the prairies

1372
01:28:19,650 --> 01:28:21,600
when the mud doesn't come off it.

1373
01:28:22,220 --> 01:28:25,220
"The cheek of every American must tingle with shame"

1374
01:28:25,270 --> 01:28:28,970
"as he reads the silly, flat, dish-watery utterances"

1375
01:28:29,020 --> 01:28:32,520
"of the man who has to be pointed
out to intelligent foreigners"

1376
01:28:32,570 --> 01:28:35,390
"as the President of the United States."

1377
01:28:35,440 --> 01:28:37,130
Chicago Times.

1378
01:28:38,430 --> 01:28:40,440
"Dear Mr. President,

1379
01:28:40,810 --> 01:28:43,720
"I should be glad if I could flatter myself"

1380
01:28:43,770 --> 01:28:46,320
"that I came as near to the central idea"

1381
01:28:46,370 --> 01:28:48,540
"of the occasion in two hours"

1382
01:28:48,590 --> 01:28:51,150
"as you did in two minutes."

1383
01:28:51,710 --> 01:28:53,260
Edward Everett.

1384
01:28:59,610 --> 01:29:02,500
"Four score and seven years ago,

1385
01:29:03,720 --> 01:29:07,720
"our fathers brought forth upon
this continent a new nation,"

1386
01:29:08,050 --> 01:29:10,140
"conceived in liberty"

1387
01:29:10,190 --> 01:29:14,710
"and dedicated to the proposition
that all men are created equal."

1388
01:29:16,510 --> 01:29:20,220
"Now we are engaged in a great civil war,"

1389
01:29:20,430 --> 01:29:24,210
"testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived"

1390
01:29:24,260 --> 01:29:27,260
"and so dedicated can long endure."

1391
01:29:28,840 --> 01:29:32,850
"We are met here on a great battlefield of that war.

1392
01:29:33,360 --> 01:29:35,780
"We have come to dedicate a portion of it

1393
01:29:35,830 --> 01:29:40,000
"as a final resting place for
those who here gave their lives"

1394
01:29:40,050 --> 01:29:42,470
"that their nation might live."

1395
01:29:43,530 --> 01:29:47,400
"It is altogether fitting and
proper that we should do this."

1396
01:29:50,410 --> 01:29:54,390
"But in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate,"

1397
01:29:54,540 --> 01:29:56,800
"we cannot consecrate,"

1398
01:29:56,970 --> 01:29:59,500
"we cannot hallow this ground."

1399
01:30:01,540 --> 01:30:05,200
"The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here

1400
01:30:05,250 --> 01:30:08,550
"have consecrated it far above our poor power

1401
01:30:08,600 --> 01:30:10,480
"to add or detract.

1402
01:30:11,840 --> 01:30:13,710
"The world will little note

1403
01:30:13,760 --> 01:30:16,420
"nor long remember what we say here,

1404
01:30:16,690 --> 01:30:19,340
"but can never forget what they did here.

1405
01:30:20,150 --> 01:30:21,980
"It is for us, the living

1406
01:30:22,030 --> 01:30:24,010
"rather, to be dedicated here

1407
01:30:24,060 --> 01:30:26,830
"to the unfinished work which they have thus far

1408
01:30:26,880 --> 01:30:29,010
"so nobly carried on.

1409
01:30:29,370 --> 01:30:31,990
"It is rather for us to be here dedicated

1410
01:30:32,040 --> 01:30:34,940
"to the great task remaining before us...

1411
01:30:35,140 --> 01:30:37,180
"that from these honored dead

1412
01:30:37,230 --> 01:30:40,420
"we take increased devotion to that cause

1413
01:30:40,470 --> 01:30:44,970
"for which they here gave the
last full measure of devotion,

1414
01:30:45,620 --> 01:30:48,640
"that we here highly resolve

1415
01:30:48,690 --> 01:30:51,770
"that these dead shall not have died in vain,

1416
01:30:52,570 --> 01:30:55,610
"that this nation, under God,

1417
01:30:55,710 --> 01:30:58,440
"shall have a new birth of freedom,"

1418
01:30:58,910 --> 01:31:01,130
"and that government of the people,"

1419
01:31:01,490 --> 01:31:05,490
"by the people, for the people,"

1420
01:31:05,610 --> 01:31:08,330
"shall not perish from the earth."

1421
01:31:17,700 --> 01:31:20,700
<i>We are (we are)</i>

1422
01:31:20,750 --> 01:31:23,450
<i>Climbing (climbing)</i>

1423
01:31:23,500 --> 01:31:26,100
<i>Jacob's (Jacob's)</i>

1424
01:31:26,150 --> 01:31:29,030
<i>Ladder (ladder)</i>

1425
01:31:29,080 --> 01:31:31,680
<i>We are (we are)</i>

1426
01:31:31,730 --> 01:31:34,430
<i>Climbing (climbing)</i>

1427
01:31:34,480 --> 01:31:37,180
<i>Jacob's (Jacob's)</i>

1428
01:31:37,230 --> 01:31:39,730
<i>Ladder (ladder)</i>

1429
01:31:39,780 --> 01:31:42,230
<i>We are (we are)</i>

1430
01:31:42,280 --> 01:31:44,829
<i>Climbing (climbing)</i>

1431
01:31:44,830 --> 01:31:47,480
<i>Jacob's.</i>

1432
01:31:47,530 --> 01:31:49,700
<i>Ladder.</i>

1433
01:31:49,754 --> 01:31:52,350
<i>Soldiers.</i>

1434
01:31:52,450 --> 01:31:55,050
<i>Of the.</i>

1435
01:31:55,100 --> 01:31:57,750
<i>Cross.</i>

1436
01:31:58,040 --> 01:32:00,690
<i>Every (every)</i>

1437
01:32:00,740 --> 01:32:03,390
<i>Rung goes (rung goes)</i>

1438
01:32:03,440 --> 01:32:08,490
<i>Higher (rung goes higher)</i>

1439
01:32:08,673 --> 01:32:11,170
<i>Every (every)</i>

1440
01:32:11,220 --> 01:32:13,920
<i>Rung goes (rung goes)</i>

1441
01:32:13,970 --> 01:32:18,880
<i>Higher (yes, well every) (Higher)</i>

1442
01:32:18,930 --> 01:32:21,579
<i>Every (every)</i>

1443
01:32:21,580 --> 01:32:24,180
<i>Rung goes (rung goes)</i>

1444
01:32:24,230 --> 01:32:29,000
<i>Higher (higher)</i>

1445
01:32:29,050 --> 01:32:31,880
<i>Soldiers (soldiers)</i>

1446
01:32:31,930 --> 01:32:34,380
<i>Of the.</i>

1447
01:32:34,430 --> 01:32:36,830
<i>Cross.</i>

1448
01:32:37,100 --> 01:32:39,600
<i>Do you (do you)</i>

1449
01:32:39,650 --> 01:32:42,200
<i>Thank our (thank our)</i>

1450
01:32:42,250 --> 01:32:44,650
<i>Maker? (Maker?)</i>

1451
01:32:44,700 --> 01:32:47,600
<i>Since when, soldier?</i>

1452
01:32:47,650 --> 01:32:50,200
<i>Do you (do you)</i>

1453
01:32:50,250 --> 01:32:52,799
<i>Thank our (thank our)</i>

1454
01:32:52,800 --> 01:32:55,199
<i>Maker? (Maker?)</i>

1455
01:32:55,200 --> 01:32:57,900
<i>Since when, soldier?</i>

1456
01:32:57,950 --> 01:33:00,500
<i>Do you (do you)</i>

1457
01:33:00,550 --> 01:33:03,100
<i>Thank our (thank our)</i>

1458
01:33:03,150 --> 01:33:07,250
<i>Maker? (Soldier)</i>

1459
01:33:07,300 --> 01:33:10,000
<i>Soldiers (soldiers)</i>

1460
01:33:10,050 --> 01:33:12,600
<i>Of the.</i>

1461
01:33:12,650 --> 01:33:15,000
<i>Cross.</i>

1462
01:33:15,406 --> 01:33:17,800
<i>Rise (rise)</i>

1463
01:33:17,850 --> 01:33:20,400
<i>Shine (shine)</i>

1464
01:33:20,450 --> 01:33:23,050
<i>Give God (give God)</i>

1465
01:33:23,100 --> 01:33:25,450
<i>Your glory (your glory)</i>

1466
01:33:25,500 --> 01:33:28,000
<i>Rise (rise)</i>

1467
01:33:28,050 --> 01:33:30,500
<i>Shine (shine)</i>

1468
01:33:30,550 --> 01:33:33,000
<i>Give God (your glory)</i>

1469
01:33:33,050 --> 01:33:35,400
<i>Your glory (your glory)</i>

1470
01:33:35,450 --> 01:33:37,750
<i>Rise (rise)</i>

1471
01:33:37,800 --> 01:33:39,950
<i>Shine (shine)</i>

1472
01:33:40,000 --> 01:33:44,500
<i>Give God (your glory)</i>

1473
01:33:44,630 --> 01:33:47,230
<i>Soldiers.</i>

1474
01:33:47,330 --> 01:33:49,630
<i>Of the.</i>

1475
01:33:49,680 --> 01:33:52,230
<i>Cross.</i>

1476
01:33:52,570 --> 01:33:55,070
<i>Keep on (keep on)</i>

1477
01:33:55,120 --> 01:33:57,570
<i>Climbing (climbing)</i>

1478
01:33:57,620 --> 01:33:59,920
<i>We will (we will)</i>

1479
01:33:59,970 --> 01:34:02,270
<i>Surely make it (make it)</i>

1480
01:34:02,320 --> 01:34:04,720
<i>Keep on (keep on)</i>

1481
01:34:04,770 --> 01:34:07,020
<i>Climbing (climbing)</i>

1482
01:34:07,070 --> 01:34:09,370
<i>We will (we will)</i>

1483
01:34:09,420 --> 01:34:11,869
<i>Surely make it.</i>

1484
01:34:11,870 --> 01:34:14,270
<i>Keep on (keep on)</i>

1485
01:34:14,320 --> 01:34:16,720
<i>Climbing (climbing)</i>

1486
01:34:16,770 --> 01:34:20,770
<i>We will (we will make it)</i>

1487
01:34:20,970 --> 01:34:23,420
<i>Soldiers.</i>

1488
01:34:23,470 --> 01:34:25,970
<i>Of the.</i>

1489
01:34:26,020 --> 01:34:28,470
<i>Cross.</i>

1490
01:34:28,520 --> 01:34:31,020
<i>Children (children)</i>

1491
01:34:31,070 --> 01:34:33,470
<i>Do you (do you)</i>

1492
01:34:33,520 --> 01:34:35,870
<i>Want your (do you)</i>

1493
01:34:35,920 --> 01:34:38,270
<i>Freedom? (Freedom?)</i>

1494
01:34:38,320 --> 01:34:40,620
<i>Children (tell me)</i>

1495
01:34:40,670 --> 01:34:43,020
<i>Do you (do you)</i>

1496
01:34:43,070 --> 01:34:45,420
<i>Want your (do you)</i>

1497
01:34:45,470 --> 01:34:47,420
<i>Freedom?</i>

1498
01:34:47,470 --> 01:34:49,920
<i>Do you (do you)</i>

1499
01:34:49,970 --> 01:34:52,320
<i>Do you (do you)</i>

1500
01:34:52,370 --> 01:34:54,670
<i>Want your.</i>

1501
01:34:54,720 --> 01:34:56,870
<i>Freedom.</i>

1502
01:34:56,920 --> 01:34:59,320
<i>Soldiers.</i>

1503
01:34:59,370 --> 01:35:01,520
<i>Of the.</i>

1504
01:35:01,570 --> 01:35:03,520
<i>Cross?</i>

1505
01:35:04,000 --> 01:35:06,240
<i>Soldiers.</i>

1506
01:35:06,490 --> 01:35:08,940
<i>Of the.</i>

1507
01:35:08,990 --> 01:35:11,440
<i>Cross</i>