1
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Private Edwin Tennison,

2
00:00:13,580 --> 00:00:16,100
killed in action at Malvern Hill,

3
00:00:16,200 --> 00:00:19,660
July 1st, 1862.

4
00:00:59,010 --> 00:01:03,010
During the Civil War, photographers
followed the armies everywhere

5
00:01:03,060 --> 00:01:06,260
to make proud portraits for the boys to send home

6
00:01:06,460 --> 00:01:09,520
and to capture as much of the
action as cumbersome equipment

7
00:01:09,620 --> 00:01:12,030
and slow shutter speeds allowed.

8
00:01:14,200 --> 00:01:18,200
Near the battle of Fair Oaks, Virginia,
Captain George Armstrong Custer

9
00:01:18,370 --> 00:01:20,260
paused to have his picture taken

10
00:01:20,310 --> 00:01:22,040
with J. B. Washington,

11
00:01:22,090 --> 00:01:24,630
a close friend and classmate from West Point...

12
00:01:24,700 --> 00:01:26,470
and now a Confederate Lieutenant

13
00:01:26,520 --> 00:01:29,720
who had just that morning been captured by federal pickets.

14
00:01:47,060 --> 00:01:49,460
As 1862 dragged on,

15
00:01:49,510 --> 00:01:52,080
the character of the war was changing,

16
00:01:52,650 --> 00:01:55,290
and much of the country was changing with it.

17
00:01:58,590 --> 00:02:01,710
By 1862, more than a million farm workers

18
00:02:01,760 --> 00:02:03,870
had enlisted in the Union army,

19
00:02:04,190 --> 00:02:08,720
and travelers in the Midwest saw more
women at work in the fields than men.

20
00:02:20,000 --> 00:02:23,320
The year, which had begun so promisingly for the North,

21
00:02:23,390 --> 00:02:25,100
had now gone awry.

22
00:02:25,320 --> 00:02:28,570
U. S. Grant's triumphs at Donelson and Shiloh

23
00:02:28,670 --> 00:02:31,800
were being overshadowed by disasters in the east.

24
00:02:33,120 --> 00:02:38,130
In Virginia, Union General George
McClellan's army sat outside Richmond,

25
00:02:38,700 --> 00:02:41,740
its commander in possession of vastly greater forces,

26
00:02:41,910 --> 00:02:44,210
but without the will to fight.

27
00:02:47,560 --> 00:02:49,420
Meanwhile, the Confederacy

28
00:02:49,470 --> 00:02:52,700
was beginning to appreciate the
brilliance of a new commander,

29
00:02:52,750 --> 00:02:54,200
Robert E. Lee,

30
00:02:54,300 --> 00:02:56,510
who would soon establish a reputation

31
00:02:56,670 --> 00:02:59,930
as one of the greatest military leaders of all time.

32
00:03:05,550 --> 00:03:08,430
And there was still more trouble for the Union:

33
00:03:08,530 --> 00:03:11,300
at Blackburn, England, a public meeting declared

34
00:03:11,350 --> 00:03:14,580
that it was impossible for the North to vanquish the South

35
00:03:15,150 --> 00:03:18,280
and called for a negotiated settlement of the war.

36
00:03:20,000 --> 00:03:23,000
With Europe poised to recognize the Confederacy,

37
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the unthinkable looked increasingly likely...

38
00:03:26,840 --> 00:03:29,660
the Union was going to lose the war.

39
00:03:32,610 --> 00:03:35,340
"We must change our tactics or lose the game,"

40
00:03:35,390 --> 00:03:38,210
Abraham Lincoln wrote in 1862.

41
00:03:38,670 --> 00:03:41,670
To Lincoln, it was clear now that it was no longer possible

42
00:03:41,720 --> 00:03:43,640
to restore the old Union:

43
00:03:43,740 --> 00:03:46,200
a new one had to be embraced.

44
00:03:47,210 --> 00:03:50,610
By summer, he knew what tactic was needed to win the war...

45
00:03:50,710 --> 00:03:52,300
emancipation...

46
00:03:52,760 --> 00:03:55,210
but doubted whether he would ever have the political

47
00:03:55,260 --> 00:03:58,010
or military opportunity to use it.

48
00:04:03,700 --> 00:04:07,190
"I find it hard to maintain my lively faith in the triumph"

49
00:04:07,240 --> 00:04:08,950
"of the nation and the law."

50
00:04:09,000 --> 00:04:12,970
New York lawyer George Templeton
Strong confided to his diary.

51
00:04:13,680 --> 00:04:17,610
"These are the darkest days we have seen since Bull Run."

52
00:04:20,210 --> 00:04:23,080
What no one knew was that the year would soon see

53
00:04:23,130 --> 00:04:25,130
the bloodiest day of the war,

54
00:04:25,300 --> 00:04:27,240
and then the brightest.

55
00:04:29,100 --> 00:04:32,380
It could have been a very ugly, filthy war

56
00:04:32,430 --> 00:04:35,720
with no redeeming characteristics at all,

57
00:04:37,190 --> 00:04:41,530
and it was the battle for emancipation

58
00:04:41,690 --> 00:04:43,890
and the people who pushed it forward...

59
00:04:43,940 --> 00:04:47,670
the slaves, the free black people, the abolitionists,

60
00:04:47,820 --> 00:04:50,140
and a lot of ordinary citizens...

61
00:04:50,190 --> 00:04:53,750
it was they who ennobled what otherwise would have been

62
00:04:53,900 --> 00:04:56,880
meaningless carnage into something higher.

63
00:05:11,670 --> 00:05:14,860
Outside Richmond, George McClellan continued to call

64
00:05:14,910 --> 00:05:16,810
anxiously for more troops,

65
00:05:16,860 --> 00:05:19,530
though his 110,000-man force

66
00:05:19,580 --> 00:05:23,290
already greatly outnumbered Joseph Johnston's army.

67
00:05:25,000 --> 00:05:28,190
Meanwhile, west of the Blue Ridge in the Shenandoah Valley,

68
00:05:28,240 --> 00:05:30,340
General Thomas J. Jackson

69
00:05:30,390 --> 00:05:33,450
was keeping three federal armies busy.

70
00:05:46,710 --> 00:05:50,390
"Always mystify, mislead, and surprise the enemy,

71
00:05:50,490 --> 00:05:52,630
"and when you strike and overcome him,

72
00:05:52,680 --> 00:05:54,770
"never let up in the pursuit.

73
00:05:55,030 --> 00:05:58,040
"Never fight against heavy odds if you can hurl your force"

74
00:05:58,100 --> 00:06:00,740
"on only a part of your enemy and crush it."

75
00:06:01,110 --> 00:06:03,970
"A small army may thus destroy a large one,"

76
00:06:04,020 --> 00:06:07,200
"and repeated victory will make it invincible."

77
00:06:08,100 --> 00:06:10,150
General T. J. Jackson.

78
00:06:11,610 --> 00:06:14,270
He was a true eccentric:

79
00:06:14,420 --> 00:06:17,960
he believed that if he had pepper in his food,

80
00:06:18,010 --> 00:06:19,960
it would make his left leg ache;

81
00:06:20,720 --> 00:06:23,310
he would never mail a letter

82
00:06:23,360 --> 00:06:25,750
that would be in transit on a Sunday;

83
00:06:26,420 --> 00:06:28,830
he was a strict observer of the Sabbath,

84
00:06:28,980 --> 00:06:31,510
and yet so many of his battles were fought on Sundays

85
00:06:31,560 --> 00:06:34,600
that the soldiers began to believe
that he would fight on Sunday

86
00:06:35,000 --> 00:06:37,680
because the Lord would be even more with him.

87
00:06:39,140 --> 00:06:42,160
Jackson was a pious, blue-eyed killer,

88
00:06:42,210 --> 00:06:44,940
utterly untroubled by the likelihood of death.

89
00:06:45,460 --> 00:06:47,950
It was a man's "entire duty," he said,

90
00:06:48,000 --> 00:06:49,860
"to pray and fight."

91
00:06:50,920 --> 00:06:53,869
"He would have a man shot at the drop of a hat,"

92
00:06:53,870 --> 00:06:55,620
"and he'd drop it himself."

93
00:06:55,890 --> 00:06:57,500
Sam Watkins.

94
00:06:58,160 --> 00:07:01,960
He had a strange quality of overlooking suffering.

95
00:07:02,130 --> 00:07:05,890
There was a... during one of the
battles, he had a young courier,

96
00:07:06,090 --> 00:07:08,940
and Jackson looked around for him, and he wasn't there,

97
00:07:08,990 --> 00:07:10,890
and he said, "Where is Lieutenant So-and-so?"

98
00:07:10,940 --> 00:07:13,150
And they said, "He was killed, General."

99
00:07:13,200 --> 00:07:16,240
Jackson said, "Very commendable, very commendable,"

100
00:07:16,810 --> 00:07:19,170
and then put him out of his mind.

101
00:07:21,050 --> 00:07:25,760
"All old Jackson gave us was a musket,
100 rounds, and a gum blanket,"

102
00:07:25,810 --> 00:07:28,030
"and he drove us like hell."

103
00:07:28,690 --> 00:07:32,200
His men did not love him. He was too grim, too remote,

104
00:07:32,250 --> 00:07:34,130
and he demanded too much.

105
00:07:34,400 --> 00:07:36,100
Some thought him mad.

106
00:07:36,200 --> 00:07:38,950
He believed that only by keeping one hand in the air

107
00:07:39,000 --> 00:07:41,920
could he stop himself from going out of balance,

108
00:07:42,070 --> 00:07:45,850
and he sucked constantly on
lemons, even in the midst of battle.

109
00:07:46,520 --> 00:07:50,370
Others worried that his religious
fervor would cloud his judgment.

110
00:07:50,440 --> 00:07:54,540
His command, Jackson said, was "an army of the living God",

111
00:07:54,590 --> 00:07:56,500
"as well as of its country."

112
00:07:57,760 --> 00:08:02,190
But his men were willing to endure the
36-mile-a-day marches he demanded

113
00:08:02,390 --> 00:08:04,660
because he brought them victories.

114
00:08:08,490 --> 00:08:12,800
It was Jackson's duty in the
Shenandoah to unsettle the Union

115
00:08:12,900 --> 00:08:16,220
and keep Washington from reinforcing McClellan.

116
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Operating in the midst of three federal armies,

117
00:08:21,010 --> 00:08:24,160
each with more men than his own force of 17,000,

118
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Jackson lashed out at one army and then another.

119
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Armed with a detailed map that stretched 8½ feet,

120
00:08:31,810 --> 00:08:34,030
he surprised them every time...

121
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at Winchester, Front Royal,

122
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Cross Keys, Port Republic,

123
00:08:39,950 --> 00:08:42,030
and a half-dozen other places.

124
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After routing Nathaniel Banks'
army at the battle of Winchester,

125
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Jackson chased it all the way to the Potomac.

126
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"Stop, men," Banks shouted to his retreating troops.

127
00:08:55,240 --> 00:08:57,050
"Don't you love your country?"

128
00:08:57,100 --> 00:08:58,830
"Yes, by God," said one,

129
00:08:58,880 --> 00:09:02,030
"and I'm trying to get back to it just as fast as I can."

130
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Jackson's Valley Campaign was a triumph.

131
00:09:22,140 --> 00:09:25,940
In just over a month, his men marched almost 400 miles,

132
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inflicted 7,000 casualties,

133
00:09:28,430 --> 00:09:31,680
seized huge quantities of badly needed supplies,

134
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and kept almost 40,000 federal troops off the peninsula.

135
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"He who does not see the hand of God in this"

136
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"is blind, sir, blind."

137
00:09:51,570 --> 00:09:53,210
"There is no doubt

138
00:09:53,260 --> 00:09:56,840
"that Jefferson Davis and other leaders
of the South have made an army.

139
00:09:57,060 --> 00:09:59,650
"They are making, it appears, a navy,

140
00:09:59,720 --> 00:10:02,110
"and they have made what is more than either:"

141
00:10:02,160 --> 00:10:04,390
"they have made a nation."

142
00:10:05,110 --> 00:10:07,730
"We may anticipate with certainty the success"

143
00:10:07,780 --> 00:10:09,320
"of the Southern States."

144
00:10:09,590 --> 00:10:11,590
William E. Gladstone.

145
00:10:13,480 --> 00:10:16,260
Confederate gospel held that Britain and France

146
00:10:16,310 --> 00:10:18,870
could not survive without Southern cotton.

147
00:10:19,830 --> 00:10:24,130
Before long, one or both would surely
intervene on behalf of the Confederacy

148
00:10:24,180 --> 00:10:26,320
to end the Union blockade.

149
00:10:27,190 --> 00:10:29,040
To put more pressure on Europe,

150
00:10:29,110 --> 00:10:32,500
the Confederates cut cotton production 90%.

151
00:10:33,410 --> 00:10:38,010
Two-and-a-half million bales were burned
or left to rot on Confederate wharves

152
00:10:38,060 --> 00:10:40,400
to keep it out of English hands.

153
00:10:41,860 --> 00:10:44,660
Now, in addition to directing a war at home,

154
00:10:44,760 --> 00:10:46,880
Lincoln had to find a way to keep Europe

155
00:10:46,930 --> 00:10:49,360
from coming in on the side of the South.

156
00:10:52,470 --> 00:10:56,420
And increasingly, in the North,
there was pressure for emancipation,

157
00:10:56,750 --> 00:10:58,740
and it came from unlikely people

158
00:10:58,800 --> 00:11:00,700
in unlikely places.

159
00:11:12,800 --> 00:11:15,250
On May 1st, 1862,

160
00:11:15,300 --> 00:11:17,770
Lincoln named General Benjamin F. Butler.

161
00:11:17,820 --> 00:11:20,740
Military Governor of occupied New Orleans.

162
00:11:21,840 --> 00:11:23,590
Butler went right to work.

163
00:11:23,850 --> 00:11:27,970
He hanged a man suspected of
having desecrated the American flag.

164
00:11:28,020 --> 00:11:30,190
He closed a Secessionist newspaper;

165
00:11:30,350 --> 00:11:32,460
confiscated the property of citizens

166
00:11:32,510 --> 00:11:34,900
who refused to swear allegiance to the Union,

167
00:11:35,070 --> 00:11:37,480
and was given the scornful nickname "Spoons"

168
00:11:37,530 --> 00:11:40,000
for allegedly pocketing silverware.

169
00:11:42,580 --> 00:11:45,900
New Orleans women routinely insulted his troops.

170
00:11:46,370 --> 00:11:48,640
When a woman in the French Quarter leaned from a window

171
00:11:48,690 --> 00:11:51,830
to dump her chamber pot on the head of Admiral Farragut,

172
00:11:52,000 --> 00:11:54,790
Butler issued General Order Number 28.

173
00:11:55,550 --> 00:11:59,500
"As officers and soldiers of the United States

174
00:11:59,550 --> 00:12:02,690
"have been subject to repeated insults

175
00:12:02,790 --> 00:12:05,540
"from the women calling themselves.

176
00:12:05,590 --> 00:12:07,840
"'Ladies of New Orleans, '

177
00:12:08,010 --> 00:12:10,180
"it is ordered that, hereafter,

178
00:12:10,230 --> 00:12:12,640
"when any female shall,

179
00:12:12,810 --> 00:12:16,810
"by word, gesture, or movement, insult

180
00:12:16,960 --> 00:12:20,960
"or show contempt for any officer or soldier

181
00:12:21,010 --> 00:12:22,880
"of the United States,"

182
00:12:22,930 --> 00:12:25,980
"she shall be regarded and held"

183
00:12:26,080 --> 00:12:29,750
"liable to be treated as a woman of the town"

184
00:12:29,910 --> 00:12:33,210
"plying her avocation."

185
00:12:33,370 --> 00:12:35,720
General Benjamin Butler.

186
00:12:36,920 --> 00:12:40,460
Southerners were outraged and called Butler "The Beast."

187
00:12:40,510 --> 00:12:43,050
A New Orleans entrepreneur sold chamber pots

188
00:12:43,100 --> 00:12:46,460
featuring Butler's portrait inside the bowl.

189
00:12:47,630 --> 00:12:49,480
In Charleston, South Carolina,

190
00:12:49,530 --> 00:12:52,740
a private citizen offered a $10,000 reward

191
00:12:52,810 --> 00:12:55,220
for the capture of "Beast" Ben Butler...

192
00:12:55,270 --> 00:12:56,780
dead or alive.

193
00:12:57,150 --> 00:13:00,150
But the harassment of his men stopped.

194
00:13:02,340 --> 00:13:04,340
With the Union Army so near,

195
00:13:04,390 --> 00:13:07,620
unrest on Louisiana plantations increased.

196
00:13:07,830 --> 00:13:11,730
When desperate slave owners began
complaining of rebellious blacks,

197
00:13:11,830 --> 00:13:14,860
Butler declared the planters disloyal to the Union,

198
00:13:15,120 --> 00:13:17,490
then took away their slaves.

199
00:13:17,960 --> 00:13:21,430
"Go to the Yankees," one slave-holder told his slaves.

200
00:13:21,800 --> 00:13:23,900
"They are kings here now."

201
00:13:25,970 --> 00:13:28,570
"I have been reading so much about the Yankees,

202
00:13:28,620 --> 00:13:31,100
"I was very anxious to see them.

203
00:13:31,770 --> 00:13:34,870
"The whites would tell their colored
people not to go to the Yankees,

204
00:13:34,920 --> 00:13:36,730
"for they would harness them to carts

205
00:13:36,780 --> 00:13:40,080
"and make them pull the carts around in place of horses.

206
00:13:41,150 --> 00:13:44,030
"I asked grandmother one day if this was true.

207
00:13:44,190 --> 00:13:46,460
"She replied, 'certainly not',

208
00:13:47,300 --> 00:13:51,230
"that the white people did not want
slaves to go over to the Yankees

209
00:13:51,280 --> 00:13:53,730
"and told them these things to frighten them."

210
00:13:53,880 --> 00:13:57,670
"I wanted to see those wonderful Yankees so much,"

211
00:13:57,770 --> 00:14:00,210
"as I heard my parents say that the Yankees"

212
00:14:00,260 --> 00:14:02,990
"was going to set all the slaves free."

213
00:14:03,310 --> 00:14:05,260
Susan King Taylor.

214
00:14:08,470 --> 00:14:11,090
The slaves understood

215
00:14:11,140 --> 00:14:14,960
that that war was about slavery before it was a war.

216
00:14:15,980 --> 00:14:19,120
They made a nuisance for the army,
and they also made an issue

217
00:14:19,170 --> 00:14:21,070
hat the army had to deal with.

218
00:14:21,120 --> 00:14:22,870
And if the army had to deal with it,

219
00:14:22,920 --> 00:14:24,850
the War Department had to deal with it.

220
00:14:24,900 --> 00:14:26,900
If the War Department had to deal with it,

221
00:14:26,950 --> 00:14:28,770
Congress had to deal with it.

222
00:14:28,820 --> 00:14:31,370
That means that every fugitive slave

223
00:14:31,420 --> 00:14:33,090
who made a nuisance of himself

224
00:14:33,160 --> 00:14:34,860
to the local commander

225
00:14:34,910 --> 00:14:37,400
eventually made a figure of himself

226
00:14:37,450 --> 00:14:39,760
to the Congress of the United States.

227
00:14:40,830 --> 00:14:43,440
Congress, controlled by Republicans,

228
00:14:43,490 --> 00:14:47,240
now forbade the army to return slaves to their masters,

229
00:14:47,750 --> 00:14:51,410
and in June, it outlawed slavery in the territories,

230
00:14:51,460 --> 00:14:54,810
finally reversing the old Dred Scott decision.

231
00:14:55,070 --> 00:14:58,230
"Only the damnedest of damned abolitionists dreamed"

232
00:14:58,280 --> 00:14:59,860
"of such things a year ago."

233
00:14:59,960 --> 00:15:02,380
"John Brown's soul is marching on,"

234
00:15:02,530 --> 00:15:04,530
"with the people after it."

235
00:15:04,780 --> 00:15:06,830
George Templeton Strong.

236
00:15:08,620 --> 00:15:12,880
"The slavery question perplexes the
president almost as much as ever,

237
00:15:13,150 --> 00:15:15,100
"and yet I think he's about to emerge"

238
00:15:15,150 --> 00:15:17,520
"from the obscurities where he has been groping"

239
00:15:17,570 --> 00:15:19,620
"into somewhat clearer light."

240
00:15:19,840 --> 00:15:22,000
"So, you see, the man moves."

241
00:15:22,270 --> 00:15:24,220
Salmon P Chase.

242
00:15:26,050 --> 00:15:29,010
"July 4th, 1862."

243
00:15:29,970 --> 00:15:32,460
"I would do it if I were not afraid"

244
00:15:32,510 --> 00:15:35,040
"that half the officers would fling down their arms"

245
00:15:35,090 --> 00:15:37,540
"and three more states would rise."

246
00:15:38,890 --> 00:15:41,040
Lincoln continued to back a plan

247
00:15:41,090 --> 00:15:44,230
to pay $400 for every slave freed

248
00:15:44,350 --> 00:15:46,100
and then encourage the freed men

249
00:15:46,150 --> 00:15:49,620
to sail off to a colony in Africa or Central America.

250
00:15:52,660 --> 00:15:55,580
The abolitionist Wendell Phillips called Abraham Lincoln

251
00:15:55,680 --> 00:15:58,330
a first-rate second-rate man.

252
00:16:00,890 --> 00:16:03,620
I lose patience with the argument that

253
00:16:03,670 --> 00:16:05,910
because of someone's time,

254
00:16:05,960 --> 00:16:10,210
his limitations are therefore
excusable or even praiseworthy.

255
00:16:10,310 --> 00:16:11,870
It is not true

256
00:16:11,920 --> 00:16:15,020
that it was impossible in that time and place

257
00:16:15,070 --> 00:16:16,650
to look any higher.

258
00:16:16,950 --> 00:16:19,160
Think of Wendell Phillips, who,

259
00:16:19,260 --> 00:16:22,100
commenting on Abraham Lincoln's proposal

260
00:16:22,150 --> 00:16:24,870
to colonize black people out of the country,

261
00:16:24,920 --> 00:16:28,190
was sarcastic. He said, "Colonize the blacks?"

262
00:16:28,510 --> 00:16:31,350
"A man might as well colonize his own hands,"

263
00:16:31,400 --> 00:16:33,140
"or when the robber is in his house,"

264
00:16:33,190 --> 00:16:35,930
"he might as well colonize his revolver."

265
00:16:38,800 --> 00:16:43,310
"Emancipation is the demand of civilization,"

266
00:16:43,670 --> 00:16:45,780
"that is a principle;"

267
00:16:46,100 --> 00:16:49,100
"all else is intrigue."

268
00:16:49,860 --> 00:16:51,790
Ralph Waldo Emerson.

269
00:17:05,650 --> 00:17:08,700
On the Virginia peninsula, the rains came,

270
00:17:08,750 --> 00:17:10,980
inundating the bottom lands.

271
00:17:12,930 --> 00:17:17,200
Along the roads outside Richmond, George
McClellan's force was divided in two

272
00:17:17,250 --> 00:17:19,470
by the flooded Chickahominy River.

273
00:17:22,460 --> 00:17:26,630
The rebels saw their chance and
attacked the smaller force on May 31st.

274
00:17:28,420 --> 00:17:31,250
In the fierce fighting that followed,
the Confederates did best

275
00:17:31,300 --> 00:17:33,920
near a crossroads called Seven Pines.

276
00:17:34,490 --> 00:17:37,970
The Union soldiers were most successful at Fair Oaks.

277
00:17:48,350 --> 00:17:52,780
When the battle of Fair Oaks was
over, the North had lost 5,000 men;

278
00:17:53,230 --> 00:17:55,100
the South, 6,000,

279
00:17:55,150 --> 00:17:57,290
and it hadn't changed a thing.

280
00:17:58,360 --> 00:18:01,080
Joseph Johnston, the overall Confederate commander,

281
00:18:01,130 --> 00:18:04,390
was himself severely wounded and carried from the field.

282
00:18:06,300 --> 00:18:10,100
"The shot that struck me down was the
best ever fired for the Confederacy,"

283
00:18:10,150 --> 00:18:13,450
"for I possessed in no degree the
confidence of the government,"

284
00:18:13,910 --> 00:18:16,380
"and now a man who does enjoy it will succeed me"

285
00:18:16,430 --> 00:18:19,340
"and be able to accomplish what I never could."

286
00:18:20,250 --> 00:18:24,810
"His name might be 'Audacity'. He will take
more chances and take them quicker,"

287
00:18:24,860 --> 00:18:28,350
"than any other general in this country, north or south."

288
00:18:29,320 --> 00:18:31,440
Now for the first time in the war,

289
00:18:31,490 --> 00:18:35,120
Robert E. Lee was placed at the head of a major army.

290
00:18:37,550 --> 00:18:39,600
"I prefer Lee to Johnston.

291
00:18:39,950 --> 00:18:43,450
"Lee is too cautious and weak under grave responsibility:"

292
00:18:43,720 --> 00:18:46,350
"personally brave and energetic to a fault, he is"

293
00:18:46,400 --> 00:18:48,889
"yet wanting in moral firmness when pressed by"

294
00:18:48,890 --> 00:18:50,450
"heavy responsibility."

295
00:18:50,650 --> 00:18:52,100
George McClellan.

296
00:18:53,200 --> 00:18:57,100
McClellan completely misjudged
the new Confederate commander.

297
00:18:57,200 --> 00:18:59,100
Robert E. Lee was a fighter.

298
00:18:59,600 --> 00:19:03,220
Wanting to get at the Union men
who had dared invade his state,

299
00:19:03,270 --> 00:19:06,780
Lee renamed his force The Army of Northern Virginia,

300
00:19:06,830 --> 00:19:09,960
seized the initiative, and never let it go.

301
00:19:12,200 --> 00:19:14,570
First, Lee sent his cavalry chief,

302
00:19:14,620 --> 00:19:17,800
Jeb Stuart, to reconnoiter McClellan's forces.

303
00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:20,920
Stuart now led 1,200 troopers on a pounding,

304
00:19:20,970 --> 00:19:23,570
three-day, 150-mile ride

305
00:19:23,670 --> 00:19:26,180
around McClellan's huge army.

306
00:19:27,410 --> 00:19:31,260
His men burned federal camps, cut down telegraph poles,

307
00:19:31,310 --> 00:19:33,500
took prisoners and horses and mules,

308
00:19:33,550 --> 00:19:38,040
and slowed only to accept bouquets
and kisses from women along the way.

309
00:19:38,290 --> 00:19:41,490
In vain pursuit was Stuart's own father-in-law,

310
00:19:41,540 --> 00:19:45,100
who had stayed loyal to the Union and become a general...

311
00:19:45,810 --> 00:19:49,350
a decision, Stuart said he would "regret but once",

312
00:19:49,550 --> 00:19:52,070
"and that will be continuously."

313
00:20:00,730 --> 00:20:02,630
Throughout the whole campaign,

314
00:20:02,780 --> 00:20:07,130
Lee carefully observed McClellan's
tentative advance up the peninsula.

315
00:20:07,990 --> 00:20:11,940
As McClellan was preparing at
last to lay siege to Richmond,

316
00:20:11,990 --> 00:20:16,140
Lee surprised him first, at Mechanicsville on June 26th.

317
00:20:16,190 --> 00:20:17,960
It was a daring move.

318
00:20:19,100 --> 00:20:23,340
Defying all military convention, Lee divided his tiny force

319
00:20:23,440 --> 00:20:26,000
and then attacked the huge Union army,

320
00:20:26,050 --> 00:20:29,600
gambling that McClellan would be
too cautious to move into Richmond.

321
00:20:31,180 --> 00:20:33,140
Lee's assault didn't work.

322
00:20:33,190 --> 00:20:35,940
He lost 1,500 men at Mechanicsville,

323
00:20:36,040 --> 00:20:37,650
but he would not let up.

324
00:20:37,750 --> 00:20:41,720
Determined to drive McClellan out
of Virginia, Lee kept on the attack.

325
00:20:41,770 --> 00:20:43,190
And so it went.

326
00:20:43,400 --> 00:20:46,170
For seven days, the two armies clashed.

327
00:20:46,280 --> 00:20:47,980
From Gaine's Mill...

328
00:20:49,040 --> 00:20:50,940
from Savage's Station...

329
00:20:52,210 --> 00:20:54,010
to Frayser's Farm...

330
00:20:55,330 --> 00:20:57,030
and Malvern Hill,

331
00:20:57,560 --> 00:20:59,560
where federal gunners stopped the Confederates

332
00:20:59,610 --> 00:21:01,860
who came at them up the long slope.

333
00:21:06,860 --> 00:21:09,710
"Our ears had been filled all night

334
00:21:09,770 --> 00:21:13,020
"with agonizing cries before the fog was lifted.

335
00:21:13,890 --> 00:21:15,740
"But now our eyes saw

336
00:21:15,790 --> 00:21:18,990
"that 5,000 dead or wounded men were on the ground."

337
00:21:19,660 --> 00:21:21,850
"A third of them were dead or dying,"

338
00:21:22,520 --> 00:21:25,790
"but enough of them were alive and moving to give the field"

339
00:21:26,040 --> 00:21:28,840
"a singular crawling effect."

340
00:21:32,750 --> 00:21:35,830
"Each of the battles of those seven days

341
00:21:36,100 --> 00:21:39,390
"brought a harvest of wounded to our hospital."

342
00:21:39,910 --> 00:21:44,240
"I used to veil myself closely as
I walked to and from my hotel,"

343
00:21:44,290 --> 00:21:47,160
"that I might shut out the dreadful sights."

344
00:21:48,690 --> 00:21:51,720
"Once I did see one of those dreadful wagons."

345
00:21:51,940 --> 00:21:54,280
"In it, a stiff arm was raised, and it"

346
00:21:54,330 --> 00:21:56,910
"shook as it was driven down the street,"

347
00:21:57,380 --> 00:22:01,130
"as though the dead owner appealed
to heaven for vengeance."

348
00:22:22,300 --> 00:22:26,560
All but one of the battles of the
seven days were Union victories,

349
00:22:26,710 --> 00:22:29,440
yet McClellan treated them as defeats,

350
00:22:29,950 --> 00:22:33,560
continuing to back down until he
reached the safety of federal gunboats

351
00:22:33,610 --> 00:22:36,060
of at Harrison's Landing on the James River.

352
00:22:36,210 --> 00:22:38,790
Union officers urged a counterattack.

353
00:22:38,840 --> 00:22:41,160
Lee had lost 20,000 men.

354
00:22:41,510 --> 00:22:43,450
McClellan refused.

355
00:22:45,100 --> 00:22:47,960
One officer suggested his commander was motivated

356
00:22:48,010 --> 00:22:50,460
either by "cowardice or treason."

357
00:22:52,270 --> 00:22:56,520
In just one week, Lee had completely
unnerved the Union general

358
00:22:56,570 --> 00:22:59,040
and demonstrated for the first time the strengths

359
00:22:59,090 --> 00:23:01,090
that would make him a legend...

360
00:23:01,240 --> 00:23:03,290
surprise, audacity,

361
00:23:03,340 --> 00:23:06,760
and an eerie ability to read his opponent's mind.

362
00:23:07,810 --> 00:23:09,400
In just seven days,

363
00:23:09,450 --> 00:23:12,450
McClellan had been totally out-generaled.

364
00:23:14,610 --> 00:23:17,660
"I am tired of the sickening sight of the battlefield,"

365
00:23:17,710 --> 00:23:21,160
"with its mangled corpses and poor suffering wounded."

366
00:23:21,730 --> 00:23:25,630
"Victory has no charms for me when purchased at such cost."

367
00:23:28,200 --> 00:23:30,860
On July 7th, an exasperated Lincoln

368
00:23:30,910 --> 00:23:33,540
sailed down to see his commanding general.

369
00:23:33,810 --> 00:23:36,270
He had not lost, McClellan insisted;

370
00:23:36,320 --> 00:23:38,460
he had merely failed to win.

371
00:23:38,510 --> 00:23:42,310
He needed 50,000 more men, or perhaps 100,000.

372
00:23:42,980 --> 00:23:45,980
No such numbers were available, Lincoln told him.

373
00:23:46,640 --> 00:23:49,640
If McClellan did not feel he could resume the offensive,

374
00:23:49,690 --> 00:23:52,390
his men would be withdrawn from the peninsula.

375
00:23:53,700 --> 00:23:56,120
"If I gave McClellan all the men he asks for,

376
00:23:56,170 --> 00:23:58,280
"they couldn't find room to lie down."

377
00:23:58,330 --> 00:24:00,270
"They'd have to sleep standing up."

378
00:24:00,470 --> 00:24:04,470
"Sending men to that army is like
shoveling fleas across a barnyard..."

379
00:24:04,520 --> 00:24:06,480
"Not half of them get there."

380
00:24:09,200 --> 00:24:10,820
"September 3.

381
00:24:10,920 --> 00:24:14,430
"Today we took a steamer and went
up the Potomac past Washington"

382
00:24:14,480 --> 00:24:16,280
"and landed at Georgetown."

383
00:24:16,460 --> 00:24:19,830
"It is hard to have reached the
point we started from last March,"

384
00:24:20,300 --> 00:24:22,950
"and Richmond is still the rebel capital."

385
00:24:23,370 --> 00:24:25,280
Elisha Hunt Rhodes.

386
00:25:11,590 --> 00:25:15,640
Union guns battered Fort Pulaski, Georgia into surrendering

387
00:25:15,690 --> 00:25:18,710
and choked off the Savannah River to Southern ships.

388
00:25:19,860 --> 00:25:23,010
There was fighting at Foyt's Plantation, North Carolina,

389
00:25:23,160 --> 00:25:25,350
St. Andrew's Bay, Florida,

390
00:25:25,920 --> 00:25:27,970
Wartrace, Tennessee,

391
00:25:28,020 --> 00:25:31,600
and at Albuquerque in far-off New Mexico Territory.

392
00:25:36,400 --> 00:25:38,300
"Sea Islands, Georgia.

393
00:25:38,400 --> 00:25:42,110
"Here I am, surrounded by troopers, missionaries,

394
00:25:42,160 --> 00:25:44,960
"contrabands, cotton fields, and serpents,

395
00:25:45,010 --> 00:25:46,670
"in a summer climate,

396
00:25:46,720 --> 00:25:49,200
"disgusted with all things military

397
00:25:49,250 --> 00:25:52,700
"and fighting off malaria with whiskey and tobacco.

398
00:25:53,360 --> 00:25:57,190
"No man seems to realize that here in this little island,

399
00:25:57,240 --> 00:25:58,680
"all around us,

400
00:25:58,730 --> 00:26:02,510
"has begun the solution of the tremendous nigger question."

401
00:26:03,520 --> 00:26:07,220
"Some 10,000 former slaves are thrown upon the hands"

402
00:26:07,270 --> 00:26:09,190
"of the unfortunate government."

403
00:26:09,400 --> 00:26:13,080
"They are the forerunners of hundreds of thousands more."

404
00:26:13,340 --> 00:26:16,220
Lieutenant Charles Francis Adams.

405
00:26:17,190 --> 00:26:20,640
Stationed in places like Hilton Head and Beaufort,

406
00:26:20,690 --> 00:26:23,640
New Englanders got their first taste of the tropics.

407
00:26:24,050 --> 00:26:26,130
None of the 2nd Massachusetts

408
00:26:26,180 --> 00:26:28,580
had ever seen a palm tree before.

409
00:26:29,700 --> 00:26:33,130
When Union forces took parts of the South Carolina coast,

410
00:26:33,180 --> 00:26:35,090
plantation owners fled,

411
00:26:35,140 --> 00:26:39,350
leaving behind empty houses and 10,000 slaves.

412
00:26:41,320 --> 00:26:43,960
Missionaries, teachers and other volunteers

413
00:26:44,010 --> 00:26:46,680
soon arrived to help the newly-liberated.

414
00:26:47,240 --> 00:26:51,160
"We have come to do antislavery work," one teacher wrote.

415
00:26:51,310 --> 00:26:55,280
"We think it noble work, and we will do it nobly."

416
00:26:59,390 --> 00:27:01,000
"My dear wife,

417
00:27:01,920 --> 00:27:05,720
"This day I can address you, thank God,

418
00:27:05,770 --> 00:27:07,450
"as a free man.

419
00:27:07,970 --> 00:27:10,220
"I had a little trouble getting away, but

420
00:27:10,270 --> 00:27:13,870
"as the Lord led the children of
Israel to the land of Canaan,

421
00:27:14,320 --> 00:27:17,119
"so he led me to a land where freedom will reign

422
00:27:17,120 --> 00:27:19,270
"in spite of earth and hell.

423
00:27:20,630 --> 00:27:21,940
"My dear,

424
00:27:22,370 --> 00:27:25,570
"I trust the time will come when we will meet again.

425
00:27:25,930 --> 00:27:28,040
"And if we don't meet on earth,

426
00:27:28,240 --> 00:27:31,350
"we will meet in heaven, where Jesus reigns.

427
00:27:32,320 --> 00:27:34,730
"Dear wife, I must close.

428
00:27:35,050 --> 00:27:37,050
"Rest yourself contented."

429
00:27:37,100 --> 00:27:39,050
"I am free."

430
00:27:39,250 --> 00:27:41,060
"Your affectionate husband."

431
00:27:41,160 --> 00:27:42,920
"Kiss Daniel for me."

432
00:27:43,070 --> 00:27:44,690
John Boston.

433
00:27:49,500 --> 00:27:53,220
At Deer Isle, Maine, people were
afraid to go to the post office,

434
00:27:53,270 --> 00:27:55,390
where the casualty lists were posted.

435
00:27:57,100 --> 00:28:01,810
"New Berne, North Carolina. March 20th, 1862."

436
00:28:01,910 --> 00:28:05,800
"To Mr. John Webster, Jr., Deer Isle, Maine."

437
00:28:05,850 --> 00:28:07,120
"Dear sir..."

438
00:28:08,970 --> 00:28:12,270
"It is with pain that I have to announce to you

439
00:28:12,320 --> 00:28:15,130
"the death of your brother, Charles Gray.

440
00:28:16,100 --> 00:28:19,000
"By his good conduct and bravery while with me,

441
00:28:19,050 --> 00:28:21,040
"he had risen to the rank of corporal,

442
00:28:21,090 --> 00:28:23,940
"and had he lived, I should have promoted him again.

443
00:28:24,210 --> 00:28:27,470
"He was shot through the body at the battle of New Berne.

444
00:28:27,730 --> 00:28:31,440
"His last words were, 'We will never give up.'

445
00:28:31,510 --> 00:28:33,340
"He is buried here.

446
00:28:33,740 --> 00:28:37,690
"His effects I shall send home at the earliest opportunity."

447
00:28:38,040 --> 00:28:40,840
"Yours truly, E. A. P. Brewster,."

448
00:28:40,890 --> 00:28:43,540
"Captain, Commanding Company A,"

449
00:28:43,590 --> 00:28:45,820
"23rd Massachusetts."

450
00:28:48,700 --> 00:28:51,520
Deer Isle had lost its first soldier.

451
00:28:52,380 --> 00:28:56,860
A parcel containing Charles Gray's
personal effects arrived in the mail...

452
00:28:57,900 --> 00:29:01,140
his hat, promotion papers attesting to his valor,

453
00:29:01,190 --> 00:29:03,540
and a cartridge box in which someone had placed

454
00:29:03,590 --> 00:29:05,600
the mangled bullet that killed him.

455
00:29:06,120 --> 00:29:08,310
His mother refused to look at it.

456
00:29:10,750 --> 00:29:14,400
The men of the reduced fishing
fleet struggled to harvest a catch.

457
00:29:14,500 --> 00:29:17,080
Wives tended kitchen gardens and scraped linen

458
00:29:17,210 --> 00:29:20,090
for the lint from which army bandages were made.

459
00:29:22,040 --> 00:29:23,950
More bad news arrived:

460
00:29:24,000 --> 00:29:28,450
Private Alex Henderson had died of
disease at Fort Jackson, Louisiana,

461
00:29:28,550 --> 00:29:31,110
leaving a widow and several children.

462
00:29:35,880 --> 00:29:38,930
At Clarksville, Tennessee, tensions between the town

463
00:29:38,980 --> 00:29:41,930
and the occupying Union army ran high.

464
00:29:43,360 --> 00:29:45,940
Federal troops vandalized Stewart College,

465
00:29:45,990 --> 00:29:48,210
wrecking laboratories and stealing books,

466
00:29:48,310 --> 00:29:50,370
then set up headquarters there.

467
00:29:51,590 --> 00:29:54,010
Soldiers burst in on a Church service,

468
00:29:54,060 --> 00:29:56,930
arrested the preacher, commandeered horses,

469
00:29:57,080 --> 00:29:58,940
and forced reluctant parishioners

470
00:29:58,990 --> 00:30:00,920
to take a loyalty oath.

471
00:30:02,370 --> 00:30:05,870
As much as possible, the residents stayed at home.

472
00:30:17,930 --> 00:30:20,780
The answer to a... a southerner would give you

473
00:30:20,830 --> 00:30:23,520
as to why are you fighting if you were a northerner,

474
00:30:23,570 --> 00:30:25,810
he would say, "I'm fighting 'cause you're down here."

475
00:30:26,410 --> 00:30:30,150
He was being invaded, and he fought,
as he thought, to defend his home.

476
00:30:30,450 --> 00:30:34,650
Lincoln had the much more difficult
job of sending men out to

477
00:30:35,300 --> 00:30:37,810
shoot up somebody else's home,

478
00:30:38,020 --> 00:30:41,580
and he had to unite them before he could do that.

479
00:30:41,640 --> 00:30:45,640
And his way of doing it was double:
one was to say that the...

480
00:30:45,790 --> 00:30:49,740
the republic must be preserved,
not split in two, that was one;

481
00:30:49,790 --> 00:30:52,690
and the other one he gave them as a cause...

482
00:30:52,790 --> 00:30:55,300
the freeing of the slaves.

483
00:30:56,370 --> 00:30:59,770
On the morning of July 22nd, 1862,

484
00:30:59,820 --> 00:31:02,100
the president called a cabinet meeting.

485
00:31:02,500 --> 00:31:05,500
What he said took everyone by surprise.

486
00:31:06,190 --> 00:31:08,360
After long thought, he told them,

487
00:31:08,410 --> 00:31:11,440
he had decided to emancipate the slaves.

488
00:31:13,510 --> 00:31:16,210
It was a stunning moment.

489
00:31:16,410 --> 00:31:19,630
It was against everything Lincoln had promised

490
00:31:19,900 --> 00:31:23,520
all the Republicans and indeed the country...

491
00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:26,580
that he would not become an abolitionist.

492
00:31:26,630 --> 00:31:29,380
He would not strike at slavery where it existed.

493
00:31:29,760 --> 00:31:33,670
And here, suddenly, he was
changing the character of the war.

494
00:31:35,310 --> 00:31:39,980
But Secretary of State Seward worried
that until the army had won a real victory,

495
00:31:40,030 --> 00:31:44,090
emancipation would seem like
the last shriek on the retreat.

496
00:31:45,360 --> 00:31:48,230
Lincoln agreed to wait for a victory.

497
00:31:50,400 --> 00:31:53,050
It's hard to separate one issue from another.

498
00:31:53,100 --> 00:31:55,740
Obviously, Lincoln had to win the war.

499
00:31:56,500 --> 00:31:59,740
He had to keep his respectability

500
00:32:00,160 --> 00:32:04,310
as president of a country that would
not allow itself to be defeated

501
00:32:04,360 --> 00:32:06,160
by a group of rebels.

502
00:32:06,210 --> 00:32:08,320
So that was always an issue,

503
00:32:08,370 --> 00:32:12,520
and it was especially an issue, of course, in 1862.

504
00:32:12,570 --> 00:32:16,010
He could not let himself be made a fool

505
00:32:16,060 --> 00:32:17,760
and the union be made a fool

506
00:32:17,810 --> 00:32:21,840
by standing up for principles that
could not be vindicated on the battlefield.

507
00:32:24,610 --> 00:32:29,260
<i>I have read a fiery gospel.</i>

508
00:32:29,570 --> 00:32:34,360
<i>Writ in burnished rolls of steel.</i>

509
00:32:34,960 --> 00:32:39,760
<i>"As ye deal with my contemners.</i>

510
00:32:39,810 --> 00:32:44,460
<i>"So with you, My grace shall deal".</i>

511
00:32:45,060 --> 00:32:49,860
<i>Let the Hero born of woman.</i>

512
00:32:50,110 --> 00:32:54,860
<i>Crush the serpent with His heel.</i>

513
00:32:55,090 --> 00:32:58,790
<i>Since God is.</i>

514
00:32:59,000 --> 00:33:03,660
<i>Marching on.</i>

515
00:33:19,200 --> 00:33:22,270
Desperate for a victory, Lincoln removed McClellan

516
00:33:22,320 --> 00:33:26,100
and put tall, bombastic John Pope in command.

517
00:33:27,200 --> 00:33:30,620
Pope so often bragged that his
headquarters were in the saddle,

518
00:33:30,670 --> 00:33:32,850
people began to say he had his headquarters

519
00:33:32,900 --> 00:33:35,330
where his hindquarters should have been.

520
00:33:36,490 --> 00:33:38,840
Lincoln was warned at the start that.

521
00:33:38,890 --> 00:33:42,020
Pope was not to be trusted with telling the truth.

522
00:33:42,270 --> 00:33:45,590
And Lincoln said, "I've known the Popes back in Illinois",

523
00:33:45,640 --> 00:33:48,050
"known all of them. They're all liars and braggarts."

524
00:33:48,100 --> 00:33:51,400
"But I don't know of any particular
reason why a liar and a braggart"

525
00:33:51,450 --> 00:33:53,290
"shouldn't make a good general."

526
00:33:55,260 --> 00:33:57,030
Pope wasted no time,

527
00:33:57,080 --> 00:34:00,280
charging into northern Virginia after the rebel armies,

528
00:34:00,430 --> 00:34:02,530
but he was in trouble from the start.

529
00:34:03,230 --> 00:34:07,350
First, Stonewall Jackson fought
him to a standoff at Cedar Mountain.

530
00:34:07,450 --> 00:34:09,200
Jeb Stuart hit him next,

531
00:34:09,250 --> 00:34:13,650
raiding his headquarters and
getting away with $35,000 in cash

532
00:34:13,700 --> 00:34:16,140
and the Union commander's dress coat.

533
00:34:17,210 --> 00:34:20,090
Then the rebels simply disappeared.

534
00:34:23,000 --> 00:34:25,400
It took Pope two days to find them,

535
00:34:25,450 --> 00:34:27,450
dug in along an abandoned railroad

536
00:34:27,500 --> 00:34:30,610
overlooking the old Bull Run battlefield.

537
00:34:32,770 --> 00:34:35,310
On August 29th, Pope attacked,

538
00:34:35,360 --> 00:34:38,360
promising to "Bag the whole crowd."

539
00:34:38,760 --> 00:34:40,480
But the Confederates held,

540
00:34:40,530 --> 00:34:44,150
Jackson's men hurling rocks when ammunition ran low.

541
00:34:47,100 --> 00:34:49,000
At 2:00 the next afternoon,

542
00:34:49,050 --> 00:34:51,250
Confederate General James Longstreet

543
00:34:51,300 --> 00:34:54,810
sent five divisions storming into the Union flank.

544
00:34:57,000 --> 00:34:59,650
It was another Union disaster.

545
00:35:07,510 --> 00:35:10,920
Twenty-five thousand men were killed, wounded, or missing

546
00:35:10,970 --> 00:35:12,660
at Second Bull Run,

547
00:35:13,000 --> 00:35:16,180
five times the figure that had so horrified the country

548
00:35:16,230 --> 00:35:19,130
the first time North and South fought there.

549
00:35:19,990 --> 00:35:22,480
Lincoln sent Pope west to Minnesota

550
00:35:22,530 --> 00:35:24,930
to deal with an uprising among the Sioux

551
00:35:24,980 --> 00:35:28,810
and reluctantly put George McClellan back in command.

552
00:35:29,360 --> 00:35:32,560
"We must use the we have," Lincoln said.

553
00:35:35,590 --> 00:35:37,490
McClellan told his wife

554
00:35:37,540 --> 00:35:40,840
he had been called upon to save the country once again.

555
00:35:49,430 --> 00:35:52,730
"We would ask the North Carolinians if they had any tar,

556
00:35:52,880 --> 00:35:54,910
"and call them 'tar heels.'

557
00:35:55,000 --> 00:35:58,250
"They would reply that they were just out, as they had

558
00:35:58,300 --> 00:36:02,320
"let us Virginians have all they had
to make us stick in the last fight,

559
00:36:02,570 --> 00:36:04,280
"and call us sore backs,

560
00:36:04,330 --> 00:36:06,320
"as they'd knocked all the skin off our backs"

561
00:36:06,370 --> 00:36:08,440
"running over us to get into battle."

562
00:36:08,540 --> 00:36:11,300
"And so it would go, but all in the best of humor,"

563
00:36:11,450 --> 00:36:13,370
"knowing that all did their duty."

564
00:36:13,520 --> 00:36:16,260
John Casler, 33rd Regiment, Virginia Infantry,

565
00:36:16,310 --> 00:36:17,750
Stonewall's Brigade.

566
00:36:18,200 --> 00:36:20,940
You must remember they were all from the same state.

567
00:36:21,710 --> 00:36:24,070
They had followed the same flag.

568
00:36:24,120 --> 00:36:26,220
The battles they had fought in, were...

569
00:36:26,270 --> 00:36:28,320
the names were stitched on that flag.

570
00:36:28,420 --> 00:36:30,630
And there was a great deal of unit pride

571
00:36:30,680 --> 00:36:34,280
and I'm sure there was a great deal of
sadness over the losses that they suffered.

572
00:36:34,830 --> 00:36:37,160
But there was a closeness among those men

573
00:36:37,210 --> 00:36:40,680
that came from years of being exposed to

574
00:36:40,730 --> 00:36:44,150
the most horrendous warfare that I know of.

575
00:36:45,200 --> 00:36:46,630
"Dear father,

576
00:36:46,730 --> 00:36:49,290
"the next morning we had our second battle.

577
00:36:49,690 --> 00:36:52,320
"It was rather strange music to hear the balls

578
00:36:52,370 --> 00:36:54,470
"scream within an inch of my head.

579
00:36:54,820 --> 00:36:58,490
"I had a bullet strike me on top of
the head just as I was going to fire

580
00:36:58,540 --> 00:37:00,840
"and a piece of shell struck my foot.

581
00:37:01,050 --> 00:37:04,100
"A ball hit my finger, and another hit my thumb."

582
00:37:04,400 --> 00:37:08,560
"The firing increased tenfold, and then
it sounded like the rolls of thunder,"

583
00:37:08,710 --> 00:37:12,310
"and all the time every man shouting as loud as he could."

584
00:37:13,100 --> 00:37:16,620
"I got rather more excited than I wish to again."

585
00:37:19,200 --> 00:37:22,720
"I saw the body of a man killed
the previous day this morning,

586
00:37:22,770 --> 00:37:24,950
"and a horrible sight it was.

587
00:37:25,350 --> 00:37:28,350
"Such sights do not affect me as they once did.

588
00:37:28,640 --> 00:37:32,670
"I cannot describe the change,
nor do I know when it took place.

589
00:37:32,720 --> 00:37:34,710
"Yet I know there is a change,"

590
00:37:34,760 --> 00:37:36,970
"for I look on the carcass of a man now"

591
00:37:37,020 --> 00:37:39,490
"with pretty much the same feeling as I would do"

592
00:37:39,540 --> 00:37:41,800
"were it a horse or a hog."

593
00:37:43,820 --> 00:37:47,320
"Sunday, a soldier of Company A died and was buried."

594
00:37:47,590 --> 00:37:50,160
"Everything went on as if nothing had happened,"

595
00:37:50,380 --> 00:37:53,660
"for death is so common that little sentiment is wasted."

596
00:37:54,630 --> 00:37:57,050
"It is not like death at home."

597
00:37:57,720 --> 00:37:59,690
Elisha Hunt Rhodes.

598
00:38:05,140 --> 00:38:07,570
Falling back from the Bull Run battlefield,

599
00:38:07,620 --> 00:38:12,130
Union troops skirmished briefly with
rebel forces at Falls Church, Virginia,

600
00:38:12,180 --> 00:38:16,470
where the men stopped long enough to
scribble their names on the chapel walls.

601
00:38:18,400 --> 00:38:22,600
"In great contests," Abraham Lincoln
wrote as the summer waned,

602
00:38:22,650 --> 00:38:26,520
"each party claims to act in
accordance with the will of God."

603
00:38:27,580 --> 00:38:31,560
"Both may be, but one must be, wrong."

604
00:38:32,380 --> 00:38:34,780
"God cannot be for and against"

605
00:38:34,830 --> 00:38:37,250
"the same thing at the same time."

606
00:38:43,030 --> 00:38:45,740
"August 20th, 1862.

607
00:38:45,890 --> 00:38:47,980
"An open letter to the president:

608
00:38:49,150 --> 00:38:51,200
"We think you are unduly influenced

609
00:38:51,250 --> 00:38:54,200
"by the counsels of certain fossil politicians

610
00:38:54,250 --> 00:38:56,590
"hailing from border slave states.

611
00:38:56,640 --> 00:38:59,900
"We ask you to consider that slavery is everywhere

612
00:39:00,000 --> 00:39:04,140
"the inciting cause and sustaining base of treason."

613
00:39:04,400 --> 00:39:07,200
"It seems to us the most obvious truth"

614
00:39:07,250 --> 00:39:10,370
"that whatever strengthens or fortifies slavery"

615
00:39:10,420 --> 00:39:14,280
"drives home the wedge intended to divide the Union."

616
00:39:14,650 --> 00:39:16,220
Horace Greeley.

617
00:39:17,580 --> 00:39:19,190
"August 22nd.

618
00:39:20,040 --> 00:39:24,740
"My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union

619
00:39:24,890 --> 00:39:29,200
"and is not either to save or to destroy slavery.

620
00:39:29,400 --> 00:39:31,570
"If I could save the Union

621
00:39:31,620 --> 00:39:34,310
"without freeing any slave, I would do it.

622
00:39:34,360 --> 00:39:37,880
"If I could save it by freeing
all the slaves, I would do it."

623
00:39:37,930 --> 00:39:40,240
"And if I could save it by freeing some"

624
00:39:40,290 --> 00:39:41,970
"and leaving others alone,"

625
00:39:42,020 --> 00:39:43,800
"I would also do that."

626
00:39:48,280 --> 00:39:51,140
"It seems to me that time is fast approaching

627
00:39:51,190 --> 00:39:55,140
"when some joint offer of mediation
by England, France, and Russia

628
00:39:55,190 --> 00:39:58,020
"might be made with some prospect of success

629
00:39:58,070 --> 00:40:00,240
"to the combatants in North America.

630
00:40:01,100 --> 00:40:04,800
"The proposal would naturally be
made to both North and South."

631
00:40:05,160 --> 00:40:06,600
"If both accepted,"

632
00:40:06,650 --> 00:40:10,200
"we should recommend an armistice
and cessation of blockades,"

633
00:40:10,250 --> 00:40:13,960
"with a view to negotiation on the basis of separation."

634
00:40:14,160 --> 00:40:16,180
Prime Minister Palmerston

635
00:40:16,890 --> 00:40:19,600
Lincoln had to have a victory.

636
00:40:23,000 --> 00:40:25,640
"September 3rd, 1862."

637
00:40:26,000 --> 00:40:28,460
"The present seems to be the most propitious time"

638
00:40:28,510 --> 00:40:30,510
"since the commencement of the war"

639
00:40:30,610 --> 00:40:33,410
"for the Confederate army to enter Maryland."

640
00:40:34,230 --> 00:40:35,850
Robert E. Lee.

641
00:40:36,750 --> 00:40:39,750
The brilliant Southern victories of spring and summer

642
00:40:39,800 --> 00:40:42,880
had brought Lee's army international renown.

643
00:40:43,030 --> 00:40:46,830
"One more successful campaign," he wrote Jefferson Davis,

644
00:40:46,880 --> 00:40:50,040
"would force Europe to recognize the Confederacy."

645
00:40:51,250 --> 00:40:53,200
Now, for the first time,

646
00:40:53,250 --> 00:40:56,620
Lee led 40,000 soldiers across the Potomac

647
00:40:56,670 --> 00:40:58,870
and onto Union soil.

648
00:41:00,260 --> 00:41:03,260
"This body of men moving along with no order,

649
00:41:03,310 --> 00:41:05,480
"their guns carried in every fashion,

650
00:41:05,530 --> 00:41:07,160
"no two dressed alike,

651
00:41:07,210 --> 00:41:10,720
"their officers hardly distinguishable from the privates..."

652
00:41:11,630 --> 00:41:15,740
"Were these the men that had driven back again and again"

653
00:41:15,890 --> 00:41:18,690
"our splendid legions?"

654
00:41:21,000 --> 00:41:23,800
"They were the dirtiest men I ever saw,"

655
00:41:24,170 --> 00:41:27,970
"a most ragged, lean, and hungry set of wolves."

656
00:41:29,000 --> 00:41:33,390
"Yet there was a dash about them
that the Northern men lacked."

657
00:41:36,800 --> 00:41:41,150
Lee's target was the federal rail
center at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

658
00:41:42,820 --> 00:41:45,910
Hoping Marylanders would rise up against the Union,

659
00:41:45,960 --> 00:41:47,780
he instructed his men to sing

660
00:41:47,830 --> 00:41:50,530
Maryland, My Maryland, as they marched.

661
00:41:50,800 --> 00:41:52,320
It didn't work.

662
00:41:52,420 --> 00:41:54,470
Most residents of the small towns

663
00:41:54,520 --> 00:41:57,200
stayed fearfully behind closed doors.

664
00:41:58,320 --> 00:42:02,150
Then, on September 13th, in a meadow near Frederick,

665
00:42:02,200 --> 00:42:04,710
a Union soldier found three cigars

666
00:42:04,760 --> 00:42:06,510
wrapped in a piece of paper.

667
00:42:06,810 --> 00:42:11,390
It was a copy of Lee's battle
plans, accidentally left behind.

668
00:42:12,360 --> 00:42:15,460
McClellan now knew Lee had divided his army,

669
00:42:15,510 --> 00:42:18,560
sending one part off to seize Harpers Ferry.

670
00:42:19,200 --> 00:42:21,160
McClellan had in his hands

671
00:42:21,210 --> 00:42:23,990
the instrument with which to destroy Lee.

672
00:42:26,110 --> 00:42:28,310
Still, he did nothing

673
00:42:28,360 --> 00:42:30,960
for eighteen crucial hours.

674
00:42:36,650 --> 00:42:39,500
On September 15th, Lee and his Confederates

675
00:42:39,550 --> 00:42:42,550
took up positions along the crest of a three-mile ridge

676
00:42:42,600 --> 00:42:44,980
just east of the town of Sharpsburg,

677
00:42:45,080 --> 00:42:47,790
and only fifty-two miles from Washington.

678
00:42:48,000 --> 00:42:50,000
The Potomac was at their back:

679
00:42:50,200 --> 00:42:53,300
in front ran a creek called Antietam.

680
00:42:54,950 --> 00:42:56,850
"On the forenoon of the 15th,

681
00:42:56,900 --> 00:42:59,480
"the blue uniforms of the federals appeared among the trees

682
00:42:59,530 --> 00:43:02,130
"that crowned the heights on the
eastern bank of the Antietam.

683
00:43:02,900 --> 00:43:05,800
"The number increased, and larger
and larger grew the field of blue"

684
00:43:05,850 --> 00:43:08,340
"'til it seemed to stretch as far as they eye could see."

685
00:43:08,660 --> 00:43:11,520
"And from the tops of the mountains
down to the edges of the stream"

686
00:43:11,570 --> 00:43:13,850
"gathered the great army of McClellan."

687
00:43:14,220 --> 00:43:16,220
General James Longstreet.

688
00:43:17,460 --> 00:43:21,160
Had McClellan hurled his army at the Confederates that day,

689
00:43:21,210 --> 00:43:24,190
the war might have ended, but he did not.

690
00:43:25,140 --> 00:43:27,490
"There was a single item in our advantage,"

691
00:43:27,540 --> 00:43:29,200
an aide to Lee remembered,

692
00:43:29,250 --> 00:43:31,250
"but it was an important one:."

693
00:43:31,450 --> 00:43:34,650
"McClellan had brought superior forces to Sharpsburg,"

694
00:43:34,700 --> 00:43:36,160
the aide conceded,

695
00:43:36,530 --> 00:43:39,190
"but he had also brought himself."

696
00:43:41,700 --> 00:43:43,700
"September 16th.

697
00:43:43,950 --> 00:43:46,870
"That night I lay beside the Charlestown Pike

698
00:43:46,920 --> 00:43:49,590
"and watched until morning the grimy columns

699
00:43:49,640 --> 00:43:51,970
"come pouring up from the pontoons.

700
00:43:52,530 --> 00:43:54,870
"It was a weird, uncanny sight

701
00:43:54,920 --> 00:43:57,320
"and drove sleep from my eyes.

702
00:43:57,370 --> 00:44:01,020
"It was something demon-like; A scene from an inferno.

703
00:44:01,480 --> 00:44:03,590
"They were silent as ghosts,

704
00:44:03,640 --> 00:44:06,180
"ruthless and rushing in their speed,

705
00:44:06,230 --> 00:44:09,480
"ragged, earth-colored, disheveled, and devilish.

706
00:44:09,880 --> 00:44:14,360
"The shuffle of their badly-shod feet
on the hard surface of the pike

707
00:44:14,410 --> 00:44:17,760
"was so rapid as to be continuous, like the hiss"

708
00:44:17,810 --> 00:44:19,620
"of a great serpent."

709
00:44:19,970 --> 00:44:22,560
"The spectral, ghostly picture"

710
00:44:22,610 --> 00:44:25,980
"will never be erased from my memory."

711
00:44:26,250 --> 00:44:29,090
Captain Edward Hastings Ripley.

712
00:44:33,480 --> 00:44:35,490
"As night grew nearer,

713
00:44:35,640 --> 00:44:39,770
"whispers of a great battle to be
fought the next day grew louder,"

714
00:44:40,050 --> 00:44:42,580
"and we shuddered at the prospect,"

715
00:44:42,780 --> 00:44:46,960
"for the battles had come to mean
to us, as they never had before,"

716
00:44:47,310 --> 00:44:51,050
"blood, wounds, and death."

717
00:45:09,650 --> 00:45:13,700
The battle that began the next
day was really three battles:

718
00:45:14,350 --> 00:45:17,750
The first began at 6 a.m. on Lee's left,

719
00:45:17,850 --> 00:45:21,400
where a federal force charged along the Hagerstown Pike

720
00:45:21,450 --> 00:45:23,720
to attack Stonewall Jackson's men

721
00:45:23,770 --> 00:45:26,650
hidden in woods beyond a big cornfield.

722
00:45:27,520 --> 00:45:31,420
The Union objective was a plateau edged with artillery

723
00:45:31,670 --> 00:45:34,490
on which stood a small whitewashed church,

724
00:45:34,540 --> 00:45:38,670
built by a German Baptist Pacifist sect, the Dunkards,

725
00:45:38,720 --> 00:45:42,030
for whom even a steeple was thought immodest.

726
00:45:43,650 --> 00:45:47,650
The Union field commander was Major General Joe Hooker,

727
00:45:47,800 --> 00:45:50,650
a profane and hard-drinking Massachusetts soldier

728
00:45:50,700 --> 00:45:52,500
known as Fighting Joe.

729
00:45:53,900 --> 00:45:55,900
As Hooker cautiously advanced,

730
00:45:55,950 --> 00:45:58,540
he noticed the glint of bayonets in the cornfield

731
00:45:58,640 --> 00:46:01,200
and ordered four batteries to fire into it.

732
00:46:03,110 --> 00:46:04,910
The rebels counter charged.

733
00:46:05,160 --> 00:46:09,390
The battle surged back and forth
across the cornfield fifteen times.

734
00:46:09,440 --> 00:46:12,350
In a matter of minutes, the 12th Massachusetts

735
00:46:12,400 --> 00:46:16,500
lost 224 of 334 men.

736
00:46:16,690 --> 00:46:20,170
Hooker himself was carried from
the field, shot through the foot.

737
00:46:23,020 --> 00:46:24,980
"The men are loading and firing with"

738
00:46:25,030 --> 00:46:28,500
"demoniacal fury and shouting and laughing hysterically,"

739
00:46:28,550 --> 00:46:30,950
"and the whole field before us is covered with rebels"

740
00:46:31,000 --> 00:46:33,300
"fleeing for life into the woods."

741
00:46:34,520 --> 00:46:37,490
Hooker's men were closing in on the Dunkard church.

742
00:46:38,210 --> 00:46:42,050
At that moment, Stonewall Jackson
sent in his last reserves,

743
00:46:42,420 --> 00:46:45,930
John Bell Hood's division... fierce fighters at any time,

744
00:46:45,980 --> 00:46:48,180
but now enraged at having missed breakfast,

745
00:46:48,230 --> 00:46:51,350
which had promised to be their first real meal in days.

746
00:46:52,860 --> 00:46:55,970
Their first volley was "Like a
scythe running through our line,"

747
00:46:56,020 --> 00:46:58,020
one Union survivor remembered.

748
00:46:59,370 --> 00:47:02,970
And the Confederate counterattack came on.

749
00:47:21,400 --> 00:47:24,300
"Every stalk of corn was cut as closely

750
00:47:24,350 --> 00:47:26,330
"as could have been done with a knife,"

751
00:47:26,400 --> 00:47:28,500
"and the slain lay in rows,"

752
00:47:28,770 --> 00:47:30,690
"precisely as they had stood"

753
00:47:30,740 --> 00:47:33,480
"in their ranks a few moments before."

754
00:47:33,900 --> 00:47:35,440
Joseph Hooker.

755
00:47:41,120 --> 00:47:43,970
The Northern troops ran back through the cornfield.

756
00:47:44,020 --> 00:47:46,350
Hood's men ran after them, but were stopped

757
00:47:46,520 --> 00:47:49,520
by a hail of shells and federal reinforcements.

758
00:47:50,160 --> 00:47:52,260
When the Confederates finally withdrew,

759
00:47:52,360 --> 00:47:55,230
one officer asked Hood where his division was.

760
00:47:55,690 --> 00:47:57,920
"Dead on the field," he answered.

761
00:48:01,270 --> 00:48:04,700
"I have never in my soldier's life seen such a sight.

762
00:48:04,750 --> 00:48:07,650
"The dead and wounded covered the ground."

763
00:48:07,800 --> 00:48:10,390
"In one spot, a rebel officer and twenty men"

764
00:48:10,440 --> 00:48:12,490
"lay near a wreck of a battery."

765
00:48:12,690 --> 00:48:16,920
"It is said Battery A, 1st Rhode
Island Artillery did this work."

766
00:48:17,280 --> 00:48:19,290
Elisha Hunt Rhodes.

767
00:48:22,980 --> 00:48:26,730
By 10 a.m., 8,000 men lay dead or wounded.

768
00:48:27,240 --> 00:48:30,240
Jackson's lines had wavered, but held.

769
00:48:34,490 --> 00:48:36,860
After his part of the battle was over,

770
00:48:37,430 --> 00:48:40,530
Jackson was sitting on his horse, eating a peach and his

771
00:48:40,630 --> 00:48:43,170
medical director, Dr. McGuire, was there,

772
00:48:43,740 --> 00:48:44,890
and...

773
00:48:46,010 --> 00:48:48,740
he looked out over this field where there were dead

774
00:48:48,790 --> 00:48:50,929
of both sides littered all over the place.

775
00:48:50,930 --> 00:48:54,850
And as he's eating a peach he said,
"God has been very kind to us this day."

776
00:49:05,620 --> 00:49:10,000
The second part of the battle of Antietam
began at the center of Lee's line,

777
00:49:10,200 --> 00:49:11,860
a sunken country road

778
00:49:11,910 --> 00:49:16,320
that now served as a ready-made
rifle pit for two Confederate brigades.

779
00:49:17,300 --> 00:49:19,960
Lee ordered it held at all costs.

780
00:49:21,430 --> 00:49:23,650
General John B. Gordon assured him,

781
00:49:23,700 --> 00:49:26,970
"These men are going to stay
here, General, 'til the sun goes down"

782
00:49:27,020 --> 00:49:28,700
"or victory is won."

783
00:49:30,000 --> 00:49:32,150
Then, the Union attacked.

784
00:49:33,220 --> 00:49:36,220
"The brave Union commander, superbly mounted,

785
00:49:36,270 --> 00:49:38,110
"placed himself in front,"

786
00:49:38,210 --> 00:49:40,910
"while his band cheered them with martial music."

787
00:49:41,530 --> 00:49:44,600
"I thought, what a pity to spoil with bullets"

788
00:49:44,650 --> 00:49:46,860
"such a scene of martial beauty."

789
00:49:46,960 --> 00:49:48,770
General John B. Gordon.

790
00:49:52,000 --> 00:49:55,170
Gordon let the blue line get within a few yards,

791
00:49:55,220 --> 00:49:57,270
then gave the order to fire.

792
00:49:59,450 --> 00:50:01,740
The Union commander was killed instantly.

793
00:50:01,790 --> 00:50:03,439
His men wavered, retreated,

794
00:50:03,440 --> 00:50:06,830
then came back at the Confederates five more times.

795
00:50:12,350 --> 00:50:15,680
Gordon was hit twice in the
right leg, once in the left arm,

796
00:50:15,730 --> 00:50:17,790
a fourth time through the shoulder.

797
00:50:18,510 --> 00:50:22,260
He refused all aid, limping
along the line to steady his men

798
00:50:22,310 --> 00:50:24,110
as the federals kept coming.

799
00:50:25,510 --> 00:50:28,210
"I was finally shot down by a fifth ball,

800
00:50:28,260 --> 00:50:30,400
"which struck me squarely in the face."

801
00:50:30,700 --> 00:50:34,400
"I fell forward and lay unconscious with my face in my cap,"

802
00:50:34,450 --> 00:50:36,550
"and might have smothered in blood"

803
00:50:36,600 --> 00:50:40,090
"but for a Yankee bullet hole which let the blood run out."

804
00:50:41,430 --> 00:50:43,480
Still the Confederates held.

805
00:50:43,530 --> 00:50:46,180
Unit after unit of Northern troops fell back

806
00:50:46,230 --> 00:50:48,180
from the sheets of Southern fire.

807
00:50:49,190 --> 00:50:52,190
Finally, some New Yorkers managed to find a spot

808
00:50:52,240 --> 00:50:55,140
from which they could shoot down on the road's defenders.

809
00:50:55,480 --> 00:50:57,680
The tide of battle turned.

810
00:51:00,750 --> 00:51:03,850
The sunken road, remembered now as Bloody Lane,

811
00:51:03,900 --> 00:51:07,350
rapidly filled with Southern bodies, two and three deep,

812
00:51:08,000 --> 00:51:11,240
and the triumphant federals
knelt on top of what one called,

813
00:51:11,290 --> 00:51:15,040
"this ghastly flooring" to fire at the fleeing survivors.

814
00:51:17,730 --> 00:51:19,960
The Confederate center had splintered.

815
00:51:20,110 --> 00:51:22,710
One more push might have broken it apart.

816
00:51:23,050 --> 00:51:25,650
General McClellan, however, decided,

817
00:51:25,750 --> 00:51:28,790
"It would not be prudent" to attack again.

818
00:51:31,920 --> 00:51:35,400
All day long, in hastily constructed field hospitals,

819
00:51:35,450 --> 00:51:37,570
Clara Barton tended the wounded.

820
00:51:37,840 --> 00:51:41,440
She worked so close to the fighting
that a bullet went through her sleeve

821
00:51:41,490 --> 00:51:43,470
and killed a man she was treating.

822
00:51:45,180 --> 00:51:46,920
"I had to wring the blood"

823
00:51:46,970 --> 00:51:50,180
"from the bottom of my clothing before I could step,"

824
00:51:50,850 --> 00:51:53,210
"for the weight about my feet."

825
00:51:58,110 --> 00:52:01,400
"I was lying on my back, supported on my elbows,

826
00:52:01,450 --> 00:52:04,350
"watching the shells explode overhead and speculating

827
00:52:04,400 --> 00:52:08,530
"as to how long I could hold up my
finger before it would be shot off,"

828
00:52:08,680 --> 00:52:11,190
"when the order to get up was given."

829
00:52:11,240 --> 00:52:13,750
"I turned over to look at Colonel Kimball"

830
00:52:13,800 --> 00:52:16,800
"thinking he had become suddenly insane."

831
00:52:17,200 --> 00:52:19,500
Lieutenant Matthew J. Grohan.

832
00:52:23,210 --> 00:52:26,220
The third battle took place on the Confederate right,

833
00:52:26,270 --> 00:52:29,580
where the Union army, led by General Burnside's corps,

834
00:52:29,630 --> 00:52:33,000
tried to fight its way across a
strongly defended stone bridge

835
00:52:33,050 --> 00:52:34,800
over Antietam Creek.

836
00:52:37,430 --> 00:52:41,050
Ambrose Burnside was a genial, dapper man...

837
00:52:41,100 --> 00:52:44,380
his distinctive whiskers or sideburns set a fashion...

838
00:52:44,800 --> 00:52:48,720
but "he shrank from responsibility,"
an admiring fellow officer said,

839
00:52:48,770 --> 00:52:50,340
"with sincere modesty,"

840
00:52:50,390 --> 00:52:52,970
and he owed his position to his old friend McClellan,

841
00:52:53,020 --> 00:52:56,740
who now promised to support his assault across the bridge.

842
00:52:58,780 --> 00:53:01,720
Burnside had 12,500 men

843
00:53:01,770 --> 00:53:05,650
against barely 400 Georgians led by Robert Toombs.

844
00:53:06,210 --> 00:53:09,510
But Confederates commanded the bluff overlooking the bridge

845
00:53:09,560 --> 00:53:11,910
and poured a relentless volley of fire

846
00:53:12,060 --> 00:53:13,950
down on the Union troops.

847
00:53:15,850 --> 00:53:18,790
It took three hours and three bloody charges

848
00:53:18,840 --> 00:53:20,810
for the federals to cross the creek

849
00:53:20,860 --> 00:53:24,240
and begin fighting their way up
the slope towards Sharpsburg.

850
00:53:26,460 --> 00:53:29,590
Seven successive Union color bearers were hit

851
00:53:29,640 --> 00:53:31,600
before the Confederates finally broke,

852
00:53:31,650 --> 00:53:33,610
racing back into the town.

853
00:53:36,100 --> 00:53:38,110
"Oh, how I ran."

854
00:53:38,310 --> 00:53:40,560
"I was afraid of being struck in the back,"

855
00:53:40,610 --> 00:53:44,720
"and I frequently turned around in
running so as to avoid, if possible,"

856
00:53:44,920 --> 00:53:47,060
"so disgraceful a wound."

857
00:53:47,380 --> 00:53:49,210
Private John Dooley.

858
00:53:49,820 --> 00:53:52,580
Union victory again seemed certain.

859
00:53:54,470 --> 00:53:57,860
But while the Union troops cheered,
the Confederate light division

860
00:53:57,910 --> 00:54:00,140
was arriving from Harpers Ferry...

861
00:54:00,810 --> 00:54:04,730
3,000 men, footsore from their seventeen-mile march,

862
00:54:04,780 --> 00:54:06,550
but otherwise ready to fight

863
00:54:06,610 --> 00:54:08,880
and commanded by General A. P. Hill,

864
00:54:08,930 --> 00:54:12,350
dressed in the red shirt he liked to wear in battle.

865
00:54:13,360 --> 00:54:17,910
A. P. Hill is the fighting-est division
commander in Lee's army.

866
00:54:18,180 --> 00:54:21,080
Hill arrived at another one of those

867
00:54:21,230 --> 00:54:23,330
nick-of-the-moment things, and

868
00:54:23,380 --> 00:54:25,710
it was the last one, and it succeeded

869
00:54:25,760 --> 00:54:29,660
in throwing Burnside back after
he finally got across the bridge.

870
00:54:32,120 --> 00:54:35,590
Hill slammed into the celebrating Union troops.

871
00:54:36,260 --> 00:54:40,320
Burnside begged McClellan to send up
the reinforcements he had promised.

872
00:54:40,840 --> 00:54:42,870
McClellan refused.

873
00:54:46,630 --> 00:54:49,530
As night fell, Burnside withdrew to the stone bridge

874
00:54:49,580 --> 00:54:52,180
his men had fought so hard to seize.

875
00:54:53,630 --> 00:54:55,390
The battle was over.

876
00:54:55,850 --> 00:54:58,120
No ground had been gained.

877
00:55:34,050 --> 00:55:38,070
"Before the sunlight faded, I walked over the narrow field."

878
00:55:38,420 --> 00:55:42,530
"All around lay the Confederate dead, clad in butternut."

879
00:55:43,050 --> 00:55:47,570
"As I looked down on the poor
pinched faces, all enmity died out."

880
00:55:51,100 --> 00:55:54,200
"There was no secession in those rigid forms,"

881
00:55:54,250 --> 00:55:57,400
"nor in those fixed eyes staring at the sky."

882
00:55:57,450 --> 00:56:00,450
"Clearly, it was not their war."

883
00:56:02,250 --> 00:56:05,720
"The sun went down. The thunder died away."

884
00:56:05,770 --> 00:56:07,600
"The musketry ceased."

885
00:56:07,650 --> 00:56:11,290
"Bivouac fires gleamed out as if a great city"

886
00:56:11,340 --> 00:56:13,480
"had lighted its lamps."

887
00:56:15,790 --> 00:56:19,530
It had been the bloodiest day in American history.

888
00:56:19,800 --> 00:56:23,620
The Union lost 2,108 dead,

889
00:56:23,770 --> 00:56:28,110
another 10,293 wounded or missing...

890
00:56:28,210 --> 00:56:31,710
double the casualties of D-Day eighty-two years later.

891
00:56:32,260 --> 00:56:34,430
Lee lost fewer men...

892
00:56:34,850 --> 00:56:37,970
10,318 casualties...

893
00:56:38,750 --> 00:56:41,130
but that was a quarter of his army.

894
00:56:50,900 --> 00:56:54,130
"Why did we not attack them and drive them into the river?"

895
00:56:54,650 --> 00:56:57,150
"I do not understand these things."

896
00:56:57,320 --> 00:56:59,480
"But then, I am only a boy."

897
00:57:00,060 --> 00:57:01,960
Elisha Hunt Rhodes.

898
00:57:05,110 --> 00:57:09,110
McClellan had plenty of reserves
waiting outside Sharpsrburg,

899
00:57:09,160 --> 00:57:10,990
but he never used them.

900
00:57:12,310 --> 00:57:14,230
Lee, outnumbered three-to-one,

901
00:57:14,280 --> 00:57:16,940
braced for a new attack all the next day.

902
00:57:16,990 --> 00:57:18,710
It never came.

903
00:57:19,510 --> 00:57:23,920
On the 18th, Lee and his army
slipped back across the Potomac.

904
00:57:24,850 --> 00:57:27,020
McClellan could claim a victory,

905
00:57:27,170 --> 00:57:29,330
but he could have won the war.

906
00:57:29,750 --> 00:57:31,850
Lee's invasion had been halted.

907
00:57:31,900 --> 00:57:34,100
He had suffered terrible losses,

908
00:57:35,060 --> 00:57:38,020
but his army had not been destroyed.

909
00:57:47,790 --> 00:57:51,120
"The causes of the war were wide apart,"

910
00:57:51,490 --> 00:57:53,880
"but the manhood was the same."

911
00:57:54,300 --> 00:57:58,090
Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, 20th Maine.

912
00:57:59,800 --> 00:58:02,390
Held in reserve outside Sharpsburg,

913
00:58:02,440 --> 00:58:05,050
the 20th Maine included farmers and lumbermen,

914
00:58:05,100 --> 00:58:07,580
seamen and shopkeepers and trappers.

915
00:58:07,880 --> 00:58:11,000
Its colonel was Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain,

916
00:58:11,050 --> 00:58:14,240
a thirty-three-year-old professor of rhetoric, oratory,

917
00:58:14,290 --> 00:58:16,910
and modern languages at Bowdoin College.

918
00:58:17,130 --> 00:58:19,580
Denied a leave of absence to enlist,

919
00:58:19,630 --> 00:58:22,190
he applied for a sabbatical to study in Europe,

920
00:58:22,290 --> 00:58:23,850
then volunteered.

921
00:58:24,210 --> 00:58:27,210
On paper, his only qualification for command

922
00:58:27,260 --> 00:58:30,000
was that he was a gentleman of the highest moral,

923
00:58:30,050 --> 00:58:32,450
intellectual, and literary worth.

924
00:58:34,300 --> 00:58:36,400
Chamberlain was still at Sharpsburg

925
00:58:36,450 --> 00:58:39,470
when Abraham Lincoln came to see the battlefield.

926
00:58:44,000 --> 00:58:47,310
"We could see the deep sadness in the president's face

927
00:58:47,410 --> 00:58:49,500
"and feel the burden on his heart,

928
00:58:49,600 --> 00:58:52,630
"thinking of his great commission to save his people

929
00:58:52,930 --> 00:58:55,360
"and knowing that he could do this no otherwise

930
00:58:55,410 --> 00:58:57,000
than as he had been doing...

931
00:58:57,050 --> 00:59:00,050
"by and through the manliness of these men."

932
00:59:04,800 --> 00:59:07,280
Watching the president review his troops,

933
00:59:07,330 --> 00:59:09,880
it seemed to Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain

934
00:59:10,030 --> 00:59:13,450
that a "mystic bond, wonderful in its intensity,"

935
00:59:13,500 --> 00:59:16,030
joined the men to their commander-in-chief.

936
00:59:19,830 --> 00:59:24,360
The object of Lincoln's visit was
to get McClellan to pursue Lee.

937
00:59:25,320 --> 00:59:28,070
"I came back thinking he would move at once,

938
00:59:28,230 --> 00:59:32,020
"but when I got home, he began to
argue why he ought not to move.

939
00:59:32,220 --> 00:59:35,170
"I peremptorily ordered him to advance."

940
00:59:35,220 --> 00:59:38,670
"It was nineteen days before he put a man over the river,"

941
00:59:38,720 --> 00:59:41,960
"and nine days longer before he got his army across,"

942
00:59:42,010 --> 00:59:44,620
"and then he stopped again."

943
00:59:46,750 --> 00:59:50,270
Lincoln at last had had enough of George McClellan.

944
00:59:50,470 --> 00:59:54,090
The president relieved him of command permanently.

945
00:59:54,600 --> 00:59:56,770
"They have made a great mistake."

946
00:59:57,120 --> 00:59:59,640
"Alas, for my poor country."

947
01:00:07,400 --> 01:00:10,600
"September 21st, 1862.

948
01:00:10,700 --> 01:00:12,450
"Dear Sam, Jr.,

949
01:00:12,760 --> 01:00:15,470
"A great many of your old friends and schoolmates

950
01:00:15,520 --> 01:00:17,450
"have died or been killed.

951
01:00:18,280 --> 01:00:20,090
"I will merely name.

952
01:00:20,520 --> 01:00:22,670
"Lem Ambercrombie,

953
01:00:23,240 --> 01:00:25,180
"Jeff Montgomery,

954
01:00:25,600 --> 01:00:27,170
"John Garrett,

955
01:00:27,790 --> 01:00:29,340
"Lem Hatch,

956
01:00:29,690 --> 01:00:31,190
"John Hill,

957
01:00:31,910 --> 01:00:33,650
"Proctor Porter,

958
01:00:33,950 --> 01:00:35,500
"Bill Humes,

959
01:00:35,900 --> 01:00:37,500
"John White,

960
01:00:37,910 --> 01:00:39,790
"Walter Maxey,

961
01:00:40,760 --> 01:00:42,760
"Angus Alston."

962
01:00:43,700 --> 01:00:46,370
"Old Mrs. Thomas of our neighborhood"

963
01:00:46,420 --> 01:00:48,640
"has lost five sons."

964
01:00:49,510 --> 01:00:52,410
"Your mother, Margaret Houston."

965
01:00:55,410 --> 01:00:57,410
You do have a...

966
01:00:57,530 --> 01:01:00,330
a big problem when you have units

967
01:01:00,380 --> 01:01:03,970
that are from states and counties and even towns,

968
01:01:04,090 --> 01:01:07,580
and one of these regiments can get in a very tight spot

969
01:01:07,630 --> 01:01:09,310
in a particular battle,

970
01:01:09,410 --> 01:01:11,890
like in the Cornfield at Sharpsburg,

971
01:01:11,940 --> 01:01:15,560
and the news may be that there are
no more young men in that town.

972
01:01:15,610 --> 01:01:17,210
They're all dead.

973
01:01:32,810 --> 01:01:36,860
In October of 1862, at his New York gallery,

974
01:01:37,160 --> 01:01:40,030
Mathew Brady opened an exhibition of photographs

975
01:01:40,080 --> 01:01:42,570
entitled "The Dead of Antietam."

976
01:01:42,740 --> 01:01:46,330
Nothing like them had ever been seen in America before.

977
01:01:50,870 --> 01:01:52,920
"The dead of the battlefield"

978
01:01:52,970 --> 01:01:56,080
"come up to us very rarely, even in dreams."

979
01:01:59,160 --> 01:02:01,810
"We see the lists in the morning paper at breakfast,"

980
01:02:01,860 --> 01:02:04,330
"but dismiss its recollection with the coffee."

981
01:02:08,930 --> 01:02:11,560
"Mr. Mathew Brady has done something to bring to us"

982
01:02:11,610 --> 01:02:14,930
"the terrible reality and earnestness of the war."

983
01:02:16,870 --> 01:02:19,900
"If he has not brought bodies
and laid them in our dooryards"

984
01:02:19,950 --> 01:02:21,600
"and along our streets,"

985
01:02:21,760 --> 01:02:24,280
"he has done something very like it."

986
01:02:36,250 --> 01:02:38,520
Against the advice of his advisers,

987
01:02:38,570 --> 01:02:41,920
Lincoln reinstated U. S. Grant to field command.

988
01:02:42,190 --> 01:02:44,790
"I can't spare this man," Lincoln said.

989
01:02:44,840 --> 01:02:46,250
"He fights."

990
01:02:48,270 --> 01:02:50,620
A thousand miles to the west, Vicksburg,

991
01:02:50,670 --> 01:02:53,500
high on a bluff overlooking the Mississippi River,

992
01:02:53,550 --> 01:02:55,180
remained Confederate.

993
01:02:55,330 --> 01:02:57,430
"Vicksburg," Jefferson Davis said,

994
01:02:57,530 --> 01:03:01,510
"is the nail that holds the South's two halves together."

995
01:03:03,000 --> 01:03:07,010
That fall, Grant tried to take the heavily fortified city.

996
01:03:07,530 --> 01:03:09,050
He failed.

997
01:03:09,520 --> 01:03:13,820
The Confederacy was on this
offensive over a thousand-mile front.

998
01:03:14,740 --> 01:03:17,480
Mr. Gladstone, a power in the English Cabinet, is saying,

999
01:03:17,530 --> 01:03:19,330
"Jeff Davis has made a navy.

1000
01:03:19,630 --> 01:03:22,040
"He's made an army," and, what's more important,

1001
01:03:22,350 --> 01:03:24,550
intimating that he's made a nation.

1002
01:03:24,700 --> 01:03:28,100
But the invasion of Maryland fails.

1003
01:03:29,230 --> 01:03:32,370
Lee is defeated, falls back.

1004
01:03:32,420 --> 01:03:34,560
They lose at Perryville in Kentucky.

1005
01:03:34,920 --> 01:03:37,080
They lose at Iuka and Corinth in Mississippi,

1006
01:03:37,130 --> 01:03:38,590
and even at Newtonia in Missouri

1007
01:03:38,640 --> 01:03:42,010
and the Confederate tide rolls back.

1008
01:03:42,520 --> 01:03:44,630
Lincoln, as a result of Antietam,

1009
01:03:45,190 --> 01:03:47,470
converted the war to a higher plane,

1010
01:03:47,520 --> 01:03:49,400
again the master politician.

1011
01:03:50,000 --> 01:03:53,390
He announces a preliminary emancipation proclamation.

1012
01:03:53,440 --> 01:03:55,850
Of course, it doesn't free a single slave in revolt;

1013
01:03:55,900 --> 01:03:59,100
it frees only as a war measure, and only frees the slaves

1014
01:03:59,150 --> 01:04:02,680
in states where the Confederacy is in control,

1015
01:04:02,900 --> 01:04:06,200
and it will take effect on the first day of January.

1016
01:04:07,910 --> 01:04:10,110
"On the first day of January,

1017
01:04:10,210 --> 01:04:14,600
"in the year of our Lord 1863,

1018
01:04:14,960 --> 01:04:18,450
"all persons held as slaves within any state

1019
01:04:18,650 --> 01:04:20,980
"or designated part of a state,

1020
01:04:21,030 --> 01:04:23,780
"the people whereof shall then be in rebellion"

1021
01:04:23,830 --> 01:04:25,730
"against the United States,"

1022
01:04:26,200 --> 01:04:28,890
"shall be then, thenceforth,"

1023
01:04:28,940 --> 01:04:31,390
"and forever free."

1024
01:04:32,060 --> 01:04:33,800
Abraham Lincoln.

1025
01:04:35,820 --> 01:04:38,020
On September 22nd,

1026
01:04:38,070 --> 01:04:41,040
just five days after the battle of Antietam,

1027
01:04:41,090 --> 01:04:44,470
the president issued his emancipation proclamation.

1028
01:04:44,970 --> 01:04:48,580
"If my name ever goes into history," Lincoln said,

1029
01:04:48,780 --> 01:04:50,930
"it will be for this act."

1030
01:04:52,600 --> 01:04:54,680
The South was outraged.

1031
01:04:54,730 --> 01:04:57,430
Jefferson Davis called it the "most execrable measure"

1032
01:04:57,480 --> 01:05:00,220
"recorded in the history of guilty man."

1033
01:05:11,410 --> 01:05:13,510
At a Washington dinner, John Hay,

1034
01:05:13,560 --> 01:05:16,120
the president's twenty-three-year-old secretary,

1035
01:05:16,170 --> 01:05:20,500
noted that "everyone seemed to
feel a new sort of exhilarating life."

1036
01:05:20,800 --> 01:05:23,800
"The president's proclamation had freed them,"

1037
01:05:23,850 --> 01:05:25,670
"as well as the slaves."

1038
01:05:28,000 --> 01:05:32,270
"It was no longer a question of the Union as it was

1039
01:05:32,320 --> 01:05:34,120
"that was to be re-established.

1040
01:05:34,170 --> 01:05:37,000
"It was the Union as it should be...

1041
01:05:37,350 --> 01:05:38,860
"that is to say,

1042
01:05:39,000 --> 01:05:42,330
"washed clean from its original sin.

1043
01:05:42,850 --> 01:05:47,140
"We were no longer merely the
soldiers of a political controversy;

1044
01:05:47,340 --> 01:05:50,680
"we were now the missionaries
of a great work of redemption,"

1045
01:05:50,730 --> 01:05:53,150
"the armed liberators of millions."

1046
01:05:53,720 --> 01:05:56,320
"The war was ennobled."

1047
01:05:56,670 --> 01:05:58,820
"The object was higher."

1048
01:06:01,540 --> 01:06:05,540
Abroad, the proclamation had
the effect Lincoln had hoped for:

1049
01:06:05,590 --> 01:06:08,090
neither England nor France was willing openly

1050
01:06:08,240 --> 01:06:12,140
to oppose a United States pledge to end slavery.

1051
01:06:13,830 --> 01:06:15,830
"The triumph of the Confederacy

1052
01:06:15,880 --> 01:06:18,360
"would be a victory of the powers of evil,

1053
01:06:18,410 --> 01:06:21,000
"which would give courage to the enemies of progress

1054
01:06:21,100 --> 01:06:25,390
"and damp the spirits of friends
all over the civilized world.

1055
01:06:25,900 --> 01:06:27,680
"The American Civil War"

1056
01:06:27,730 --> 01:06:29,730
"is destined to be a turning point,"

1057
01:06:29,830 --> 01:06:31,530
"for good or evil,"

1058
01:06:31,630 --> 01:06:33,790
"of the course of human affairs."

1059
01:06:34,290 --> 01:06:35,990
John Stuart Mill.

1060
01:06:39,630 --> 01:06:42,130
"Put not your trust in princes,"

1061
01:06:42,280 --> 01:06:46,020
"and rest not your hopes on foreign nations."

1062
01:06:46,690 --> 01:06:48,690
"This war is ours."

1063
01:06:48,790 --> 01:06:51,690
"We must fight it out ourselves."

1064
01:06:52,700 --> 01:06:54,560
Jefferson Davis.

1065
01:06:59,960 --> 01:07:03,310
That December, Lincoln spoke to Congress.

1066
01:07:04,820 --> 01:07:06,920
"The dogmas of the quiet past

1067
01:07:06,970 --> 01:07:09,840
"are inadequate to the stormy present.

1068
01:07:10,340 --> 01:07:14,000
"As our case is new, so we must think anew

1069
01:07:14,050 --> 01:07:15,700
“and act anew.

1070
01:07:15,900 --> 01:07:18,530
"We must disenthrall ourselves,"

1071
01:07:18,580 --> 01:07:21,030
"and then we shall save our country."

1072
01:07:22,840 --> 01:07:26,840
"Fellow citizens, we cannot escape history.

1073
01:07:27,100 --> 01:07:29,390
"The fiery trial through which we pass

1074
01:07:29,440 --> 01:07:33,680
"will light us down, in honor or
dishonor, to the latest generation."

1075
01:07:34,650 --> 01:07:37,380
"We say we are for Union."

1076
01:07:37,850 --> 01:07:40,880
"The world will not forget that we say this."

1077
01:07:42,450 --> 01:07:45,090
"In giving freedom to the slave,

1078
01:07:45,190 --> 01:07:48,030
"we assure freedom to the free...

1079
01:07:48,230 --> 01:07:51,330
"honorable alike in what we give"

1080
01:07:51,380 --> 01:07:53,490
"and what we preserve."

1081
01:07:53,590 --> 01:07:57,260
"We shall nobly save or meanly lose"

1082
01:07:57,360 --> 01:08:00,560
"the last best hope of earth."

1083
01:08:11,770 --> 01:08:13,740
"December 31.

1084
01:08:13,900 --> 01:08:17,590
"Well, the year 1862 is drawing to a close,

1085
01:08:17,730 --> 01:08:20,380
"and as I look back, I am bewildered when I think of the

1086
01:08:20,430 --> 01:08:22,690
"hundreds of miles I have tramped,

1087
01:08:22,790 --> 01:08:25,590
"the thousands of dead and wounded that I have seen."

1088
01:08:26,350 --> 01:08:29,380
"But we hope for the best and feel sure that in the end,"

1089
01:08:29,430 --> 01:08:31,410
"he Union will be restored."

1090
01:08:31,880 --> 01:08:34,160
"Goodbye, 1862."

1091
01:08:34,300 --> 01:08:36,470
Elisha Hunt Rhodes.

1092
01:08:40,320 --> 01:08:44,720
"We shout for joy that we live to
record this righteous decree...

1093
01:08:44,970 --> 01:08:46,590
"free forever!

1094
01:08:47,350 --> 01:08:50,580
"Oh, ye millions of free and loyal men

1095
01:08:50,750 --> 01:08:53,600
"who have earnestly sought to free your bleeding country

1096
01:08:53,650 --> 01:08:56,800
"from the dreadful ravages of revolution and anarchy,"

1097
01:08:56,900 --> 01:09:00,630
"lift up now your voices with joy and thanksgiving,"

1098
01:09:00,680 --> 01:09:02,930
"for with freedom to the slave will come"

1099
01:09:02,980 --> 01:09:05,830
"peace and safety to your country."

1100
01:09:06,400 --> 01:09:08,080
Frederick Douglass.

1101
01:09:09,720 --> 01:09:13,240
On December 31st, a large crowd of abolitionists,

1102
01:09:13,290 --> 01:09:15,640
including Harriet Tubman and Wendell Phillips,

1103
01:09:15,680 --> 01:09:18,390
gathered together in the music hall in Boston.

1104
01:09:18,440 --> 01:09:22,260
At midnight, the emancipation
proclamation would take effect.

1105
01:09:23,020 --> 01:09:25,270
On the stage, William Lloyd Garrison

1106
01:09:25,320 --> 01:09:28,070
wept with joy beside Frederick Douglass.

1107
01:09:29,340 --> 01:09:32,540
The cheering crowd called for Harriet Beecher Stowe.

1108
01:09:34,910 --> 01:09:37,910
She stood in the balcony, tears in her eyes.

1109
01:09:40,260 --> 01:09:43,200
At a Washington, D.C., contraband camp,

1110
01:09:43,370 --> 01:09:45,720
former slaves testified.

1111
01:09:45,890 --> 01:09:48,370
One remembered the sale of his daughter.

1112
01:09:48,540 --> 01:09:51,250
"Now, no more of that," he said.

1113
01:09:51,420 --> 01:09:54,930
"They can't sell my wife and children anymore."

1114
01:09:55,400 --> 01:09:57,430
"Bless the Lord."

1115
01:10:01,300 --> 01:10:04,010
On the Sea Islands off South Carolina,

1116
01:10:04,080 --> 01:10:08,510
Federal agents read the proclamation aloud to former slaves

1117
01:10:08,560 --> 01:10:12,050
under the spreading boughs of a huge oak tree.

1118
01:10:12,460 --> 01:10:15,340
As the commander of a new all-black regiment

1119
01:10:15,390 --> 01:10:17,420
unfurled an American flag,

1120
01:10:17,470 --> 01:10:19,600
his men broke into song:

1121
01:10:21,460 --> 01:10:24,320
"It seemed the choked voice of a race

1122
01:10:24,370 --> 01:10:27,220
"at last unloosed," he wrote.

1123
01:10:34,000 --> 01:10:37,610
<i>In the beauty of the lilies,</i>

1124
01:10:37,660 --> 01:10:42,310
<i>Christ was born across the sea.</i>

1125
01:10:42,900 --> 01:10:46,700
<i>With a glory in His bosom.</i>

1126
01:10:46,750 --> 01:10:50,850
<i>That transfigures you and me.</i>

1127
01:10:51,160 --> 01:10:55,210
<i>As he died to make men holy,</i>

1128
01:10:55,310 --> 01:10:59,460
<i>Let us strive to make men free.</i>

1129
01:10:59,610 --> 01:11:02,410
<i>While God is.</i>

1130
01:11:02,460 --> 01:11:06,210
<i>Marching on.</i>

1131
01:11:06,470 --> 01:11:11,970
<i>Glory, glory, Hallelujah!</i>

1132
01:11:12,110 --> 01:11:17,810
<i>Glory, glory, Hallelujah!</i>

1133
01:11:18,100 --> 01:11:24,100
<i>Glory, glory, Hallelujah!</i>

1134
01:11:24,300 --> 01:11:27,650
<i>His truth is.</i>

1135
01:11:27,700 --> 01:11:30,250
<i>Marching.</i>

1136
01:11:30,300 --> 01:11:33,950
<i>On!</i>