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Germany 1483 a time of desolation and

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disease

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where the plague could wipe out entire

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towns in days and a quarter of all

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children died before they were 5 in this

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world there was one great consolation

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the church and its promise<font color="

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this promise had made the church the

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most powerful institution on earth rich

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beyond counting mightier than Kings but

1
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also corrupt and tyrannical an empire

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that would be overturned by one man

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Martin Luther

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this is the story of a man swept from

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devotion to Lebanon

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of a quest that would set old Europe a

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fire spread revolution across nations

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and unleash a voice of freedom that

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still resounds through the modern world

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I get impossible to write the history of

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<font color="

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about movement the idea that we should

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stand up for things that we believe him

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the idea every person is precious in the

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sight of God<font color="

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take for granted but they were things

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that Luther had to fight for

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Luther has to be ranked with the great

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immense of agents of human history

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through the emphasis on the individual

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the courage of the individual and the

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willingness<font color="

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death for his beliefs

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he took on the Catholic Church this

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immense an enduring institution and said

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you are wrong let us now come to the

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right

1
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there are very few cases where you have

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one individual standing literally before

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<font color="

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nope I won't back down

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I hold that there has been nobody in a

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thousand years whom the world hated as

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much as me

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<font color="

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take me away I shall gladly stretch out

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00:04:07,459 --> 00:04:25,459
my neck so he can strike me to the

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ground with a thunderclap our men Martin

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Luther the man who would one day

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challenge the supremacy of the Catholic

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Church<font color="

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origins

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he grew up in a tiny town called

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Mansfield in northern Germany a

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hard-working community for the church

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reigns supreme

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the most important thing to remember

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about<font color="

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Christianity that in weights the only

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game in town it's the only major story

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that is allowed to be told and that is

1
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told systematically and it's embedded in

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institutions everywhere you go the chart

1
00:05:11,329 --> 00:05:15,699
stood at the<font color="

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childhood world

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it's churches monasteries and convents

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they scattered across an empire that

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stretched from the far west of Ireland

1
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<font color="

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church's power lay in the one great

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comfort it promised if you followed its

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rules and performed its rituals you

1
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would escape the horrors of this world

1
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<font color="

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but the church exerted as much control

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of her life on earth as a did in heaven

1
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its rules and laws permeated every

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aspect of daily life the church declared

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whose birth was legitimate it declared

1
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whose marriages were lawful it declared

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whose wills were valid and in that way

1
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it actually inserted itself and its

1
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legal system into the lives of ordinary

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people at every point not just its own

1
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members but all the rest<font color="

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00:06:27,899 --> 00:06:40,680
community like so many around him the

1
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young luther embraced the church he

1
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served as an altar boy sang in the choir

1
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for he was a vision of harmony and peace

1
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while life at home seems to have caused

1
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only pain and anguish

1
00:07:03,819 --> 00:07:08,990
<font color="

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00:07:06,529 --> 00:07:11,269
smelter one of a new and growing class

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00:07:08,990 --> 00:07:13,879
of businessman who had broken free from

1
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the old feudal system and set up on

1
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their own hands held fierce ambitions

1
00:07:17,779 --> 00:07:22,339
for his son he was determined for him to

1
00:07:20,360 --> 00:07:26,060
climb even<font color="

1
00:07:22,339 --> 00:07:29,869
and become a lawyer but Luthor's was not

1
00:07:26,060 --> 00:07:32,120
a happier Luthor provides us with many

1
00:07:29,870 --> 00:07:34,340
memories of his childhood and those

1
00:07:32,120 --> 00:07:37,040
memories are not entirely positive there

1
00:07:34,339 --> 00:07:38,839
<font color="

1
00:07:37,040 --> 00:07:41,629
being punished by his father for his

1
00:07:38,839 --> 00:07:43,729
failures or for his disobedience and I

1
00:07:41,629 --> 00:07:46,490
think the impression we get is that of

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someone with a sense of low self esteem

1
00:07:46,490 --> 00:07:52,250
someone who believes that he will not

1
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live up to<font color="

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have concerning

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Anse Luthor was a fierce judge of his

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son

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00:08:01,569 --> 00:08:08,689
my father once whipped me so hard I ran

1
00:08:04,970 --> 00:08:11,410
away I hated him until he finally

1
00:08:08,689 --> 00:08:13,939
managed to win me back

1
00:08:11,410 --> 00:08:17,540
Luthor's mother seems to have been

1
00:08:13,939 --> 00:08:20,750
little<font color="

1
00:08:17,540 --> 00:08:24,979
stealing a nut my mother once beat me

1
00:08:20,750 --> 00:08:27,019
until the blood flowed the fear of

1
00:08:24,978 --> 00:08:30,038
punishment and a failing would resound

1
00:08:27,019 --> 00:08:32,538
in Luther for the rest of his life

1
00:08:30,038 --> 00:08:35,509
although<font color="

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00:08:32,538 --> 00:08:38,979
fulfill his father's ambitions but to

1
00:08:35,509 --> 00:08:38,979
spectacular rebellion

1
00:08:44,860 --> 00:08:51,740
but first Luther followed the path laid

1
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out for him he was sent to the best

1
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schools in the area and then at the age

1
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of<font color="

1
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Erfurt compared to Luther's hometown

1
00:09:02,690 --> 00:09:10,640
Hereford was a bustling metropolis it

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00:09:08,870 --> 00:09:13,129
offered everything that might appeal to

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a young student countless taverns and

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00:09:13,129 --> 00:09:20,799
bars in a time without clean drinking

1
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water<font color="

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the city even had its own municipal

1
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brothel run by the City Council

1
00:09:28,389 --> 00:09:36,230
but effort was also unique more elevated

1
00:09:31,820 --> 00:09:39,770
ways it wasn't a great center of

1
00:09:36,230 --> 00:09:41,629
manufacturing or politics but it was a

1
00:09:39,769 --> 00:09:44,629
great center of the church and the

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00:09:41,629 --> 00:09:47,389
church's activities they reckoned that

1
00:09:44,629 --> 00:09:49,939
there were<font color="

1
00:09:47,389 --> 00:09:53,689
represented within it that there are 25

1
00:09:49,940 --> 00:09:55,760
parish churches in fact Erfurt had the

1
00:09:53,690 --> 00:09:57,770
name at the time of being the Rome of

1
00:09:55,759 --> 00:09:59,450
during gia the Rome of that region of

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00:09:57,769 --> 00:10:03,730
Saxony<font color="

1
00:09:59,450 --> 00:10:03,730
concentration of ecclesiastical talented

1
00:10:06,480 --> 00:10:13,750
at Alfred Luthor blossomed he became a

1
00:10:10,179 --> 00:10:15,099
keen musician and he forged a number of

1
00:10:13,750 --> 00:10:20,470
close friendships with his fellow

1
00:10:15,100 --> 00:10:23,710
student Luther and really moved at

1
00:10:20,470 --> 00:10:26,320
around the age of 1415 to this context

1
00:10:23,710 --> 00:10:28,900
of learning<font color="

1
00:10:26,320 --> 00:10:30,760
peers very very demanding so the

1
00:10:28,899 --> 00:10:33,309
connections between the young men there

1
00:10:30,759 --> 00:10:36,370
could be very very strong a terrific

1
00:10:33,309 --> 00:10:38,739
sort of bonding they became family to

1
00:10:36,370 --> 00:10:42,659
each other so friends were at that stage

1
00:10:38,740 --> 00:10:42,659
a knife I think for everything you had

1
00:10:43,259 --> 00:10:48,610
<font color="

1
00:10:46,059 --> 00:10:52,839
gained his Bachelor of Arts and then his

1
00:10:48,610 --> 00:10:55,330
master's degrees all that remained was

1
00:10:52,840 --> 00:10:58,980
to take his final course in law and he

1
00:10:55,330 --> 00:10:58,980
would be everything his father wished

1
00:10:59,750 --> 00:11:07,159
but suddenly<font color="

1
00:11:01,879 --> 00:11:12,159
Luther's life were shattered in the year

1
00:11:07,159 --> 00:11:12,159
1505 plague struck effort

1
00:11:24,750 --> 00:11:29,950
disease ran amok through the city's

1
00:11:27,250 --> 00:11:34,000
narrow street leaving death and anguish

1
00:11:29,950 --> 00:11:36,790
in its wake the thing about the Black

1
00:11:34,000 --> 00:11:39,399
<font color="

1
00:11:36,789 --> 00:11:41,559
came upon people without warning some

1
00:11:39,399 --> 00:11:44,799
people were struck down others were

1
00:11:41,559 --> 00:11:46,779
spared some towns were devastated by it

1
00:11:44,799 --> 00:11:47,409
while others quite close might be left

1
00:11:46,779 --> 00:11:51,220
alone

1
00:11:47,409 --> 00:11:53,649
so it was impossible to explain nobody

1
00:11:51,220 --> 00:11:55,840
knew how you caught it at the time<font color="

1
00:11:53,649 --> 00:11:57,789
nobody knew why you caught it except

1
00:11:55,840 --> 00:12:00,910
that they had a general sense that God

1
00:11:57,789 --> 00:12:05,399
was punishing them for their sins it was

1
00:12:00,909 --> 00:12:05,399
a terrible visible sign of punishment

1
00:12:08,519 --> 00:12:13,528
a black death had killed almost a half

1
00:12:11,429 --> 00:12:16,250
of Europe's population in the previous

1
00:12:13,528 --> 00:12:16,250
hundred years

1
00:12:19,789 --> 00:12:24,789
but the epidemic will now touch<font color="

1
00:12:22,190 --> 00:12:24,790
directly

1
00:12:26,039 --> 00:12:30,519
three of his friends were killed by the

1
00:12:28,379 --> 00:12:32,580
disease

1
00:12:30,519 --> 00:12:32,579
you

1
00:12:33,169 --> 00:12:38,449
and this limps of man's mortality and

1
00:12:35,929 --> 00:12:40,250
the fear of God's wrath would lead to

1
00:12:38,450 --> 00:12:42,670
the first great turning point in

1
00:12:40,250 --> 00:12:42,669
Luthor's life

1
00:13:05,409 --> 00:13:14,048
<font color="

1
00:13:09,159 --> 00:13:15,879
after a visit to his family why suddenly

1
00:13:14,048 --> 00:13:18,448
he was caught in the mass of the

1
00:13:15,879 --> 00:13:18,449
thunderstorm

1
00:13:28,720 --> 00:13:32,500
no one knows exactly what happened to

1
00:13:31,450 --> 00:13:36,660
loofah though right

1
00:13:32,500 --> 00:13:39,759
but it struck him to his very soul

1
00:13:36,659 --> 00:13:43,659
suddenly surrounded by the terror<font color="

1
00:13:39,759 --> 00:13:47,649
agony of death I felt constrained to vow

1
00:13:43,659 --> 00:13:50,110
myself to God with three friends already

1
00:13:47,649 --> 00:13:55,350
lost to the plague now faced with death

1
00:13:50,110 --> 00:13:55,350
himself Luther struck a bargain with God

1
00:13:55,600 --> 00:14:02,860
we vowed to become a monk the close

1
00:14:00,639 --> 00:14:05,199
<font color="

1
00:14:02,860 --> 00:14:06,850
you think what state is my soul and you

1
00:14:05,200 --> 00:14:08,650
know what is the balance here you know

1
00:14:06,850 --> 00:14:11,019
we're talking almost a sort of spiritual

1
00:14:08,649 --> 00:14:13,840
accountancy where am i situated what is

1
00:14:11,019 --> 00:14:15,909
the balance had I died just now had my

1
00:14:13,840 --> 00:14:19,649
invocation<font color="

1
00:14:15,909 --> 00:14:19,649
ended up in sin

1
00:14:26,528 --> 00:14:33,188
the Thunderbolt in effect marked our two

1
00:14:30,548 --> 00:14:36,009
pounds he could go down the path his

1
00:14:33,188 --> 00:14:38,649
father wanted him to go down or he'd go

1
00:14:36,009 --> 00:14:40,568
down<font color="

1
00:14:38,649 --> 00:14:43,889
reflections he was beginning to feel

1
00:14:40,568 --> 00:14:43,889
that he ought to go down

1
00:14:47,129 --> 00:14:52,439
it was a moment when he took charge of

1
00:14:49,740 --> 00:14:54,360
his own life he stopped doing what his

1
00:14:52,440 --> 00:14:56,280
father wanted him to do and from that

1
00:14:54,360 --> 00:14:59,789
<font color="

1
00:14:56,279 --> 00:15:02,789
to the life of the Spirit to search the

1
00:14:59,789 --> 00:15:05,730
universe for the answers that he

1
00:15:02,789 --> 00:15:10,879
urgently required he was obviously a

1
00:15:05,730 --> 00:15:10,879
person of spiritual sensibilities

1
00:15:17,490 --> 00:15:24,389
ah how my father raged when he found his

1
00:15:21,389 --> 00:15:28,528
son would be<font color="

1
00:15:24,389 --> 00:15:30,839
acted like a fool I was he to know that

1
00:15:28,528 --> 00:15:34,470
one monk in the family would bring him

1
00:15:30,839 --> 00:15:37,879
more Fame and shame than a thousand

1
00:15:34,470 --> 00:15:37,879
earning clad advocates

1
00:16:00,230 --> 00:16:32,610
we thought monasteries and confidence of

1
00:16:27,419 --> 00:16:34,589
Europe were a society in themselves for

1
00:16:32,610 --> 00:16:37,620
the faithful<font color="

1
00:16:34,590 --> 00:16:46,259
to prayer meditation and a search for

1
00:16:37,620 --> 00:16:48,960
salvation the monastic life was

1
00:16:46,259 --> 00:16:53,009
dominated by the rhythm of the seven

1
00:16:48,960 --> 00:16:55,800
hours of the liturgical day which meant

1
00:16:53,009 --> 00:16:59,610
that seven times in the day monks had to

1
00:16:55,799 --> 00:17:02,279
be there in choir singing and saying

1
00:16:59,610 --> 00:17:05,480
<font color="

1
00:17:02,279 --> 00:17:05,480
getting up in the middle of the night

1
00:17:06,709 --> 00:17:12,480
when you weren't taking part in

1
00:17:09,690 --> 00:17:16,410
liturgical services your life was also

1
00:17:12,480 --> 00:17:18,329
rigorously regulated in many monasteries

1
00:17:16,410 --> 00:17:21,269
speaking was only allowed in certain

1
00:17:18,329 --> 00:17:23,849
places and at certain times all privacy

1
00:17:21,269 --> 00:17:25,759
<font color="

1
00:17:23,849 --> 00:17:29,369
supposed to be very simple

1
00:17:25,759 --> 00:17:32,390
monks clothing was also very hard harsh

1
00:17:29,369 --> 00:17:32,389
and uncomfortable

1
00:17:32,920 --> 00:17:38,840
why wear these clothes that made you so

1
00:17:36,740 --> 00:17:42,140
uncomfortable why go to all these

1
00:17:38,839 --> 00:17:44,389
services why each suits poor food the

1
00:17:42,140 --> 00:17:47,300
answer<font color="

1
00:17:44,390 --> 00:17:50,120
renunciation of everything at the world

1
00:17:47,299 --> 00:17:52,940
regardless comfortable valuable and so

1
00:17:50,119 --> 00:17:54,709
on that salvation was to be achieved and

1
00:17:52,940 --> 00:17:58,299
Luther clearly believed that the only

1
00:17:54,710 --> 00:18:00,910
way of achieving salvation was by

1
00:17:58,299 --> 00:18:03,589
<font color="

1
00:18:00,910 --> 00:18:16,400
immersing himself in a community which

1
00:18:03,589 --> 00:18:17,419
cut him off from it two weeks after the

1
00:18:16,400 --> 00:18:19,670
night in the forest

1
00:18:17,420 --> 00:18:22,460
Luther joined one of the most severe

1
00:18:19,670 --> 00:18:30,080
monastic orders in Germany the era might

1
00:18:22,460 --> 00:18:33,079
Augustinians of strict observance his

1
00:18:30,079 --> 00:18:36,369
hair was cut<font color="

1
00:18:33,079 --> 00:18:36,369
robes of the novice monk

1
00:18:40,609 --> 00:18:45,369
and he prostrated himself before the

1
00:18:42,919 --> 00:18:45,370
abbot

1
00:18:50,170 --> 00:18:55,990
he had been welcomed into the very heart

1
00:18:52,640 --> 00:18:55,990
of the Catholic Church

1
00:18:56,049 --> 00:19:00,019
it was not the<font color="

1
00:18:58,460 --> 00:19:03,110
choose if you wanted a comfortable or

1
00:19:00,019 --> 00:19:07,190
easy life it wasn't that kind of

1
00:19:03,109 --> 00:19:09,349
religious house at all it was however I

1
00:19:07,190 --> 00:19:12,769
think a good order for someone to join

1
00:19:09,349 --> 00:19:22,909
who was also quite spiritually and

1
00:19:12,769 --> 00:19:25,160
mentally<font color="

1
00:19:22,910 --> 00:19:30,620
was as much a business as a spiritual

1
00:19:25,160 --> 00:19:37,070
retreat the abbot was running a thriving

1
00:19:30,619 --> 00:19:41,379
trade and dyeing cloth the monks had a

1
00:19:37,069 --> 00:19:44,058
brewery distilling a rather popular beer

1
00:19:41,380 --> 00:19:46,400
while the monastery owned land across

1
00:19:44,058 --> 00:19:49,539
<font color="

1
00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:49,540
from rent and tithe

1
00:19:51,549 --> 00:19:58,659
all diligently accounted for and the

1
00:19:54,650 --> 00:19:58,660
monasteries extensive business records

1
00:20:01,349 --> 00:20:07,000
the church wouldn't have pleaded for

1
00:20:04,808 --> 00:20:10,149
support from its people it would have

1
00:20:07,000 --> 00:20:13,058
demanded it and required it it had the

1
00:20:10,150 --> 00:20:14,950
<font color="

1
00:20:13,058 --> 00:20:17,440
voluntary contribution they were a form

1
00:20:14,950 --> 00:20:19,210
of tax which if you did not pay you

1
00:20:17,440 --> 00:20:21,669
could be hauled up in court and made to

1
00:20:19,210 --> 00:20:23,590
pay and people in the Hall were willing

1
00:20:21,669 --> 00:20:26,380
to pay those fees because they were

1
00:20:23,589 --> 00:20:28,389
taught so firmly right from their

1
00:20:26,380 --> 00:20:30,549
earliest childhood<font color="

1
00:20:28,390 --> 00:20:33,990
have the services of the church their

1
00:20:30,548 --> 00:20:33,990
souls would be in peril

1
00:20:41,400 --> 00:20:48,600
this profiteering of the church would

1
00:20:44,289 --> 00:20:51,639
ultimately outraged and disgust Luther

1
00:20:48,599 --> 00:20:57,099
but for now he was concerned only with

1
00:20:51,640 --> 00:20:59,620
his soul he threw himself into the

1
00:20:57,099 --> 00:21:02,548
<font color="

1
00:20:59,619 --> 00:21:02,548
devoted followers

1
00:21:05,720 --> 00:21:10,220
he soon graduated from the white robe of

1
00:21:08,388 --> 00:21:12,619
the novitiate to the black of the

1
00:21:10,220 --> 00:21:15,579
confirmed monk the only piece of

1
00:21:12,619 --> 00:21:15,579
clothing he now

1
00:21:17,400 --> 00:21:22,380
he tells us that he wasn't in there for

1
00:21:20,730 --> 00:21:26,940
fun or to muck about or to have a good

1
00:21:22,380 --> 00:21:29,550
<font color="

1
00:21:26,940 --> 00:21:31,590
to pick up one feature it means fasting

1
00:21:29,549 --> 00:21:36,210
it means recurrent fasting means a

1
00:21:31,589 --> 00:21:38,279
really bodily physical self to know the

1
00:21:36,210 --> 00:21:40,710
monks trick routine of prayer and study

1
00:21:38,279 --> 00:21:44,009
was accompanied by a regime of

1
00:21:40,710 --> 00:21:45,990
persecution of the flesh initiates were

1
00:21:44,009 --> 00:21:50,930
encouraged to sleep without coverings or

1
00:21:45,990 --> 00:21:50,930
blankets even to put themselves

1
00:21:53,950 --> 00:21:59,840
one of the things they're trying to do

1
00:21:56,269 --> 00:22:03,019
is to imitate the sufferings of Christ

1
00:21:59,839 --> 00:22:07,699
to be what is called an ascetic to

1
00:22:03,019 --> 00:22:12,470
believe that by dominating your fleshly

1
00:22:07,700 --> 00:22:15,350
desires<font color="

1
00:22:12,470 --> 00:22:18,048
companionship the comforts of life you

1
00:22:15,349 --> 00:22:20,178
are identifying yourself with Christ in

1
00:22:18,048 --> 00:22:22,489
the wilderness that you are battling

1
00:22:20,179 --> 00:22:26,139
with the forces of evil in yourself by

1
00:22:22,489 --> 00:22:26,139
battling with your<font color="

1
00:22:26,739 --> 00:22:31,788
Luther threw himself into this regime

1
00:22:29,148 --> 00:22:33,858
with fervor sleeping out in the snow

1
00:22:31,788 --> 00:22:37,509
with our blankets until his fellow monks

1
00:22:33,858 --> 00:22:37,509
dragged him in half-dead

1
00:22:38,529 --> 00:22:42,609
in later years he would complain that

1
00:22:40,690 --> 00:22:46,080
<font color="

1
00:22:42,609 --> 00:22:46,079
permanently ruined his health

1
00:22:52,640 --> 00:22:59,809
if ever a monk should have got to heaven

1
00:22:55,009 --> 00:23:01,788
by his monkey that it was high if I kept

1
00:22:59,808 --> 00:23:04,490
on any longer then I would have killed

1
00:23:01,788 --> 00:23:07,658
myself with vigils prayers reading

1
00:23:04,490 --> 00:23:07,659
another<font color="

1
00:23:09,219 --> 00:23:15,199
everything that Luther did throughout

1
00:23:11,058 --> 00:23:18,949
his life Luther did to the brim look I

1
00:23:15,199 --> 00:23:21,048
did everything 100 percent 110 percent

1
00:23:18,949 --> 00:23:23,298
and when Luther was in the mood to be a

1
00:23:21,048 --> 00:23:27,699
monk you know he gives it his all he

1
00:23:23,298 --> 00:23:27,699
gives<font color="

1
00:23:31,619 --> 00:23:36,759
but Luther's devotion now began to

1
00:23:34,329 --> 00:23:39,148
exceed anything expected by his fellow

1
00:23:36,759 --> 00:23:39,148
monks

1
00:23:39,630 --> 00:23:45,030
he was increasingly concerned that he

1
00:23:42,660 --> 00:23:47,220
might never please God that he would

1
00:23:45,029 --> 00:23:49,379
never make it to heaven

1
00:23:47,220 --> 00:23:51,960
that he had swapped one unforgiving

1
00:23:49,380 --> 00:23:54,230
father for one even more impossible to

1
00:23:51,960 --> 00:23:54,230
<font color="

1
00:23:56,579 --> 00:24:01,619
Luther talked vividly of a mounting

1
00:23:59,099 --> 00:24:04,429
feeling of hopelessness calling it an

1
00:24:01,619 --> 00:24:04,429
facto

1
00:24:04,519 --> 00:24:09,160
a sense that he would never achieve

1
00:24:06,230 --> 00:24:09,160
salvation

1
00:24:11,429 --> 00:24:18,359
God's Word is too high and too hard for

1
00:24:15,148 --> 00:24:21,928
anyone to fulfill it and this is proved

1
00:24:18,358 --> 00:24:25,999
<font color="

1
00:24:21,929 --> 00:24:25,999
own experience and feeling

1
00:24:31,410 --> 00:24:36,370
the greater his sense of despair the

1
00:24:34,210 --> 00:24:39,450
more Luther threw himself into the

1
00:24:36,369 --> 00:24:39,449
rituals of the church

1
00:24:40,529 --> 00:24:49,079
Luther was different from other monks in

1
00:24:43,409 --> 00:24:51,590
that he dearly cared about being

1
00:24:49,079 --> 00:24:56,519
reconciled to the Heavenly Father<font color="

1
00:24:51,589 --> 00:25:01,829
doing what God willed him to do and we

1
00:24:56,519 --> 00:25:05,369
can see his quest his agonizing his deep

1
00:25:01,829 --> 00:25:07,288
seriousness we hope that he's going to

1
00:25:05,369 --> 00:25:10,819
find some resolution otherwise he's

1
00:25:07,288 --> 00:25:10,819
going to lead a tormented life

1
00:25:25,640 --> 00:25:30,640
for five<font color="

1
00:25:28,250 --> 00:25:30,640
relief

1
00:25:32,720 --> 00:25:39,409
then in 1510 he was offered an escape

1
00:25:36,109 --> 00:25:43,129
from us cloistered life he was sent by

1
00:25:39,409 --> 00:25:46,809
his order on a mission to Rome one of

1
00:25:43,130 --> 00:25:46,809
the church's greatest pilgrimages

1
00:25:48,259 --> 00:25:52,559
going to Rome was a very special

1
00:25:50,759 --> 00:25:55,559
pilgrimage because this was the capital

1
00:25:52,559 --> 00:25:57,690
<font color="

1
00:25:55,559 --> 00:26:00,960
from the Western perspective it is the

1
00:25:57,690 --> 00:26:03,210
capital of Christendom period Luther

1
00:26:00,960 --> 00:26:05,519
immediately decided he would make the

1
00:26:03,210 --> 00:26:07,789
best spiritual use of this trip that he

1
00:26:05,519 --> 00:26:07,789
could

1
00:26:08,298 --> 00:26:14,118
<font color="

1
00:26:10,608 --> 00:26:17,708
the home of st. Peter's the Pope and the

1
00:26:14,118 --> 00:26:17,708
remains of countless saints and martyrs

1
00:26:18,400 --> 00:26:23,798
tens of thousands of pilgrims flocked to

1
00:26:21,308 --> 00:26:27,210
Rome every year all hoping the journey

1
00:26:23,798 --> 00:26:30,398
would bring them closer to God

1
00:26:27,210 --> 00:26:33,700
you dress<font color="

1
00:26:30,398 --> 00:26:35,288
you walk you live very modestly there

1
00:26:33,700 --> 00:26:36,940
are little hostels along the routes for

1
00:26:35,288 --> 00:26:38,558
pilgrims so that when you get to the

1
00:26:36,940 --> 00:26:41,620
place of pilgrimage in a way you're in a

1
00:26:38,558 --> 00:26:44,829
state of such penance and deserve it and

1
00:26:41,619 --> 00:26:46,898
<font color="

1
00:26:44,829 --> 00:26:49,388
is at the end of the pilgrimage you'll

1
00:26:46,898 --> 00:26:53,829
be worthy to partake in the grace of

1
00:26:49,388 --> 00:26:55,658
encountering it it took a full two

1
00:26:53,829 --> 00:26:59,168
months for Luther and his companion to

1
00:26:55,659 --> 00:27:02,409
make the long journey south and then in

1
00:26:59,169 --> 00:27:05,250
<font color="

1
00:27:02,409 --> 00:27:05,250
the Eternal City

1
00:27:29,269 --> 00:27:35,720
Luther arrived in Rahm just as the

1
00:27:32,160 --> 00:27:35,720
Renaissance was reaching his height

1
00:27:37,599 --> 00:27:43,969
Michelangelo was painting the ceilings

1
00:27:39,740 --> 00:27:45,769
of the Sistine Chapel Raphael was hard

1
00:27:43,970 --> 00:27:48,430
at work decorating the Pope's private

1
00:27:45,769 --> 00:27:48,430
apartments

1
00:27:49,960 --> 00:27:57,360
to the young<font color="

1
00:27:52,179 --> 00:28:00,639
revelation Luther was a very northern

1
00:27:57,359 --> 00:28:03,219
provincial boy he had lived him by then

1
00:28:00,638 --> 00:28:05,829
what three towns in his whole life he

1
00:28:03,220 --> 00:28:08,110
hadn't seen very much and to come to the

1
00:28:05,829 --> 00:28:11,319
city and see the retinues of the

1
00:28:08,109 --> 00:28:13,298
Cardinals and the great palaces<font color="

1
00:28:11,319 --> 00:28:16,298
this basking in a totally different

1
00:28:13,298 --> 00:28:19,240
weather and different foods and smells

1
00:28:16,298 --> 00:28:21,388
must have been a terrific shock to the

1
00:28:19,240 --> 00:28:21,388
system

1
00:28:28,809 --> 00:28:34,299
when Luther first approached Frome

1
00:28:31,779 --> 00:28:36,639
entered into the city he seems to have

1
00:28:34,299 --> 00:28:39,009
<font color="

1
00:28:36,640 --> 00:28:40,600
that here he was in the holy city here

1
00:28:39,009 --> 00:28:43,299
he was in the presence of so many

1
00:28:40,599 --> 00:28:46,269
martyrs and they at the center of the

1
00:28:43,299 --> 00:28:49,480
church and it probably took a little

1
00:28:46,269 --> 00:28:55,359
while<font color="

1
00:28:49,480 --> 00:28:57,279
the wear off it did among the palaces

1
00:28:55,359 --> 00:29:01,949
and great churches Luther but now

1
00:28:57,279 --> 00:29:01,950
discover a very earthly institution

1
00:29:06,880 --> 00:29:12,610
for this city was as much about money as

1
00:29:10,009 --> 00:29:15,099
religion

1
00:29:12,609 --> 00:29:17,408
the papacy as an institution for

1
00:29:15,099 --> 00:29:20,379
gathering in cash is really a kind of

1
00:29:17,409 --> 00:29:22,960
huge<font color="

1
00:29:20,380 --> 00:29:25,570
throughout Europe the church may have

1
00:29:22,960 --> 00:29:28,450
taught that money is at the root of all

1
00:29:25,569 --> 00:29:30,548
evil and to lend it at interest for

1
00:29:28,450 --> 00:29:32,288
example is a mortal sin but in reality

1
00:29:30,548 --> 00:29:37,000
that of course the church dealt in

1
00:29:32,288 --> 00:29:38,519
millions of<font color="

1
00:29:37,000 --> 00:29:41,679
the headquarters of a europe-wide

1
00:29:38,519 --> 00:29:44,019
corporation supported on the profits of

1
00:29:41,679 --> 00:29:46,480
monasteries such as his own on the

1
00:29:44,019 --> 00:29:48,490
donations of the faithful and fees that

1
00:29:46,480 --> 00:29:52,048
were charged for everything from a

1
00:29:48,490 --> 00:29:52,048
wedding license to a cardinal

1
00:29:55,710 --> 00:30:00,299
most important<font color="

1
00:29:57,809 --> 00:30:03,329
the papacy in the early sixteenth

1
00:30:00,299 --> 00:30:05,099
century that it has been for a few

1
00:30:03,329 --> 00:30:08,750
hundreds of years already it has been

1
00:30:05,099 --> 00:30:10,949
basically<font color="

1
00:30:08,750 --> 00:30:14,369
characteristics of a state it has a

1
00:30:10,950 --> 00:30:16,500
bureaucracy it has but palaces it has

1
00:30:14,369 --> 00:30:25,169
magnificent buildings it has everything

1
00:30:16,500 --> 00:30:27,230
that a great Renaissance prince has the

1
00:30:25,170 --> 00:30:29,880
papacy even wielded military power

1
00:30:27,230 --> 00:30:32,279
<font color="

1
00:30:29,880 --> 00:30:35,420
Sant'Angelo the Pope's private fort

1
00:30:32,279 --> 00:30:35,420
bristling with cannons

1
00:30:40,369 --> 00:30:46,349
although pope julius ii was rarely there

1
00:30:43,970 --> 00:30:48,539
preferring to spend his time campaigning

1
00:30:46,349 --> 00:30:50,928
across europe at the head of the people

1
00:30:48,539 --> 00:30:50,928
army

1
00:30:51,970 --> 00:30:57,700
the kind of<font color="

1
00:30:54,759 --> 00:31:00,278
top in the church tended to be people

1
00:30:57,700 --> 00:31:03,038
who would be pretty rough cut

1
00:31:00,278 --> 00:31:04,990
businessman and the need to have these

1
00:31:03,038 --> 00:31:09,128
sort of powerful managers and

1
00:31:04,990 --> 00:31:10,990
<font color="

1
00:31:09,128 --> 00:31:14,519
spiritual place full of a lot of

1
00:31:10,990 --> 00:31:14,519
unspiritual people

1
00:31:15,309 --> 00:31:21,450
in Rome Luther discovered a cynicism

1
00:31:17,950 --> 00:31:21,450
that shocked them to the core

1
00:31:24,920 --> 00:31:29,570
he reported that when he timidly tried

1
00:31:27,710 --> 00:31:32,329
to preach a mass in one of the city's

1
00:31:29,569 --> 00:31:36,519
magnificent<font color="

1
00:31:32,329 --> 00:31:36,519
him said just get on with it

1
00:31:36,559 --> 00:31:40,460
and that is he held up the bread he

1
00:31:38,509 --> 00:31:43,009
believed had been transformed into the

1
00:31:40,460 --> 00:31:45,920
body of Christ another priest muttered

1
00:31:43,009 --> 00:31:48,490
<font color="

1
00:31:45,920 --> 00:31:48,490
remain

1
00:31:57,759 --> 00:32:02,920
I think the disappointment aromas have

1
00:32:00,250 --> 00:32:04,299
been just absolutely devastating here

1
00:32:02,920 --> 00:32:06,610
was something which I think he was still

1
00:32:04,299 --> 00:32:08,740
open to find as a sort of elevating

1
00:32:06,609 --> 00:32:11,049
experience to go to the pinnacle of the

1
00:32:08,740 --> 00:32:13,990
institution<font color="

1
00:32:11,049 --> 00:32:15,759
has become servant of and yet finding

1
00:32:13,990 --> 00:32:19,230
that in a way nobody speaks his language

1
00:32:15,759 --> 00:32:19,230
and in more ways than one

1
00:32:23,299 --> 00:32:30,339
Luther also discovered that the church

1
00:32:26,089 --> 00:32:30,339
was happy to profit from its pilgrims

1
00:32:32,829 --> 00:32:39,730
for a fee he was allowed to enter the

1
00:32:35,990 --> 00:32:43,549
<font color="

1
00:32:39,730 --> 00:32:47,599
here he could view the remains of 46,000

1
00:32:43,549 --> 00:32:50,690
Christian martyrs this would earn him

1
00:32:47,599 --> 00:32:54,879
what was called an indulgence releasing

1
00:32:50,690 --> 00:32:54,880
him from time and purgatory after death

1
00:32:57,119 --> 00:33:01,500
purgatory was what Christians would have

1
00:32:59,430 --> 00:33:03,779
<font color="

1
00:33:01,500 --> 00:33:07,140
could be thousands of years before they

1
00:33:03,779 --> 00:33:09,480
were finally allowed to enter Heaven the

1
00:33:07,140 --> 00:33:11,730
chance to buy time off from purgatory

1
00:33:09,480 --> 00:33:16,470
was an extremely attractive offer for

1
00:33:11,730 --> 00:33:18,740
the faithful<font color="

1
00:33:16,470 --> 00:33:18,740
church

1
00:33:22,369 --> 00:33:27,479
but as Luther trekked from one

1
00:33:24,720 --> 00:33:30,210
pilgrimage site to another desperate to

1
00:33:27,480 --> 00:33:34,919
find salvation he was overtaken by a

1
00:33:30,210 --> 00:33:38,759
steadily mounting fear could all this

1
00:33:34,919 --> 00:33:40,950
really<font color="

1
00:33:38,759 --> 00:33:43,740
until finally it is said that Luther

1
00:33:40,950 --> 00:33:45,870
collapsed question for the first time

1
00:33:43,740 --> 00:33:48,798
the teachings of the church to which he

1
00:33:45,869 --> 00:33:48,798
had vowed his life

1
00:33:49,009 --> 00:33:52,990
who knows if it is really so

1
00:33:58,109 --> 00:34:03,579
Luther was clearly very disillusioned by

1
00:34:01,000 --> 00:34:06,789
Rome not simply by the spiritual

1
00:34:03,579 --> 00:34:08,889
superficiality but also by the the way

1
00:34:06,789 --> 00:34:11,168
in which he felt that Rome simply did

1
00:34:08,889 --> 00:34:13,889
not reflect Christianity as he

1
00:34:11,168 --> 00:34:13,888
understood

1
00:34:17,059 --> 00:34:23,659
Luther had a sense of the answer having

1
00:34:20,179 --> 00:34:26,960
eluded him he did not have a feeling of

1
00:34:23,659 --> 00:34:30,700
God's loving him any better thus he had

1
00:34:26,960 --> 00:34:30,699
to find<font color="

1
00:34:32,530 --> 00:34:39,950
Luther's trip to Rome had brought only

1
00:34:35,090 --> 00:34:42,050
disillusion and doubt and life in the

1
00:34:39,949 --> 00:34:47,750
monastery now offered even less

1
00:34:42,050 --> 00:34:50,899
consolation number four still desperate

1
00:34:47,750 --> 00:34:55,789
to ensure his salvation Luther spent his

1
00:34:50,898 --> 00:34:58,609
life in<font color="

1
00:34:55,789 --> 00:35:01,550
his soul up to four times a day for as

1
00:34:58,610 --> 00:35:05,140
long as six hours at a time spending the

1
00:35:01,550 --> 00:35:05,140
rest of his days in penance

1
00:35:10,190 --> 00:35:17,309
there is something about<font color="

1
00:35:13,768 --> 00:35:20,750
feels that he never can quite do it and

1
00:35:17,309 --> 00:35:23,130
yet he has to do it he would confess and

1
00:35:20,750 --> 00:35:24,389
would be absolved and that's the way the

1
00:35:23,130 --> 00:35:25,769
church was supposed to deal with that

1
00:35:24,389 --> 00:35:27,598
issue<font color="

1
00:35:25,768 --> 00:35:29,788
enough you said you're forgiven

1
00:35:27,599 --> 00:35:32,789
but that little voice back there said

1
00:35:29,789 --> 00:35:35,039
you're not really sorry and so he had to

1
00:35:32,789 --> 00:35:37,799
go and confess again and be absolved

1
00:35:35,039 --> 00:35:38,759
again and a little voice said no you

1
00:35:37,798 --> 00:35:42,119
didn't<font color="

1
00:35:38,759 --> 00:35:45,150
and so monasticism was a hell for him

1
00:35:42,119 --> 00:35:46,950
Harry was doing the most important the

1
00:35:45,150 --> 00:35:50,180
best thing you can do that his society

1
00:35:46,949 --> 00:35:50,179
said and it gave him no relief

1
00:35:54,889 --> 00:36:00,449
clearly his mind was racing and with his

1
00:35:58,230 --> 00:36:02,849
<font color="

1
00:36:00,449 --> 00:36:05,489
answers and then the extraordinary guilt

1
00:36:02,849 --> 00:36:07,170
why Gnosticism has worked for tens and

1
00:36:05,489 --> 00:36:11,389
hundreds of thousands of men throughout

1
00:36:07,170 --> 00:36:11,389
Christian centuries what's wrong with me

1
00:36:24,349 --> 00:36:30,170
however irreproachably<font color="

1
00:36:26,960 --> 00:36:33,530
I could feel myself only as a sinner

1
00:36:30,170 --> 00:36:35,300
with a conscience full of guilt nor

1
00:36:33,530 --> 00:36:37,550
could I believe that I please God with

1
00:36:35,300 --> 00:36:42,080
my labor indeed

1
00:36:37,550 --> 00:36:44,600
I hated this God and so I raged against

1
00:36:42,079 --> 00:36:46,869
<font color="

1
00:36:44,599 --> 00:36:46,869
conscience

1
00:36:56,250 --> 00:37:01,570
it would take the labor and insight of

1
00:36:59,469 --> 00:37:03,629
another to help Luther escape this

1
00:37:01,570 --> 00:37:06,190
prison of his own anguish and

1
00:37:03,630 --> 00:37:12,430
unwittingly set him on the path to

1
00:37:06,190 --> 00:37:14,108
revolution in 1511 his order sent him to

1
00:37:12,429 --> 00:37:19,989
a smaller monastery in the<font color="

1
00:37:14,108 --> 00:37:23,108
Wittenberg compared with effort

1
00:37:19,989 --> 00:37:25,389
Wittenberg was tiny home to little more

1
00:37:23,108 --> 00:37:30,639
than a couple of churches and a newly

1
00:37:25,389 --> 00:37:33,489
founded University but here the monk

1
00:37:30,639 --> 00:37:35,730
Johann von Tirpitz took Luther under his wing

1
00:37:33,489 --> 00:37:35,729
wing

1
00:37:36,960 --> 00:37:42,550
stupids was a leading<font color="

1
00:37:39,550 --> 00:37:44,350
order and he was determined to release

1
00:37:42,550 --> 00:37:52,570
the younger monk from his cycle of

1
00:37:44,349 --> 00:37:53,980
despair stop it's announced to Luther

1
00:37:52,570 --> 00:37:56,110
that he had decided to make him

1
00:37:53,980 --> 00:38:00,610
professor<font color="

1
00:37:56,110 --> 00:38:02,590
Berg's new University forcing him to

1
00:38:00,610 --> 00:38:05,140
look after the spiritual needs of others

1
00:38:02,590 --> 00:38:07,320
rather than simply raging against

1
00:38:05,139 --> 00:38:07,319
himself

1
00:38:08,730 --> 00:38:13,960
Luther stammered out 15 reasons why he

1
00:38:11,739 --> 00:38:17,069
could<font color="

1
00:38:13,960 --> 00:38:20,789
least that so much work would kill him

1
00:38:17,070 --> 00:38:22,390
Stout pizzas response still survives

1
00:38:20,789 --> 00:38:25,150
quite alright

1
00:38:22,389 --> 00:38:28,029
God has plenty of work for clever men in

1
00:38:25,150 --> 00:38:30,460
heaven I think stop it's knew very well

1
00:38:28,030 --> 00:38:33,760
how to handle Luther with a combination

1
00:38:30,460 --> 00:38:36,400
of sympathy gentle mockery gentle

1
00:38:33,760 --> 00:38:39,910
mockery and above all I think by um

1
00:38:36,400 --> 00:38:43,200
seeing his gifts seeing his brilliance

1
00:38:39,909 --> 00:38:46,029
and his capacity for an academic career

1
00:38:43,199 --> 00:38:48,299
star pitch I think is saying we've got

1
00:38:46,030 --> 00:38:50,320
<font color="

1
00:38:48,300 --> 00:38:50,980
instead of going through the dark night

1
00:38:50,320 --> 00:38:52,780
of the soul

1
00:38:50,980 --> 00:38:54,880
he's so shattered from preparing

1
00:38:52,780 --> 00:38:59,280
lectures that he just collapses and

1
00:38:54,880 --> 00:38:59,280
sleeps soundly like a baby<font color="

1
00:39:08,449 --> 00:39:14,809
Stout pizzas instincts would prove

1
00:39:10,670 --> 00:39:16,550
astonishingly accurate faced with a

1
00:39:14,809 --> 00:39:19,279
class of students to whom he had to

1
00:39:16,550 --> 00:39:21,620
explain the Bible Luther now had to

1
00:39:19,280 --> 00:39:25,310
engage<font color="

1
00:39:21,619 --> 00:39:27,529
blame himself for his failings he has to

1
00:39:25,309 --> 00:39:29,989
get up in a classroom and say what's

1
00:39:27,530 --> 00:39:32,960
what it's no longer thinking in the cell

1
00:39:29,989 --> 00:39:35,779
it's no longer discussion with brother

1
00:39:32,960 --> 00:39:38,409
monks it is actually pronouncing with

1
00:39:35,780 --> 00:39:38,410
authority

1
00:39:41,239 --> 00:39:46,889
he threw himself into his<font color="

1
00:39:44,699 --> 00:39:49,049
not only the standard Latin texts of the

1
00:39:46,889 --> 00:39:52,489
church but also reading them in new

1
00:39:49,050 --> 00:39:52,490
Greek and Hebrew editions

1
00:39:59,239 --> 00:40:04,129
and as he pondered noted and reasoned

1
00:40:01,789 --> 00:40:07,269
his way through his faith Luther was

1
00:40:04,130 --> 00:40:09,920
struck by a building revelation<font color="

1
00:40:07,269 --> 00:40:12,889
revelation that questioned everything he

1
00:40:09,920 --> 00:40:15,409
had been taught about his church Ruth

1
00:40:12,889 --> 00:40:17,420
had been brought up to believe that the

1
00:40:15,409 --> 00:40:20,239
person who was saved is a person who

1
00:40:17,420 --> 00:40:23,329
went out<font color="

1
00:40:20,239 --> 00:40:26,269
began to realize that to receive

1
00:40:23,329 --> 00:40:30,170
salvation who simply put out your empty

1
00:40:26,269 --> 00:40:36,530
open hands and received this gift which

1
00:40:30,170 --> 00:40:39,740
God wanted you to receive so what Luther

1
00:40:36,530 --> 00:40:42,680
is saying is that you don't need the

1
00:40:39,739 --> 00:40:45,379
institution of<font color="

1
00:40:42,679 --> 00:40:48,858
the intercession of priests you don't

1
00:40:45,380 --> 00:40:51,769
need these great papal ceremonies to get

1
00:40:48,858 --> 00:40:54,230
to heaven this whole thing is not about

1
00:40:51,769 --> 00:40:56,710
you and the church it's about you and

1
00:40:54,230 --> 00:40:56,710
God

1
00:41:09,028 --> 00:41:14,650
it was a revolutionary<font color="

1
00:41:12,789 --> 00:41:16,210
whole life Luther had believed that it

1
00:41:14,650 --> 00:41:19,559
was through the rituals of the church

1
00:41:16,210 --> 00:41:19,559
that he would achieve salvation

1
00:41:20,630 --> 00:41:25,789
but now he realized that salvation could

1
00:41:23,239 --> 00:41:28,909
only take place directly between God and

1
00:41:25,789 --> 00:41:30,170
the individual no earthly institution

1
00:41:28,909 --> 00:41:33,440
could<font color="

1
00:41:30,170 --> 00:41:36,010
atone for you or stand between you and

1
00:41:33,440 --> 00:41:36,010
your God

1
00:41:39,449 --> 00:41:45,509
at this I felt myself to have been born

1
00:41:42,358 --> 00:41:49,519
again and who have entered through open

1
00:41:45,510 --> 00:41:49,520
gates into heaven already

1
00:41:56,599 --> 00:42:01,610
but no one least of all Luther<font color="

1
00:41:59,329 --> 00:42:03,920
could have anticipated the blaze of

1
00:42:01,610 --> 00:42:06,099
turmoil and revolt he was about to

1
00:42:03,920 --> 00:42:06,099
ignite

1
00:42:16,099 --> 00:42:22,500
seven years had passed since Luther's

1
00:42:18,809 --> 00:42:27,570
visit to Rome in that time pope julius

1
00:42:22,500 --> 00:42:32,369
ii had died he was succeeded by Leo the

1
00:42:27,570 --> 00:42:35,000
tenth and Leo was a man devoted to the

1
00:42:32,369 --> 00:42:37,889
pleasures of the flesh

1
00:42:35,000 --> 00:42:40,050
at his dinner parties he would<font color="

1
00:42:37,889 --> 00:42:43,339
serve a great cake from which would leap

1
00:42:40,050 --> 00:42:43,340
little naked boys

1
00:42:47,860 --> 00:42:53,559
within two years of sumptuous festivals

1
00:42:50,469 --> 00:42:57,009
and wild boar hunts Leo had emptied the

1
00:42:53,559 --> 00:42:58,659
papal Treasuries he was forced to halt

1
00:42:57,010 --> 00:43:02,770
work on the church's greatest

1
00:42:58,659 --> 00:43:06,579
extravagance yet the glorious<font color="

1
00:43:02,769 --> 00:43:08,769
of st. Peter's one of the graced

1
00:43:06,579 --> 00:43:11,349
building schemes in European history and

1
00:43:08,769 --> 00:43:12,940
all the great artists and sculptors and

1
00:43:11,349 --> 00:43:15,940
architects of the Italian Renaissance

1
00:43:12,940 --> 00:43:18,340
without exception took part in this

1
00:43:15,940 --> 00:43:21,780
scheme it<font color="

1
00:43:18,340 --> 00:43:25,470
projects do suck in money

1
00:43:21,780 --> 00:43:25,470
leo was unconcerned

1
00:43:26,329 --> 00:43:31,339
to refill his Treasuries he turned to

1
00:43:29,150 --> 00:43:36,429
one of the church's most proven methods

1
00:43:31,338 --> 00:43:38,929
for raising money selling indulgences

1
00:43:36,429 --> 00:43:42,979
charging the faithful for entry into

1
00:43:38,929 --> 00:43:45,679
<font color="

1
00:43:42,978 --> 00:43:48,078
piece of paper sold for a very

1
00:43:45,679 --> 00:43:50,929
appropriate sum of money incidentally

1
00:43:48,079 --> 00:43:54,229
adjusted your means which promised to

1
00:43:50,929 --> 00:43:56,920
pay the bearer on demand forgiveness of

1
00:43:54,228 --> 00:43:56,919
sins

1
00:43:56,949 --> 00:44:02,959
Leo's indulgences had a number of unique

1
00:44:00,079 --> 00:44:04,999
benefits you could buy one not<font color="

1
00:44:02,958 --> 00:44:08,958
yourself but also for your dead

1
00:44:04,998 --> 00:44:11,778
relatives and had pardoned an

1
00:44:08,958 --> 00:44:14,208
astonishing array of sins it was said

1
00:44:11,778 --> 00:44:16,518
that would even forgive sexual integrals

1
00:44:14,208 --> 00:44:21,498
for the Virgin Mary had that been

1
00:44:16,518 --> 00:44:24,188
possible here was salvation<font color="

1
00:44:21,498 --> 00:44:24,188
for a son

1
00:44:25,090 --> 00:44:33,380
the sums money trying to be raised in

1
00:44:28,550 --> 00:44:36,200
the 1517 Indulgence are very very large

1
00:44:33,380 --> 00:44:39,380
and we're talking tens of thousands of

1
00:44:36,199 --> 00:44:45,619
<font color="

1
00:44:39,380 --> 00:44:47,539
many millions Leo made careful

1
00:44:45,619 --> 00:44:51,109
preparations for the issuing of his new

1
00:44:47,539 --> 00:44:53,960
indulgences he brought in a Dominican

1
00:44:51,110 --> 00:44:57,250
friar called Johann Tetzel to handle the

1
00:44:53,960 --> 00:44:57,250
sales and PR

1
00:44:57,630 --> 00:45:03,450
he had chosen well<font color="

1
00:45:01,489 --> 00:45:07,469
advertising executive who had a

1
00:45:03,449 --> 00:45:09,929
wonderful line in in promotional jingles

1
00:45:07,469 --> 00:45:12,589
and slogans he almost invented the

1
00:45:09,929 --> 00:45:17,279
advertising jingle is he he would say

1
00:45:12,590 --> 00:45:20,519
when the coin in his coffer rings then

1
00:45:17,280 --> 00:45:24,930
the soul<font color="

1
00:45:20,519 --> 00:45:29,730
actually see the soul and escalating to

1
00:45:24,929 --> 00:45:31,859
heaven from purgatory Leo waited for his

1
00:45:29,730 --> 00:45:40,530
empty coffers to fill with the donations

1
00:45:31,860 --> 00:45:42,480
of the faithful pet Souls main market

1
00:45:40,530 --> 00:45:46,560
for<font color="

1
00:45:42,480 --> 00:45:48,659
Germany and the people of Wittenberg

1
00:45:46,559 --> 00:45:50,219
quickly heard about the bargain deal

1
00:45:48,659 --> 00:45:52,759
that the church was offering on

1
00:45:50,219 --> 00:45:52,759
Redemption

1
00:45:56,760 --> 00:46:00,910
Luther found that many of his

1
00:45:58,719 --> 00:46:03,489
congregation had turned away from his

1
00:46:00,909 --> 00:46:07,348
sermons and were rushing to spend their

1
00:46:03,489 --> 00:46:07,348
hard-earned money<font color="

1
00:46:11,068 --> 00:46:17,478
but for Luther his moment of revelation

1
00:46:13,858 --> 00:46:20,788
had left him with one simple message

1
00:46:17,478 --> 00:46:27,179
salvation was a gift from God a gift

1
00:46:20,789 --> 00:46:28,979
received through faith and that meant

1
00:46:27,179 --> 00:46:31,788
the church had no right to sell

1
00:46:28,978 --> 00:46:31,788
Redemption

1
00:46:32,789 --> 00:46:38,079
this is a pastoral<font color="

1
00:46:35,559 --> 00:46:39,789
parishioners are bringing to him letter

1
00:46:38,079 --> 00:46:41,440
saying that because they purchase an

1
00:46:39,789 --> 00:46:43,679
indulgence they do not have to confess

1
00:46:41,440 --> 00:46:46,420
to him and that they are showing a

1
00:46:43,679 --> 00:46:48,519
assurance that they're saved which

1
00:46:46,420 --> 00:46:50,318
Luther thinks is totally an illusion and

1
00:46:48,519 --> 00:46:51,880
that they're likely to be damned as a

1
00:46:50,318 --> 00:46:53,949
result of<font color="

1
00:46:51,880 --> 00:46:56,559
very serious matter he's angry because

1
00:46:53,949 --> 00:46:59,348
this is this really count people's lives

1
00:46:56,559 --> 00:47:06,460
are at stake if they get this wrong they

1
00:46:59,349 --> 00:47:08,650
can go to hell this monk who had once

1
00:47:06,460 --> 00:47:11,380
been<font color="

1
00:47:08,650 --> 00:47:15,190
now turned on the institution to which

1
00:47:11,380 --> 00:47:19,450
he had vowed his life on the evening of

1
00:47:15,190 --> 00:47:22,679
the 31st of October 1517 Luther sat down

1
00:47:19,449 --> 00:47:25,318
and penned a furious litany of criticism

1
00:47:22,679 --> 00:47:28,868
ninety-five stinging bullet points or

1
00:47:25,318 --> 00:47:32,039
<font color="

1
00:47:28,869 --> 00:47:32,039
trade and indulgences

1
00:47:38,108 --> 00:47:43,858
then he nailed them to the door of

1
00:47:40,179 --> 00:47:43,858
Wittenberg scarcer Church

1
00:48:03,659 --> 00:48:09,348
it was a blistering attack on the

1
00:48:06,150 --> 00:48:09,349
greatest power of the day

1
00:48:11,860 --> 00:48:18,280
God's blessing is freely available

1
00:48:13,659 --> 00:48:20,619
without the keys of the Pope indulgences

1
00:48:18,280 --> 00:48:24,580
<font color="

1
00:48:20,619 --> 00:48:26,889
complacency and imperil salvation the

1
00:48:24,579 --> 00:48:28,900
Pope is richer than Croesus he would do

1
00:48:26,889 --> 00:48:33,609
better to sell some pitas and give the

1
00:48:28,900 --> 00:48:35,410
money to the poor in somewhat the 95

1
00:48:33,610 --> 00:48:38,019
theses are saying<font color="

1
00:48:35,409 --> 00:48:40,000
limits of papal power the first one I

1
00:48:38,019 --> 00:48:43,690
think opened the agenda very well indeed

1
00:48:40,000 --> 00:48:46,809
because it says that the route to

1
00:48:43,690 --> 00:48:49,269
repentance to forgiveness is much more

1
00:48:46,809 --> 00:48:52,599
arduous<font color="

1
00:48:49,269 --> 00:48:56,009
indulgences indulgences say easy peasy

1
00:48:52,599 --> 00:48:59,409
lemon squeezy indulgences say that

1
00:48:56,010 --> 00:49:04,180
forgiveness is faster what Christ says

1
00:48:59,409 --> 00:49:05,889
and Luther codes him is that repentance

1
00:49:04,179 --> 00:49:08,319
forgiveness lies in repentance

1
00:49:05,889 --> 00:49:10,420
forgiveness lies in repentance it's more

1
00:49:08,320 --> 00:49:11,350
difficult<font color="

1
00:49:10,420 --> 00:49:15,389
into question

1
00:49:11,349 --> 00:49:15,389
I think papal power

1
00:49:19,880 --> 00:49:25,210
this is an issue at the heart of faith

1
00:49:23,269 --> 00:49:28,159
it has to be brought out into the open

1
00:49:25,210 --> 00:49:31,280
it is summoning other minds and those

1
00:49:28,159 --> 00:49:33,739
who would dare defend these practices or

1
00:49:31,280 --> 00:49:37,070
abuses to come out and to show their

1
00:49:33,739 --> 00:49:40,489
proof of course for him scripture is the

1
00:49:37,070 --> 00:49:45,289
basis for discussion scripture and clear

1
00:49:40,489 --> 00:49:47,299
reason there is still much discussion of

1
00:49:45,289 --> 00:49:51,349
how much trouble Luther actually wanted

1
00:49:47,300 --> 00:49:53,690
to<font color="

1
00:49:51,349 --> 00:49:57,349
texts for academic discussion to the

1
00:49:53,690 --> 00:50:00,530
church store they weren't intended to be

1
00:49:57,349 --> 00:50:02,599
published there in Latin their technical

1
00:50:00,530 --> 00:50:05,570
they're difficult to understand in

1
00:50:02,599 --> 00:50:07,940
places<font color="

1
00:50:05,570 --> 00:50:10,700
little bit difficult reading the style

1
00:50:07,940 --> 00:50:13,369
of the 95 theses and the fact that

1
00:50:10,699 --> 00:50:17,359
Luther is thinking so hard and feeling

1
00:50:13,369 --> 00:50:20,210
so strongly to imagine that he just

1
00:50:17,360 --> 00:50:22,390
wanted this to be nothing more than a

1
00:50:20,210 --> 00:50:27,110
private<font color="

1
00:50:22,389 --> 00:50:29,989
ecclesiastical high it's hard not to

1
00:50:27,110 --> 00:50:32,420
think that he had thee at least the

1
00:50:29,989 --> 00:50:36,699
threat of going public in his mind in

1
00:50:32,420 --> 00:50:36,700
the end other people did it for him

1
00:50:37,769 --> 00:50:44,219
Luther<font color="

1
00:50:40,119 --> 00:50:44,219
first top-selling authors in history

1
00:50:44,909 --> 00:50:50,649
less than 70 years before another German

1
00:50:48,369 --> 00:50:56,739
Guttenberg had perfected the world's

1
00:50:50,650 --> 00:50:58,539
first printing press already printers

1
00:50:56,739 --> 00:51:02,819
were running off countless books and

1
00:50:58,539 --> 00:51:02,820
pamphlets<font color="

1
00:51:05,010 --> 00:51:11,540
and now Luther's outspoken work was

1
00:51:07,469 --> 00:51:11,539
copied down and set for printing the

1
00:51:12,739 --> 00:51:22,079
theses would spread like wildfire across

1
00:51:15,389 --> 00:51:26,579
Germany setting Luther and all Europe on

1
00:51:22,079 --> 00:51:29,159
a path no one could have anticipated not

1
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very<font color="

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to undo the authority of the Pope the

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Pope himself was a sponsor of

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indulgences including their sale this

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was not done without his approval and

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what right had some upstart friar to

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call them into question

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Luther really didn't anticipate<font color="

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consternation that this would arouse at

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the very highest level

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but it was not for nothing that the

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Catholic Church would help power for

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over a thousand years

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it had a name<font color="

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they were heretics and the penalty for

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heresy was death

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the stage have been set for the church's

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greatest conflict in its history

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a battle between the most powerful

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institution on earth and one solitary

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monk